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Bilingualism & Language Bilingualism & Language Contact:Contact:
Welsh English & WelshWelsh English & Welsh
Nigel MuskNigel Musk
English 3 & Teachers’ Programme 61English 3 & Teachers’ Programme 61--90 hp 90 hp D t t f C lt & C i tiD t t f C lt & C i tiDepartment of Culture & CommunicationDepartment of Culture & Communication
LinköpingLinköping UniversityUniversity
Course StructureCourse Structure
1. National Standard & Dialects British English
2. Two National Varieties American vs British English
3. Bilingualism & Language Contactg g g Welsh English & Welsh
4. Pidgins & Creoles4. Pidgins & Creoles Caribbean English
5 English as a Second Language5. English as a Second Language Indian English
Bilingualism & Language ContactBilingualism & Language Contact
Bilingualism has rarely been absent from g y
important levels of the intellectual and
cultural life of Europe and nearly all
European languages have had long, and, inEuropean languages have had long, and, in
some instances, several successive periods
of language contact. (Lewis 1977: 23)
Some Language Contact ScenariosSome Language Contact Scenarios
Language contact is the norm rather than the exception ( f h ll l d d h ll(even for geographically isolated and ethnically homogeneous countries, e.g. Iceland)
Languages with official status e g Irish in Ireland Welsh in Wales (?) e.g. Irish in Ireland, Welsh in Wales (?)
Languages without official recognition e.g. Breton & Basque in France
Community Languages (immigrant languages) Community Languages (immigrant languages)
e.g. Indian languages in the UK
European LanguagesEuropean LanguagesLinguistic Outcomes of LanguageLinguistic Outcomes of LanguageLinguistic Outcomes of Language Linguistic Outcomes of Language ContactContact
Three-way division (Thomason 2001: 10):
1. Contact-induced language changell l e.g. all European languages
2. Extreme language mixture2. Extreme language mixture e.g. Anglo-Romany, W. Indian Creoles
3. Language death (obsolescence)G hi C i h M e.g. Gothic, Cornish, Manx
1. Contact1. Contact--Induced Language ChangeInduced Language Change
Phonology e.g. Welsh English, Irish English
Lexis (loanwords) e.g. all European languages
Morphologyp gy e.g. English under Norse influence
Syntax Grammar Syntax
e.g. Welsh & Irish English
Three (prototypical) sociolinguisticThree (prototypical) sociolinguisticThree (prototypical) sociolinguistic Three (prototypical) sociolinguistic situationssituations
1. Standard-with-dialects
2. Societal bilingualism (multilingualism)
3. Diglossia
S l t d T /CitiS l t d T /CitiSelected Towns/Cities Selected Towns/Cities of Walesof Wales
BethesdaBethesda
AberystwythAberystwyth
SwanseaSwanseaAbertaweAbertawe CardiffCardiff
CaerdyddCaerdydd
Selected Towns/Cities of Wales
Phonology: Welsh Accents 1Phonology: Welsh Accents 1
When I when I got married and I went up to London to live and uh my
fhusband’s family ’adn’t met me many times and they used to look in
my face and they used to say to me come on Sylvia say some more
you got a beautiful accent You sing song when you when you’reyou got a beautiful accent. You sing-song when you when you re
talkin’ you you’re lovely go on and the sister-in-laws at that …
because I I was the only child and I went into a family of six and they y y y
used to sit all round me and they used to say come on Sylvia. Oh sing
us something in Welsh now. Come on now. They they thought it was
marvellous. They never made fun of me or anything, well up in
London they didn’t, you know ’cause I think it’s it’s because they’ve
got such a peculiar accent themselves. The Londoners ’ave they have
really you know, yeah.
Welsh Accents 2Welsh Accents 2
Intonation – lilting or ‘sing-song’ accentg g g
I hate South Walian accents. My brother’s in university down
th d ti h b k h h thi S ththere and every time he comes back up he has this South
Walian accent and I can’t stand it … the enunciation I think
They speak like in a rhythm da-da-da-da-da-DA-da
Language Contact Language Contact – Welsh English dialects tend to
h th i t ti tt f l l W l h di l tshare the intonation patterns of local Welsh dialects
Welsh Accents 3aWelsh Accents 3a
Vowels
Received Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciation
[ʌ] rubber, love [ə]
it’s not just the young people it’s my mum my grandmother as well …
everyone
[ə] [ə] [ə] [ə]
everyone
Language ContactLanguage Contact – Welsh lacks RP’s [ʌ]. Instead Welsh English has
[ə]
Language Contact Language Contact Welsh lacks RP s [ʌ]. Instead Welsh English has
adopted a similar vowel from Welsh [ə].
e.g. ysgol ‘school’, ysbyty ‘hospital’[ə] [ə] [ə]
F t B kC t lFront BackCentralClose iː uː
ʊɪ
Close-mid
ɔːe
Open-midə, ɜː
ɔːe
Open mid
ɒæʌ
Open
ɒæɑː
Welsh Accents 3bWelsh Accents 3b
Vowels
Received Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciation
[ɜː] work, fur [øː]
It was so funny to learn ’im[øː]
Language ContactLanguage Contact – Welsh lacks both long vowels.
Welsh Accents 4Welsh Accents 4Vowels
Received Pronunciation Welsh English PronunciationReceived Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciation
[ɑː] father, calm [aː]
’e wouldn’t say Cardiff like we say Cardiff
people call uh us from the North Joscyns which means like uhm
[aː] [aː]
people call uh us from the North Joscyns which means like uhm
farmers it’s like farmer farmers[aː] [aː] [aː]
Language ContactLanguage Contact – Welsh lacks RP’s long [ɑː]. Instead Welsh English
has adopted the closest vowel from Welsh [aː].
e.g. bach ‘little’, tad ‘dad’, cath ‘cat’[aː] [aː] [aː]
F t B kC t lFront BackCentralClose iː uː
ʊɪ
Close-mid
ɔːe
Open-midə, ɜː
ɔːe
Open mid
ɒæʌ
Open
ɒæɑː
aː
Welsh Accents 5aWelsh Accents 5aVowels
Received Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciationg
[æ] accent, cat [a]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]he has this South Walian accent and I can’t stand it
[a] [a] [a] [a] [a]
Language Contact Language Contact – Welsh lacks RP’s [æ]. Instead Welsh English has
adopted a similar short vowel from Welsh [a].
e.g. afal ‘apple’, bardd ‘bard’, adar ‘birds’ [a][a] [a] [a][a]
F t B kC t lFront BackCentralClose iː uː
ʊɪ
Close-mid
ɔːe
Open-midə, ɜː
ɔːe
Open mid
ɒæʌ
Open
ɒæɑː
a
Welsh Accents 5bWelsh Accents 5bVowels
Received Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciationg
[ʉː] (contemporary RP) boot, shoot [uː]
[uː] [uː] [uː]two years ago I went back to school up to Cefn Hengoed school to take
up Welsh
[uː] [uː] [uː]
we have a nice s:mooth rhythm
L C t tL C t t W l h E li h h d t d th l l b k l
[uː]
Language Contact Language Contact – Welsh English has adopted the long close back vowel from Welsh [uː].
[ ] [ ]e.g. sŵn ‘sound’, cŵn ‘dogs’
[uː] [uː]
F t B kC t lFront BackCentralClose iː uːʉ
ʊɪ
Close-mid
ɔːe
Open-midə, ɜː
ɔːe
Open mid
ɒæʌ
Open
ɒæɑː
Welsh Accents 6Welsh Accents 6
VowelsReceived Pronunciation South Welsh English Pronunciation
[jʉː] few, tune [ɪʊ]
and they used to look in my face and they used to say to me come on [ɪʊ] [ɪʊ]
[ɪʊ]Sylvia. Say some more you got a beautiful accent
it feels stupid if you try to talk otherwise
[ɪʊ][jʊ]
Language Contact Language Contact – South Welsh English has adopted the same diphthong from Welsh [ɪʊ]from Welsh [ɪʊ].
e.g. yw ‘is’, byw ‘live’[ɪʊ] [ɪʊ]
Welsh Accents 7aWelsh Accents 7a
VowelsReceived Pronunciation South Welsh English Pronunciation
[eɪ] made, late [eː][eɪ] made, late [eː]
and they used to look in my face and they used to say to me[eː]
Diphthongs in RP pure
[eɪ]and they used to look in my face and they used to say to me
[əʊ] nose so [oː]
pure vowels in South WEng [əʊ] nose, so [oː]
we get that problem when we go away with the choir we go away[oː] [oː]
WEng
we get that problem when we go away with the choir we go away
pretty often
Welsh Accents 7bWelsh Accents 7bVowels
Received Pronunciation South Welsh English PronunciationReceived Pronunciation South Welsh English Pronunciation
[eɪ] made, late [eː]
Language Contact Language Contact – South Welsh English has adopted the pure vowel from Welsh [eː]. [eː] [eː]
e.g. sedd ‘seat’, beth ‘what’,
[əʊ] nose, so [oː]
[eː] [eː]
Language Contact Language Contact – South Welsh English has adopted the pure vowel from Welsh [oː]Welsh [oː].
e.g. sôn ‘talk’, bod ‘be’[oː] [oː]
Welsh Accents 8Welsh Accents 8
Consonants
Received Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciation
[ɹ] really, rude [ɾ] – flapped /r/
[Because if you didn’t speak Welsh] you were a foreigner[ɾ] [ɾ]
Language Contact Language Contact – Welsh English has adopted the /r/ phoneme from
Welsh [ɾ]Welsh [ɾ].e.g. gardd ‘garden’, cariad ‘love’
[ɾ] [ɾ]
Language Contact Language Contact – Welsh
Welsh Accents 9Welsh Accents 9 English has adopted the regional
variants from Welsh
Consonantse.g. mêl ‘honey’, glan ‘pure’
Received Pronunciation Welsh English Pronunciation
[l / ɫ] little, likeable South WEng [l] North WEng [ɫ]– no clear distinction between clear and dark /l/
[l][l]I was the only child
I d ’t t b t I h t h i t t i thi l l hi t[ɫ]
[l]
[ɫ]
[l]
I don’t compete but I have great uhm interest in, this local history
and our culture, so I think it’s important that we as young people [ɫ] [ɫ]
[ɫ]realise, uhm d’you know ou- our background
[ɫ]
Welsh Accents 10Welsh Accents 10
ConsonantsIntervocalic (= between vowels) consonant lengtheningIntervocalic (= between vowels) consonant lengthening
butter [bətːə], money [mənːi]
Y i h ’ t lki ’[kː]
You sing-song when you you’re talkin’
I’m ashamed that I don’t speak it[kː]
Language ContactLanguage Contact – Welsh English has adopted long consonants from Welsh.Language Contact Language Contact Welsh English has adopted long consonants from Welsh.
e.g. sydyn ‘sudden’, mynydd ‘mountain’, pecyn ‘parcel’[dː] [nː] [kː]
Welsh Accents 11Welsh Accents 11
ConsonantsSpecial Welsh consonants in loanwords & placenames
[x] – like German ach (velar fricative)[x] like German ach (velar fricative)
bach [baːx] term of endearment (= little)
ch arae teg [ t ] ‘fair pla ’chwarae teg [xwaɾe teːg] ‘fair play’
[ɬ][ɬ] – voiceless /l/ (lateral fricative)
llan [ɬan], Pwllheli [puɬheli]Language ContactLanguage Contact
Differences in LexisDifferences in Lexis
Loanwords Language ContactLanguage Contact
There are surprisingly few loanwords from Welsh
e.g. bach, del terms of endearment
ych a fi! ‘ugh!’
eisteddfod ‘competitive arts festival’
nain, mamgu ‘grandma’ (N. Wales, S. Wales)
taid, tadcu ‘grandpa’ (N. Wales, S. Wales)
Welsh English dialect
Most Welsh English dialect words are local or regional
e.g. tidy ‘nice’ (S. Wales)
Eisteddfod Genedlaethol BrenhinolEisteddfod Genedlaethol Brenhinol Cymru Differences in Grammar 1Differences in Grammar 1
Language ContactLanguage ContactInvariant question tags
Is it?/isn’t it?/innit?
e.g. They do a lot of work, is it?
[I feel really ashamed that I can’t speak and understand
Welsh] and especially on holidays, innit?
“Leave it till the mornin’, mab. Well, for a couple of
hours, init, seein’ it’s four o’clock now.”
Under influence from invariant tag questions in Welsh
e.g. “Esgusodwch fi, on’d ife?” (= not is he/it?)
‘Excuse me, isn’t it?’
Differences in Grammar 2Differences in Grammar 2
Language ContactLanguage ContactSubstitution of have
Be with used instead of have
e.g. I never worry about bein’ with with a Welsh accent I
never worried about it
Under influence from the lack of a single verb for have in Welsh
e.g. Mae car ’da fi (= is car with me)
‘I have a car’
Differences in Grammar 3Differences in Grammar 3
Foregrounding for emphasis (predicate object inversion)
Instead of normal word order, i.e. subject verb object (SVO):
object subject verb (OSV)
e.g. Money they’re not short of.
Goin’ down the mine ’e is.
Under influence from emphatic word order in Welsh (OVS instead of
VSO)
P bl b l hi ( bl l i it)e.g. Problem bersonol yw hi (= problem personal is it)
‘It’s a personal problem’Language ContactLanguage Contact
Three (prototypical) sociolinguisticThree (prototypical) sociolinguisticThree (prototypical) sociolinguistic Three (prototypical) sociolinguistic situationssituations
1. Standard-with-dialects
2. Societal bilingualism (multilingualism)
3. Diglossia
SS S h t f Bili liS h t f Bili liSomeSome Snapshots of Bilingualism Snapshots of Bilingualism in Walesin Wales
TV series: Pam Fi Duw? (Why Me God?)
Welsh homepages
Signposting
Demographics
Official Language Policy & Planning Official Language Policy & Planning
A Bilingual A Bilingual WebsiteWebsiteBilingual Bilingual R d iR d iRoadsignsRoadsignsin Cardiffin Cardiff
CardiffCardiffCardiffCardiffCaerdyddCaerdydd
Fig 2 Percentage & Numbers of Welsh Speakers
PercentagePercentage & No of Welsh speakers& No of Welsh speakers
Fig. 2 Percentage & Numbers of Welsh Speakers60 1200000
50 1000000
30
40
% 600000
800000
bers
20
30%
400000
600000
Num
b
10
20
200000
400000
01901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
0 %no1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 no.
Bilingualism Bilingualism gua sgua sin Walesin Wales
Our VisionOur Vision
Our vision is a bold one[: …] a truly bilingual Wales by whichtruly bilingual Wales, by which we mean a country where people can choose to live their p plives through the medium of either or both Welsh or English and where the presence of the two languages is a source of pride and strength to us allpride and strength to us all. (WAG 2003: 1)
BilingualismBilingualism
Idealised “native speaker” as the norm
Early views:
“the native-like control of two languages” (Bloomfield 1933)
“The ideal bilingual switches from one language to the other
according to appropriate changes in the speech situationaccording to appropriate changes in the speech situation
(interlocutors, topics, etc.) but not in an unchanged speech
situation and certainly not within a single sentence ”situation, and certainly not within a single sentence. (Weinreich 1953)
Definition: BilingualDefinition: Bilingual
Having an effectively equal control of two native languages. Thus a minority of people in Wales are bilingual in Welsh andThus a minority of people in Wales are bilingual in Welsh and English; many in England are bilingual in English and e.g. Punjabi. A bilingual community, as in Welsh-speaking parts of
l h h b l l lWales, is one in which bilingualism is normal.
Loosely or more generally, in some accounts, of people or communities that have two or more different languagescommunities that have two or more different languages, whether or not control is effectively equal and whether or not more than one is native. Bilinguals in the ordinary sense are then variously called ‘ambilingual’ or ‘equilingual’, or are qualified as ‘full’, ‘true’, ‘ideal’, or ‘balanced’ bilinguals.The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. P. H. Matthews. Oxford UniversityThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. P. H. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 1997. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
Three myths about bilingualismThree myths about bilingualism
Bili l lik t li l ll d i t Bilinguals are like two monolinguals rolled into one.
Bilinguals have two equally developed languages Bilinguals have two equally developed languages
Bilinguals who master two languages do not usually Bilinguals who master two languages do not usually
code-switch
CodeCode--switching 1switching 1
“the ‘alternating use of two or more “codes” within one ti l i d ’ ”conversational episode’ ” (Auer 1998: 1)
Early view of code switching:Early view of code-switching:“[N]o one has been able to show that such rapid alternation is governed by any systematic rules oralternation is governed by any systematic rules or constraints and we must therefore describe it as the irregular mixture of two distinct systems.” (Labov, 1972: 457)
L b th l id d h ll t th li i tLabov thus laid down a challenge to other linguists.
CodeCode--switching 2switching 2
John Gumperz (a linguistic anthropologist) was the first to draw
attention to ways in which code-switching is used as a
meaning-making resource.
In conversation “speakers associate one alternative expression with
the casualness or intimacy of home or peer-group relations
(we-code) and the other with the formality of public or out-
group relations (they-code).” (Gumperz 1982: 84)
Thus bilingual communities ascribe different sets of symbolic values to each code. By switching they can claim distinct id titiidentities.
CodeCode--switching 4switching 4
Gumperz also highlighted that code-switching functionsGumperz also highlighted that code switching functions
as a contextualisation cue used to signal “what
th ti it i h ti t t i t bthe activity is, how semantic content is to be
understood and how each sentence relates to what
precedes or follows” (Gumperz, 1982: 131)
CodeCode--switching 5switching 5
Gumperz (1982) also proposed a preliminary typology of p ( ) p p p y yp gy
discourse functions: ”
(i) quotations (direct or reported speech) (i) quotations (direct or reported speech)
(ii) addressee specification
(iii) inte jections (iii) interjections
(iv) reiterations (for emphasis or clarification)
(v) message qualification
(vi) personalization vs. objectivization
CodeCode--mixing 1mixing 1
“bilingual medium” (e.g. Welsh and English) as a default optiong ( g g ) p
unmarked choice (i.e. no additional local meaning) (Myers-
Scotton 1993)Scotton 1993)
there may be an identifiable pattern of “insertional” or
“alternational” mixing (Auer 1999: 315)alternational mixing (Auer 1999: 315)
yet it may (or may not) signal group identity (Auer 1999: 318)
CodeCode--mixing 2 mixing 2 (FGD1, FG3, 24:52)(FGD1, FG3, 24:52)
Participants: Louise (L), Carys (C), Llinos (Ll), Martha (M), Amy (A)
1 Louise: └fi’n credu┘ gyda [ysgol 2] ddo os chi’n edrych ar I part. believe with [name of English school] though if you part. look on
I think with [school 2] though if you look atI think with [school 2] though if you look at2 y tables thing nw sy’ gyda nw fel un o’r top (.)
the they who are with they like one of thethe tables thing they have they’re like one of the top,
3 f l l ’ ( h th h) ’ b l3 ┌ones ┐ for a ┌levels┐ an’ (uh through) ma’ pobol are people
ones for A levels an’ (uh through) people4 Amy: └mm ┘ │ │
└ ┘5 Carys: └ie ┘yeah
6 Louise: yn ffonio lan ’na yn meddwl mai private schoolpart. phone up there part. think that p p p pphone up there thinking that it’s a private school
CodeCode--mixing 3mixing 3
7 Louise: ┌yw e¿┐ ’chos ma’r results mor dda ┌yn a level ┐is he ’cause are the so good in
it i ’ th lt d t A l lit is ’cause the results are so good at A level8 Llinos: └wir. ┘
truereallyreally
9 Amy: └ma’ nw yn y ┘ are they part. uh
they are uh10 A d ll ’di10 Amy: darllen ┌’di nw mm mm
read past theythey’ve read mm mm
11 Louise: └ y fourth t- uh out o- the to- uhythe
the fourth t- uh out o- the to- uh12 Amy: °(xx)° ┐13 L i th ’ th ┘ f th t i b it i h l13 Louise: they’re the┘ fourth top in britain: school
CodeCode--mixing 4mixing 4
14 Louise: ┌┌yw ┐e¿ two years ago¿┐ is he
th tthey are two years ago15 Amy: └│on’ │ ma’ nw’n rî:l┘i encourago plant nw.
but are they part. really encourage children theirbut they really encourage their childrenbut they really encourage their children
16 Llinos: └ffach┘ cor
Three (prototypical) sociolinguisticThree (prototypical) sociolinguisticThree (prototypical) sociolinguistic Three (prototypical) sociolinguistic situationssituations
1. Standard-with-dialects
2. Societal bilingualism (multilingualism)
3. Diglossia
Bilingualism & Bilingualism & DiglossiaDiglossia
bilingualism: “The capacity to make alternate (and sometimes mixed) use
of two languages ” (Concise O ford Companion to the English Lang age 1998)of two languages. (Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998)
“Bilingualism is the use of two (or more) languages in one’s everyday
life and not knowing two or more language equally well and optimally ”life and not knowing two or more language equally well and optimally.(Grosjean 2002: 2)
diglossia: in some speech communities there is “one particular kind of g p p
standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side
throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play”
(Ferguson 2000 [1959]: 65), one of which is a superposed variety, that is,
not a primary “native” variety, but one learnt in addition to the native
variety.
DiglossiaDiglossia: high : high vsvs lowlow
“The varieties are called H and L, the first being
generally a standard variety used for ‘high’ purposes
and the second often a ‘low’ spoken vernacular. […]
L is typically acquired at home as a mother tongue […]
H, on the other hand, is learned through schooling and
never at home, and is related to institutions outside the
home.”(Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 1998, my highlighting)
Ferguson’s nine criteria forFerguson’s nine criteria forFerguson s nine criteria for Ferguson s nine criteria for determining determining diglossiadiglossia (2000 [1959])(2000 [1959])
1. function
2. prestige
3. literary heritagey g
4. acquisition
5 standardisation5. standardisation
6. stability
7. grammar
8. lexicon
9. phonology
Ferguson’s four prototypical cases ofFerguson’s four prototypical cases ofFerguson s four prototypical cases of Ferguson s four prototypical cases of diglossiadiglossia (2000 [1959])(2000 [1959])
Situation 'high' variety 'low' varietyArabic Classic Arabic Vario s regionalArabic Classic Arabic Various regional
colloquial varietiesSwiss German Standard German Swiss GermanSwiss German Standard German Swiss GermanHaitian Standard French Haiti CreoleGreek Katharévousa Dhimotiki
The case of Arabic The case of Arabic diglossiadiglossia(Ferguson 2000 [1959]: 68)(Ferguson 2000 [1959]: 68)
Situation H L
Sermon in church or mosque xInstructions to servants, waiters, worksmen, clerks xPersonal letter xPersonal letter xSpeeches in parliament, political speeches xUniversity lecture xyConversations with family, friends, colleagues xNews broadcasts xRadio 'soap opera' xRadio soap opera xNewspaper editorial, new story, caption on picture xCaption on political cartoon xPoetry xFolk literature x
DiglossiaDiglossia vsvs bilingualismbilingualism
Problems (Musk 2006: 74-77)( )
Domain analysis needs to accommodate more parameters in order to
acknowledge the real choices that bilinguals make and can make in
talk-in-interaction (including code-switching).
The simple binary distinction H vs L cannot capture either the range
of possible situations or domains, nor in many cases the languages or
language varieties.
But a formality/intimacy continuum (Fasold 1990 [1984]: 53) is at least one
contributory factor which can influence the choice of language(s) or
l ( ) b l l l l llanguage variety(-ies) in bilingual or multilingual societies.
Bilingualism & Bilingualism & DiglossiaDiglossia in Wales in Wales (Musk 2006: 79)(Musk 2006: 79)
‘Lay’ Description of‘Lay’ Description of DiglossiaDiglossia in Walesin WalesLay Description of Lay Description of DiglossiaDiglossia in Wales in Wales 11
Does a lot of that go on these days then, you’ve you’ve got English with -io at the end?
A: Yeah like cookio and stuff. Instead of coginio, which is cooking in Welsh.
B: I uh say hatio which hate I hate something and I say hatio they they say it say it in the Welsh oneit in the Welsh one
C: Casàu.
B: You’re supposed to say casàu yeah.
C: It feels stupid if you try to talk otherwise. If you di- if you didn’t e- even use your (x)
A: If you (spoke) proper former Welsh just like everyday it just it wouldn’t soundA: If you (spoke) proper former Welsh just like everyday it just it wouldn t sound right somehow.
B: Sounds like you’re reading a book: if you uh speak proper Welsh it’s like you’re reading from a boo Welsh bookyou re reading from a boo- Welsh book.
‘Lay’ Description of‘Lay’ Description of DiglossiaDiglossia in Walesin WalesLay Description of Lay Description of DiglossiaDiglossia in Wales in Wales 2 2 (Musk 2006: 368; (Musk 2006: 368; FGD2, FG4, 13:57FGD2, FG4, 13:57))
1 Cornilov: a fi’n ┌meddwl┐ ┌siarad┐ cymraeg nawr naturally yn and I part. think speak Welsh now part.and I think speaking Welsh now naturallyand I think speaking Welsh now naturally
2 Batman: └a- ┘ │ │?
3 A Man: └ie ┘yeahyeah
4 Cornilov: golygu ((points towards himself with both hands & smiles)) mean
means5 naturally yn golygu ca’l geirie saesneg5 naturally yn golygu ca l geirie saesneg
part. mean get words Englishnaturally means having English words
6 ynddo ┌fe he┐fyd ┌ie?┐= in him him too yeahin him him too yeah
in it too yeah?7 A Man: └ie ┘ │ │
yeah8 Batman: └ie ┘=8 Batman: ie
yeah
DiglossiaDiglossia in Walesin Wales
vernacular: Galle’ nw at least halacould they send
literary: Gallent (hwy) o leiaf anfoncould (they) they of least send( y) y
They could at least send
l t i l C âplant nw i ysgol Cymrâg.children their to school Welsheu plant (hwy) i ysgol Gymraeg.p ( y) y g y gtheir children (their) to school Welshtheir children to a Welsh school
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