Big Handout Hist Engl

Adrian Papahagi The History of English

IIIB

1. Syllabus

A. Course

Date Subject Bibliography Handout 1 MAR

The Beginnings of Indo-European Linguistics. The Comparative Method. The Indo-Europeans

J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics, ch. 1 Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 2

PowerPoint presentation in class

15 MAR

Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European to Old English; Old English Phonology and Lexicology

OW Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives, ch. 1-2

29 MAR

Old English Morphology 1 Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 3-4 Mitchell & Robinson, A Guide to Old English, ch. 1-5

OE Pronouns; OE Nouns; OE Adjectives; OE Verbs

12 APR

Old English Morphology 2

26 APR

From Old English to Middle English

Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 5-7

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

10 MAY

Middle English Dialects and Lexicography

Map ME Dialects

24 MAY

Early Modern English. The Great Vowel Shift

Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 8

B. Seminar

Seminar 1: Practice Sentences Seminar 2: lfric, Colloquy on Occupations Seminar 3: Old English Genesis Seminar 4: Story of the Poet Cdmon Seminar 5: Old English Riddles Seminar 6: Beowulf Seminar 7: Cursor Mundi & Chaucer, The Millers Prologue

C. Compulsory Bibliography

1. AC Baugh & T. Cable, A History of the English Language, London: Routledge, 4th edn 1993 (or any other edition), ch. 1-8 (BCU/Faculty/British Council) 2. J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction, Cambridge UP, 2007, ch. 1 (photocopy in my folder + CD) 3. OW Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives. A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages, Stanford UP, 1992, ch. 1-2 (photocopy in my folder + CD) 4. B. Mitchell & FC Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn 1992 (or any other edition), Part I, ch. 1-5 (Faculty/ British Council). You must bring all the handouts to every class!!!

OLD ENGLISH PRONOUNS

Type PersonGender

Case Singular Dual Plural Remarks

N i wit w MnE I, we (two), we; G ich, wirA m unc s MnE me, us; G mich, unsG mn uncer re MnE mine, our; G mein, unser

1st

Pers

on

D m unc s MnE me, us; G mir, unsN fl it EMnE1 thou, yeeA fl inc w EMnE thee, youG fln incer wer EMnE thine, your

2nd

Pers

on

D fl inc w EMnE thee, youN h MnE heA hine MnE himG his MnE his3

rd

Pers

onm

ascu

lin

D him MnE himN h MnE she (

THE OLD ENGLISH NOUN

A. VOCALIC DECLENSION

PARADIGM REMARKSStem Gender Singular Ending Plural Ending

masc. N s stnA flone stnG fls stn-esD flm stn-e

-es-e

fl stn-asfl stn-asflra stn-aflm stn-um

-as-as-a-um

< Gmc. *stna-z

shortneut.

N flt dlA flt dlG fls dl-esD flm dl-e

-es-e

fl dal-ufl dal-uflra dal-aflm dal-um

-u-u-a-um

< Gmc. *dla-z

-a-

Mos

t mas

culin

e &

neu

ter

noun

s

longneut.

N flt wordA flt wordG fls word-esD flm word-e

-es-e

fl wordfl wordflra word-aflm word-um

-a-um

< Gmc. *worda-

shortfem.

N s iefuA fl ief-eG flre ief-eD flre ief-e

-e-e-e

fl ief-afl ief-aflr ief-a/ -enaflm ief-um

-a-a-a/-ena-um

-stem vowel *o > upresent in Nsg< Gmc. *gebo-

--

longfem.

N lrA lr-eG lr-eD lr-e

-e-e-e

lr-a lr-a lr-a/ -ena lr-um

-a-a-a/-ena-um

< Gmc. *lro

N stedeA stedeG sted-esD sted-e

-es-e

stede stede sted-a sted-um

-a-um

-stem vowel *i > _present in Nsg< Gmc. *stai-z

masc.

N iestA iestG iest-esD iest-e

-es-e

iest-as iest-as iest-a iest-um

-as-as-a-um

< Gmc. *gasti-z

N spereA spereG sper-esD sper-e

-es-e

sper-u sper-u sper-a sper-um

-u-u-a-um

-stem vowel *i > _present in Nsg< Gmc. *spari-z

neut.

N eswinA eswinG eswin-esD eswin-e

-es-e

eswin eswin eswin-a eswin-um

-a-um

OE coinage

-i-

fem. N mhtA mhtG mht-eD mht-e

-e-e

mht-a mht-a mht-a mht-um

-a-a-a-um

< Gmc *mahti

masc N sunuA sunuG sun-aD sun-a

-a-a

sun-a sun-a sun-a sun-um

-a-a-a-um

-u-

fem. N wealdA wealdG weald-aD weald-a

-a-a

weald-a weald-a weald-a weald-um

-a-a-a-um

-this class is almostextinct

ENDINGS

STRONG DECLENSIONS (VOC. & CONS.) -u- STEMS WEAK DECLENSIONNUMBER CASEMasculine Neuter Feminine Masc./Fem. Masculine Neuter Feminine

Singular N -(e) -(e) -(u) -(u) -a -e -eA -(e) -(e) -(e) -u -an -e -anG -es -es -e -a -anD -(e) -e -(e) -a -an

Plural N-A -as/-e -(u) -a -a -anG -a -a -a/-ena -a -enaD -um

THE OLD ENGLISH NOUN

B. CONSONANTIC DECLENSION

PARADIGM REMARKSStem Gender Singular Ending Plural Ending

masc. N nam-aA nam-anG nam-anD nam-an

-a-an-an-an

nam-annam-annam-enanam-um

-an-an-ena-um

all masc. ending in-a belong here

neut. N r-eA r-eG r-anD r-an

-e-e-an-an

r-anr-anr-enar-um

-an-an-ena-um

-an-

WEA

K D

ECLE

NSI

ON

fem. N sunn-eA sunn-anG sunn-anD sunn-an

-e-an-an-an

sunn-ansunn-ansunn-enasunn-um

-an-an-ena-um

all fem. ending in-e belong here

N ftA ftG ft-esD ft

-es=>

ftftft-aft-um

=>=>-a-um

masc.

N man(n)A man(n)G mann-esD menn

-esa=>e

mennmennmann-amann-um

a=>ea=>e-a-um

Stem

var

iatio

n(i-

mut

atio

n)

fem. N bcA bcG bD b

=>=>

bbbc-abc-um

=>=>-a-um

- i-mutation

masc. N hleA hleG hle-esD hle-e

-es-e

hlehlehle-ahle-um

-a-um

neut. N eal-uA eal-uG eal-oD eal-o

-u-u-o-o

NO PLURAL

--

fem. N m(e)A m(e)G m(e)D m(e)

-m(e)m(e)m(e)-am(e)-um

-a-um

onlythesethreewords

+ mna

N sieppendA sieppendG sieppend-esD sieppend-e

-es-e

sieppend-e/-assieppend-e/-assieppend-rasieppend-um

-e/-as-e/-as-ra-um

-nd- masc.

N frndA frndG frnd-esD frnd

-es=>

frndfrndfrnd-afrnd-um

=>=>-a-um

-from. presentparticiples

-az- neut. N ildA ildG ild-esD ild-e

-es-e

ild-r-uild-r-uild-r-aild-r-um

-u-u-a-um

*ild-az-u*ild-ar-u ild-r-u

-r-

kins

hip

masc.,fem.

N fderA fderG fder-(es)D fderNApl fder-asGpl fder-aDpl fder-um

-(e)s-as-a-um

brorbrorbrorbrerbrorbrr-abrr-um

=>-a-um

mdormdormdormdermdormdr-amdr-um

=>-a-um

Sources: Fernand Moss, Manuel de l'anglais du Moyen ge, I.1. Vieil-Anglais, (Ch. V, Le substantif, 43-67), Paris, 1950.Randolph Quirk, C. L. Wrenn, An Old English Grammar, 24-49, Routledge 1993 (21957).

THE OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE

ParadigmsTheme Nr. CaseMasculine Endings Neuter Endings Feminine Endings

Sg NAGDI

gldgld-neglad-es (>a)glad-umglad-e

-ne-es-um-e

gldgldglad-es (>a)glad-umglad-e

-es-um-e

glad-u (>a)glad-egld-regld-re

-u-e-re-re

Pl N-AGD

glad-egld-raglad-um

-e-ra-um

glad-ugld-raglad-um

-u-ra-um

glad-a/ glad-egld-raglad-um

-a/-e-ra-um

shor

t mon

osyl

labl

es

Also: dol, fram, gram, hrd, sd, sum, sml, tam, til, trum -lic/-sum derivatives, like: heofonlic/ wynsumSg N

AGDI

gdgd-negd-esgd-umgd-e

-ne-es-um-e

gdgdgd-esgd-umgd-e

-es-um-e

gdgd-egd-regd-re

-e-re-re

Pl N-AGD

gd-egd-ragd-um

-e-ra-um

gdgd-ragd-um

-ra-um

gd-a/ gd-egd-ragd-um

-a/-e-ra-um

Voc

alic

(stro

ng)

long

mon

osyl

labl

es

Also: brd, ceald, eall, full, frd, geong, long, wlonc; manig, nacod, open -ful(l)/-leas/-fst/-weard derivatives, like: ferhtful, hlfordleas, sfst, heofonweardDISSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES ARE GENERALLY DECLINED LIKE gdSg N

AGD

gd-agd-angd-angd-an

-a-an-an-an

gd-egd-egd-angd-an

-e-e-an-an

gd-egd-angd-angd-an

-e-an-an-an

Pl N-AGD

gd-angd-ra/-ena

gd-um

-an-ra/-ena

-umCon

sona

ntic

(wea

k)-a

n th

eme

Note: THE WEAK DECLENSION EVENTUALLY REPLACED THE VOCALIC THEMES

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:

Declined like the consonantic (weak) theme!

TYPE POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE REMARKS-ra/-ost earm

gldearm-ragld-ra

earm-ostglad-ost*

HAS BEEN GENERALISED

-ra/-est brdealdfeorrgrtstrang

brd-raield-rafier-ragrt-rastreng-ra

brd-estield-estfierr-estgrt-eststreng-est

Apophony (variation of stemvowel)

gd bet(e)-rasl-ra

bet-(e)stsl-est

good-better-best

lytel lssa (

THE OLD ENGLISH VERBAL SYSTEM

STRONG VERBSPRESENT GROUP PRETERITECLASS

UniformGradation

Infinitive Indicative Optative/Subjunctive

Imperative Gerundive/Participle

Indicative OptativePAST

PARTICIPLE

Vocalic I + C--i-i

drfan i drfefl drfsth/h/hit drfw/g/h drfawit/git

ifl drfeh/h/hitw/g/h drfenwit/git

(fl) drf

(g/git)drfa

drfenne

drfende

i drffl drifeh drfw/g/h drifonwit/git

ifl drifehw/g/h drifenwit/git

ge-drifen

Vocalic II + C + Co--u-o--u-o

bdan i bdefl btsth/h/hit btw/g/h bdawit/git

ifl bdeh/h/hitw/g/h bdenwit/git

(fl) bd

(g) bda

bdenne

bdende

i bdfl budeh bdw/g/h budonwit/git

ifl budehw buden

ge-boden

Vocalic IIIe + CCe-ea-u-oe--u-oeo-ea-u-oie-ea-u-oi-a-u-u

helpanberstanbeorgangieldanbindan

fl hilpstfl bierstfl bierhstfl gieltstfl bintst

fl helpefl berstefl beorgefl gieldefl binde

(fl) help(fl) berst(fl) beorg(fl) gield(fl) bind

helpendeberstendebeorgendegieldendebindende

i healp/fl hulpei brst/fl burstei bearg/fl burgei geald/fl guldei band/fl bunde

fl hulpefl burstefl burgefl guldefl bunde

ge-holpenge-borstenge-borgenge-goldenge-bunden

Vocalic IVe + C1

e---o

beran fl bierst fl bere (fl) ber berende i br/fl bre fl bre ge-boren

Vocalic Ve + C2

e---e

etan fl itst fl ete (fl) et etende i t/fl te fl te ge-eten

Vocalic VIa + Ca---a

faran _ frst _ fare (_) far farende i fr/p fre _ fre ge-faren

1 Usually a liquid (l, r)2 Usually a stop (p, t, c, d, g) or spirant (f, , s)

THE OLD ENGLISH VERBAL SYSTEM

PRESENT GROUP PRETERITECLASSUniform

GradationInfinitive Indicative Optative/

SubjunctiveImperative Gerundive/

ParticipleIndicative Optative

PASTPARTICIPLE

Vocalic VIIancient reduplicationpreterite preterite

btanhtan

fl btstfl htst

fl btefl hte

(fl) bt(fl) ht

btendehtende

i bt/fl btei ht/fl hte

fl btefl hte

ge-btenge-hten

WEAK VERBSPRESENT GROUP PRETERITECLASS




PARTICIPLE

Consonantic I fremman i fremmefl fremesth fremeflw fremmafl

i fremme

w fremmen

(fl) freme

(g) frema_

fremennefremende

i fremedefl fremedesth fremedew fremedon

i fremede

w fremeden

ge-fremed

Consonantic II-ian infinitives

folgian i folgiefl folgasth folgaflw folgiafl

i folgie

w folgien

(fl) folga

(g) folgia_

folgennefolgende

i folgode_ folgodesth folgodew folgodon

i folgode

w folgoden

ge-folgod

Consonantic III habban i hbbep hfsth hfflw habba_

i hbbe

w hbben

(fl) hafa

(ge) habba_

hbbennehbbende

i hfdefl hfdesth hfdew hfdon

i hfde

w hfden

ge-hfd

OLD ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS

A. ATHEMATIC (-mi stem)PRESENT GROUP PRETERITE




PARTICIPLE

bon/ wesanto be

i eom/ bofl eart/ bisth is/ biw sindon/ bo sint

ifl se/ bohw sen/ bon

(fl) wes/ bo

() wesa/bo

bnne/wesenne

bnde/wesende

i wsfl wreh wsw wron

ifl wrehw wren

willanto want

i willefl wilth wil(l)ew willa

ifl willehw willen

(willenne)/willende

i woldefl woldesth woldew woldon

ifl woldehw wolden

dnto do

i dfl dsth dw d

ifl dhw dn

d

d

dnde i dydefl dydesth dydew dydon

ifl dydehw dyden

edn

gn(to go

i gfl gsth gw g

ifl ghw gn

g

g

i defl desth dew don

ifl dehw den

egn

B. PRETERITE-PRESENT (most important verbs)PRESENT GROUP PRETERITE


Imperative Participle Indicative OptativePAST

PARTICIPLE

witanto know

i wtfl wsth wtw witon

ifl witehw witen

witende i wisse/wistefl wissest/wistesth wisse/wisstew wisson/wiston

ifl wissehw wissen

ewiten

ganto own

i g/ hfl hsth g/ hw gon

ifl gehw gen

ge

ga

gende i htefl htesth htew hton

ifl htehw hten

en

cunnanto know,can

i can(n)fl cansth can(n)w cunnon

ifl cunnehw cunnen

cunnende i cefl cesth cew con

ifl cehw cen

(e)cunnenc

sulan shall i seal(l)fl sealth seal(l)w sulon

ifl sylehw sylen

i seoldefl seoldesth seoldew seoldon

ifl seoldehw seolden

ALSO: dugan/ (imp.) dah to be usefulflurfan/ i flearf/ w flurfon// i flyrfe// i florfte to need (G drfen)i dear/ w durron// i dyrre// i dorste to daremunan/ i man/ w munon// i myne// munende// i munde/ emunen to rememberi mt/ w mton// i mte// i mste may (>MnE must)magan/ i m/ fl meaht/ w magon// i me// magende/ i meahte can (>MnE may)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle & The Peterborough ChronicleOld English & Early Middle English; early 10thmid-12th centuries

/900/ Her gefor lfred Aflulfing, syx nihtum r ealra haligra mssan; Se ws cyning ofer eallOngelcyn butan m dle fle under Dena onwalde ws, 7 he heold flt rice oflrum healfum ls fle.xxx. wintra. 7 fla feng Eadweard his sunu to rice. fia gerad elwald his fdran sunu. flone ham tWinburnan, 7 t Tweoxneam butan s cyninges leafe 7 his witena. fia rad se cyning mid firde flthe gewicode t Baddanbyrig wi Winburnan, 7 elwald st binnan flm ham mid flm monnumfle him to gebugon, 7 hfde ealle fla geatu forworht in to him, 7 sde flt he wolde oer oe flrlibban oe flr licgan. fia under flm fla bestl he hine on niht on weg, 7 gesohte flone here onNorhymbrum, 7 se cyng het ridan fter, 7 fla ne mehte hine mon ofridan; fia berad mon flt wif flthe hfde r genumen butan cynges leafe 7 ofer flara biscopa gebod, foron e heo ws r to nunnangehalgod. 7 on flys ilcan gere forferde flered. ws on Defenum ealdormon, feower wucum rlfred cyning. []/1043/ Her ws Eaduuard gehalgod to kinge./1050/ Her forferde Eadsige arcebiscop. 7 Rodbert. feng. to. arcebiscoprice./1053/ Her Goduuine eorl forferde./1066/ Her forferde Eaduuard king. 7 Harold eorl feng to am rice 7 heold hit .xl. wucena. 7 nnedg. 7 her com Willelm 7 gewann ngla land. 7 her on ison geare barn Cristes cyrice./1070/ Her Landfranc se fle ws abbod an Kadum com to ngla lande, se efter feawum dagum weararcebiscop on Kantwareberig. He ws gehaded .iiii. kalend Septembris, on his agenum biscopsetlefram eahte biscopum his underioddum; a oflre e flr nron flurh rendrakan 7 flurh gewriteatiwdon hwi hi r beon ne mihton. On flam geare THOMAS se ws gecoran biscop to Eferwic comto Cantwareberig flt man hine r gehadede efter flan ealdan gewunan. a a Landfranc crafedefstnunge his gehersumnesse mid aswerunge. fla forsoc he. 7 sde flt he hit nahte to donne. fiagewraede hine se arcebiscop Landfranc. 7 bebead flam biscopan e flar cumene wran be asarcebiscop Landfrances hse fla serfise to donde. 7 eallan flan munecan, flt hi scoldan hi unscrydan.7 hi be his hse swa didan. Swa Thomas to flam timan agean ferde buton bletsunga. fia sona fterflysan belamp flt se arcebiscop LANDFRANC ferde to Rome 7 Thomas for mid. fia fla hi flydercomon 7 umbe ofler fling gesprecon hfdon umbe flt hi sprecan woldon. fla angan Thomas hisspce hu he com to Cantuuarebyri, 7 hu se arcebiscop axode hyrsumnesse mid aflswerunge at him. 7he hit forsoc. fia agann se arcebiscop Landfranc atywian mid openum gesceade. flt he mid rihtecrafede flas fla he crafede 7 mid strangan cwydan flt ylce gefstnode toforan flam papan Alexandre.7 toforan eallan flam concilium fle flar gegadered was. 7 swa ham foran. fter flysan com Thomas toCantwarebyri 7 eal flt se arcebiscop at him crafede. eadmedlice gefylde. 7 syflflan fla bletsunganunderfeng. []/1137/ is gre for fle King Stephne ofer s to Normandi and ther wes underfangen, forfli at hiwenden at he sculde ben alsuic alse the eom wes, and for he hadde get his tresor; ac he todeld it andscatered sotlice. Micel hadde Henri King gadered gold and sylver, and na god ne dide me for hissaule tharof. fia fle King Stephne to Englalande com, fla macod he his gadering t Oxeneford and flarhe nam biscop Roger of Sereberi, and Alexander Biscop of Lincol and te Canceler Roger, hise neves,and dide lle in prisun til hi iafen up here castles. fia the suikes undergton at he milde man wasand softe and god, and na justise ne dide, fla diden hi alle wunder. Hi hadden him manred maked andathes suoren, ac hi nan treuthe ne heolden; alle hi wron forsworen and here treothes forloren, forvric rice man his castles makede and agnes him heolden, and fylden fle land ful of castles

(Source: http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html)

MIDDLE ENGLISH PARADIGMS

STRONG VERBS

There are the same classes (I-VII) as in OE. The gradations are:

I. --(i)-i wrte(n)-wrt-writen-(y-)writenII. /--u/- chse(n)-chs-curen/chsen-(y-)cren/(y-)chsenIII. a. -a/o-u-u (before nasal + C) drinke(n)-drank/dronk-drunken-(y-)drunken b. e-a/o-o-o (before liquid + C) helpe(n)-halp/holp-holpen-(y-)holpen c. i-au-ou-ou (before [xt]) fighte(n)-faught-foughten-(u-)foughtenIV. -a-- stle(n)-stal-stlen-(y-)stlenV. -a-- te(n)-at-ten-tenVI. --- fre(n)-fr-fren-(y-)frenVII. ancient reduplication falle(n)-fl-(y-)fallen

Innovations:1. reduction of strong class (many string verbs became weak)2. tendency to reduce the two alternations of the Preterite (but hesitations & co-existence of forms. NORTH: 1 vocalism;

SOUTH (&London) 2 vocalisms)

WEAK VERBS

2 classes: 1. Preterite & Past participle in -ed(e) hpe(n)-hpede-(y-)hped2. Preterite & Past participle in -de/-d or -t hre(n)-herde-(y-)herdVerbs of French origin were assimilated to the weak verbs.

PARADIGM (EXAMPLE)

PRESENT GROUPNorthern Dialects Midlands Dialects Southern dialectsMood Nr/

Person Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak StrongIndicative Sg 1

2 3Pl

hr-(e)hr-eshr-eshr-es

bnd-(e)bnd-esbnd-esbnd-es

hr-ehr-es(t)hr-es/-eflhr-es/-e(n)

bnd-ebnd-es(t)bnd-es/-eflbnd-es/-efl

hr-ehr-(e)sthr-eflhr-efl

bnd-ebnd-(e)stbnd-eflbnd-efl

Subjunct. SgPl

hr-(e)hr-(en)

bnd-(e)bnd-(en)

hr-ehr-e(n)

bnd-ebnd-e(n)

hr-ehr-e(n)

bnd-ebnd-e(n)

Imperative Sg 2Pl 2

hrhr-es

bndbnd-es

hrhr-efl

bndbnd-efl

hrhr-efl

bndbnd-efl

Infinitive hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-e(n) bnd-e(n)Participle hr-and bnd-and hr-and/-ande

hr-ing(e)bnd-and/-andebnd-ing(e)

hr-indehr-ing(e)

bnd-indebnd-ing(e)

PRETERITE GROUPNorthern Dialects Midlands & Sothern DialectsMood Nr/

Person Weak Strong Weak Strong

Indicative Sg 1 2 3Pl

her-d-eher-d-esther-d-eher-d-e(n)

bondbound-ebondbound-e(n)

Subjunct. SgPl

band

her-d-eher-d-e(n)

bound-ebound-e(n)

Past Part.

her-d

bund-en (y)-her-d (y)-bound-e(n)


THE NOUN

Prevalence of the OE -a stem (masc. & neu.), -o stem (fem.) and of the -an stem in Early Middle English. Eventually, onlythe-a stem will survive.

-a Stem (Type I) -o Stem (Type II) -an Stem (Type III) End of ME PeriodCase/number Paradigm End. Paradigm End. Paradigm End. Praradigm End.

N & AGD

stnstnesstn(e)

-(e)s(-e)

ndendesnde

-e-es-e

nmenmenme

-e-e-e

stnstn(e)sstn

-(e)s

Plural stnes -(e)s ndes -es nmen -en stn(e)s -(e)s

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Third PersonNr. Case First Person Second PersonMasculine Neuter Feminine

N ich, ic, ik, I, y fl, thou, tou h, hee, ha, a hit, it, a heo, ho, he, ha,hisho, cho, schosche, she

A-G hine, hin hit, it

Sg.

Dm fl, thee, te

him himhire, hir, hure,her

N w , y flai, flay, thai, flei, fle (Scandinavian)1/ hy, heo, ho, he, ha, a(


OTHER PRONOUNS

Type Examples Declensions Remarksflat (m., n., f.) Sg. flat

Pl. fl, fl, theo, fls, flsgeneralised after 12th c.

fles (m.), fleos (f.), flis (n.) Sg. flis (~Ac.m. flisne)Pl. flise, flseDemonstrative

self, seolf, solf, sulf=ilk, ilch, ych

Sg. selfPl. selve, selven

wh (m., f.) N wh, w, huA whmG whsD whm (wm, whm)

what (n.) N what (wat, hwat, hwet, quat)A whatG whsD whm (wm, whm)

Interrogative

wether, wefler, wher(e), huader, quehthirwhich, whylk, wylke, hwucche, huyche

=which of them?

(se) flat invariableRelativeNote: Interrogatives (who, what, which) function as relatives after the 14th c.

Indefiniteal; ani, any; aut, oght (aught, anything); bth(e), bfle; ch, ich, alc (each); chn (each one);eyfler (either); elles (else); everych (every[one]); everychn (everyone); man, mon, men, me(one; cf. G man); many, many n; nn(e), n, nn(e), n; n(e), n(e); ther; som(e), sum; swich,such, swilk; flelli, flulli (such; cf. Fr. tel); whs (whoever).

THE ADJECTIVE

Adjectives are generally invariable. Only monosyllabic adjectives ending in a consonant may be declined.e.g.: Sg. gd (strong decl.); gde (weak declension)

Pl. gde(Similarly: al, brd, df, hl, lng, smal, strng, swich, fast, ful, (-)les)

Comparison: glad gladd-re, -er gladd-estIrregularities: late latt-er lest (

papahagiText BoxExcerpted from:Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn 1992.

papahagiText BoxSSEEMINAR 1

papahagiText BoxSEMINAR 1

papahagiText BoxSEEMINAR 2

papahagiText BoxSource: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide toOld English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn, 1992.


papahagiText BoxVenerable Bede, Historia ecclesiastica in OE;The Story of the Poet CdmonSource: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson,A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell,5th edn, 1992.


papahagiText BoxThe Exeter Book RiddlesSource: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn, 1995.


papahagiText BoxBeowulf: Grendel's First Attack

papahagiText BoxSource: Beowulf, ed. by Michael Alexander, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995.


Cursor MundiMiddle English, ca. 1300

flis are the maters redde on rawflat i thynk in flis bok to draw,Schortly rimand on fle dede,For mani er flai her-of to spede.Notful me thinc it ware to manTo knaw him self how he began,How [he] began in werld to brede,How his oxspring began to sprede,Bath o fle first and o fle last,In quatking curs flis world es past.Efter haly kyrc[es] stateflis ilk bok it es translateIn to Inglis tong to redeFor the loue of Inglis lede,Inglis lede of Ingland,For the commun at understand.Frankis rimes here I redd,Comunlik in ilk[a] sted:Mast es it wroght for Frankis man.Quat is for him na Frankis can?Of Ingland the nacion,Es Inglis man flar in commun;fle speche flat man wit mast may spede,Mast flar-wit to speke war nede.Selden was for ani chancePraised Inglis tong in France.Giue we ilkan flare langage,Me think we do flam non outrage.To laud and Inglis man i spellflat understandes flat i tell

225

230

235

240

245

250

explained

rhymingare; benefituseful

= offspring

what kind (qu- = hw-)

same

people (cf. G Leute)

toheareach (= every-

wherewiththerewith; were

lay(men)

London, BL MS Cotton Vespasian A. III

Sanges sere of selcuth rime,Inglis, frankys, and latine,to rede and here Ilkon is prest, 25fle thynges flat flam likes best.fle wisman wil o wisdom here,fle foul hym draghus to foly nere,fle wrang to here o right is lath,And pride wyt buxsumnes is wrath; 30O chastite has lichur leth,On charite ai werrais wreth;Bot be the fruit may scilwis se,O quat vertu is ilka treOf alkyn fruit flat man schal fynd 35He fettes fro fle rote his kynd.

Cambridge, Trinity College MS R. 3.8

Mony songes of dyverse ryme,As englisshe frensshe & latyneTo rede & here mony are prestOf flinges flat hem likefl bestfle wise mon wol of wisdome herefle fool him drawefl to foly nerefle wronge to here rit is looflAnd pride wifl buxomnes is wrooflOf chastite fle lecchoure hafl liteCharite aeyn wraflfle wol fliteBut bi fle fruyte may men ofte seOf what vertu is vche a treAnd vche fruyt flat man may fyndeHe hafl from fle rote his kynde.

Source: Cursor Mundi, ed. by Richard Morris, EETS OS 57, 1961 (1874).


papahagiText BoxSource: Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, ed. by AC Cawley, London: Dent (Everyman's Library), 1992.


Hist of Engl Syllabus.pdf0. Handouts Course.pdf1. OE Pronouns.pdf2. OE Nouns.pdf3. OE Adjective.pdf4. OE Verbs.pdf5. OE Irregular Verbs.pdf6. AS Chronicle.pdf7. ME Dialects8. ME Morphology.pdf

Seminar Texts.pdf1-2. Practice and Aelfric.pdfMit1.tifMit2.tifMit3.tifMit4.tif

3. Genesis.pdf4. Caedmon.pdf6. Riddles.pdf7. Cursor Mundi and Chaucer.pdf

Big Handout Hist Engl

Documents

Transcript of Big Handout Hist Engl