BIM at Heritage Cottage Older Building Retrofit
Transcript of BIM at Heritage Cottage Older Building Retrofit
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John Edwards MA, DipBldgCons, CEnv, FRICS, FCIOB, IHBC
Director, Edwards Hart Consultants
BIM at Heritage Cottage
e mail:
tel:
Older Building Retrofit
Essentials
www.edwardshart.co.uk
07796440934
A Practical Perspective
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John Edwards MA, DipBldgCons, CEnv, FRICS, FCIOB, IHBC
1. Lead author of new BS for
conservation
2. Co author of European
Standard for condition
surveys of historic buildings
3. Co author of the revised BS
for stone & brick masonry
cleaning and repair
4. Co author of RICS building
conservation guide
5. Co author of CIOB retrofit &
refurbishment guidance
Director of Edwards Hart:
1. Building Conservation.
2. Surveys.
3. Dampness & defects analysis
4. Retrofit / energy efficiency
5. Standard setting & guidance
6. Training – development & delivery
Previously - Cadw & English Heritage
Other activities include:
1. UK Green Construction Panel
2. STBA Expert Panel & Co-Founder
3. Advisor to the National Trust
4. IHBC Tech Panel & Educ Committee
Chartered Building Surveyor, Chartered Construction Manager, Building Pathologist, Chartered Environmentalist, RICS Certified Historic Building Professional
Professor in Practice: University in Wales Trinity St David
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1. Introduction
2. Difference between older and newer buildings
3. Wider issues – its not just retrofit & getting a
building ready for retrofit
4. Planning retrofit
5. Technical issues – need for condition surveys
and proper understanding of moisture
6. Significance issues
7. Measuring the impact of retrofit – ‘Impact
Assessments’
8. Choosing the retrofit measures and tools that
can help
9. Managing quality
Content
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Predictions by Defra
• Hotter drier summers
• Warmer wetter winters
• Rise in sea levels
• Increase in extreme weather
Buildings must be retrofitted, refurbished and
properly maintained to cope with the changes
Climate change – what it means
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Retrofit – defined!
“add (a component or accessory) to something that did not have it when manufactured” Oxford dictionary on-line
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But its not just retrofit!
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But its not just retrofit!
The need to take an holistic approach to sustainability and energy efficiency
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Why older buildings?
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Not just about Listed Buildings and
Scheduled Monuments
Republic of Ireland 10%
Northern Ireland 16%
Scotland 20%
England 22%
Wales 34%
Because there are so many of them…
Percentage Built pre 1919
Why older buildings?
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Listed Buildings and Monuments ~ 570,000 approx
2%
CARDIFF CASTLE
LINCOLN
STONE HENGE
YORK
CHISWICK
HOUSE
UK
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Traditional Buildings (pre 1919) ~ 6 Million approx
25%
LIVERPOOL
EDINBURGH CHELTENHAM
TRURO MANCHESTER
CARDIFF
UK
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Cared for by conservation experts…
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Will mainstream properly care for these?
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Cared for by conservation experts…
•Listed Building /Scheduled Monument Consents
•Building Regulation exemptions
•More likely to have proper expertise
•Energy Efficiency/ Retrofit– more expert approach
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Will mainstream properly care for these?
•No planning consents for most works
•Building Regulations – ‘Special Considerations’ –
but will they be applied for or granted?
•Much less likely to have proper expertise – from
‘mainstream’
•Energy Efficiency / Retrofit – risks to buildings,
paybacks. Unlikely to receive traditional building
‘expertise’ from Energy Advisors
•Many BS’s /EN’s, etc. contrary to good practice
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These buildings are the different
Modern Traditional
They perform differently
ENGLISH HERITAGE
The MOST IMPORTANT thing to understand…
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Treated the same – when it should be different
Treated differently – when it should be the same
Main issue….
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Treated the same – when it should be different
Treated differently – when it should be the same
Main issue….
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Grade 1 Listed Un-designated
Castell Coch
Victorian
Common Victorian
Terraced House
DOES IT MATTER?
•Similar design~
•Similar
Construction ~
•Similar
performance
•Requires Similar
Repairs
•Same
understanding!
•Significance
What is an historic building?
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BS 7913: 2013
Wide ranging
authoritative guidance
for all old buildings…
The most authoritative
UK wide….guidance
according to the IHBC –
a ‘must have’.
What can guide us?
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0 Introduction 0.1 General (2) Requires judgement based on an understanding of principles informed by experience and knowledge. “British Standards that are applicable to newer buildings might be inappropriate”.
What can guide us?
BS 7913: 2013
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1 Scope
(1) …. “best practice in the management and treatment of historic buildings. It is applicable to historic buildings with and without statutory protection. It is not applicable to below ground archaeology or any other type of heritage asset such as movable objects or vehicles”.
What can guide us?
BS 7913: 2013
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Energy performance assessment
The basics…
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1. Design and construction 2. Performance of the
building at present 3. Performance of the
building after retrofit 4. Is the condition of the
building affecting its performance?
Energy performance assessment
The basics…
and what we REALLY
need to understand…
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1.24 W/m2K @ 1800 mm above ffl
1.50 W/m2K @ 800 mm above ffl
0.76 W/m2K @ 1790 mm above ffl
1.05 W/m2K @ 630 mm above ffl
Relationship between wall moisture and U - Values
Courtesy Caroline Rye / SPAB
One Critical issue!
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1.24 W/m2K @ 1800 mm above ffl
1.50 W/m2K @ 800 mm above ffl
0.76 W/m2K @ 1790 mm above ffl
1.05 W/m2K @ 630 mm above ffl
Relationship between wall moisture and U - Values
Courtesy Caroline Rye / SPAB
DRY DAMP
Greatest heat loss through the
dampest area
One Critical issue!
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…….“Elements such as walls can be over a third less energy efficient if damp. Some energy efficient measures can have an adverse effect on sustainability. The actual energy efficiency of historic buildings and their potential energy efficiency with the addition of energy efficient measures should be taken in account at the outset (see 6.3). The need for energy efficiency and low carbon might also influence the selection of materials and work methods as they can impact on thermal performance and weather resistance. Building materials and products should be sourced and procured in a sustainable manner”……
BS 7913: 2013: Section: 5.31 Sustainability
and what this means…
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1. The correct materials
and tools required for re-
pointing stone / brick
joints in traditional
buildings.
2. The implications of not
re-pointing joints
properly.
High wall moisture and high U - Values
and what this means… in practice…
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Pointing trowels TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS
Keep walls in good condition for good thermal
performance….
Pointing irons
Which tools should be used?
Energy Efficiency of Building Fabric
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TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS
Wrong tools = inferior work = energy inefficiency
X Pointing irons Pointing trowels
These are the same – treat
them the same!
Which tools should be used?
Re-pointing stone/brickwork properly
Energy Efficiency of Building Fabric
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Use the CORRECT tools
X Pointing irons Pointing trowels
Re-pointing stone/brickwork properly
Energy Efficiency of Building Fabric
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Repairs to Stone Wall Repair Type Durability – well
executed Durability – sub standard
Stone indent / piecing in 100+ yrs 10-20 yrs
Mortar repairs in sheltered locations 30-60 yrs 5-15 yrs
Mortar repairs in exposed locations
Avoid < 10 yrs
Mortar joint re-pointing 60-120 yrs 5-15 yrs
Stone replacement 100+ yrs < 30 yrs
Brick replacement 100+ yrs
< 30 yrs
Re-pointing stone/brickwork properly for good
thermal performance and sustainability
Energy Efficiency of Building Fabric
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……“The most effective way of ensuring energy efficiency and sustainability is to keep historic buildings in good repair so that they last as long as possible, do not need replacement and do not suffer from avoidable decay that would require energy and carbon to rectify. They should provide occupancy in an efficient manner, involving minimal production of carbon and use of energy without harming significance or the physical performance of the historic fabric. Using natural ventilation and light, and proper temperature and humidity control for individual rooms are ways of minimizing energy usage that respect the building’s material characteristics”…….
Energy Efficiency of Building Fabric
BS 7913: 2013: Section: 5.31 Sustainability
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…….“Elements such as walls can be over a third less energy efficient if damp. Some energy efficient measures can have an adverse effect on sustainability. The actual energy efficiency of historic buildings and their potential energy efficiency with the addition of energy efficient measures should be taken in account at the outset (see 6.3). The need for energy efficiency and low carbon might also influence the selection of materials and work methods as they can impact on thermal performance and weather resistance. Building materials and products should be sourced and procured in a sustainable manner”……
BS 7913: 2013: Section: 5.31 Sustainability
Energy Efficiency of Building Fabric
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Treated the SAME – when it should be different
Treated DIFFERENTLY – when it should be the same
But how do we solve this problem?
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By linking all these things together…
Climate Change
Sustainability Appropriate Knowledge
Appropriate skills
Energy efficiency
Building
Pathology
Retrofit
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Understand - Location & Environment
UK Weather Exposure Zones
What exposure
zone are we in?
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Understand - Location & Environment
UK Weather Exposure Zones
What exposure
zone are we in?
Most of Wales is in
exposure zone 4
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What exposure
zone are we in?
Most of Wales is in
exposure zone 4
And large areas of
England &
Scotland plus NI
UK Weather Exposure Zones
Understand - Location & Environment
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and remembering its not just retrofit….
The need to take an holistic approach to sustainability and energy efficiency
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The way we live & the Energy Hierarchy
FIRST STAGE: Reduce need for energy: • Wear additional clothing and turn heating down in
the winter. • Quicker showers and no long baths. • No tumble drier – using a washing line. • Turn off radiators in room not/seldom used and
close door. • Keep a smaller fridge – use a larder / cool room.
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SECOND STAGE: Reduce energy use via Life Style: • Use heating controls properly – turn off when not
needed. • Close curtains / shutters in winter when practicable. • Only boil just enough water that is needed in a
kettle. • Turn off appliances at wall socket when not in use. • Close doors to rooms – protecting heat in rooms
that are used most.
The way we live & the Energy Hierarchy
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THIRD STAGE: Reduce energy use via Low Cost
relatively easy improvements: • Low energy lighting. • Insulate hot water cylinder. • Loft insulation. • Draught proof doors and windows. • Thermostat valves to radiators. • Secondary glazing. • Replacement appliances - energy efficient models
The way we live & the Energy Hierarchy
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FOURTH STAGE: Reduce energy use via Higher Cost
improvements: • Energy efficient boiler. • Floor insulation. • Shutters to windows. • Upgrade windows. • Wall insulation • Solar thermal panels.
• Solar photovoltaic
panels. • Wood burner – if wood
is easily accessible. • Ground/ Air source heat
pump.
The way we live & the Energy Hierarchy
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FOURTH STAGE: Reduce energy use via Higher Cost
improvements: • Energy efficient boiler. • Floor insulation. • Shutters to windows. • Upgrade windows. • Wall insulation • Solar thermal panels.
• Solar photovoltaic
panels. • Wood burner – if wood
is easily accessible. • Ground/ Air source heat
pump. But its not just about energy!
The way we live & the Energy Hierarchy
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Which is based on three elements…
Planning Retrofit
Use BS 7913: 2013
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1. Our understanding must go beyond energy assessment
methods.
2. Need to look at the way buildings are used – Energy
Hierarchy.
3. Need to understand the REAL performance of buildings -
How they work.
4. Look for good knowledge – not just from manufacturers.
5. Maintenance & Repair to be the first energy efficiency
measure.
6. Remember the dangers of getting it wrong and take a risk
management approach.
7. All traditional buildings have some significance –
understand it and measure proposals against it.
8. Refer to BS 7913: 2013 even when using other
‘authoritative’ guidance.
Planning Retrofit
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TECHNICAL SIGNIFICANCE
PROCESS
Planning Retrofit
Use BS 7913: 2013
Which is based on three elements…
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TECHNICAL SIGNIFICANCE
PROCESS
Planning Retrofit
Use BS 7913: 2013
Which is based on three elements…
We must properly understand the building and
properly deal with ‘technical’ problems
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BS 7913: 2013: Section 6.2 Condition surveys and inspections
(5)Programmed surveys and inspections - to monitor condition, help determine priorities and programme work - an essential part of properly managing historic buildings (see 6.1). (6) Carried out by competent persons with knowledge of traditional materials, construction techniques and decay processes. NOTE Conservation Accreditation schemes.
A Condition Survey is Essential…
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BS 7913: 2013: Section 6.2 Condition surveys and inspections (7) Reference to a site plan and other suitable templates to reference locations, areas and components. (8) Photographs and drawings may be included, and these should be annotated with reference points and areas consistent with the written and graphic data.
A Condition Survey is Essential…
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BS 7913: 2013: Section 6.2 Condition surveys and inspections (9) Process - inspection with recording of a narrative, sometimes with detailed analysis and identification of defects and the related causes (see 6.3) to determine remedial works and priority timescales, measuring and quantifying works and estimating costs in a report and work schedules. (10) There should be a consistent and logical process for the inspection, recording and reporting (see Annex B for further information).
A Condition Survey is Essential…
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BS 7913: 2013: Section 6.2 Condition surveys and inspections (11) Surveys and inspections can conclude with the need for more detailed analysis, often termed “targeted specialist investigations” (TSI). Examples include architectural paint and plaster analysis, timber decay assessment, structural movement monitoring and environmental monitoring for dampness and humidity.
NOTE TSI’s usually go beyond a visual inspection - involve destructive and non-destructive equipment and processes, involving data collection and assessment over a period in time. Can lead to a reconsideration of the ongoing use…
A Condition Survey is Essential…
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Building Pathology is Essential…
BS 7913: 2013: Section 6.3 Assessments of performance and pathology 6.3.1 General
Cause of problems and not just the symptoms.
“Knowledge of the pathology of materials and the agents of decay should be sought so that corrective, preventative and remedial measures can be taken that allow the retention of original historic fabric and ensure its longevity”.
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BS 7913: 2013: Section 6.3.2 Core principles and dynamics “Pathology is broader than the decay of materials. It also encompasses the way the components interact and, how the spaces are used”. Ventilation is important - chimney flues, sub floor vents and cupolas. Disruptions and consequences identified. “Some decorative features are also functional, for example over sailing eaves, string courses and hood mouldings. Reinstatement of such features can fulfil a repair need”.
Building Pathology is Essential…
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BS 7913: 2013: Sections 6.10 Some common repair issues and 6.10.1 Dampness (see 6.3.6.2) “Dampness is often caused by: a) the external ground levels being higher than the
internal floor level; or b) the insertion of modern non-porous materials. It might be possible to remedy a) by improving the draining of the ground by a French drain or by creating a dry area or open trench. It might be possible to remedy b) by the selective removal of these materials where possible.”
Dampness is the biggest issue…
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The right approach to dampness…
Problem…
Internal dampness…..
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Internal dampness…..
Is this the answer? Problem…
The right approach to dampness…
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OR
THIS?
The right approach to dampness…
Solution…
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Is a retrofitted dpc required?
The right approach to dampness…
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BS 7913: 2013: 6.10.1 Dampness “Dampness is often caused by: a) the external ground levels being higher than the
internal floor level….”
Is a retrofitted dpc required?
The right approach to dampness…
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Rain
The right approach to dampness…
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BS 7913: 2013: Sections 6.3 Assessments of performance and pathology 6.3.1 General
Cause of problems and not just the symptoms
“Knowledge of the pathology of materials and the agents of decay should be sought so that corrective, preventative and remedial measures can be taken that allow the retention of original historic fabric and ensure its longevity”.
The right approach to dampness…
Properly understanding and dealing with
dampness is essential before we start retrofitting…
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How they are meant to perform!
External ground level
The right approach to dampness…
and its understanding...
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What happens now?
External ground level
and its understanding...
The right approach to dampness…
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This happens…..
External ground level
and its understanding...
The right approach to dampness…
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Increase of external ground levels – next?
External ground level
and its understanding...
The right approach to dampness…
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External ground level
This happens….. increased moisture…..
and its understanding...
The right approach to dampness…
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External ground level
This happens….. increased moisture…..
The right approach to dampness…
and its understanding...
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External ground level
How do we
deal with this
problem?
The right approach to dampness…
and its understanding...
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External ground level
Retrofitted damp proof course!
dpc
Internal cement render
The right approach to dampness…
and its understanding...
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External ground level
Retrofitted damp proof course(s)!
dpc
Internal cement render
Is this the
best solution?
and its understanding...
The right approach to dampness…
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Reintroduce vapour permeability
Permeable lime render
External ground level
Limecrete
floor
and its understanding...
The right approach to dampness…
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Replacement with a permeable floor - Limecrete
The right approach to dampness…
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Note that hard-core without ‘fines’ allows moisture to rise within the hard-core bed as the ground becomes wet due to rainfall and then recede when the rain stops and the ground water levels lower – need to make sure that water drains away from the building
Note that the hard-core without ‘fines’ (see red box below) is protected from the limecrete screed falling within it by the geotextile mat
The right approach to dampness…
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Walls stopped from breathing
Cement renders applied to solid walls
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Masonry
units
Joints
Evaporation of
moisture and
salts principally via joints and
attempting to
pass through
external render
Rain
Evaporation of
moisture and
salts inhibited due to
impervious
cement render.
Render will
detach, crack,
and lose bond
with wall
Trapping moisture causes deterioration of fabric
Technology of traditional renders
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Rain
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Masonry
units
Joints
Evaporation
of moisture
and salts
from lime
render
Evaporation of
moisture and
salts principally
via joints and
passing through
external render
Rain
Trapping moisture causes deterioration of fabric
Technology of traditional renders
Lime renders applied to solid walls
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Rain
Evaporation
of moisture
and salts
principally
via masonry
units
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Evaporation of
moisture and salts via
the face of masonry
units causing their
deterioration
Due to cement mortar
pointing which will
become defective
Masonry units
Joints
Relationship of Masonry and Joints ~ Misunderstood ~
Causing Deterioration
Trapping moisture causes deterioration of fabric
Understanding Penetrating Damp
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Rain
Evaporation
of moisture
and salts
principally
via masonry
units
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Masonry units
Joints
Trapping moisture causes deterioration of fabric
Relationship of Masonry and Joints ~ Misunderstood ~
Causing Deterioration
Understanding Penetrating Damp
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Walls must breathe ~ no matter how thin
Technology of Solid Masonry Walls
Joints to be in a
lime mortar and
finished flush, but with no
feathered
edges.
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Over a period
of time the face
of joints will erode
Then repointed ~ the process to
start all over
again
Masonry
units
Joints
Trapping moisture causes deterioration of fabric
Understanding Penetrating Damp
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Who is at fault?
Poor and Inappropriate Work
Why does it happen?
What are the implications?
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Who is at fault?
Poor and Inappropriate Work
Why does it happen?
What are the implications?
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Damp – solid walled building circa 1840
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Damp – solution a thick render
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Damp – solution a thick render
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Damp – solution a thick render
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Damp – solution a very thick render
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Damp – solution dpc’s
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Damp – solution dpc’s
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Damp – are these the right solutions?
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Repointing alone ……
Damp – are these the right solutions?
External cement render
Internal cement render and set
Retrofitted dpc
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Repointing alone …… Are we tackling the cause of the problem?
Damp – are these the right solutions?
External cement render
Internal cement render and set
Retrofitted dpc
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Repointing alone ……
No – there are voids
present in Wall
Damp – are these the right solutions?
Are we tackling the cause of the problem?
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Repointing alone …… This is not the solution……
Damp – are these the right solutions?
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Repointing alone …… This is not the solution……
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION?
Damp – are these the right solutions?
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Repointing alone …… or rendering
Damp – render/ repointing making it worse
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Properly dealing with the problem…
Grouting
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Grouting
Properly dealing with the problem…
Unless we investigate properly we won’t deal with the cause of dampness
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Grouting
Properly dealing with the problem…
Unless we investigate properly we won’t deal with the cause of dampness
Unless we properly deal with dampness before retrofitting we take huge risks