The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in ...
Binge Eating Disorder: Assessment and Treatment · Binge Eating Disorder: Assessment and Treatment...
Transcript of Binge Eating Disorder: Assessment and Treatment · Binge Eating Disorder: Assessment and Treatment...
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Binge Eating Disorder:
Assessment and Treatment
Christina Wood Baker, Ph.D.
Northampton February 9, 2012
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Assessment of Eating Disorders
Dx: questionnaire + interview
Current problems with eating – Eating habits (e.g., daily patterns, binge eating)
– Weight/shape control measures (e.g., food restriction, excessive exercise, laxatives, diuretics, vomiting)
– Perceptions and feelings about weight/shape, weighing
Impairment from ED- physical and psychosocial, SLEEP
Development and evolution of problem – Weight history and treatment history
Comorbid medical/psychiatric problems, current tx
Brief personal history
Personal and family psychiatric history, MSE
Motivation/ambivalence, attitude towards tx
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Useful Self-Report Instruments
Eating behavior and cognitions
– EDDS
• Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale by Stice provides diagnostic
information, 22 items
• http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/sticelab/sc
ales/
– EDE-Q
• Eating Disorder Exam Questionnaire
– CIA
• Clinical Impairment Assessment, assesses psychosocial
impairment from the eating disorder
– http://www.psychiatry.ox.ac.uk/research/researchunits/
credo/cbt_and_eating_disorders
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Assessment of Binge Eating
Tricky aspects of assessing binge eating
– Subjectivity of “loss of control”
– Subjectivity of “large amount of food”
– Grazing all day versus discrete episodes
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Assessment
Objective Binge
Episode
Subjective Binge
Episode
Objective Overeating
yes
no
yes no
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Treatment: Guided Self-Help
CBT GSH: Overcoming Binge
Eating
CBT short group + boosters
– 8 weekly + 5 boosters
– Better than waitlist and sustained improvements at 12-
month follow-up. Schlup et al, 2009
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Treatment: CBT-E
Same psychopathology seen across ED dx
Similar severity across ED dx
Primarily COGNITIVE disorders
– Over-evaluation of shape and weight and their control
CBT-E: focus on currently operating maintaining
mechanisms
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The Transdiagnostic Cognitive
Behavioral Theory
From Fairburn, C.G. (2008)
Over-evaluation of shape and
weight and their control
Strict dieting:
non-compensatory
weight-control behavior
Binge eating Significantly
low weight
Events and
associated
mood change
Compensatory
vomiting/laxative
misuse
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The Transdiagnostic Cognitive
Behavioral Theory
Over-evaluation of shape and
weight and their control
Strict dieting:
non-compensatory
weight-control behavior
Binge eating Events and
associated
mood change
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CBT-E Principles
“Formulation” guides treatment
– Set of hypotheses re: maintaining processes
Collaborative empiricism and exploratory questioning
Patients learn to “de-center” and be interested in ED,
understand it, become intrigued
Therapist provides information, guidance, support,
encouragement.
Responsibility for change resides with patient.
Therapists must be educated in physiological effects of
binge eating and purging and familiar with body weight
regulation, dieting, body image disturbance.
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CBT-E Contraindications
Compromised physical
health
Suicide risk
Severe clinical depression
Persistent substance
misuse
Major life events or crises
Inability to attend
tx/therapist absence
expected
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Forms of CBT-E
Two versions
– Focused (core treatment)
– Broad
• Modules addressing clinical perfectionism, core low self-esteem,
interpersonal difficulties
Two intensities
– 20-session (BMI over 17.5)
– 40-session (BMI between 15 and 17.5)
Other versions:
– younger patients
– Inpatient/intensive outpatient
– group
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Temporal Pattern for CBT-E
Stage 1: initial session and 1-7 (4 weeks)
Stage 2: sessions 8-9 (2 weeks)
Stage 3: sessions 10-17 (8 weeks)
Stage 4: sessions 18-20 (6 weeks)
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Goals of CBT BED
Behavior change: – Normalize eating
– Reduce/eliminate binge eating (and any purging)
– Reduce/eliminate strict dieting and avoidance of specific foods
– Eliminate weight and body checking/avoidance
– Reduce mood and event-triggered eating behavior
– *Weight Loss??
Cognitive change: – Reduce extreme shape and weight concerns
– Reduce perfectionism, all-or-nothing thinking
– Improve self-esteem
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Stage 1: Rationale, Regular Eating
Detailed assessment
Establish therapeutic relationship
Introduction to the model
Create formulation
Establish regular weekly weighing
Psychoeducation (guided reading)
Establish regular pattern of eating
Self-monitoring
Involve significant others if warranted
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Formulation
Personalized visual representation/diagram of
the processes maintaining the eating problem
Initial session
Guide for tx targets
Credible explanation
Feel really bad about my
weight and the way I look
Diet; exercise a lot
Occasional
binges Feel unhappy
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Example Formulation
Feel terrible about my weight and
eating, hate myself
Avoid eating as long as
possible during day, no sugar
or fat at all
Binge Depressed, no
one likes me
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Target “Dieting” and Rules
Feel terrible about my weight and
eating, hate myself
Avoid eating as long as
possible during day, no sugar
or fat at all
Binge Depressed, no
one likes me
REGULAR
EATING
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Target Mood and Event-Triggered
Eating
Feel terrible about my weight and
eating, hate myself
Can’t stop eating, grazing all
day, no structure
Binge Depressed, no
one likes me
REGULAR
EATING
BINGE
ANALYSIS:
MOOD/EVENTS
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Rules/Dieting
Slip, breaks rule
AVE: “I blew it”
BINGE
Guilt/shame
(Purging)
Renewed resolve
Diet-Binge-Purge Cycle
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Psychoeducation
Diagnosis
Health risks and prognosis without treatment
Treatment options
Body weight regulation, limitations of control
Reward-mood-eating links (Kessler book, “The End of Overeating”)
Impact of binge eating: shame, $, secrecy, intimacy
Types of dieting and possible adverse effects
Discuss healthy weight range, normal weight fluctuations, arbitrary nature of weight goals
http://www.psychiatry.ox.ac.uk/research/researchunits/credo/cbt_and_eating_disorders
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Stage 2: Taking Stock
Assess progress
Identify barriers to change
– Fear of change
– Resistance/rigidity
– Competing commitments
– External events/interpersonal difficulties
– Depression/substance misuse
– Core low self-esteem
– Clinical perfectionism
– Dislike of CBT
Review Formulation
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Stage 3: The Heart of CBT-E
Maintaining Mechanisms
– Event- or mood-triggered eating
– Over-evaluation of shape/weight
– Over-evaluation of control over eating
– Dietary restraint
Use Formulation
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Binge Analysis
Binge Eating
Breaking a dietary rule
Being disinhibited
Adverse event or mood
Under-eating
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Binge Analysis
Binge Eating
Breaking a dietary rule
Being disinhibited
Adverse event or mood
Under-eating
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Mood and Eating
Explore function of behavior – Escape/distraction from emotions
– Mood modulator
– Relaxation of control following stress/vigilance
– “Its my reset button”
– Verification of self-criticism, punishment
– Response to dietary deprivation
– “I want to have EXACTLY what I want”
– “I deserve it,” a treat or reward
– Keeps expectations low
Help patients deal DIRECTLY with events and moods
Motivational strategies, highlight costs of behavior
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Common Themes
Difficulty tolerating emotions
Little trust in ability to manage feelings or urges, desires and needs
Fear that emotions wont stop and behavior feels like it stops anxiety or anger
Self-identity – What do I want?
– What do I need?
– It is OK to express feelings and needs.
– How do I express them effectively?
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Event-Related Eating
Find example
Sequence of events (behavior chain)
Find vulnerable links in chain
Teach problem-solving
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Mood-Related Eating
Eating may reduce awareness
Eating may neutralize mood
Identify sequence
– Triggering event
– Cognitive appraisal
– Aversive mood change
– Appraisal of mood
change/amplification
– Eating behavior
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Mood-Related Changes in Eating
Occurrence of triggering events
– Prevent using problem-solving
Cognitive appraisal of events
– Cognitive restructuring and
behavioral experiments
Occurrence of aversive moods
– “mood acceptance”
Use of mood modulatory
behavior
– Practice using helpful behavior
– Put barriers in the way of unhealthy
behavior
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Stage 3 Continued
Maintaining Mechanisms
– Event- or mood-triggered eating
– Over-evaluation of shape/weight
– Over-evaluation of control over eating
– Dietary restraint
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Identifying Over-Evaluation
What is important?
Weight and shape
Family
Friends
School
Music
Other
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Strategy 1: Enhance Other Domains
More slices, bigger slices
Weight and shape
Family
Friends
School
Music
New Activity
Volunteering
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Strategy 2: Reduce Importance of
Shape and Weight
Shrink the green slice
Weight and shape
Family
Friends
School
Music
Other
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Dietary Restraint, Rules and Control
“Dieting” = problem – Pattern of rigid rules/breaking rules/behavioral response
– Different types of diets
– Identify rules and plans for breaking them
– Food avoidance (systematic exposure)
– Dichotomous thinking/AVE - “I blew it”
Over-evaluation of Control – Address as with over-evaluation of shape/weight
– Decrease food checking (counting kcals, checking food labels, weighing food)
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Interpersonal Work
Can add “life” section to
sessions, distinct from
CBT work
Based on Interpersonal
Therapy (IPT)
Goals:
– Resolve specific
interpersonal problems
– Improve overall
interpersonal functioning
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Effects take TIME
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Interpersonal Therapy
Brief, time-limited, focused on improving
interpersonal functioning
– 15-20 Sessions over 5 months
Group format for BED
Social problems and BED
– Loneliness, lack of perceived social support, poor self-
esteem and social adjustment, problems with social
problem-solving skills
– Cycle of interpersonal difficulties, low self-esteem and
negative affect, treatment targets these
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IPT
Group: used as “live social network”
– Decrease isolation
– Formation of new social relationships
– Models for initiating and sustaining relationships
Good retention
Interpersonal inventory assessment
Formulation and identification of primary problem
area
– Grief, Role Transitions, Interpersonal Role Disputes,
Interpersonal Deficits
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IPT
3 Phases
– Initial: identify target problem area(s)
– Intermediate: work on target problem area(s)
– Termination: consolidating gains, future preparation
Goal-focused
Constant focus on the interpersonal context of
the patient’s life and its link to the ED symptoms
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Treatment: DBT
Aims to reduce binge eating by improving
adaptive emotion-regulation skills
Alternative for patients who don’t respond to CBT
or IPT
Patients with BPD
Stanford model for BED has empirical support
– Single modality – group for BED
– 20 sessions
– 3 treatment modules (mindfulness, distress tolerance,
emotion regulation)
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DBT resource
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New Directions
Cue exposure training
– Decrease responses to food in the environment
– Toolbox of coping skills to ride out cravings
– “Stare them down”
Appetite awareness training
– Improve responses to internal hunger and satiety cues
Kerri Boutelle, 2011
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References
Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders, Christopher Fairburn, 2008.
http://www.psychiatry.ox.ac.uk/research/researchunits/credo/cbt_and_eating_disorders
Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment. C. Fairburn & G.T. Wilson, 1993.
Overcoming Binge Eating. C. Fairburn, 1995.
The Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Clinical Handbook, C. Grilo and J. E. Mitchell, 2011.
Wilson, G.T., Grilo, C., Vitousek, K.M. (2007). Psychological Treatment of Eating Disorders. American Psychologist, 62, 199-216.
www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/Eating Disorders.aspx
Wilson, G.T., Wilfley, D.E., Agras, W.S., Bryson, S.W. (2010). Psychological
Treatments of BED. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 94-101.
Grilo, C., Masheb, R.M., Wilson, G.T., Gueorguieva, R., White, M.A. (2011).
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Behavioral Weight Loss, and Sequential
Treatment for Obese Patients with Binge-Eating Disorder: A Randomized
Controlled Trial.
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Michelle
34 y/o, married for 11 years, 2 young children, stopped working 1 yr ago
Has always “felt fat” and that being thinner would make her happier
History of chaotic eating, dieting, binge eating since high school
Eats fast food 5-6x/week and hates cooking
Tries to avoid carbohydrates b/c thinks of them as trigger foods
Afraid to add breakfast and regular meals/snacks b/c thinks she will gain weight, so delays eating as long as possible each day, feels good/proud when she is able to delay until after 2 pm
Sedentary, but history of being an athlete
Challenges in relationship with husband and with family of origin, difficulties communicating, very upset with any conflict
Focuses on others (people pleaser), not assertive about own needs and wants, ends up resentful and burned out
DO: 1) Formulation, 2) Binge Analysis, 3) Self-monitoring
feedback