Big Data Fuels IT Architecture...
Transcript of Big Data Fuels IT Architecture...
![Page 1: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolution@EvaAndreasson, Cloudera
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 2: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Data Re-Thinking Drivers
Multitude of new data
types
Internet of Things
Insights lead your Business
We live online
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 3: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Where we are Heading…INFORMATION-DRIVEN
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 4: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Thousandsof Employees &Lots of InaccessibleInformation
HeterogeneousLegacy IT Infrastructure
Silos of Multi-Structured DataDifficult to Integrate
The Need to Rethink Data Architecture
ERP, CRM, RDBMS, Machines Files, Images, Video, Logs, Clickstreams External Data Sources
DataArchives
EDWs Marts SearchServers Document Stores Storage
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 5: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Information & data accessible by all forinsight using leading tools and apps
Enterprise Data HubUnified DataManagementInfrastructure
Ingest All DataAny TypeAny ScaleFrom Any Source
EDWs Marts Storage Search
New Category: The Enterprise Data Hub (EDH)
Servers Documents
ERP, CRM, RDBMS, Machines Files, Images, Video, Logs, Clickstreams External Data Sources
EDH
Archives
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 6: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hadoop et al Enabling an EDH
Applications
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 7: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
From the Monolith to Micro-Services
Randy Shoup
@randyshoup
linkedin.com/in/randyshoup
![Page 8: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Monolithic Architecture
• Single, vertically-integrated unit
• “The System”
The System
![Page 9: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Monolithic Architecture
Simple at first
In-process latencies
Single codebase, deploy unit
Resource-efficient at small scale
Pros
Coordination overhead as team grows
Poor enforcement of modularity
Poor scaling (vertical only)
All-or-nothing deploy (downtime, failures)
Long build times
Cons
![Page 10: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Monolithic Architecture, v2
• Set of monolithic tiers
• “The front-end”, “The app server”, “The database”
Presentation
Application
Database
![Page 11: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Monolithic Database
Simple at first
Join queries are easy
Single schema, deployment
Resource-efficient at small scale
Pros
Coupling over time
Poor scaling and redundancy (all-or-nothing, vertical only)
Difficult to tune properly
All-or-nothing schema management
Cons
![Page 12: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Micro-Services
• Single-purpose
• Simple, well-defined interface
• Modular and independent
• More graph of relationships than tiers
• Fullest expression of modularity and encapsulation
A
C D E
B
![Page 13: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Micro-Services
Each unit is simple
Independent scaling and performance
Independent testing and deployment
Can optimally tune performance (caching, replication, etc.)
Pros
Many cooperating units
Many small repos
Requires more sophisticated tooling and dependency management
Network latencies
Cons
![Page 14: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Google Cloud Datastore
• Cloud Datastore: NoSQL service o Highly scalable and resilient
o Strong transactional consistency
o SQL-like rich query capabilities
• Megastore: geo-scale structured database o Multi-row transactions
o Synchronous cross-datacenter replication
• Bigtable: cluster-level structured storage o (row, column, timestamp) -> cell contents
• Colossus: next-generation clustered file system o Block distribution and replication
• Cluster management infrastructure o Task scheduling, machine assignment
Cloud Datastore
Megastore
Bigtable
Colossus
Cluster manager
![Page 15: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pro-Tips: Building a Micro-Service
• Common Chassis o Make it trivially easy to build and maintain a service
• Define Service Interface (Formally!) o Propose, Discuss, Agree
• Prototype Implementation o Simplest thing that could possibly work
o Client can integrate with prototype
o Implementor can learn what works and what does not
• Real Implementation o Throw away the prototype (!)
• Rinse and Repeat
![Page 16: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Transition to Service Relationships
• Vendor – Customer Relationship o Friendly and cooperative, but structured
o Clear ownership and division of responsibility
o Customer can choose to use service or not (!)
• Service-Level Agreement (SLA) o Promise of service levels by the provider
o Customer needs to be able to rely on the service, like a utility
• Charging and Cost Allocation o Charge customers for *usage* of the service
o Aligns economic incentives of customer and provider
o Motivates both sides to optimize
![Page 17: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Why Enterprises are Embracing the Cloud
Randy Shoup
@randyshoup
linkedin.com/in/randyshoup
![Page 18: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Embracing the Cloud (The Obvious)
• Provisioning Speed o Minutes, not weeks
o Autoscaling in response to load
• Near-Infinite Capacity o No need to predict and plan for growth
o No need to defensively overprovision
• Pay For What You Use o No “utilization risk” from owning / renting
o If it’s not in use, spin it down
![Page 19: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Embracing the Cloud (The Less Obvious)
• Instance Optimization Opportunities o Instance shapes to fit most parts of the solution space (compute-intensive,
IO-intensive, etc.)
o If the shape does not fit, try another
• Service Quality o Amazon and Google know how to run data centers
o Battle-tested and highly automated
o World-class networking, both cluster fabric and external peering
• Unstoppable Economics o Almost impossible to beat Google / Amazon buying power or operating
efficiencies
o 2010s in computing are like 1910s in electric power
![Page 20: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
“Soon it will be just as common
to run your own data center as
it is to run your own electric
power generation” -- me
![Page 21: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolution@EvaAndreasson, Cloudera
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 22: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Data Re-Thinking Drivers
Multitude of new data
types
Internet of Things
Insights lead your Business
We live online
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 23: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Where we are Heading…INFORMATION-DRIVEN
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 24: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thousandsof Employees &Lots of InaccessibleInformation
HeterogeneousLegacy IT Infrastructure
Silos of Multi-Structured DataDifficult to Integrate
The Need to Rethink Data Architecture
ERP, CRM, RDBMS, Machines Files, Images, Video, Logs, Clickstreams External Data Sources
DataArchives
EDWs Marts SearchServers Document Stores Storage
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 25: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Information & data accessible by all forinsight using leading tools and apps
Enterprise Data HubUnified DataManagementInfrastructure
Ingest All DataAny TypeAny ScaleFrom Any Source
EDWs Marts Storage Search
New Category: The Enterprise Data Hub (EDH)
Servers Documents
ERP, CRM, RDBMS, Machines Files, Images, Video, Logs, Clickstreams External Data Sources
EDH
Archives
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 26: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hadoop et al Enabling an EDH
Applications
Copyright 2014 Cloudera, Inc.
![Page 27: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Why Enterprises are Embracing the Cloud
Randy Shoup
@randyshoup
linkedin.com/in/randyshoup
![Page 28: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Embracing the Cloud (The Obvious)
• Provisioning Speed o Minutes, not weeks
o Autoscaling in response to load
• Near-Infinite Capacity o No need to predict and plan for growth
o No need to defensively overprovision
• Pay For What You Use o No “utilization risk” from owning / renting
o If it’s not in use, spin it down
![Page 29: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Embracing the Cloud (The Less Obvious)
• Instance Optimization Opportunities o Instance shapes to fit most parts of the solution space (compute-intensive,
IO-intensive, etc.)
o If the shape does not fit, try another
• Service Quality o Amazon and Google know how to run data centers
o Battle-tested and highly automated
o World-class networking, both cluster fabric and external peering
• Unstoppable Economics o Almost impossible to beat Google / Amazon buying power or operating
efficiencies
o 2010s in computing are like 1910s in electric power
![Page 30: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Soon it will be just as common
to run your own data center as
it is to run your own electric
power generation” -- me
![Page 31: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
From the Monolith to Micro-Services
Randy Shoup
@randyshoup
linkedin.com/in/randyshoup
![Page 32: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Monolithic Architecture
• Single, vertically-integrated unit
• “The System”
The System
![Page 33: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Monolithic Architecture
Simple at first
In-process latencies
Single codebase, deploy unit
Resource-efficient at small scale
Pros
Coordination overhead as team grows
Poor enforcement of modularity
Poor scaling (vertical only)
All-or-nothing deploy (downtime, failures)
Long build times
Cons
![Page 34: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Monolithic Architecture, v2
• Set of monolithic tiers
• “The front-end”, “The app server”, “The database”
Presentation
Application
Database
![Page 35: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Monolithic Database
Simple at first
Join queries are easy
Single schema, deployment
Resource-efficient at small scale
Pros
Coupling over time
Poor scaling and redundancy (all-or-nothing, vertical only)
Difficult to tune properly
All-or-nothing schema management
Cons
![Page 36: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Micro-Services
• Single-purpose
• Simple, well-defined interface
• Modular and independent
• More graph of relationships than tiers
• Fullest expression of modularity and encapsulation
A
C D E
B
![Page 37: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Micro-Services
Each unit is simple
Independent scaling and performance
Independent testing and deployment
Can optimally tune performance (caching, replication, etc.)
Pros
Many cooperating units
Many small repos
Requires more sophisticated tooling and dependency management
Network latencies
Cons
![Page 38: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Google Cloud Datastore
• Cloud Datastore: NoSQL service o Highly scalable and resilient
o Strong transactional consistency
o SQL-like rich query capabilities
• Megastore: geo-scale structured database o Multi-row transactions
o Synchronous cross-datacenter replication
• Bigtable: cluster-level structured storage o (row, column, timestamp) -> cell contents
• Colossus: next-generation clustered file system o Block distribution and replication
• Cluster management infrastructure o Task scheduling, machine assignment
Cloud Datastore
Megastore
Bigtable
Colossus
Cluster manager
![Page 39: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Pro-Tips: Building a Micro-Service
• Common Chassis o Make it trivially easy to build and maintain a service
• Define Service Interface (Formally!) o Propose, Discuss, Agree
• Prototype Implementation o Simplest thing that could possibly work
o Client can integrate with prototype
o Implementor can learn what works and what does not
• Real Implementation o Throw away the prototype (!)
• Rinse and Repeat
![Page 40: Big Data Fuels IT Architecture Evolutiongotocon.com/dl/goto-aar-2014/slides/EvaAndreasson_and_KevlinHenney_and_OlaBini_and...The Monolithic Architecture Simple at first In-process](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc0e8ab3539600c388f21/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Transition to Service Relationships
• Vendor – Customer Relationship o Friendly and cooperative, but structured
o Clear ownership and division of responsibility
o Customer can choose to use service or not (!)
• Service-Level Agreement (SLA) o Promise of service levels by the provider
o Customer needs to be able to rely on the service, like a utility
• Charging and Cost Allocation o Charge customers for *usage* of the service
o Aligns economic incentives of customer and provider
o Motivates both sides to optimize