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This article was downloaded by: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network]
On: 12 August 2010
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Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-
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South African Historical Journal
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t793706093
Biko, Black Consciousness, and the System eZinyoka: Oral History and
Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village
Leslie Hadfielda
a Michigan State University, USA
Online publication date: 25 May 2010
To cite this Article
Hadfield, Leslie(2010) 'Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and BlackConsciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village', South African Historical Journal, 62: 1, 78 — 99
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02582471003778342
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582471003778342
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Biko, Black Consciousness, and ‘the System’ eZinyoka:Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in
a Rural Ciskei Village1
LESLIE HADFIELD*
Michigan State University
78
South African Historical Journal 62 (1) 2010
ISSN: Print 0258-2473/Online 1726-1686
DOI 10.1080/02582471003778342 © Unisa Press pp. 78–99
Abstract:
Keywords:
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79
2
3
Power and
Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa (Madison: University
Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in
South Africa et al
The Road to Democracy in South Africa 1970–
1980
From Apartheid to Democracy: Localities
and Liberation
‘Beyond Our Wildest Dreams’: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of
South Africa
From Apartheid to Democracy, 49–68. See also
Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the
Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890–1930 A Taste of Freedom:
The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 A
Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal
Development Issues
in Ciskei Ciskei: Economics and Politics of
Dependence in a South African Homeland Gender and the Making
of a South African Bantustan
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80 LESLIE HADFIELD
4
5
6
Community Development and the Black Consciousness Movement
7
8
Road to Democracy, particularly Volume 2 ‘I
Saw a Nightmare’: Doing Violence to Memory: The Soweto Uprising, June 16, 1976
Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory
in South Africa
SASO Newsletter
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82 LESLIE HADFIELD
15
16 Peter
17
18
19
15. Barney Pityana, interview by the author, 20 March 2008, East London.
17. Peter Jones, interview by the author, 22 April 2006, Athens, Ohio.
st th
(DISA).
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83
20
21
22
23
A Taste of Power
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84 LESLIE HADFIELD
24
25
to provide health services.26
27
The BCP Goes to Zinyoka
Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader
Press, 1996), 94.
The Road to Democracy in
South Africa International Solidarity
Gerhart, From Protest to Challenge, Volume 5, Nadir and Resurgence, 1964–1979
University Press, 1997), 120–123.
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85
28
the start-up costs.29
not help.30
31
32
33 Like urban areas,
Across Boundaries
Moving Together, Drifting Apart: Betterment Planning and Villagisation in a South African
Homeland
Journal of Southern African Studies,
15, 2 (January 1989), 346–368.
Power and Resistance, 313.
32. Ibid. The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa
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86 LESLIE HADFIELD
34
35
doctors.36
37
The Ciskei
– A Bantu Homeland: A General Survey
et al
Power and Resistance
An Ambulance of the
Wrong Colour: Health Professionals, Human Rights and Ethics in South Africa
Journal of Southern African Studies, 13, 2 (January 1987), Special Issue on the Political
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87
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Across Boundaries, 89.
The Children of Apartheid: A Study of the Effects of Migratory Labour on Family Life in the Ciskei
40. Dr L.M. Msauli, interview by the author, 24 June 2008, Mdantsane.
Democracy Compromised , 5–6.
To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa
To the Brink , 20–21.
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88 LESLIE HADFIELD
45
46
47
48
Bringing and Receiving Health in Zinyoka
49
kinship.50
Daily
Dispatch Indaba, 3 January 1975.
Ndaba, interview with the author and Lindani Ntenteni, 25 June 2008, Zinyoka.
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89
51
52
53 At
54
have real power.
55
56
57 and later,
Power and Resistance
and S. Dubow, eds, Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa
1995), 256–284.
758–761.
Power and Resistance.
Power and Resistance et al
Daily Dispatch, 13 May 1975.
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91
nutrition issues.
67
.68
69
67. N. Moletsane interview, 16 June 2006.
with the author and Lindani Ntenteni, 10 April 2008, Zinyoka.
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92 LESLIE HADFIELD
70
nurses.
services on weekends.71
took place in Zinyoka.72
71. L. Msauli interview, 24 June 2008.
Across Boundaries
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93
73
braais
74
75
76
braais
77 She and other
78
doctor.79
80
Doon, East London.
Across Boundaries
et al , Bounds of Possibility et al , Biko Lives!: Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko
78. Ibid. Black Student Politics, Higher Education and Apartheid: From SASO to SANSCO, 1968–
1990
this in depth in The Law and the Prophets
Meridians, 2, 1 (2001), 130–152.
Bounds of Possibility, 221.
Black Review
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94 LESLIE HADFIELD
81
82
‘The System’ eZinyoka
83
84
The Law and the Prophets.
The Law and the Prophets.
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95
85
86
87
88 Msauli described the
89
90
branch director.
control.
Bantu.91
85. N. Moletsane interview, 16 June 2006.
Across Boundaries, 99.
87. L. Msauli interview, 24 June 2008.
89. L. Msauli interview, 24 June 2008.
90. Ibid. Across Boundaries, 111–116.
91. Bantu abantu
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97
References
Badat, S., Black Student Politics, Higher Education and Apartheid: From SASO to SANSCO, 1968–1990
An Ambulance of the Wrong Colour: Health
Professionals, Human Rights and Ethics in South Africa
Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the
Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890–1930
Development Issues in Ciskei
Biko, S., I Write What I Like
A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930
Press, 1987). Ciskei: Economics and Politics of Dependence in a South African Homeland (London:
Delius, P., A Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal
De Vos, P.J. et al
Moving Together, Drifting Apart: Betterment Planning and Villagisation in a South African
Homeland
Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White
Supremacy
Gerhart, G.M., Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology
Meridians, 2, 1 (2001), 130–152.
Black Political Thought in the Making of South African Democracy
University Press, 1999).
1968).
Journal of Southern African Studies
From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics
in South Africa, 1882–1979, Volume 5, Nadir and Resurgence, 1964–1979
University Press, 1997).
From Apartheid to Democracy: Localities and Liberation
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98 LESLIE HADFIELD
The Law and the Prophets: Politics, Faith and Hope in South Africa, 1968–1977 , New
Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan
et al
The Road to Democracy in South Africa 1970–1980 (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2006),749–802
To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa
Natal Press, 2008).
Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2 (January 1989), 346–368.
et al , Biko Lives!: Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko
2008).
The Road to Democracy in South Africa 1970–1980 (Pretoria: Unisa
Press, 2006), 99–159.
Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in South Africa (Boston: Brill,2005).
Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa
Segregation and
Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa
Bounds of Possibility
Philip Publishers, 1991).
The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa
Press, 1985).
‘I Saw a Nightmare’. Doing Violence to Memory: the Soweto Uprising, June 16,
1976 Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader
A Taste of Power
The Ciskei – A Bantu Homeland: A General Survey (Alice: Fort Hare
University Press, 1971).
The Road to Democracy in South Africa International
Solidarity (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2008).
The Road to Democracy in South Africa
1960–1970 1970–1980
International Solidarity (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2008).
Power and Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa
The Children of Apartheid: A Study of the Effects of Migratory Labour on Family Life in the
Ciskei
‘Beyond Our Wildest Dreams’: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of
South Africa
Biko, 3rd