Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math ASTR/PHYS 109 Dr. David Toback Lectures 2,3 and 4
Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math ASTR/PHYS 109 Dr. David Toback Lecture 23 & 24
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Transcript of Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math ASTR/PHYS 109 Dr. David Toback Lecture 23 & 24
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Big Objects and Black HolesTopic 3: Properties of Black Holes
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Big Bang, Black Holes, No MathASTR/PHYS 109
Dr. David TobackLecture 24 & 25
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Was Due Today– L25• Reading:
– Unit 6• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
– Unit 5 Revision (if desired), Stage 2: Due before class Monday
– Unit 6, Stage 1: Due before class Monday• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:
– Chapter 16• Papers:
– Paper 3 Revision (if desired), Stage 2: due before class Wednesday
• Honors Paper:– Stages 1 & 2 must be approved explicitly– Final paper due on the last day of class
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Unit 5: Big Objects
1.Galaxies2.Star Birth and
Death3.More on Black
HolesToday
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Where are we now in the history?
Half a billion years after the bangBlack holes start forming
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Paper 4: The Assignment• Abbreviated Description: What is the
evidence for Stellar Black Holes? Note there is an emphasis on what is a black hole and how it forms. – Explain it to someone who isn’t taking
the class (no jargon)• Make sure you read ALL the instructions• Same format and due dates as usual
– Text due 1 week after we finish Chapter 17
– Calibration, reviews and self-assessment due a week after that 5
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Outline•What makes Black Holes black
•What a black hole would look like to a nearby observer
•Evidence for Black Holes•Different types of Black Holes
•A few words on why black holes are so important in cosmology and our understanding of the Big Bang
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Moving Towards Black Holes•If a neutron star has a “critical mass” (about 3MSun) it can continue to collapse
•Nothing strong enough to oppose the crush of gravity! Continues to collapse until it becomes a single point in space
•Call this a Black Hole
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Why do we call it a black hole?
Call it a Black Hole because
light can’t “escape”
Say more about what this
means
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What they are… and aren’t• Black holes aren’t demonic,
sucking power holes• A black hole is just another thing a
star can turn into when it runs out of fuel
• It is basically a really massive ex-star
• Then again, something with that much mass but a size smaller than a proton does have some unusual properties 9
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No dent in space… Just a small Object • What if the Sun
compressed into a Neutron Star?
• Shrink Sun to 10% of its size
• Now 1%• Neutron star is
0.004% of its size
• What if it were crushed into a black hole?
1.4 Million Kilometers across~25 Kilometers across
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Space looks the same, but let’s look at the Curvature
of Space-Time near the SunThe size of the Sun… Remember:
Diagram is the CURVATURE of Space-time
The curvature can be thought of as the force…bigger curvature more force
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How the Curvature Changes as we Compress the Sun
What if we compressed the
Sun into a Neutron Star?
Far outside the Sun you can’t really tell the difference•Force is the sameYou can tell the difference if you are very close to the Sun itself•Force is bigger
The sun is now a few kilometers across
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Compress the Sun into a Black Hole
Infinite curvature
Curvature is VERY
different really close
to where the mass is
Black hole is just a point in space
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What does this have to do with light being able
to escape? 14
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Small speed objects can’t leave the Earth
How fast does it need to move so that it can “escape” the pull of gravity? Call this the escape velocity
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The Moon has a “small” escape Velocity
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The Escape Velocity for the Earth
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The Sun
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A Neutron Star
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A Black Hole
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Why do we call it a Black Hole?A Black Hole is so dense that it’s escape velocity is GREATER than the speed of light light can’t escape!Looks at this from the perspective of Space-Time
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Space-Time as an EscalatorCan think of space near a star as an escalator moving downward towards the surface of the star
A person in curved space-time moves downward
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Later timeEven though he is walking in the “up” direction, his overall motion is actually downwards 23
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Even later times. If the man moves slower than the speed of the escalator he will move backwards
If the escalator is moving down faster than the speed of light, even light can’t go “up” 24
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Space-Time Near a Black Hole• The gravity of a Black
Hole curves space-time SO MUCH that light simply can’t leave
• If light can’t escape then we can’t “see” light from it and our star “appears” black
• Since light could fall in, and never come back out, we call it a “Black Hole”
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Black HolesLight falls in and never comes
backLight from inside can’t escape!Path of light passing nearby gets bent
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Weird…What if our Sun were to (magically??) turn into a Black Hole?
The gravitational attraction far outside wouldn’t change, so the planets would continue to orbit
Then again, without the light it would get really cold and we’d all die…
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Different Types of Black Holes• Two different types
1. Stellar Black Holes (the types we have been discussing)
2. Supermassive Black Holes• Both have been observed and are now
known to be common– Closest known stellar Black Hole is
about 3,000 light years away• Supermassive Black hole at the center
of the Milky Way with a mass more than four million times that of our sun– At the center of many (all?) large
galaxies
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Some pictures from Chapter 2
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Supermassive Black Holes• Still learning about how they came to be.
Some people think they started as a stellar Black Hole near the center of the galaxy when the galaxy was forming a half a billion years after the bang– “Ate” material that fell towards the center
of the galaxy– Lots of light came from the atomic
interactions as the material fell in – Called a Quasar
• Today: nothing falling in since everything either already fell in or is now rotating around the center of the galaxy– Quasars only observed in “distant” galaxies30
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Switch Topics
•Life near a black hole
•Evidence for black holes
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Getting a Close-Up LookWhat would a Black Hole look like to an observer who tries to get a closer look?
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The same thing is true for our Astronaut
An Astronaut Near a Black Hole
Light falls in and never comes back
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Event Horizon• A rocket with a speed of 11km/sec
can escape from the Earth–Needs a lower speed if it starts
up high in the atmosphere–The higher it is, the smaller the
escape velocity is• We call that special distance from
the center of a black hole where the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light the EVENT HORIZON34
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Spaghettification as he falls in…
•The gravitational pull on his feet would be much stronger than on his head
•He’d get stretched out and then ripped apart
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Falling into a Black Hole
Spaghettification as he falls inCan’t see him after he passes the event horizon… not even light from his gun can
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A way to observe Stellar Black Holes?
• Let’s say we have two stars orbiting each other (a binary pair), and one has already turned into a black hole
• We can “see” light “from” a Black Hole by watching them “eat” their companion
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Black Holes Suck•Can think of the stuff sucked in like crumbs on the surface of the water as it goes down the sink swirl faster and faster until it reaches the drain and gets sucked down
•As the matter moves more quickly the atoms collide
•These collisions produce light that we can see x-rays
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A way to observe Supermassive Black Holes
• Can observe supermassive black holes by looking at stars as they orbit “nothing” at the center of a galaxy
• Can even measure their mass like the way we measure the mass of the Sun
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Measuring the Mass of a Stellar Black Hole
Can also measure the mass of a stellar black hole if its in a binary pair by watching the speed of its “partner” orbit 40
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Last Topic on Black Holes…
Why are Black Holes important in Cosmology?
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TheoryIn the 1970’s Hawking and Penrose realized that the creation of a Black Hole looks like a Big Bang in reverse
Said differently, the Big Bang appears to be the creation of a Black Hole running backward in time…
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Theory?• Inside a Black Hole we get
“infinite curvature” and “infinite density” of space–A singularity
•Here the particles would interact according to Quantum Mechanics
•Hard to calculate things… Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity predict different things and we don’t know which one is right…
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In a way, this is Good…•Since we now have observed Black Holes, we finally have a set of objects we can look at
•Maybe by studying their properties we can tell which theory (if either) is correct
•Maybe neither? Maybe something like Quantum Gravity? String Theory?… Stay tuned…
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Paper 4: The Assignment• Abbreviated Description: What is the
evidence for Stellar Black Holes? Note there is an emphasis on what is a black hole and how it forms. – Explain it to someone who isn’t taking
the class (no jargon)• Make sure you read ALL the instructions• Same format and due dates as usual
– Text due 1 week after we finish Chapter 17
– Calibration, reviews and self-assessment due a week after that 45
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For Next Time – L24• Reading:
– Unit 6• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
– Unit 5 Revision (if desired), Stage 2: Due before class Monday
– Unit 6, Stage 1: Due before class Monday• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:
– Chapter 17 if we finished Chapter 17 (else just Chapter 16)
• Papers:– Paper 3 Revision (if desired), Stage 2: due before
class Wednesday– Paper 4, Stage 1: due Wednesday if we finished
Chapter 17• Honors Paper:
– Stages 1 & 2 must be approved explicitly– Final paper due on the last day of class
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For Next Time – L25• No class Wednesday… Next Class Monday• Reading:
– (Unit 6)• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
– Unit 6, Stage 1: Due date extended to before class Monday
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:– Chapter 17 if we finished Chapter 17 (else just Chapter
16)• Papers:
– Paper 3 Revision (if desired), Stage 2: due before class Wednesday
– Paper 4, Stage 1: due Wednesday of next week if we finished Chapter 17 (draft feedback for papers before Sunday)
• Honors Paper:– Stages 1 & 2 must be approved explicitly– Final paper due on the last day of class
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Clicker Question
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Can you "fill up" a black hole? a) Yesb) No
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Clicker Question
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Can a Black Hole orbit another star?a) Yesb) No
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Clicker Question
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Could the Earth orbit a black hole?a)Yesb)No
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What would happen if two black holes collided? a)They would make a
supermassive black holeb)They would just make a
black hole that is the mass of the two black holes that started
c)Black holes can’t collide
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1 Paragraph in-class Quiz
What is the evidence for stellar black holes?
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For Next Time – L23• Reading:
– Unit 6• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
– Unit 6: Due Monday before class• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:
– Chapter 17 if we finished Chapter 17 (else just Chapter 16)
• Papers:– Paper 3 Revision (if desired):
• Stage 2 due Wednesday before class– Paper 4:
• Due 1 week from today if we finished Chapter 17
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For Next Time – L24• Reading:
– Unit 6 (was due already)• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
– Unit 6: Stage 2 due Wednesday before class
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:– Chapter 17
• Papers:– Paper 3 Revision (if desired):
• Stage 2 due Wednesday before class– Paper 4:
• Stage 1 eue 1 week from today (Monday)
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Was Due for Today– L25•Reading:–Chapter 18
•Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:–Chapter 18
•End-of-Chapter Quizzes:–Chapter 16 (also check 14)
•Papers:–Paper 3: Done fixing broken rubrics. Now working on recent re-grade requests.
–Paper 3 Revision: Now open for submission. Text due Monday before class
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Was Due for Today– L26•Reading:–Chapter 20
•Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:–Chapter 20
•End-of-Chapter Quizzes:–Chapter 16 (also check 14)
•Papers:–Paper 3: Working on recent re-grade requests.
–Paper 3 Revision: Now open for submission. Text due Monday before class
–Paper 4: Now open for submission. Text due Monday before class
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Prep for Next time – L25•Reading:
– Chapter 19 and 20•Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
– Chapter 19 and 20•End-of-Chapter Quizzes:
– If we finished Chapter 17 then end-of-chapter quiz 17 (else just through Chapter 16)
•Papers:– Paper 3: Done fixing broken rubrics. Now
working on recent re-grade requests. – Paper 3 Revision: Now open for
submission. Text due Monday before class– Paper 4: Due one week from today
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Was due today – L12•Reading:–BBBHNM: All reading through Chapter 19
•Reading Questions:–All reading questions through 19
•eLearning Quizzes:–Chapter 17
•Papers:–Rest of Paper 3 assignment (if you resubmitted a revision) due before class today–Text of Paper 4 due Wednesday night at 11:55PM
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Early Times & Fate of the Universe Topic 1: Possibilities
End of the Semester – L12• Only 3 more days of class–Today, April 22nd, and April 29th
• Need to finish all the end of Chapter quizzes as well as AMS 2–That’s my of semester evaluation
(there will be another)–Need to finish this before you can
finish all the end of chapter quizzes
• Will not do the 5th paper, but will allow a paper 4 revision
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Prep For Next Time – L11•Reading:–BBBHNM: All reading through Chapter 19
•Reading Questions:–All reading questions through 19
•eLearning Quizzes:–Through Chapter 17
•Papers:–Rest of Paper 3 assignment (if you resubmitted a revision) due before class on Monday–Paper 4 will due Wednesday at 11:55PM and the Calibrations/Reviews/Self-Assessment will be due Monday before class.
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Prep For Next Time – L11•Note: May change depending on how far we
get in lecture•Reading:–BBBHNM: All reading through Chapter 19
•Reading Questions:–All reading questions through 19
•eLearning Quizzes:–If we finished Chapter 16 then end-of-chapter quiz 16 (else just through Chapter 15)
•Papers:–Rest of Paper 3 assignment (if you resubmitted a revision) due before class on Tuesday–Since we did not finish Chapter 17, Paper 4 will be assigned Tuesday
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Prep for Today (Is now due) – L23
• Reading:– BBBHNM 18
• Reading questions:– Chapter 18
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:– Chapter 16
• Paper Stuff– Paper 3: Misgraded? Let us know
•Revision due Monday before class. Want feedback? Due Thursday
– Paper 4: Will be due 1 week after we finish Chapter 17
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Prep for Today (Is now due) – L23
• Reading:– BBBHNM 18
• Reading questions:– Chapter 18
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:– Chapter 16
• Paper Stuff– Paper 3: Misgraded? Let us know
•Revision due Monday before class. Want feedback? Due Thursday
– Paper 4: Will be due 1 week after we finish Chapter 17
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Prep for Today (Is now due) – L24
• Reading:– Rest of BBBHNM
• Reading questions:– Some of the rest of the chapter, finish all by
the end of the semester• End-of-Chapter Quizzes:
– Chapter 16• Paper Stuff
– Paper 3: Misgraded? Let us know– Paper 3 Revision: Due Monday before class.
Want feedback? Due Thursday– Paper 4: Will be due 1 week after we finish
Chapter 17
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Prep For Next Time – L12•Note: May change depending on how far we
get in lecture•Reading:–BBBHNM: All reading through Chapter 20
•Reading Questions:–All reading questions through 20
•eLearning Quizzes:–If we finished Chapter 17 then end-of-chapter quiz 17 (else just through Chapter 16)
•Papers:–Text of Paper 4 assignment due before class on Tuesday
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• Reading– Reading the rest of BBBHNM
• Reading questions– Chapter 18, 19 and 22 (can do in
installments)• End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 17 then end-of-chapter quiz 17 (else just 16)
• Papers– Paper 2 Revision or Paper 3: Misgraded?
Let us know. – Paper 3 Revision: Due Monday before
class. Want feedback? Due Friday for quick response
– Paper 4: Final date assigned when we finish Chapter 17
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Full set of Readings So Far•Required:–BBBHNM: Chaps. 1-18
•Recommended:•TFTM: Chaps. 1-5•BHOT: Chaps. 1-7, 8 (68-76), 9 and 11 (117-137), 12•SHU: Chaps. 1-3, 4(77-86), 5(95-114), 6-8 (up-to-page 164) •TOE: Chaps. 1-3•Seeds (Cosmology in the 21st Century)
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More on Our Astronaut• Suppose he sends us a signal every
second, according to his watch, as he falls in
• As he falls into the star space-time gets stretched more and more–The time between signals gets
stretched also–His signals appear to get further
and further apart in time–His signals are red-shifted
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Astronaut Continued•Any light reflecting off him is red-shifted also, so he looks “redder and redder”
•Eventually, his signals “fall” into the Black Hole and we can’t see them (or him) anymore
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• Reading– BBBHNM 18
• Reading questions– Chapter 18
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes– If we finished Chapter 17 then end-of-
chapter quiz 17 (else just 16) • Papers
– Paper 2: Misgraded? Let us know– Paper 3: Misgraded? Let us know– Paper 4: Will assign paper 4 next time
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Announcement before we begin
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Time near a Black HoleThe passage of time for an observer near or on a Black Hole is different than we observe because space-time is different in curved space
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Evidence for Black Holes?Hubble Space
Telescope data
Cygnus XR-1Look at the hot
gas swirling around “Nothing”
A “blob” breaks off then swirls in and disappears like an astronaut would
http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pr/2001/03/content/
CygnusXR-1.mpg
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How do we Observe Black Holes?
• We can “see” Black Holes “eating” other stars
• They are so massive that the gravitational attraction can “suck” off stuff from another star
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Black Holes Suck•Can think of the stuff sucked in like crumbs on the surface of the water as it goes down the sink swirl faster and faster until it reaches the drain and gets sucked down
•As the matter moves more quickly the atoms collide
•These collisions produce light that we can see
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The Sun in Space-TimeThe size of the Sun…
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Compressing the SunWhat if we
compressed the Sun into a Neutron
Star?
Far outside the Sun you can’t really tell the differenceYou can tell the difference if you are very close to the Sun itselfThe sun is now a few kilometers across
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Light in Space-Time•Doesn’t light just always travel at the speed of light?
•Yes, but it’s path can curve in space-time…
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The Sun in Space-TimeAnything faster than 620 km/sec can escape
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Neutron StarsOnly things faster than half the speed of light can escape
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Black HolesNothing can escape unless it is traveling faster than the speed of light
No matter how fast it’s going it can’t leave
Space is falling into
the hole too quickly
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Papers• Paper 1 is done• Paper 2 grades are on eLearning
– Working on getting the revised grades fixed• Paper 3:
– Let us know if you think you have been mis-graded– Revisions must be submitted by Wednesday at noon
• Paper 4:– Now open– Due next Monday before class
• Paper 5 (last paper, no final)– Assigned after we start Chap 20
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Other Stuff•Elearning:–Unit 5 in progress
•Make sure you pick up the latest version of the online textbook!!!–Been updating it all semester
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The Reading So Far and For Unit 5
Reading for Unit 5:• BBBHNM: Chaps. 15-17• SHU: 4(87-93)• TOE: 3• BHOT: 8(76-85)Full reading through Unit 5:• BBBHNM: Chaps. 1-17• TFTM: Chaps. 1-5• BHOT: Chaps. 1-7, 8 (68-85), 9 and 11
(117-122)• SHU: Chaps. 1-3, 4(77-93), 5(95-114), 6,
7 (up-to-page 159) • TOE: Chaps. 1-3
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For Next TimeUnit 6: Early Times and the Fate of the UniverseFull reading for Unit 6:• BBBHNM: Chaps. 18-22• SHU: 8 (159-164)• BHOT: 11 (122-137), 12• Seeds (Cosmology in the 21st Century, Web Handout)Full reading through Unit 6:• BBBHNM: Chaps. 1-22• TFTM: Chaps. 1-5• BHOT: Chaps. 1-7, 8 (68-76), 9 and 11 (117-137), 12• SHU: Chaps. 1-3, 4(77-86), 5(95-114), 6-8 (up-to-page
164) • TOE: Chaps. 1-3• Seeds (Cosmology in the 21st Century)Lecture prep: Turn in on eLearning
Two questions from Chapter 18 you want to know the answer to
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Overview•The way Galaxies and Stars form is very similar
•The way stars “die” depends on the star itself… sometimes they die to form a Black Hole
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The Life and Death of Stars
Black Hole
Big Star(Supergiant)
Small Star(Red Giant)
Brown Dwarf
White Dwarf Neutron Star
Slightly more complicated than this…
Explodes (Superno
va)
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Writing AssignmentsShort Assignments 1 & 2
Re-do’s are still possible. Want to revise again? Talk to me
eLearning:Unit 4 now dueNeed to be working on Unit 5
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Papers AFTER Paper 2Two options1.Two short papers like the first one
• One on Black Holes (due one week after we finish Black Holes)
• One on Dark Matter (due last day of class)
2.Research PaperIf you want this option Stage 1
must be approved ASAP• Was due last week
• Final paper due the last day of class, Tuesday Dec 8th
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Outline•What makes Black Holes black
•What a black hole would look like to a nearby observer
•Black Holes ain’t so black…•A few words on why black holes are so important in cosmology and our understanding of the Big Bang
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How do we Observe Black Holes?
•We can “see” Black Holes “eating” other stars
•They are so massive that the gravitational attraction can “suck” off stuff from another star
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Black Holes ain’t so black…
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Quantum MechanicsWeird: Pairs of particles can be
created but they have to disappear again quickly because of Quantum Mechanics
e+
e-
Need to conserve energy
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Black Holes ain’t so BlackEven Weirder: Near a Black Hole the
pairs of particles can get split upOne gets sucked in and the other
goes off and we can see it!
e+
e-
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So What?•By conservation of energy, one
will have positive energy and the other will have “negative” energy
•Since the negative energy particles fall into the black hole, by Einstein’s E=MC2 equation, the mass of the Black Hole goes down
•To an observer at a distance the particle will appear to have been “emitted” from the Black Hole
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Can a Black Hole “Evaporate”?
•We can do the calculation… Estimates are that it will take 1066 years
•Compare to the age of the Universe: 1010 years
•In other words… don’t hold your breath…
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Can we see this? Example of a Black Hole
•Stuff swirling into the middle
•A stream of particles coming out
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Black Holes Suck•Can think of the stuff sucked in like crumbs on the surface of the water as it goes down the sink swirl faster and faster until it reaches the drain and gets sucked down
•As the matter moves more quickly the atoms collide
•These collisions produce light that we can see
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http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/images/blackhole/blackhole-swirl.jpg
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Black HolesNothing can escape unless it is traveling faster than the speed of light
No matter how fast it’s going it’s path is back into the Black
hole
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Schedule from Here on Out•Wed Nov 19th: 25th lecture:
– Recitation for Paper 2•Please bring a copy of your outline and be
prepared to discuss it•Will be checked off at the end of class as
your in-class quiz– Inflation
•Mon Nov 24th: 26th lecture: Dark Energy•Wed Nov 26th: No class
– Research paper and 2nd short paper due at midnight
– Day before Thanksgiving. Class cancelled•Dec 1st: No classes redefined day •Dec 3rd: Reading period, no classes •Dec 8th: Finals week, no final
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What is a Black Hole?•A Black Hole is a really REALLY DENSE star
•REALLY curves the space time around it…
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Escape Velocity•The escape velocity for the Earth is about 11.2 km/sec
•The escape velocity for the sun is about 620 km/sec
•The escape velocity of a neutron star is about half the speed of light!
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Why do we call it a Black Hole?•The escape velocity for the Sun is about 620 km/sec•The escape velocity of a neutron star is about half the speed of light!•The escape velocity for a Black Hole is GREATER than the speed of light!
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Paper 2•On Wednesday we will devote
the first part of lecture for small group discussions of your Short-Paper 2
•Please bring a copy of your outline and be prepared to discuss it
•Will be checked off at the end of class as your in-class quiz
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Schedule from Here on Out•Mon Nov 17th: 24th lecture: Black Holes•Wed Nov 19th: 25th lecture:
–Recitation for Paper 2– Inflation
•Mon Nov 24th: 26th lecture: Dark Energy•Wed Nov 26th: No class
–Research paper and 2nd short paper due at midnight
–Day before Thanksgiving. Class cancelled
•Dec 1st: No classes redefined day •Dec 3rd: Reading period, no classes •Dec 8th: Finals week, no final
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That’s it•It’s been a real pleasure•Stay in touch, and best of luck in the future!
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Remaining Assignments•Writing Assignments Due
Thursday–However, you may turn it in, via email, on Monday
– If you want to revise your paper you’ll need to pick it up from me directly
•Don’t forget to finish your WebCT stuff
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Next Time•Back to Section 5: Early Times and the Fate of the Universe–Inflation–Dark Energy
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•Said differently, a Big Bang could occur provided only that General Relativity is correct and that the universe contains as much matter as we observe
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• As the mass goes down the area of its event horizon goes down…
• Might black holes eventually evaporate?
• Estimates are that it will take 1066 years
• Compare this to the 1010 years which is the age of the universe
• In other words… don’t hold your breath…
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TOE 4 cont…•The smaller the black hole, the easier it is for one of the particles to escape
•Thus the rate of emission will be greater and the apparent temperature of the black hole will be higher
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TOE 4 cont…• The smaller the black hole, the less
far the particle with negative energy will have to go before it becomes a real particle
• Thus the rate of emission will be greater and the apparent temperature of the black hole will be higher
• Since the negative energy particles fall into the black hole, by Einstein’s E=MC2 equation, the mass of the black hole goes down
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So What?• By conservation of energy, one will have positive
energy and the other negative energy• Real particles (electrons etc.) always have positive
energy, however the gravitational field inside a black hole is so strong that even a real particle can have negative energy there
• BHOT 10…It is therefore possible for virtual particles with negative energy to fall into a black hole and become real particles
• Its partner may fall into the black hole also • However, since it has positive energy it is also
possible for it to escape to infinity as a real particle
• To an observer at a distance it will appear to have been emitted from the black hole
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TOE 4 cont…•There can be quantum
fluctuations in empty space•One can think of these
fluctuations as pairs of particles of light or gravity that appear together at some time, move apart and then come together again and annihilate each other
•These are known as virtual particles
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Our Astronaut•Suppose he sends a signal every second, according to his watch, to us as he falls in
•He begins transmitting at 2 seconds before 11:00
•What will the spaceship record?
•TOE 3, p54
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• Do we really want to spend time on HOW black holes are observed?
• All the quasars we see are REALLY far away, which means we are observing them from a LONG time ago
• The theory goes that they eventually turned into Black Holes and that’s why we don’t see them closer by… i.e., the ones closer by have already turned into black holes
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Our Astronaut• Suppose we have an astronaut
getting close to a Black Holeon the surface of a collapsing star and stays on the surface as it collapses
• At some point on his watch, say 11:00 the star shrinks past the critical radius such that the gravitational field becomes so strong that nothing can escape
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SHU 11 cont…•We believe there is a black hole at the center of our galaxy. Reading for this??? Actually quite common…
•Describe Hawking radiation?
•“Event Horizon?”•Jets of matter…
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Why do we believe in black holes?
•Do they really exist? What is the evidence?
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More Notes on Black Holes• Black holes have been observed
and are now known to be common • There is a huge black hole at the
center of the milky way with a mass more than one million times that of our sun
• That supermassive black hole has a star orbiting it about 2% of the speed of light which is faster than the average speed of an electron orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
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TOE 4•Black holes ain’t so black.•Really want to talk about
entropy and the 2nd law of thermodynamics
•Anything with a temperaure (like a hot poker) emits radiation (light).
•Black holes, like everything in quantum mechanics, is no different.
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•This is some text
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TOE 3… cont…•Call the event horizon the boundary from which light can just barely escape (or just barely not escape if you like).
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TOE 4 cont…•Black holes emit radiation and particles as if it were a hot body with a temperature that only depends on the black hole’s mass: the higher the mass the lower the temperature.
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•Figure on page 77 of BHOT. •This minimum speed is known as the “escape velocity” and we can use it for rockets.
•It turns out that we can calculate the escape velocity for a star and as the star gets heavier and denser it gets. this value goes up
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TOE 3…•Why can’t light escape? It moves at the speed of light… it doesn’t slow down light a rocket?
•Space is bent so much by the black hole that the light simply curves back onto itself enough so that it can’t escape
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BHOT 8• Black Hole is a new word, Created
in 1969 by Wheeler (year I was born)
• Think of light as a particle, and therefore affected by gravity
• If you shoot a cannon ball Model of throwing up a stone in the air. Small speed falls back down
• Huge speed, like the space shuttle, it will leave the gravitational pull of the earth
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• Eventually, this speed is so high that its faster than the speed of light!!! Thus light can’t escape, its pulled back in!
• In other word all the light that a star emits will fall back into it and no light escapes, if no light escapes to us it will look BLACK and its as if the light is falling back into to a hole. Thus we call it a BLACK HOLE>
• TOE 3
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The curvature of the Sun today, yellow represents the sun itself
The diagram on the right Sun compressed to the size of a white dwarf (about the size of the earth). Far outside the sun you can’t really tell the difference, but you can very close to the sun itself
If the Sun were compressed into a black hole…
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Outline•How are black holes created?
•Properties of black holes•Why are black holes so important in cosmology and our understanding of the Big Bang?
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• The Biggest Objects in the Universe: Part 1 Maybe a week or two on black holes, then a week on all the other stuff? (Introduce all the really cool things we study in cosmology Blackholes, wormholes, supernova, white dwarfs, pulsars, MACHOs, galaxies, Red Giants…ect. Is there enough on this stuff… ) Peripheral in SHU and other books. Get the astronomy book? The toys and the experiments we use to look at all the cool things mentioned in the previous lectures…WMAP, Hubble, Radio telescopes…ect)
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•The Rest of the Stuff in the Universe Part 1:(Introduce ideas of Dark Matter and how we know it is there, Dark Energy and what it means for our models of the universe, talk about experiments trying to find these things). This could be where we have our paper on funding for experiments searching for Dark Matter!
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TCP 17 cont…•How black holes are formed•A black hole originates in the
collapse of the iron core that forms just prior to the supernova of a very high mass star
•Any star born with more than about 8MSun dies in a supernova (previous lecture), but most of the star’s mass is blown into space by the explosion.
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•As a result most of the collapsed cores left behind by most supernovae become neutron stars
•However, if the supernovae doesn’t blow away too much of the mass the remaining neutron star can have enough mass so that the neutron pressure cannot overcome gravity
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SHU 5•Picture of light rays going past a black hole on page 102
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SHU 10 cont…•Black Holes continued… Page 210…
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TCP 17 cont…•Once the critical mass is reached nothing can hold back gravity and it collapses on itself and becomes a black hole.
•This stretches space time•Cool pictures on page 529
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BHOT 8•Pictures on page 77 and 81
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•Worm holes a little here… not sure what to say. Get back to BHOT first…
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TCP 17 cont…•Cool picture on page 532 of a person getting stretched…
•Voyage to a black hole… clocks slowing down etc. Page 530.
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TOE 3 cont…•Gravity waves•Black holes are spherical (like the earth) in general, but not all of them are this way.
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How do we Observe Black Holes?
• The amount of mass of a black hole is huge so it drags stuff into it gravitationally
• A good analogy would be crumbs on the surface of the water as it goes down the sink: swirling faster and faster as it reaches the drain and gets sucked down.
• As the matter moves more quickly you can get violent collisions and we can see this light… Picture on page 220.
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BHOT 8 cont…•He begins transmitting at 2 seconds before 11:00
•Gravity slows time, so the stronger the gravity the greater the effect
•What is one second to the astronaut will be more than one second to the spaceship
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•However, they will never see the one from 11:00
•The light will get “redder” and redder
•Figure on page 81