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Thi n s Tuy t u Trng Hi n & Vin NgKhc C n tr Gio s Wilhelm Gundert dch c ng v bnh ging

BCH NHAM LC

Chn Nguyn dch Vit ng


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Pht QuVin NgThi n s Bch Nham lc

i chnh tn tu i tng kinh, tp 48, kinh 2003(Taish Tripiaka, Vol. 48, No. 2003)

Thi n s Vin Ngbin son

ti Gip Sn, LChu, H Namgi a nh ng nm 1111 v 1115xu t bn v l u hnh ti T Xuyn

vo khong 1300

W. Gundert dch c ng 1960

Chn Nguyn dch t c sang Vit ng sau khi i chi u, tham kho nguyn bn Hn v n2001


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MC LC

............................................................................................................................................9 Bch Nham lc...............................................................................................................................9 Thay li t a ............................................................................................................................................. 9

Dn nhp ca Gio s Wilhelm Gundert ............................................................................................... 9 Dng xu t hi n u tin ca Bch Nham l c.................................................................................... 11 Tuy t u Trng Hi n, ng i su t p cc bn cng n v tc gi ca nhng bi k t ng .........12 Tuy t u Bch t c t ng c ..............................................................................................................13 Vin NgKhc C n, ng i thuy t trnh cc cng n v t ng c ca Tuy t u...........................15 Bch Nham l c.................................................................................................................................... 17 Nht Bn v i t cch gn gi v truy n b Pht php .................................................................. 20 Phn ng gp ca cc nh nghin cu c...................................................................................21 V v n d ch thut t Hn ng .................................................................................................... 22 Cc bn ch gi i Hoa, Nht ............................................................................................................. 22 Nhng b sung thm trong bn d ch c ng ............................................................................... 23 Th t trong nhng ch ng........................................................................................................... 23 Tn gi, danh hi u ............................................................................................................................ 24

...................................................................................................................................25 Tc th nh t: ngh a nh t ca Thnh .............................................................................25

Thu th ..................................................................................................................................................25 Bn tc ...................................................................................................................................................25 Trc ng ...............................................................................................................................................25 Bnh xng v bn tc .......................................................................................................................... 26 K tng.................................................................................................................................................. 28 Trc ng v k tng ............................................................................................................................ 29 Bnh xng v k tng.......................................................................................................................... 30 Bnh ging..............................................................................................................................................31

V l i thu th ....................................................................................................................................31 V nhng nhn vt trong cng n................................................................................................... 32 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................. 34 V tr c ng ca bn cng n .........................................................................................................35 V l i bnh x ng ca Vin Ng...................................................................................................... 36 V bi t ng ca Tuy t u v l i bnh ca Vin Ng..................................................................... 36

.............................................................................................................................. 38 Tc th nh: Li bnh ca Triu Chu v cu Cho khng kh. ....................................... 38

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................. 38 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................. 38 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................. 38 Bnh xng v bn tc .......................................................................................................................... 39

K tng.................................................................................................................................................. 40 Trc ng v k tng .............................................................................................................................41 Bnh xng v k tng...........................................................................................................................41 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................. 43

V l i thu th ................................................................................................................................... 43 Tri u Chu, mnca Nam Tuy n............................................................................................... 44 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................. 46 V k t ng ..........................................................................................................................................47 V cu ca Vin Ng: L hnh gi l bn ng hnh ca ng ta .............................................. 48

...................................................................................................................... 50 Tc th ba: M TNht Din Pht, Nguy t Din Pht............................................................. 50

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................. 50 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................. 50 Bnh xng v bn tc .......................................................................................................................... 50


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K tng...................................................................................................................................................51 Trc ng v k tng .............................................................................................................................51 Bnh xng v k tng...........................................................................................................................52 Bnh ging..............................................................................................................................................53

V l i thu th ....................................................................................................................................53 M T v s ph Nam Nhc .............................................................................................................54

V bn cng n ..................................................................................................................................57 V k t ng ..........................................................................................................................................59

...............................................................................................................................62 Tc th t : c Sn cp o dhi..............................................................................................62

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................. 62 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................. 62 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................. 62 Bnh xng............................................................................................................................................ 63 K tng...................................................................................................................................................65 Trc ng v k tng ............................................................................................................................ 66 Bnh xng v k tng.......................................................................................................................... 66 Bnh ging..............................................................................................................................................67

V l i thu th ....................................................................................................................................67 Qui S n, mn ca Bch Tr ng ................................................................................................. 68

c S n, mn ca Long m..................................................................................................... 70 V bn cng n ..................................................................................................................................72 V k t ng ..........................................................................................................................................76

......................................................................................................................................78 Tc th nm: Cng la ca Tuy t Phong....................................................................................78

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................. 78 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................. 78 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................. 78 Bnh xng v bn tc .......................................................................................................................... 78 K tng..................................................................................................................................................80 Trc ng v k tng ............................................................................................................................ 80 Vin Ngbnh xng v k tng ..........................................................................................................80 Bnh ging..............................................................................................................................................81

V l i thu th ....................................................................................................................................81 Tuy t Phong, mnca c S n v thy ca Vn Mn............................................................. 82 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................. 83 V k t ng ......................................................................................................................................... 84

...............................................................................................................................87 Tc th su: Mi lm ngy ca Vn Mn.................................................................................87

Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................. 87 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................. 87 Bnh xng v bn tc .......................................................................................................................... 87 K tng.................................................................................................................................................. 89 Trc ng v k tng ............................................................................................................................ 90 Bnh xng v k tng.......................................................................................................................... 90 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................. 93

Vn Mn, i t ca Tuy t Phong ............................................................................................. 93 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................. 96 V k t ng ......................................................................................................................................... 96

..................................................................................................................................... 98 Tc th b y: Php Nhn p HuSiu cu hi Pht ................................................................ 98

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................. 98 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................. 98 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Bnh xng v bn tc .......................................................................................................................... 98 K tng................................................................................................................................................ 100 Trc ng v k tng .......................................................................................................................... 100 Bnh xng v k tng......................................................................................................................... 101


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Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................102 V nm on ca l i thu th ..........................................................................................................102 Php Nhn V n ch, Khai t tng Php Nhn ...............................................................................103 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................105 V k t ng ........................................................................................................................................107

....................................................................................................................................108 Tc th tm: Lng my ca Thu Nham..................................................................................108

Thu th ............................................................................................................................................... 108 Bn tc ................................................................................................................................................ 108 Trc ng ............................................................................................................................................ 108 Bnh xng v bn tc .........................................................................................................................109 K tng.................................................................................................................................................110 Trc ng v k tng ............................................................................................................................111 Bnh xng v k tng..........................................................................................................................111 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................ 112

L i d n............................................................................................................................................. 112 V l i thu th .................................................................................................................................. 112 Cc nhn vt ca cuc m thoi: b n t ca Tuy t Phong.................................................... 113 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................ 114

V k t ng ........................................................................................................................................ 116

.....................................................................................................................................117 Tc th chn: B n c a thnh ca Triu Chu............................................................................117

Thu th .................................................................................................................................................117 Bn tc ..................................................................................................................................................117 Trc ng ..............................................................................................................................................117 Bnh xng v bn tc ..........................................................................................................................117 K tng................................................................................................................................................. 119 Trc ng v k tng ...........................................................................................................................120 Bnh xng v k tng.........................................................................................................................120 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................ 121

V l i thu th .................................................................................................................................. 121 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................ 121

.................................................................................................................................123 Tc th mi: K cp rng ca Mc Chu ........................................................................123

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................123 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................123 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................123 Bnh xng v bn tc .........................................................................................................................123 K tng.................................................................................................................................................124 Trc ng v k tng ...........................................................................................................................124 Bnh xng v k tng.........................................................................................................................125 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................126

V l i thu th ..................................................................................................................................126 M c Chu, t ca Hong B......................................................................................................127 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................127 V k t ng ........................................................................................................................................128

.............................................................................................................................129 Tc th 11: Bn n hm ca Hong B .....................................................................................129

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................129 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................129 Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................129 Bnh xng v bn tc .........................................................................................................................130 K tng.................................................................................................................................................133 Trc ng v k tng ...........................................................................................................................133 Bnh xng v k tng.........................................................................................................................133 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................135 Hong B, t ca Bch Tr ng v thy ca Lm T ...............................................................135

V bn cng n v tr c ng ca Vin Ng..................................................................................137


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Nhng chi ti t trong l i bnh x ng ca Vin Ngv bn t c ..................................................... 137

.................................................................................................................................139 Tc th 12: Ba cn gai ca ng Sn........................................................................................139

Thu th ................................................................................................................................................139 Bn tc .................................................................................................................................................139

Trc ng .............................................................................................................................................139 Bnh xng v bn tc .........................................................................................................................139 K tng.................................................................................................................................................140 Trc ng v k tng ........................................................................................................................... 141 Bnh xng v k tng.........................................................................................................................142 Bnh ging............................................................................................................................................144

ng S n Th S , t ca Vn Mn...........................................................................................144 V l i thu th ..................................................................................................................................145 V bn cng n ................................................................................................................................145

.....................................................................................................................146 Nin bi u lch s Thi n tng Trung Hoa (gin lc) ...............................................................146

B i cnh lch s Thi n tng.................................................................................................................146

....................................................................................................................................149 bi u truy n th a ca cc v Thi n s xu t hin trong Bch Nham lc ...............................149 I. 28 v Ts n ( ) ...................................................................................................149 II. Su v Tv cc nhnh thi n ti Trung Hoa ( ).................................................150

Nam Thi n s i ( ).......................................................................................................150 III A. Lc h t Thanh Nguyn n Tuy t u ( ) ...............................................150 III B. Lc h t Nam Nhc n Vin Ng ( ) ........................................................ 151


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Bch Nham l c

Thay li t aBn dch Vit Bch Nham l c c th c hin v i mt t m lng tn knh, cm phc ti c cagio s Wilhelm Gundert (12. 4. 1880-3. 8. 1971). V W. Gundert gii thiu tng tn v tc phm c nh t v nh ny nn dch gi ngi Vit hn ch t i a nh ng li d th a, ch cp n nguyn tc dch, mt vi nt c bit cng nh k thut c p dng trong bn dch Vit:1. Bn dch hon ton d a theo ki n gii ca gio s Gundert. Dch gi ngi Vit dch t bn c ng sau khi i chi u v i nguyn bn ch Hn. Ni no th y c n thi t, dch gi thm vonh ng li ghi ch, cc ch ring. trnh s l m ln v i ghi ch ca Gundert, t t c nh ngch gii c dch giVit a vo lc no cng c bt u v i d u hiu .2. T a ch Hn ca mi bn cng nc trnh by theo bn Bch Nham l c trong Tc tngkinh ch V n ( ). Tuy nhin, t a ti ng Vit ca mi cng n khng t t nhin phitheo nguyn ngh a t a ch Hn. Dch gi l y t a theo bn c. Nguyn bn ch Hn dng in t c ti t trang Trung Hoa in T Pht i n Hip Hi ( ,Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association CBETA) i Loan. Bn ny thuc vo loiph cp nn nhi u ch Hn c trong nguyn bn in b thay th thnh nh ng ch ph bi n thng dng. Trong trng hp k thut cho php, dch gi chuy n nh ng ch ny thnh ch cnh nguyn bn in.3. K tng ch c dch v n xui v i mc ch trnh by t t c ngh a trong . Trongtrng hp c sn bi dch Vit hay, dch gi s khng ng n ngi s dng v nu tn ngidch ra.4. Bn dch Vit Bch Nhams bao g m 50 bn cng n, tng ng hai tp u ca bndch c ng c ch gii tng tn. Trong cuc i nghin c u ca mnh, gio s Gundertch dch n cng n th 68. Qua c gi c th hnh dung c cng s c m ng dnhcho nh t th ca nh Thi n. Hn n a th k , hn n a cuc i ng chng lm g khchn l nghin c u v dch quy n sch t i trng ny ca nh Thi n. V dch giVit ng chngm p nguy n v ng no khc hn l truy n t nh ng li dch, li bnh ging y nhn i, t bi n qu c gi ngi Vit.Dch gi c gng h t mnh th c hin bn dch ca mt tc phm ni danh l kh hi u.ng ta ch c th trnh by nh kh nng hin thi cho php. i v i dch gi, bn c ng ca gio s Gundert l mt t m gng sng ngi ca ngh thut dch, c bit l ngh thutdch cc thnh i n t Hn ng . Nh dch gi th y c trong bn c ng ny, ngh thutdch ca gio s Gundert t mt cch trn v n ba tiu chun c gii hm mcv n ra: Tn, t, nh, hoc ni theo cch khc: Chn, thin v m . V hm m v n phong chntht, t nhin, nh nhn nn dch gi mi dm bt tay vo cng trnh. Nh ng, n u c gi th y bn dch Vit ca tc phm ny khng cn nh ng v p nu trn, v n phong g b, m iu trc tr th y chnh l li ca dch gi ngi Vit. Dch gi ci u ti p nhn nh ng lich gio ca bc cao c, sn lng a l ng n nhn tam thp bng.

Dn nhp ca Gio s Wilhelm GundertTp cng n Bch Nham l c ny trc h t, mt ph n ba c trnh by n qu c gi ngi c hm dung k t qu ca mt tro l u tm o xu t pht t n n tng Pht gioTrung Qu c trc y khong mi b n th k . V sau , t khong th k th tm tr i,tro l u ny pht tri n r t sinh ng, trn y nng l c. Trong su t khong mi hai th h,n thu ht nh ng tm h n nghim tc nh t, tinh anh nh t ca t Trung Hoa, xu t sinh mt


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Bch Nham lc

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lot nhn ti r t c lp, t do t ti, v nh ng v ny cng tr thnh bc th y, bc o s cho khng bi t bao nhiu ngi khc.Bc chun b cho s pht tri n ca tro l u trn c hon t t trc vi th k , trongmt khong thi gian m Pht gio cng b , th c hnh bi nh ng v tng n c vun tr ng v d n d n c mt c s ti Trung Qu c. Cc b kinh, thnh i n c phindch sang ngn ng bn qu c thng qua s hp tc gi a cc v i s n, Hoa; thanh nin gianhp tng-gi, cha chi n c ki n lp mi ni, cc v i s ch d y mn r t nghimkhc trong vic tu hc, tr gii, cc php s thuy t php dn, hng dn h gia nhp mtcuc s ng cao thng qua nh ng nghi l long trng, huy n b. Lun s , hc tng th vi tnh ng bi lun gii, ch thch kinh sch vng thi, chm ch s dng tri th c sc bn camnh h th ng ho cc gio l trong Pht php, v i k t qu l nh ng bi lun t m c ngkhm phc.Nh ng, ch trong tro l u c nhc n y, tm th c tinh anh ca t Trung Hoa mith u hi u v th c hin c nh ng i m c t tu ca Pht php v i mt phong cch ring,r t l, mang nh ng c tnh r t Trung Hoa , c ngh a l hin tht, quy t tm ch trng vo ht nhn ca s vic, khc t t t c nh ng nghi th c rm r xung quanh. S vic ny li h thuc vo mt chng loi siu vit t t c nh ng g m chng ta thng gi l mc chth c tin. S vic chi m gi ni tm ca cc v cao tng, n u phi c danh th n qu tht mang danh Pht gio. Nh ng nh ng g ch v hi u di Pht php v Pht qu,nh ng g ch v mang trong lng v hi n by qua ton thn , ton th ca mnh, n qu cao,qu mnh mng, qu thm o n m c nh ng bi u th ngn ng phn bit vi l p thay vtrnh by n hn. Cc v l nh ng v d i n hnh cho trng hp mt tn gio, n u mu n tmc ch t t ra v tht s mu n nghim tct c th phi v t qua phm vi lch s vdanh c, r i sau bc n mt s an lc khng th din by, khng th nm bt, nh ngli r t c th , r t hiu nghim, n mt ni m chng ai bu n hi l t c a no m n. H hon ton khc nh ng ngi theo Thin cha gio, ni chung l khc hn nh ngngi tn th Nh t th n.1 Nh ng ti, chnh ti l mt ngi theo C- c gio, khi no cnmang nh ng t tng, l i nhn th c theo Thin cha gio v khi ti cm nhn c tm th cca cc v th cho n lc y, ti chng c th ni khc hn: ch v c Thng mc d cc

v khc t t t c nh ng danh cng nh ph mt cch khng thng ti c mi bi u th tn gio nh Thng . Cc v hon ton b chi m gi bi s vic ny n m c h u nh th y trong mi danh mt xc phm, bi v ngn t lc no cng c khuynh hng xen vo v i tnh cch phn c c gi a s vic v ngi mu n hi u s vic, v qua , cho ngi ta ccm gic l ang c mt s v t no mc d hon ton khng c.Ni s vic ny an tr, hi n by li chng ni no khc hn l trong l ng ng c ca chnhmnh. Mc ai c ni v a ngc, thin ng t t c ch l nh ng phn chi u, nh ng nhtng xu t pht t y linh h n chuy n bi n qua li. Gi s vic ny l Thng , gi lPht- : n ch c xcnh trong tm th c ca mi ngi, ngoi ra chng ni no khc.Tm th c, linh h n, t m lng theo Hn v n th n lc no cng l ch Tm ( ) v i v icc v , tm ny l mt ci g siu vit nh ng th khc c danh l hin tht. Bi v,ch trong tm m t t c nh ng hin tht c tri qua, c nhn bi t. Cng v v y m tm

th c chnh l mnh t m t t c mi ngi u nn vun xi quan trng hn t t c nh ngs vic khc. Chng phi nh ng v n l thuy t quan trng, chng phi nh ng nim cachng ta v ngi ny, ngi n c ngh a quan trng lc no cng ch l cu hi: Chnhti y l ai? Bi v t ti m pht sinh t t c nh ng khch, ni au ca cuc s ng. V chnhngay trong ti, ngay tn y lng su thm li l s an bnh, ni nh ng tranh u chm lng. V kinh nghim ca cc v Thi n s cho th y rng, bnh n hoc Pht qu, nh ch v thng gi, c th c ch ng c trong mi khonh khc v v i , thay vo mt ci tanh b, cht hp th mt ci khc bc nhp vo, khng c ranh gii, dung ho, hp nh t t tc nh ng s vic li, r i t t c khng gian, thi gian, d vng xa xi cng nh v lai cu icng c th c cm nhn trong tm th c. T n ti v Phi t n ti chng khng phi l cuhi y; lp trng ny siu vit mi sinh t lun h i. V v y m cc v Thi n s ch mu n ci m t m lng, tr nn tr ng rng, t nhin ti pnhn s vic nu trn. V c nh v y, h tu tp v khuyn chng t th c hin cch1 g: Theisten, Monotheisten.


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Dn nhp ca Gio s Wilhelm Gundert

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tng nim th m lng hoc t nh l nh c Pht th c hin, nh sng ca t do, ca b - chi u ri tm th c; v chnh ngi cng th c hin sau lc t b - l u li, pht tri ntrong nh sng gic ng ny. Phng php t nh l m khi , hnh gi bung x t t c, t k cng nh t t c nh ng s v t xung quanh, c gi theo ngi n l dhy na. Hn gi lThi n-na, ngi Nht Zen-na v gi ngn l Thi n hoc Zen. V tro l u thc y nh ngngi ny xu t x t c s thi n nh nn n c gi l Thi n.Th nh ng, bn phn ca chng ta y khng phi l ni thm v Thi n. Vic ny cnhi u ngi khc th c hin. Th mc tham kho pha sau sch s hng dn k hn. Trongnh ng quy n sch c nhc n th nh ng tc phm ca Suzuki ng c cao hnh t, cng nh cch trnh by tng qut u tin ca Dumoulin v nh ng tc phm nh,nh ng li c th c hin v i tm h n ti n phong, ci m phng khong ca tri t gia EugenHerrigel. Ngc li, trong sch ny th cc v Thi n s Trung Hoa t trnh by, t thuy tminh. Bi v t t c nh ng g ni v thi n, chng u xu t pht t ch v Thi n s v c bit lchnh quy n Bch Nham l c ny. y, chng ta phi trnh by v s hnh thnh, son gi,c u trc ca tp Bch Nham mt cch r rng hn.

Dng xu t hi n u tin ca Bch Nham l c

Vo khong nm 1300 hoc khng lu sau , mt v c s nhit tm ti t Thc, ti tnh T Xuyn by gi v i tn Trng Minh Vin khng ngi cng s c, thu thp t t c nh ng bn in v bn sao chp ca mt quy n sch ri vo qun lng. ng ra cng so snh, bin tp, r i cu i cng hiu nh v cho ra mt bn in g, bi v chnh ti t Thc ny, k thut in n c pht tri n cao t vi th k trc y. T a ca quy n sch ny c c s t l:Quy n sch nh t ca tng mn Vin NgBch Nham tp.2 Ngi ta cng thng gil Bch Nham l c thay v gi Bch Nham t p v cng l cch gi thng gp hn. Lc cngh a l bi vi t tng thut. Bch Nham l c nh v y c ngh a: Bi vi t ti vch m u ngc bch.Cch gi Tng mn nh t th ca c s Trng Minh Vin v n ng cho n ngy nay.Qu tht l quy n sch ny ng hng u trong nh ng tng phi Thi n ti ng , c bitti Nht Bn, ni m n c truy n b ngay trong th k . Ch mt i u l l n khngc ti p tc ph bi n k t thp nin th hai ca th k 12 m ngc li, g n nh ri voqun lng. Tuy nhin, s phn ny mt ph n cng c gii thch v i nh ng cn phong bam t nc v ngi Trung Hoa phi tri qua trong khong thi gian ny. Nm 1126, cntrong thi Vin Ng, i T ng b sp qua nhi u l n xm lng t pha ng bc ca mt b tc tn N Chn, t gi l nh Kim sau khi chi m l y mt ph n nc Trung Hoa. Tuy mtph n nh T ng trc y v n cn, c gi l Nam T ng, nm mi n Nam ca sngDng T v ni lo ca nh Kim trc m i e do ca gic Mng C to i u kin cho nc bnh yn khong mt th k , mc d cn r t nhi u s c ni b. Nh ng khi gic MngC tiu dit nh Kim nm 1234 sau nh ng cuc chi n m mu dai dng v nh th , chi m ton bmi n Bc Trung Hoa, s phn ca Nam T ng nh ch mnh treo chung. Saunhi u l n chi n bi, nm 1279, t Trung Hoa hon ton lc vo tay ca qun Mng C. Nmk n, k chi n thng l H t T t Lit t x ng Hong Trung Hoa. K th a ng l v chuThi t Mc Chn, ln ngi nm 1295 v i hiu Thnh Tng, v ngi ta c th suy ra c ltrong thi i m ny, sch v c l u truy n t nh ng th k trc chng cn bao nhiu.Th nh ng, tai hi gy ra bi nh ng cuc chi n tranh khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh lmmai mt nh t th ny. Oim hn nhi u cho s mnh ca n chnh l v i t ca Vin Ng c Vin Ng xem l ngi k th a xu t sc nh t ca mnh , sau khi tr thnhTng s mt ngy n tuyn b trc chng t rng, Bch Nham l c l mt c nguy chonh ng th h sau v ra lnh truy t m t t c nh ng bn ang ph bi n r i em thiu hu chng cht thng ti c. c th hi u n mt m c no bin php qui l ny cng nh c mt cch phn on chn chnh v n, chng ta phi c mt cm nhn nh t nh v bnch t ca Thi n v c bit l ni dung ca tc phm b thiu hu ny; v nh v y, chng ta bt buc phi tm hi u k hn, phi nghin c u ngu n g c xu t x ca tc phm v n ho kc ny ca n n Pht gio Trung Hoa.

2 Tng mnnh t th Vin NgBch Nham t p;


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t c mc ch trn, chng ta phi ngc dng thi gian khong tm mi nm trc Vin Ng, v c xem l tc gi ca Bch Nham l c, bi v quy n sch ny chng phi l mttc phm xu t pht t mt ngu n, chng phi l mt tc phm th ng nh t m ch l mtquy n bnh ch tuy nhin r t quan trng ca mt tc phm c hn, c s ca chnhquy n sch ny.c gi s th y rng, nghin c u ngc dng thi gian nh trn v n ch a v di ngu nti liu th hai ny v n cn nh ng thnh ph n c hn n a; cho nn, khi c m quy n sch ny trn tay, c gi khng nh ng ch chm trn v i nh ng sng ki n m cn phi ng u v ic mt m my nhn ch ng, mi mi u c mt phong cch ring, nh ng ng thi cmt m i lin h mt thi t v i mt tng th qua nh ng mc n i, nh ng si ch xuyn su tkhng th no b hu hoi. Nh ng si ch ny chnh l h th ng truy n th a c hi u theost ngh a, t c l vic trao truy n s v t cao qu nh t t th y qua tr. M i k t c u gi a mt s v t siu vit mi khng gian, thi gian v lch s truy n th a t th hny sang th hkhc lmt trong nh ng hin tng ngc i3 cn bn nh t, l mch s ng ca mi ni m tin chnchnh vc bit c pht tri n r t r rt trong Thi n tng.

Tuy t u Trng Hi n, ng i su t p cc bn cng n v tc gi ca nhng bi k

t ngChng ta hy l u li ni v Thi n s ti Tuy t u sn, ngi lp n n tng cho tc phmsau ny ca Vin Ng. T lc gio ho ti ni ny, S cng mang danh hiu Tuy t u.4 Tng t nh trng hp Thi n s Vin Ng, S sinh trong thi nh T ng, nh ng li trongmt thi on m v ng tri u ny ang trn ng pht tri n v qu n chng cn sinh s ngt do hn thi gian sau ny. Qu hng ca S cng l t Thc, tnh T Xuyn by gi, c vy bc bng nhi u rng ni cao vt v cng l ni xu t pht nhi u nhnh ca con sngDng T . S sinh nm 980 bn cnh mt trong nh ng con sng ny, ti ph Toi Ninhtrong mt gia nh hL. S t nh khng thch l i s ng phm tc, sm n mt ngi chati thnh ph t Thc b y gi l Thnh tu hc. Ti liu khng ni r c phi l mt Thi n vin hay khng, nh ng ngi ta c th xc nhn i u ny bi v trong thi nh T ng, Phtgio ch cn c i din bi Thi n tng, trong khi nh ng tng phi khc sau mt thi phttri n r c r th b b c hi v h u nh suy tn vo cu i i ng. Trong cha ny, chng traihL th gii v mang tn mi l Trng Hi n, ngh a l hi n hin mt cch trng i, mtphp danh m qua , ngi ta c th hnh dung c nh ng ni m hi v ng m v th y t vo S .Cng nh nh ng thi n tng chn chnh khc, S bt u mt cuc hnh cc; tm lng th c, y phc, ni t tc, gii lut th y c vo nh ng li th nguy n nghim ngt, nh ng li honton t do trong vic chn l a ni ch n v v th y tham hc. By gi S l gi theomt bi u th nh Thi n , mt Vn thu , ngh a l my v nc, chng c qu hng, chng cmt ni c nh, mt ngi lm bn v i gi trng, v i ni sng. S t thot khi nh ngrng buc qu hng; thay vo li c th tm c nh ng ngi ng ch hng v hnn a, mt v chn s hc hi lu di, ng ta nh th c, ra lnh, ch huy ti ng lng camnh. Trn nh ng chng ng hnh cc, v tng Trng Hi n a ti ny tr thnh thi s mt cch r t t nhin, v v mi ngh s Trung Hoa u c mt bit hiu ring, S cng t chn cho mnh mt danh hiu. Trong nh ng v Thi n s , nh ng v T s thi x a th S m ntrng nh t l v T th su Hu Nng, mt v m chng ta s thng nghe nhc n trongquy n sch ny. Lc t tc danh l L, n Ng t v i t cch mt ngi hnh cc r i bng nhin tr thnh v T th su ca Thi n tng Trung Qu c. Th l thi s Trng Hi n t gi mnh l L cng; cng n th hai mi s nhc li r hn. Cuc hnh cc ny dn S ,nh c th d on c, xui dng Dng T n tnh H Bc, nm mi n Bc ca h ng nh to ln; v trn mt chng ng ti mi n Bc x ny, S tm th y ti Ty Chumt v Thi n s c nh ng nt siu phm, gy n tng mnh. S quy t nh d ng li ni y.Thi n vin v ny ang tr tr mang hiu Tr Mn, ngh a l Ngng c a tr hu v theo

3 g: Paradoxon;4 ; 980-1052; cng c phin thi t l Tuy t u Trng Hi n.


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truy n th ng th v tr tr cng c gi theo danh hiu .5 Ni Tr Mn, S bt u mtthi gian tu luy n tinh thm cho n khi tm a c khai m di s dn dt n c n ca v th y.Mt cuc m thoi quan trng gi a hai th y tr c l u li n i nay. N c v nh xoay quanh s nh c bng, siu vit mi t duy, cm nhn n chi c m t , tr phn bit vnh ng cp i i xu t pht, nh v y l s bnh yn lng ng ni tm, c xem nh k t qu p nh t ca vic tu tp thi n nh. Trong cuc v n p ny, S a ra mt cu hi mt cchr t t tin: Chng khi mt nim no h t, th nh ng li l m lm sao c? Tr Mn ni r tnh nhng: C bc li g n y! S bc n g n, Tr Mn vung cy ph t t nhm u S nh. Trng Hi n t tin, ng thng chng h ng y, v khi t v nh mu n ni g thmth Tr Mn li vung ph t t nh mt l n n a. S nhn y ng c ci siu vit mi t duy,nh ng cp i i thng c nhc n, thng c cao, bi t r n ch tht l g v t lc ny, S c Tr Mn th a nhn.Nh ng sau , S v n l u li nm nm Tr Mn lm th gi v qua hc c nh ng ctnh su kn nh t ca v th y. Sau , S li hnh cc l n n a; bi v ai mu n tr thnh bcth y ca ngi, mc d ki n tnh cng phi tu tp lu di, s c v i nh ng v khc hchi thm v trng thnh. Dc ng, S gp mt v quan c hc th c uyn thm, r tchung thi ca v i tn Tng Hi v trc S k t bn v n chng v i v ny. Tng Hikhuyn S n ngi cha Linh n ni danh ti thnh ph cng v thng mi Hng Chu, v v lo cho tng lai ca S , v ny cng vi t ngay mt l th g i n Thi n s San, v tr trLinh n t , v ny tm gip S mt thi n vin. S hoan h nghe li n, nh ng khng trnhth ca Tng Hi g i m ch m th m sinh hot, ch p lao phc dch cng v i tng chng. Sauhai nm, Tng Hi n vi ng cha v hi v tr tr v S . V ny ngc nhin v khng bi tTng Hi mu n ni g v ku chng gi S . Gp mt, Tng Hi hi c a th khng th S rt l th t ng c ra v tr li mt cch n gin l r t cm n v l th ny v gn gi nthn trng nh ng S ni km rng mnh n y v i phong cch tu tp ca mt vn thu ,m vn thu th khng c php lm s gi trnh th . Ni ngc nhin ca mi ngi qua y bi n thnh n ci vui v h n nhin. V n nhn tr th c lp li li thnh c u v v tr tr bi t ngay phi gip S nh th no. Ti T Chu, trn mt ni o v i tn ng nh r t p

c bao quanh bi i H c mt thi n vin ang c n ngi tr tr. V L cng cm xc,ca ngi khi di n ni th no th chng ta cng c th c trong cng n th 20 ca tcphm ny.S hong ho ti ngi cha trno ng nh hiu nghim n m c ch mt thi gian ngnsau , danh ti ng vang l ng khp ni. Nh ng ngay y, S cng chng t b cng ra c uti n. Mt l n n a, Tng Hi li gip . Trong vng t ng sp cai qun (nm quanh thnhph Ninh Ba tnh Chi t Giang) c mt rng ni ni danh tn T Minh, ni nhi u v cao tngt ng ging d y. Tng Hi quy t nh g i S n ni y, trn mt ngn ni mang tn h tuy t, Tuy t u sn. Ni y S khng ch tr tr, qun l mt ngi cha nhm ng umt thi n vin to ln r i hong ho mt cch rng ri. Chng ta khng r thi i m TrngHi n nhm ch c, nh ng lc ny S quy t khng qu ngoi b n mi. N u t thi i m vonm 1020 th S hong ho ti y t nh t l ba mi hai nm cho n lc vin tch nm

1052. T lc ny, S c gi theo ni gio ho l Tuy t u Trng Hi n. R t nhi u ngi n y tham hc, hn b y mi v Thi n s quan trng c nhc n sau ny.6 Nh ng, nhhng ln nh t ca S li xu t pht t nh ng tc phm c l u li. Tm tr tc cn cnhc n v trong , cc bi k tng v t tri hn h t. Mt tp tn T anh t p v i hn 250 bi k tng c nhn v n cn l u hnh cho n ngy nay. Nh ng n v n b v t qua bi mttp tng c khc v tp ny chnh l rng ct cho Bch Nham l c ca Thi n s Vin Ng sauny.

Tuy t u Bch t c t ng c Tp k tng ny ch tht l mt tc phm ca i T ng, trong mt thi gian m chi n tranh,lon li ko di nhi u nm tm ng ng, trt t c cng c v t nc ang trn ng pht

5 ; tk. 10; j:chimon kso. bi u truy n th a III A, 15.6 Trong c Thi n s Tho ng ( ), S tca thi n phi Tho ng ti Vit Nam.


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tri n, ngay c trong l nh v c Pht gio, v n tri qua mt giai on suy vi tr m trng. Trongthi i m ny th chng c s vic no t nhin hn l xoay hng t m nhn v d vng vinhhoa b t t trc giai on suy tn, l i ng. i v i Thi n tng th y cng l thi on ca nh ng v i thi n s , bt u t V t th su, Lc tHuNng (638-713) cho n nh ng v i s khc, nh ng v ging cao ngn c Pht gio ngay trong nh ng thi knan nguy nh t. Chnh v v y m trong t t c nh ng tng phi Pht gio t nh t cng cn cc Thi n tng v t qua nh ng cuc hon nn, v n ln v i s c s ng mi. Nhn nh th thchng cn g hay hn vic hng dn th h tr ang t m o tr v nh ng t m gng ca c nhn. Bi v khi qun st tng tn nh ng hnh tng c knh ny ngi ta c th th m hi uc v t s h u tn y lng, nh sng chi u ri cng nh ni l c ca h, nh ng chnh cc v li khng bao gi cho n l ca bu ring t , lc no cng mong mu n truy n trao n nh ngngi t m o chn chnh. V th c hin vic ny, h chng c n ni nhi u bi v s vicc truy n trao khng phi l gio l. Mt cu ni hng h n y s c s ng ca mt v Thi ns cknh ny c th dung hm nng l c nh mt ln st nh, m c a mn bc nhpmt cuc s ng mi. Php ng ca cc v Thi n s c truy n ming trong nhi u Thi n vin i ng, c ghi chp li nhi u l n v r t nhi u bn s u tp nh ng li d y ny,Ng lc7 c hnh thnh. Cc S gia trong Thi n tng tng hp cc ng lc ny. Nh ngCao tng truy n, ti liu v cuc i hong ho ca nh ng v Cao tng ca hchng g khchn l vic sp x p theo th t nh ng li d y hng h n v nh ng bui v n p. Tc phm toln nh t thuc loi ny xu t hin trong thi Tuy t u, Cnh c (1004-1007) v i tn Cnh c Truy n ng lc,8 v r t c th l s chung s dng tp ng lc ny mc d nkhng chnh xc bng nh ng ti liu xu t hin trc n. V nh v y, nhi u v Thi n s i T ng bt u s dng php ng ca c nhn d y t ;mt vi v cng vi t li nh ng li d y trong cc kho trnh.i m mi lc ny l cch gingthut cc php ng bng k tng, trong phm vi nhban u l Tr Mn, th y ca Tuy t u,trong mt phm vi rng ri hn l Thi n s Thin Chiu9 ti Ph n Dng, tnh Sn Ty, mtngi ng thi Tuy t u, ln hn Tuy t u khong hai mi tui v l mt nh h th ngho l ng danh ca tng mn Lm T . Nh ng Tuy t u mi chnh l ngi s dng thi ca tn tng cc v T, cc v i thi n s mt cch tng qut nh th . Thnh t u v t thi gian

ca s nm vic s u tp mt trm giai thoi ngn gn t cc php ng , cc cuc v n p cacnhn m s cho l nh ng v d i n hnh ca tinh hoa thi n chn chnh, lm mt bi k v mi giai thoi cao i m trng y u ca n mt cch r t nhit tnh, r t thm thu.Cc giai thoi trong tp ca Tuy t u c gi l Tc,10 c ngh a l v d i n hnh hoc muhnh, ci php tc. V bi v chng xu t x t nh ng c nhn (ph n ln t nh ng v Thi n s i ng) nn c gi l C tc,11 ngh a l cc v d ca c nhn. Mi tc ch a ng ngh a huy n diu ca chn l k no mt b che y khng th no th y, ngi mt sng thr c ngay , v chnh v v y, n c xem l php tc, c uy tn tuy t i. V trong ngh any n c gi l mt Cng n,12 mt n cng khai quy t nh phi tri trong quan ph,tri u nh. (bi u th v n 13 c s dng ti u chu ch nu c n a ph n ngh a ca bi u th Cng n; n cng bao hm s hi n lca chn l t i cao.) Cc bi ca tn thnc gil Tng,14 c th c hin theo qui tc thi php th tc, c th gi l mt Oden. Ngi ta c

th cm nhn nhp p tri tim nhit tnh ca Tuy t u trong nh ng bi k tng ny. Mcd r t ngn gn, cc m i t tng, ngh a nh y v t to bo, hnh tng c miu t chuy n bi n r t nhanh lc no chng cng trnh by r t r i m tinh y u ca cng n. V v y mchng cng l nh ng li bnh gii cng n hay nh t ch c i u l trc h t, ngi ta cngphi hi u n.Chng ta khng bi t Tuy t u hon chnh v xu t bn Bch t c t ng c vo lc no, nh ngchng ta c th tin chc l tc phm ny c s l u tm n trong su t nhi u nm li n.

7 ; j: go-roku 8 ; j: keitoku-dent roku;9 ; j: fun'yo zensh; 947-1024;bi u truy n th a III B, 16.10 ; j: soku. 11 ; j: ko-soku 12 ; j: kan. 13 g: Problem. 14 ; j: ju.


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Ngay c vic tuy n trch nh ng php ng , nh ng cuc m thoi i hi mt cng trnhnghin c u dai dng. V vic gi ghm c t tu ca bn cng n vo mt bi k nhi u lc ch bao g m v n v n b n dng duy nh t , s vic ny ch c th c th c hin qua mt qutrnh thm nhp ch ca c nhn mt cch tng tn. Tuy qu trnh thm nhp ch ny chung qui lc no cng dn n cng mt chn l, nh ng, mi cng nu c mt k t thcring bit, mt con ng quanh co hc ba ring ca n. Qu nh v y, cng s c ca Thi ns Tuy t u r t ng khm phc.

Vin NgKhc C n, ng i thuy t trnh cc cng n v t ng c ca Tuy t uCng chnh ti nng cng phu trn gy cm h ng n mt v Thi n s khc v i hiu VinNg15 tm mi nm sau v cng v th , Vin Ngmi trnh by, bnh gii Bch t c t ng c ca Tuy t u trc chng t theo phng cch uy dng ring ca mnh. C duyn ny cng c th nm ch: S cng l ngi ng hng v i Tuy t u, cng sinh ti tnh T Xuyn nm 1063, g n thnh ph Thnh , trong mt gia nh h Lc nhi u i theonghip nh Nho. Bi v y nn S sm tinh thng nh ng tc phm c i n ca Nho gio vcng m kinh sch nh Pht trong mt ngi cha g n nh xem. Nh ng li d y trong gy n tng mnh v t y, S quy t tm xu t gia, nhp mn cha ny v i t cch ca mtsa-di, chuyn c n c kinh sch; v ch mt thi gian sau, c t bc n Thnh tm hc ninh ng v Cao tng. Cng ti y, S th gii c tc v mang php danh Khc C n, ngh a lchuyn c n khc phc. S chm ch c kinh lun, h t bny n bkhc nh ng khngtm c mt s bnh yn ni tm nh mong mu n. Mt cn bnh nguy k ch cng nh tnhth ranh gii sinh t lm S b t cht th y r: conng gic ng chn chnh ca c Pht,ni t-bn m ngi tm th y v ging d y khng nm trong v n t ; cch phn gii theo tritnh chng gipc g c. Khc C n nay phi tm c nh ng ngi mang s vic t i thngny trong thm tm, cc v Thi n s tng tc k th a mang Pht tm n. Th l S u inn, tay c m g y c t bc th c hin mt cuc hnh cc, tr thnh mt Vn thu . V Thi ns u tin S gp v l u li mt thi gian c v tin tng vo ti nng ca S , v mt ngy n, khi ng i mt i mt nhau, ng ta c m dao ct vo cnh tay, ch nh ng git mu tun ra v bo S : y l mt git nc ngu n To. (Ngh a l mt git nc To Kh, ni Lc t HuNng hong ho vo khong u th k th tm. V ny mu n ni: y l tm th c thanhtnh ca cc v T s ; ta truy n li cho ngi.) Khc C n ch trn mt nhn tr ng m khngmming ni c li no. V Thi n s ny c v g khng tht, hoc S t cho mnh ch a s c m nhn, hoc c hai trng hp v a nu ra trong mi trng hp, S t bit v ny ngay ngy hm sau, ti p tc cuc hnh cc, quy t ch khng an tr ni no cho n khi tmc v chn s thuy t phc c thm tm mnh. y l mt cuc hnh trnh gian nan v mi n Trung, ng v Nam Trung Hoa. S tm hc khp ni, h t v th y ny n v th y khcnh ng khng hi lng ni no. Cu i cng, mt ngi bn ng hnh ch S n Php Din,16 mt v Thi n s quan trng thuc tng mn Lm T , xu t x t tnh T Xuyn cng nh S ,nh ng gi y li hong ho ti tnh An Huy bn cnh sng Dng T . Nh ng Khc C n lcny ang t ph, li ti ni nng hot bt, bin lun ca mnh trc v th y ny. Php Dinch cnh co, ni l nh ng li hng bin ny chng gip ch g c trn ging ch t. S chngl u tm g n li ny, ti p tc hnh cc. Mt l n n a S lm bnh r t nng, suy ngh li v nh ng g Php Din d y v tr li, nhn li trc v ny. S khng nh ng c php gia nhptng mn m cn c c lm th gi ca Php Din trong mt thi gian di. Sau mt vitu n, Php Din c ngi khch ng hng n thm, mt v quan hnh (cnh st).Trc khi tr v t Thc, ng ta mu n n nghe Php Din ging d y vi li. Php Din bong ta l s vic tng t nh trong bi th sau:

C y gi v gi, Ti u Ngc, nhng l i chng c g, ch mu n chng bi t qua l i mnh: Em y.

T n h Ti u Ngc nguyn v s , ch y u n lang nhn c thanh.

15 ; j: engo kokugon; 1063-1135,bi u truy n th a III B, 21.16 ; j: goso hen, 1024-1104.


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hnh t v khng hi lng lm v i li d y ny, nh ng th gi Khc C n bng nhin c ng nhp; v sau khi v khch t bit, S hi th y: ng ta c hi u ng bi th hay khng?Php Din ni to: ng ta ch hi u m thanh bn ngoi. S hi: V y ch a hay sao? Vsao nh v y li ch a ng? Php Din cao ging ni, dng nh t t cho mnh cu hi:Th no l ngh a ca vic T s sang ng ? v t tr li: Cy bch trc sn! Xem,xem! Th gi Khc C n hot nhin tnh ng. Chng t ch c mnh ang lm g, S ch y ra ngoi, th t ln: ka, chnh n; chnh l ti ng ni. Sau S vi t bi k gii ng, thphng v n trc Php Din l bi trnh k .17 Php Din bo: K s c kh n ch t ithng ca ch Pht t. Ta s lm ngi tr gip trong ni m vui ca ngi, v ni v i ichng: Th gi ca ta ng c Thi n.Khc C n v n li ni Php Din khi v ny di n ni Hong Mai, ni Ng tHong Nhn,S ph ca Lc tHuNng t ng hong ho th k th b y, v cng v v y mang danh Nica v T th nm, Ng T sn. Php Din sau cng l y hiu Ng TPhp Din. Trong thigian tu hc r t thn cn ni Php Din, S cng t trng thnh v vo khong cu i i PhpDin, quy t nh tr v qu hng t Thc, ni b mgi ang mong ch. Ti Thnh , S c n ti p r t n ng hu, c mi tr tr mt ngi cha danh ti ng, v mt thi gian ngnsau, li c mi thuy t php rng ri cho qu n chng trong mt ngi cha ln.Sau khong b y nm th mt bc ngot ln x y ra. Trn mt chuy n xui dng DngT nm 1111 ti Kinh Chu, tnh H Bc, S tnh c gp c s Trng Thng Anh. V ny, lccn gi ch c H u th a vo nm 1110, mt l n n a can m l y nh ng bin php ca nh cicch V ng An Thch lm tiu chun bo hnng dn cng nh nh ng nh bun bn nh ti v ng tri u ca Huy Tng, lc b y gi ni danh l tham nhng, phung ph xa hoa.Nh ng ch sau mt nm ng u hng trc s khng c mnh m ca nh ng thng gia bun tr bun thc, v gi y ang trn ng i n tnh H Nam nhm ch c v mi.C s r t hm mVin Ng, mt i s r rng ng v pha dn chng b p b c v v v y t li mi S n L Chu (thuc tnh H Nam) khng xa thnh ph Kinh Chu bao nhiu tr tr vin Linh Tuy n, Gip sn, ni nhi u v Thi n s danh ti ng i ng t ng hongho. V y khng nh ng l ni Thi n s Vin Ng gio ho r t thnh cng, c nhi ungi cm phc, v th mang hiu Vin Ng, m cng l ni S hon thnh tc phm mang

danh hiu ca mnh c truy n n ngy nay. Bi v chnh ni y, S trnh by mttrm c tc cng v i nh ng bi tng ca Tuy t u trc i chng h l y m thamqun , din ging chng mt cch r t hot bt, a dng, khc su vo lng ca chng t , v cu i cng, hu th chim ngng qua tc phm Bch Nham l c.Chng ta khng r khong thi gian S l u li Gip sn, ch bi t l vi nm sau , S hongho ti Hnh sn, mt rng ni v i 72 nh tr danh. S c v ng tri u phong hiuPht Qu,18 mi tr tr mt trong nh ng ngi cha danh ti ng nh t b y gi l Kim Sn,nm pha bc thnh ph Nam Kinh. Ni y, S gio ho khong b y nm v tng truy nrng, hc chng t hp ng n ni cha ny chng cn chch a. Vinh d th gian ln nh tdnh cho S l vic Hong truy n trao vic qun l cha ny cng nh c ngi con traith chn ca ng v hong t sau ny lnh c nn, lui v mi n nam sau khi v ng tri unh T ng tan r mi vo cung hi o.

Nh ng gi y, mt cn bo t v i hu qu kh c lit ko n vy ph v ng tri u nhT ng. Hong Huy Tng (tr v 1100-1126) trong lch s ni danh l mt ho s tr danh,mt thi s ti nng cng nh mt ngi hm m, ng h ngh thut, ki n trc mt cchphung ph, hon ton tin vo gio l cng nh l i tu hnh ca o gia v mi h vo cungthnh cung dng khng di 20.000 v khng kh nng cng c nh ng tai ngni b m ti n nhn ca ng li, mt n n kinh t ln mt cng nh lng phn u t ngy cng tng d n ca dn chng. N u nc Kh an mi n Bc khng b b tc N Chn e do sau l ng th nh T ng c l b i th nguy hi m ny xm chi m trc y. Nh ng khi b tc N Chn t n cng nc Kh an vo nm 1125 v nh T ng cng c binh chi m ot,

17 y l nguyn v n bi k ng o ca s Vin Ng: Kim p hng tiu cm t vi, snh ca tng l tu ph qui. Thi u nin nh t on

phong l u s , ch h a giai nhn c t tri. nh Hu dch: L h ng bn tr ng khi va tan, say kh c duv nhc v n v ng. M t on phong l u th i trai tr, ch c giai nhn m i hi u chng.18 s: buddhaphala.


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v ng tri u Liu ca Kh an tan v . Sau khi chi m c nc ny, b tc N Chn cngkhng do d xm chi m lun nh T ng. Ma thu nm 1126, quni ny chi m ph KhaiPhong, bt giam Hong cng v i hong tc ti mi n Bc. Ch qua mt cuc chi n thi mnh T ng cng thnh v i mt n n v n ho tuy t nh tan v . Tuy v y, b tc chi n thngny cng khng dm v t sng Dng T ti n v mi n Nam, v ngi con trai th chn caHuy Tng, sau khi thot nn t giam, cng cng c t nh t c ph n no trt t ti y, mts kin nhn chung khng n ni kh lm v x a nay, trung tm kinh t v chnh tr ca nhT ng nm khu v c pha Nam.Thi n s Khc C n cng b nh ng cuc chi n ny a y v mi n Nam. Vo nm 1127, S n tr tr ti Tr n Giang, mt thnh ph nh bn sng Dng T , nm pha ng ca NamKinh. Gi y, danh ti ng ca S vang v ng khp ni. Hong nh Nam T ng thi cn lthi t hm m v h tr S ti ph Khai Phong, nhi u l n phi di kinh mi S thuy t php u nm 1128 ti tri u nh Dng Chu, pha Bc sng Dng T . Trong dpny, ng ban S danh hiu Vin Ng, ngh a l Gic ngvin mn, mt danh hiu c mingi bi t n v tn x ng cho n ngy nay. S by gi 63 tui, cm th y s c nng catui gi. Hong bi t c nn b nhim S n mt Thi n vin v i phong cnh r t pnm pha Ty ca h Ba Dng, cnh thnh ph Nam Khang. Nh ng S li t mu n tr v qu nh t Thc v c Hong ch p thun. Ti Thnh , S c ti p n longtrng, c thnh hong ho ti ngi cha m S tr tr cho ti nm 1111. Ni y, S v nm ng nhi u trch nhim m khng quan tm n tui tc s c kho ca mnh. Nh ng vo cu i h nm 1135, sau khi b cm nh, S t hp chng li v ni: Ho duyn ca ta h t. Hy nghe li ta d y, chuyn c n tu tp! i chng s ng s, Th gi ri l, c m bt thnhS vi t k , mt tc l thng th y nh ng ngi rnh thi k . S mm ci c m bt vi t:

tri t khng cng B t t t l u k Hy ng duynTrn tr ng! Trn trng!19

Vi t xong S gc bt qua mt bn, an nhin th tch. u nm sau, Hong thu hiu S lChn Gic. S c r t nhi u t ti nng xu t chng. H ca tng S h t li. Tng truy n

nh trong cc tc phm ca mnh, S ni chuy n, thuy t php v i mt trnh cao siu,phong cch y nng l c, cm ho r t nhi u ngi. V s ngi, dng di qu tc cng nh k b n hn, h tham thnh S ; chng t lc no cng quy qu n bn cnh S ; S khuynd y t ng ngi cng nh cng khai thuy t ging choi chng n canh khuya, r i sau nghin c u kinh lun thm mt thi gian di n a. Chuyn c n khc phc nh tn KhcC n ca S cho th y ni S , n c th hin trn v n. Trong lc ti p ngi lc noS cng c mt thi hi ho ci m, v s sinh s , x l t t c mi vic mt cch gngng c th . Cc Nho gia bo th thnh thong nhc S nn ng trc cng chng mt cchtn nghim, nghim khc hn. S i li l c Pht t bi ti p chng sinh b t k dngtc, a v , v mi ngi theo gio php ca ngi khng bao gi t thi c ng rn, lnh m v nghim khc. Nh ng nhn chung th khng c bng ch ng c th r rng no hn cho tmthi ca S bng b Bch Nhamny. Trong y, chng ta c th cm nhn t m lng nhit

huy t trong mi cu ni, t m lng kin quy t v chn l t i thng, t bi lng v chng t nh ngi cha thng n con ca mnh. V chng ta cng c php lm quen v i mtlo Hn chn chnh, r t l Trung Hoa t u n chn, lc no cng mang mt nt ranhmnh no , c nh ng li ni chm bi m, th bo, nh ng mt khc, li r t t bi lng.

Bch Nham l cNh ng khng phi l ci duy nh t m c gi sphi lm quen.c gi s th y trc mtkhng phi l mt quy n sch m ngi ta c th m ra, cm u voc t u n cu i r i an tm ng li. Quy n sch ny c mt c u trc ph c tp, v nguyn do nm ngay itng m Vin Ng chn lm ti ging d y ti vin Linh Tuy n, Gip Sn ti LChutnh H Nam. Trc h t th n l mt tp C tc, nh ng v d ca C nhn ca Tuy t u v i nh ng bi tng ca chnh mnh v nh ng c tc ny. Nh ng l do khi n S l y i tng

19 Hn Mn dch.


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ny cng tng t l do khi n Tuy t u trc 80 nm bin tp nh ng c tc: Lng tnknh v khm phc Cnhn, ni m mongc truy n trao n hc nhn cng thi tm n chnchnh ca c Pht, ca Thi n, v th c hin nh v y khng ch qua ngn t , m cn, n u cth , qua mt cuc din ki n c nhn t ni tm, qua ki n tnh, ngh a l th y c bntnh nan th u nan c, khng th ngh by ca chnh mnh. N u mu n t trnh nh v y th thnh gi ch nghe, c gi ch c thi chng bao gi . c gi, thnh gi phi suy ngh , phi dng cng tht r t ro. V vic dng cng ny c bi u hin qua Thi n, s tptrung lng ng vo ci nh t th , mt ci c cp mt cch phng ph t, n mt trong mitc cng n. Ch v mc ch y m nh ng g ghi li trong quy n sch ny c nhc n, vch trong ngh a ny m n mu n c th u hi u. Chnh v v y m n khng phi l mtquy n sch ngi c qua, m l mt cm nang hng dn mi ngi hng vo ni tm,tu tm. V v ni dung siu thi gian ny l mt di sn ca t tin truy n li d n c v l lng mu thun th no i n a , n mang mt c u trc khng m y gin n, bao g m bat ng c p. Trc h t, chng ta chm trn Vin Ng, ngi bin tp cu i ca quy n sch ny.Nh ng S li ti p tc dn dt chng ta n Tuy t u, ngi k t tp v lm nh ng k tng.T t c nh ng hnh ng ny ch c th c hin chng ta c th din ki n c nhn, nh ng v Thi n s i ng, thnh thong c nh ng v trc n a, c bit l B - t-ma, v T th nh t ca Thi n Trung Hoa; cc v Thi n s thi Ng i cng khng thi u trong y,thm ch c c nh ng v thuc v nh T ng nh th y ca Tuy t u l Tr Mn v nh ng v khc, n u tnh theo h truy n th a k t B - t-ma n c thang th 16. Vin Ng trnh by cc cng n trong nh ng bui thuy t ging ca mnh bng cch l y haithnh ph n ca Tuy t u, t c l C tc v K tng lm ch lun m, c nh v y t chng ny sang chng khc; v i u d nhin l trng tm c t c tc, chnh bncng n, ni cc v c nhn t pht bi u. S thng t li dn nhp ca mnh trc bn tcca Tuy t u xoay hng t m nhn ca thnh gi hoc c gi vo ngh a ch tht nmsau mi bn cng n. Cc t c cnh co trc l khng nn bm vo nh ng phong thi b ngoi nh li ni, hnh ng ca cc v tn tc. V n u li thu th ca Vin Ng thi utrong mt vi cng n th chnh l hu qu ca s qun lng tr m trng m tp cng nny phi tri qua, cho n khi n c thu thp li bi v c s hTrng vo khong 1300.

Sau li dn ca mnh th Vin Ng a ra bn cng n ca Tuy t u. i v i S th C tchay bn Cng n thm quy n bc nh t ny quan trng hn t t c v S khng th ch i x l ton bn cng n theo th t tng quan. Sau mi cu ca mu truy n S phi thm vo li ca mnh. Tng t nh cp th y m i, S v l y bn cng n, xoay chuy n t ng cut ng i m nh trong , chi u ri t ng kha cnh v i t cch ca mt ngi ch nho, mtngi ch bai, v k tn dng, chng v i mc ch no khc hn l gip khn thnh gi lcno cng phi v n dng cng phu theo di, tu luy n c c cp mt phn bit th no l ngh a chn tht cng nh nh ng i m ngu d t ca chnh mnh v ca ngi.Ch sau Vin Ngmi a ra li bnh ging nghim tc ca mnh dnh cho mi cng n.Tuy nhin, li bnh ging ny hon ton khc hn mt bnh ging nh chng ta thnghi u, cng khc v i mt bi lun gii kinh i n bnh thng. S chng bao gi ni trng ra ngh a trung tm ca s vic; ch chi u ri i m ny t xa, v S th c hin vic ny hon ton

v i dng . Chnh S cng hc c i u ny ni th y mnh l Php Din nh chng ta th y. Nh ng qua nh ng li hng dn, nh ng on v n trch dn cng nh nh ng mutruy n nhmang tnh ch t ng ngn ca mnh, S hng dn khn thnh gi n g n htnhn ca s vic mt cch r t tinh t .Sau , S li tr v v i Tuy t u, ngi trnh by nh ng i u hay nh t v bn cng n, hm cho khn thnh gi bi t r t nhi u v i nh ng dng k c ng ca mnh. V ngay y, VinNg cng khng nn ni tm t ranh mnh khi hi ca mnh. S xoay chuy n mi dng k ,ra v h nghi, lc u ch nho, tn dng tuy t nh thi s Tuy t u, r i ging gii bi k theo trnh t mt cch k lng. Ni y, S bnh ging Tuy t u, cao ti nng trnh by ngh a chnh ca bn cng n mt cch ngn gn v sc bn trong bi k ca v ny. Khngphi lc no li bnh ca Vin Ng v k tng ca Tuy t u cng a ra mt i m mi cho vic th u hi bn cng n; nh ng thnh thong n li trnh by li gii ca bn cng n mt

cch r rng nh t. Dng nh chnh ph n ny b hu hoi tr m trng nh t. Mt vi li bnhtrong y qu th s th s n ni chng ta phi tin chng b hng hu b i chp thm vo cho, v chnh v v y c th bqua ph n dch.


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Nhn chung th cch trnh by 100 C tc v i k tng ca Tuy t u t chng ny sangchng khc c th nh sau:

1. Thu th ( ; j: suiji ): Li dn nhp ca Vin Ng;2. Tc ( ; j: soku): bn cng nc s u tp bi Tuy t u, thnh thong c v ny ghich thm vo;

3. Trc ng ( ; j: jakugo): Nh ng li xen vo bn tc ca Vin Ng;4. Bnh xng ( ; j: hysh): Li din ging ca Vin Ng;5. Tng ( ; j: ju): Bi tng ca Tuy t u;6. Trc ng v k tng ca Vin Ng;7. Bnh xng v k tng ca Vin Ng.

Trong nh ng thnh ph n thm vo ca Vin Ng th li Thu th c vi t r t chu o, v nphong thng cao trng, g n nh thi ca. Ngc li, Trc ng v Bnh xng li c trnh by khng m y trau chu t cho lm. C lchng c nh ng v t ghi li v nhp vo chnh bn di dng th. Chng ch a nhi u bi u th xu t pht t th ng i T ng, sp x p khngc k lng cho lm, i lc c nh ng nhc i m v bt php. Nh ng nhn mt cch tngqut th chnh v th m chng c nh ng nt h p dn ring; chng ta c th th y bng cpmt, nghe bng l tai t m lng nhit tnh ca bc Tng s ; th y S phn bc nh ng ki n giisai l m, thuy t ging, khuyn nh chng t mt cch t bi nh th no.Chng ta khng r Bch Nham c phi l tn Vin Ng t cho tc phm ca mnh hay khng,nh ng trng hp ny r t c th , bi v tn ny c tm th y thi n th t ca S ti vinLinh Tuy n, Gip Sn. Ni y, mt t m bng c treo trang tr tng v i hai ch BchNham ( ), ngh a l Vch ni m u xanh bi c v thi n th t ny sau cng c gi theo lBch Nham th t. y chnh l ni tp cng n ny c hnh thnh. V bi u th Bch Nham y c mt i n tch nh sau: i ng, trong th k th 8, mt v chu ca Thi n s DcSn Duy Nghim v i php hiu Thin Hi20 tr tr ti Gip Sn, LChu ny. Nh khng th no khc hn c, S ngy ng t, cm kch trc v p huy n diu ca ni i, ca thunglng xung quanh thi n th t n c ca mnh. Ngy n, mt v tng hi S : Th no l cnhGip Sn? S li n p qua hai cu k c lchnh S l ngi sng tc:

V n b ng con quay v ngn ni xanhChim ngm hoa l c tr c vch bi c.

Vin bo t qui thanh chng l,i u hm hoa lc bch nham ti n.

Hai khc tuy n song song y ngh thut trong bi k cho th y rng, ch Bch trong y khng c hi u l mt m u sc c th mang tnh ch t hin tht-v t l, m l mt bi u tr ngca cm h ng thi s trc mt thng cnh ni r ng hng v , r c r di nh ng tia nng cu icng ca hong hn. y chnh l ngh a ca ch Bch trong nh ng bi th m t m u sc.C xem ch Bch l m u xanh lc ca mt bi n, hay xanh dng ca b u tri, n chng baogi c dng trnh by m u sc mt cch c th ; din t nh ng m u nu trn, ngi ta

dng nh ng bi u th khc. Ch Bch lc no cng mang mt nt cm h ng tn thn. V chnhs cm h ng ny c pht tri n trong Thi n tng cho n mt nhn th c l, chnh ngay trong mi khonh khc ca th gii hin tng, khi v n v t trnh hin trc mt chng ta th ngh a su kn nh t ca n cng c hi n by: Mt s tr ng rng khng th nm bt c,nh ng li chng phi khng c g c, m l mt ci g chn tht duy nh t, l su i ngu nca an lc tuy t i. Tuy t u cng chung ch Bch ny v s dng n r t hay, nh trongcng n th 20, khi S bo: Ni non v hn, mt th gii trng trng xanh bi c,21 c th S ngh n hai dng k ca s Thin Hi. V n u sau 100 nm tp k tng ca S c ra mtkhn thnh gi di tn Bch Nham th s kin ny x y ra khng phi khng c ch , m lc tng quan n hai dng k c xem l b i cnh m bi u th Bch Nham phi c hi utheo.

20 Gip Sn Thin Hi ( ; tk. 9; j:kassan zen'e); bi u truy n th a III A, II.21 Vin sn v hn bch tng tng ;


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Nh ng, s kin tc phm Bch Nhamny b thiu hu bi v t c th a nhn l gii nh tca Vin Ng, sau khi v ny vin tch khng lu ch n ng gii Thi n cng nh nu lnnhi u nghi v n. V t ny khi xu t th hong ho mang hiu i Hu,22 c Vin Ng h tr v xem l ngi c bn l nh nh t ca tng Lm T . Ni i Hu, nng l c ny cng cth hin qua mt c tnh c bit, mt tnh tnh cc k ch kh khan cng nh tranh u nhithuy t. S th a hng t Vin Ng cch p dng vic qun cng n, xem n l phng tinquan trng dn dt chng t ng nhp Thi n, thm ch bo v mt cch cng quy tphng php ny trc v Thi n s ni ti ng nh t thi b y gi ca tng Tong, ngi ch bai phng php ny, gi n mt cch h mit l Khn thoi thi n, Thi n ch trng quncng n. Nh ng gi y i Hunhn ra rng nh li tr n thut ca mt v s qun , ccmn ch l y nh ng cu t Bch Nham l c m h hc thuc lng trnh by trongnh ng bui v n p c S ch tr thay v trnh by ki n gii ring ca mnh. Nhn nh th th mc ch m Vin Ng nhm n khi tr tc tp Bch Nhamb hi u sai, v nh v y chngta thm ch c th ngh rng, i Hu tin l hnh ng ng theo ca tin s Vin Ng v i hnh ng gom gp v t chy t t c nh ng bn Bch Nhamhin ang l u hnh. Chngta khng c n tm nh ng ng c, nh ng nguyn nhn th p hn c th nm sau hnh ngthiu hu ny. Bi v tnh ch t phn i ngn t nm sn trong bn ch t Thi n. Mi ngiu phi tm chn l ca cuc s ng theo cch ring t do ca mnh, v ch v v y m v th y mi gip ngi y. Ngn ng c ghi chp li nh chng ta ch ng ki n trong Pht gio,m khng nh ng ch trong Pht gio n lc no cng hm ch a c nguy b hi u v s dngsai l m. Nhn cho k th gi a Thi n c miu t trong nh ng v d ca c nhn v Thi nca c nhn c mt i m khc bit tinh t , mt i m khc bit ch c th c khc phcqua mt qu trnh h p th r i thnh t u mt cch th m lng. V chnh ngay Thi n, chngch trng n mt i m no khc hn l chn l tuy t i v nh hng, siu thi gian, triqua mt dng lch s trn qu t ny. S xu t pht, trng thnh, bi n d ca Thi n ban uc nh ng nt xun th, nh ng khi v gi th chnh n cng c c nguy tr nn rn ri kh kit.S kin ny c th c ch ng ki n ngay trong tp cng n Bch Nhamca Vin Ng. Ch c i u l ni y, tm th c th ng nh t ho ng ca Thi n cn nm u th . Tuy t u chnnhi u v Thi n s v i nhi u t ch t khc nhau lm gng cho hu th . T Lc tHuNng

tr v sau, Thi n c phn chia thnh hai nhnh v hai nhnh ny li phn chia ti p tc,tr thnh r t nhi u dng khc nhau. N u trong mt nhnh no mt v Thi n s xu t hin,c mt bn l nh phi thng v i nh ng phng tin gio ho ring ca mnh, v i gia phongring, cc mn sau ny thnh lp mt tng phi c bit v l y tn ca v Thi n s y. Nh v y th Tuy t u thuc v tng Vn Mn, Vin Ng thuc v tng Lm T ngi Nht gil Rinzai , mt tng phi gn gi nh ng di sn nm trong Bch Nham l c chuyn c n nh t.La xa lch s , nh ng li cn k v i s tch mc v nh hng chnh l tng Tong, c duy tr ti Nht di tn St. Tuy t u nhi u v Thi n s ca nh ng tng mn khc nhaupht bi u, v Vin Ng trch dn cn nhi u hn trong nh ng li bnh ca mnh. Chng c mts tranh ch p no y. S tranh ch p x y ra mt th h sau Vin Ng, khi v Thi n s hngu ca tng To ng ch trch tng mn Lm T v phng php qun cng n ca tngny. i Huphn i mt cch ch nho, ni l tng Tong ch trng Mc chi u thi n,

t c l Thi n ca s gic ng th m lng, mt bi u th m tng Tong thu nhn v i mtthi chi n thng n c lng v xc nhn: Chnh y l ngh a c ch trng. Nh ng cuctranh ch p nh v y khng ng vai tr g trong Bch Nham l c; trong nh sng ca quy nsch ny cng nh nh ng v Thi n s trong , chng t tan hu .

Nht Bn v i t cch gn gi v truy n b Pht phpQuan trng i v i chng ta trong qu trnh lch s ch l vic Bch Nham l c c truy nsang Nht khng lu sau khi Trng Minh Vin cho xu t bn trong nh ng nm 1326 v 1329.Truy n th ng Thi n ca hai nhnh To ng v Lm T v a nu trn c truy n b tiNht trc y 100 nm do hai v Vinh Ty vo Nguyn v gi y, ang trn ng phttri n r c r. Trong khi Pht gio ti Trung Qu c di nh hng bi Tn nho gio, v n h p th nhi u nhn t o Pht ngy cng m t d n s c s ng, kh kit th ti Nht li xu t

22 ; j: dai-e, 1089-1163.


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hin nhi u bc ti c trong gii l nh o. Cc v tu tp theo gng ca cc v T ngi Hoa,nghin c u tng tn kinh i n, trn h t l quy n Bch Nhamv i mt thi chuyn c n tnknh, th c hin nh ng g c ch dn trong v v v y, tr thnh nh ng nh l nh oca x hi Nht Bn b y gi. Cch s ng ca cc v nh hng nhi u n cuc s ng x hiNht. Nh ng nt s ng gin d, t do t nhin nh ng v n c chi u hng sng to nh nhngti Nht k t th k 15 m chng ta c th xc nhn mt cch khm phc chng xu t phtt chnh nh ng v i s trn. V nh th th Pht gio Trung Hoa ni chung vc bit l Thi n tng c truy n b trnth gii hay nh t v d hi u nh t qua trung gian Nht Bn. V mt truy n th ng cng nh gio l Pht gio cn bn th khng c ranh gii r rng gi a hai nc Hoa v Nht. Kinh i nPht gio Nht Bn th a hng t Trung Hoa v n c c tng bng ti ng Hn, nh ng bcth y bc T ca nh ng v i s Nht l ngi Hoa. Thi gian thi bnh di m Nht Bn tri qua cho n thi cn i, n gip nh ng truy n th ng, t tng, phong tc c dunhp c c hi sinh si n y n, pht tri n mt cch t do khng b nh hng, n p hnnhi u so v i bn x Trung Hoa. V t khi Nht Bn m rng n ti p Ty phng v cc trol u t tng cch y khong 100 nm, mt ngnh khoa hc v n ln trn mnh t Phtphp, cung c p nh ng tc phm v lch s , gio l nh Pht v i mt t cch nghin c utham kho v cng chun m c, v i mt ci nhn minh tri t dnh cho nh ng v n then ch t,nh ng tc phm m cc khoa nghin c u tn gio phng Ty khng th b qua. Ti Nht,ngi M v chu u c c hi nhn su vong l c bn trong ca cc tng phi Thi n vci nhn ny gip h hi u c mt cch b ng ngc nhin ngh a v t m vc to lnca tro l u tm th c ny. V ngi Nht cng l nh ng ngi u tin can m i din, trnh by nh ng di sn tmth c m h cho l cao qu nh t n phng Ty, v h th c hin vic ny v i mt c s hc v n, nghin c u thm hu.

Phn ng gp ca cc nh nghin cu cTrong nh ng nh nghin c u c th nh khoa hc tn gio Hans Haas trnh by cch y 50 nm mt tc phm i cng v cc tng phi Thi n Nht Bn. n tng su sc, sinhng u tin v ni l c ca Thi n tng c truy n b qua mt tc phm ca Schuejhasama v August Faust: Thi n, Pht gio sinh ng ti Nht (Zen, der lebendigeBuddhismus in Japan), mt quy n sch v i 11 cng n trch t Bch Nham l c. Quy n schnh r t c a chung ca Eugen Herrigel: Thi n trong Cung o (Zen in der Kunst desBogenschieens)c ph bi n rng ri hn, cho th y mt tri t gia c khng nghin c usu v kinh i n cng nh lch s , ch n thu n luy n tp ngh thut bn cung di s hng dn ca mt v th y am tng Thi n m ng c b mt ni tm, mt b mt m t tc 100 cng n ca cnhn, nh ng bi tng ca Tuy t u v nh ng li bnh xng ca VinNgxoay quanh. Nh ng gi y, nh Thi n hc v i ngi Nht l Daisetz' Teitaro Suzuki23 ngi cng tng mn v i hasama, t c l c o to bi ngi i din Thi n trongnh ng nm u ho u ca Nht Bn l Shaku Sen24 (1859-1919) v i ki n th c qung bc, hc th c thm su cng nh mt ti nng thuy t trnh hi m c v t xa nh ng tc gi nu trn v mt hiu qu qua nh ng tc phm bng Anh ng d c c tnh ch t nghin c ukhoa hc. Nh ng tc phm ca ng gy nh hng mnh, trc h t l ti M , nh ng cngkhng km ph n no ti chu u, khi pht nhi u cuc tranh lun si ni trong gii trth c.Nh ng nh v y th nhu c u n tn ngu n g c li cng c th c cm nhn, ni mt cchc th l: n g n nh ng v T s ca nh ng tro l u tm th c ny, ngh a l i ti p trn conng m hasama v Faust v ch ra v tm hi u nh ng Thi n ng ch a ng t tngThi n trong thi hong kim ca n.Mt tc phm mang chi u hng ny chnh l bn dch ca tp cng n V Mn Quan,cHeinrich Dumoulin S. J. th c hin vo nm 1953. Tp ny cng xu t x t nhnh Thi n ca Vin Ng, thng c s dng trong tng Lm T ti Nht song song v i Bch Nham l c.

23 i Chuy t Trinh Thi Lang Linh Mc ( ; 1870-1966).24 Thch Tng Din ( ; 1859-1919).


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Ch c i u l n mang d u n ca thi i sau (xu t bn nm 1228), ngn gn hn, vcgi m t i nh ng bi k tng tung honh t do ca Tuy t u, tm th c nhit huy t t bi ca Vin Ng, tnh tnh chm bi m khi hi ca s cng nh v phong ph v mt tuy n chnnh ng tc cng n. T a Tng mn nh t th m c s Trng Minh Vin chn chotp cng n Bch Nhamnh th khng phi hon ton phi l.

V v n d ch thut t Hn ng T t nhin, hi u Bch Nham l c v mt ngn ng thi kh r i, ng ni g n vic n g n ngh a tng n bn trong ca tc phm ny. Khng c nh ng bi dn nhp, ch gii tuy tho ca nh ng hc gi ngi Nht th c l dch gi phi b cuc t lu. S gip lnnh t dnh cho dch gi l nh ng tc phm ln ca Kat Totsud.25 Tc phm i th a bch (Hundert Reden ber das Mah y na) ca ng c dch gi c v xem nh l mtquy n sch nhp mn. Trong thi gian qua, v hc gi v i ki n th c v lch s , gio l c c kqung bc ny hon t t mt tc phm26 ch gii thch rng ri mt trm tc cng n trong Bch Nham l c, hoc nh ng ta gi theo ti ng Nht, Heki-gan roku, bao g m 12 quy n, miquy n trung bnh 400 trang, ngi nghin c u t m nh t cng c th tm th y g n nh t t c thng tin v nh ng i m t i ngh a, nh ng danh hiu k l. V vic ng thnh thong l mln v i nh ng li ch gii ca mnh cng d hi u v bn ch t kh hi u ca tc phm, nh ngcng c th l v ngi Nht sau ny ch d a vo nh ng li bnh ging, ch thch ca nh ng v th y, nh ng bc tn tc bn qu c m khng l u n s pht tri n, mch s ng tng tc canh ng bi u th c ti Trung Hoa thi nay.Nh ng, t mt s h tr t i u t pha Nht Bn cho n mt bn dch c ng v n cn lmt chng ng di. Ch ngi am tng s khc bit ca ngn ng mi c th cm nhnc ph n no. i m u vit, ni bt ca cc ngn ng thuc h n u m ai cng bi t t ti ng Phn, ti ng Hi Lp, La-tinh cho n ti ng c ca chng ta nm s phn bit rrng s t s nhi u, ngi x ng th nh t, th nh, th ba, ch th khch th , dng ch ng b ng, hin tht v kh nng, tr c ti p hay gin ti p. Nh ng, nh ng tuy n o chng ta v ch ra cng l mt tri buc, mt gii hn m chng ta cng mu n v phi i din mtcch trung thnh. Hn ng h u nh khng b hn ch bi nh ng i m nu trn. Khng phingn ng ny khng bi t phn bit nh v y trong u. Nh ng n khng v ch nh ng khctuy n mt cch s st nht nht nh chng ta. Hn ng tin tng vo ngi c, tin l h s hi u. Nh v y c ngh a l: Ngi ta phi hi u mt cu ch Hn trc khi t bt dch. Ngoira, mt bn dch, cho d c mt c s am hi u chn chnh, n v n thu hp ngh a ca mtcu, hoc thm vo mt thnh ph n no khng nh t thi t phi c trong nguyn bn. Vn u trc mt li l nh ng v Thi n s , mu n trnh by mt ci g hon ton khc hnnh ng g nm trn gi y m c th dch gi r t d tuy t v ng. ng ta c th t th ni y l qu tht phi tri qua tm trng h nghi tuy t v ng t cng n ny sang cng n n, cho n lctm c mt cch chuy n ng m ng ta c th chu trch nhim. Vic lm ny c bn ch tnh th . Bi v Thi n i hi, nh mi ni m tin, mt bc nh y vo ni vnh; l nh tnca mt tp cng n xu t hin sau mt V mn quan, hoc nh dch gi Dumoulin gi:Mt c a i khng c a.

Cc bn ch gi i Hoa, Nht Nh ng i m kh khn trn chnh l nguyn nhn v sao x a nay c nhi u bi ch gii quy nsch ny. Ai mu n v t qua c a i m chng th y ng i chno, ngi nn tham thnhnh ng ngi am tng. Nh ng i m tr gip u tin c chnh hai v tc gi a ra.Nh ng bi tng ca Tuy t u l li gii thch tuy t ho nh t. Ch c i u chng cng khhi u, tng t mt nh n chi u sng mt ngn ni t xa, mt ngn ni m ng leo lnnh cn nm trong bng t i. Ch 80 nm sau, Vin Ng cm nhn nhu c u thuy t gingcho chng t khng nh ng bn cng n chnh thi, m cn i su vo nh ng bi k tngca Tuy t u. V nh ng g s thuy t trnh u c lin quan n thi gian v i u kin xungquanh, i hi nh ng ki n th c m nh ng th h sau khng c.

25 Giang t ng ( )26 Bch Nham l c i gi ng to ( ).


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V chnh l nguyn do v sao Bch Nham l c h u nh chng bao gi c thuy t ging mtcch ring l, lc no cng c ging d y qua nh ng v Thi n s mt cch mi mdi dngnhi u t ng lp. Nh ng, t t c nh ng li ch gii ny khng phi l nh ng li ging theo ngh a trnh by mt cch c khoa hc. Chng ch c nh ng v th y s dng v i mc ch nh th c mn . V v y m hkhng ch nhi u n b i cnh ca mi cng n, lai lch canh ng nhn v t trong v t t c nh ng g tng quan n nh ng nhn v t ny. H cngkhng c nhu c u gii thch tng tn; bi v chnh h cng ng trong mt dng cm nhnlch s v i cnhn.

Nhng b sung thm trong bn d ch c ng Nhim v ca ngi dch c ng ngay t u c nh ngh a khc. i v i chng ta thnc Trung Hoa thi trung c hon ton xa l. Chng ta c nhu c u xem k hn cch sinhs ng hng ngy ca nh ng ngi ny. Chnh v v y m dch gi tm hi u cuc s ng ca nh ngnhn v t trong bn cng n, hon cnh ca h, nh ng cuc hnh cc qua ni i mnhmng ca t nc Trung Hoa, cch x l di sn m C nhn truy n trao cho h, d gi lPht hc, hay gi l CHn hc, v ng ta tm rac nhi u i m trau chu t, t m thmnt ca b c tranh c trnh by. Tuy nhin, dch gi phi b qua nh ng cng trnh nghinc u c bit. Mt vi d liu, thng tin v thi gian ca truy n th ng Thi n khng ng tinc y, nh s gia ngi Nht Ui Hakuji27 ch ng minh mt cch thuy t phc. Vic lm sng t nh ng i m t i ngh a khng thuc v phm vi ca quy n sch ny. Kho c u nguyn bncng khng th c th c hin, mc d li bnh ca Vin Ng c nhi u ch b h . Bn ckho c u, chnh n u tin xu t hin nm 1963 nh ng dch gi ch a c dp tham kho.Nh ng nhi u nh ch gii x a c mt cm nhn tinh t phn bit gi v tht, v trongph n ln nh ng trng hp, nh ng li phn on ca h trng hp nhau. Dch gi thngtheo ki n gii ca h; thnh thong ng ta cng phi t tm l y li gii p. Cu i cng, victho lun v ng v n hc28 cng khng thch hp ni y. Chnh bn dch l bi u tr ng camt s phn on, mt s quy t nh c th c hin trong mt vi trng hp sau nhi unm t duy v c th l n sphi nhng chcho mt nhn th c mi hay hn sau ny.D chu o v mt trnh by lai lch, lch s cng nh b i cnh, trch nhim chnh ca ngta ch c th l nh ng v c c pht bi u nh h t hi u, v c gi c hi u nh kh nng ti p nhn ca h cho php. Tuy nhin, ni v n d hn th c hin. C th l dch gi l m lc khi t mnh m ng cng trnh dch thut. ng ta ch th c hin mt cch li u l nh v sn lng nh ng ngi c thm quy n ni tm ph phn.

Th t trong nhng ch ng V bn Cng n hay l, nh chnh bn v n gi, Tc l ht nhn ca mi chng, chng tatheo gng cc hc gi ngi Nht, s dng ch Tc lm t a cho mi chng. Thay v ghiChng I, II, chng ta sghi: Tc th nh t, th nh, ba V c gi khng bao gi nghi ng on v n no c trong nguyn bn, on no c dchgi a thm vo, mi chng c chia thnh hai ph n v i ph n u chng g khc hn l

bn dch t nguyn bn Hn v n, t c l theo trnh t li thu th ca Vin Ng trong trnghp n khng b hu , sau l bn tc cng nh k tng ca Tuy t u v cu i cng, li bnhging ca Vin Ngv hai thnh ph n ny.Trong ph n th nh t ny, ba thnh ph n then ch t thu th, bn tc v k tng c khi u bng mt ch in m ln, c mt co ch ln hn nh ng thnh ph n cn li. y th nguyntc dch lc no cng l: khng thm khng bt.Trong nh ng bn in ti Trung Hoa v Nht Bn, trc ng ca Vin Ng c xen vo nh ngcu ca bn cng n, thm ch ngay gi a nh ng dng k ca Tuy t u, gy cm gic khchu khi c, ni c th hn l lm c gi kh thng th c bi k . V v y m dch gi tch richng ra, ging thut chng trong mt ph n ring bit pha sau, v nh ng li chnh v n,nh ng dng k m chng c lin quan n u c lp li.

27 V Tnh B Th ( ).28 g: Philologie.


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Bch Nham lc

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c gi ngi c ngy nay c th hi u c nguyn bn th dch gi phi thm nhi u cugii thch. Chngc th c hin qua hai cch: Nh ng li ch gii ngn gip c gi hi ungay cu v n, on v n c ghi trong ngoc vung [] ngay chnh trong nguyn v n, hocdi dng cc ch bn di. Trong cc ch,c gi cng c th tm th y Php hiu y ca ch v Thi n s cng nh ch ng ca h trong bi u truy n th a. Nh v y th t t c nh ng ghi ch trong ngoc vung v cc ch xu t x t dch gi.Nh ng li gii thch, bnh ging, ghi ch tng tn c gom li di t a Bnh ging,nm sau mi chng; t t c nh ng gc tm th y y cng u xu t x t dch gi.c gi c th tu nhu c u, s thch m quy t nh trnh t tham kho mt chng. Ta c th gi trnh t nh, nh ng cng c th lt nh ng trang ghi ch pha sau tm thm nh ng i m b sung h u ch sau khic mt trong nh ng thnh ph n chnh. Tuy nhin,c gi s th y l khng phi nh ng i m nh nht no cng c gii thch, v ni chung l cng isu vo tc phm th thnh ph n gii thch cng nh d n. Bi v c gi s quen d n nh ngthut ng , nh ng bi u th ban u c v xa l. V cu i cng, ng ta s t trnh c nguyn bn v n m khng c n li gii thch b sung no c, v qua , c th thu c nh ng i mli ch ca n mt cch trn v n.

Tn gi, danh hi uTn gi ng mt vai tr ln ti ng . Cng ni danh, quan trng bao nhiu th cng cnhi u danh hiu b y nhiu, thi cn s ng v sau khi ch t. i v i nh ng ngi bn ngoi thnh ng danh hiu ny r t hn tp kh phn bit; v th chng ta ch tm n t danh hiu nh c th . Ni cc v Thi n s th chng ta b qua tc danh; khng nhc n tc danh thi ninthi u cng l mt i u d nhin. Nh ng ngc li, php danh c th y ban cho khi th giith r t quan trng trong truy n th ng Pht gio, v trong nhi u trng hp, php danh chophp ngi ta on c cht t v bn tnh ca ngi mang n. N u mt v tng tr thnhmt v i s tr ti mt ngi cha trn ni hoc mt thnh ph ln, ngi s c gi theotn ca ni hong ho v y cng l cch tn x ng cc v Thi n s thng gp nh t trongquy n Bch Nham. Nh trong trng hp Thi n s Tuy t u: Tuy t u c ngh a l ci l tuy t hoc l h tuy t, tht ra l tn ca mt ngn ni, ni v tng Trng Hi n tr tr ho. Trng hp gi theo danh hiu Hong ban tng nh Vin Ng t gp hn. Thi n s Vin Ngc php danh Khc C n.Cc Thi n vin lc no cng c hai tn. Tnu tin l tn ca ngi cha (t ; j: ji ) hoc vin ( ; j: in), tn th hai l tn ca ni (sn ; j: san) hoc nh ni (nhc ; j: gaku), niThi n vin to lc.Php danh cng nh danh hiu c ban tng thng l hai ch i i. Nh ng trong cu v nth ngi Hoa thng bmt, v s vic cng c th r t ph c tp. V v y dch gi lc no cngghi y php danh ca cc v Thi n s quan trng.


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Thu th h y khi veni bi t ngay: ni y c l a; cch tng th y s ng li n r: c tru;nhn th y mt gc m suy bi t c ba cnh cn li; c cp mt c lng cn

nhc: l mi ng cm chn tr thng ngy ca np tng.1 Ai on dit c dng lun chuy n ca s v t th d l bnng hoc bn Ty tha h m bi n hin tung honh, t do t ti m truy n trao, m chi m ot.N u m tht s nh v y th hy ni xem: nh ng ngi nh th , h thuc hng ngig m c th lm c nh v y? Hy xem th m ct ng2 ca Tuy t u!

Bn tcng V hi t-ma i s : Th no l thnh ngh a nh t?t-ma p: Tr ng rng khng c g l thnh c.

V hi ti p: Ai ng i din trm?t-ma p: Chng bi t. V khng hi u ni.B - t-ma bn sang sng i n nc Ngu .Sau, V n hi Ch cng.Ch cng hi V : Bh c bi t ngi y hay khng? V p: Chng bi t.Ch cng bn ni: li s Quan m, ngi truy n tm n ca Pht. V h i ti c, bn sai s i thnh t-ma i s tr li.Nh ng Ch cng khuyn: B h ch ni v i ai l mu n sai s gi thnh c u! D c nc ch y theo sau, ng y cng khng quay li.

Trc ng Lng V hi t-ma i s . ng ny t t chng nghec.Th no l thnh ngh a nh t? R l mt cy tr ct l a! [Nh mt con l a ngi x mi, tri vo ct; cng tng t nh th : mt tm trng ch t ch a y gio l, phng th c.]

t-ma p: Tr ng rng khng c g l thnh c. C th gi l kc. [ l cch nica Vin Ngch vo mt s vic mang mt ngh a t i trng! Ai c th nhn ra c nng l cca ngn l a trong cu ni y?] Mi tn ca ng ta v t qua c Tn La.3 Mt s r rngminh bch c th gi t ngi c! [Mi ngi u phi m p li ny ca B - t-ma, cho n khi cm nhn mi tn ny trong thm tm.]V hi ti p: Ai ng i din trm? V i v mt y x u h, kh chu, c gng gi chotnh, qu nhin l ng ta ang l n m trong bng t i.

1 ; mt v tng mang o v nhi u mnh, danh hiu t x ng khim nhng ca cc v tng trong Thi n tng,tng t nh cch x ng B n tng, B n o.2 ; l dy leo chng cht, i lcc dch l sn bm. Ngh a bng: ni nhi u, rm r, d th a.3 ; Ngn ng . Nc Tn La (e:silla) nm ng nam Hn Qu c, bao g m c bn o ny trong khong thigian t 669-917. Phang nc ny l Thi Bnh dng, i v i dn Trung Qu c b y gi l ni tn cng ca th gii. Ngh a cu ny l: B - t-ma tr li nhi u hn V mu n bi t.

T

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t-ma p: Chng bi t. ka! Cu tr li th hai ca ng y chng ng n a ng ti n.[Vin Ng ni a l mt cu tr li r ti n, che gi u lng khm phc trc hai ch Chng bi t.]V khng hi u ni. Ti c thay! Nh ng ng ta khng phi khng c l. [Vin Ng lini cho V n a a n a tht: theo cch nhn ca V th qu l chng bi t ni g v i mt ng thnh kc nh th .]B - t-ma bn sang sng i n nc Ngu . ng l mt con ch n tinh!4 Khngtrnh ni mt cnh tng x u h. [Li l mt cu phng thch ca Vin Ng: mt Thnhnhn cao nin, xu t thn t mt v ng gia,c hong Trung Qu c ti p n m li th ilui mt cch x u h, nhc nh nh th .] T Ty sangng, t ng sang Ty.Sau, V n hi Ch cng. K ngho cht nh ph n n c. K ng bn cnh li cmt.Ch cng hi V : B h c bi t ngi y hay khng? Gi m ui c Ch cng rakhi nc! l vic lm ng duy nh t. V hay nh t l cho ng tan thm ba mi g y![Mt l n n a, Vin Ng ni gip cho V v c hai, khng ai hi u B - t-ma hn ai.] B - t-ma n! [Nh ng lc ny chnh lc Ch cng nhc n B - t-ma V li hnh dungc t-ma, l n ny v i mt k t qu khc hn trc.]V p: Chng bi t. By gi V phi th a ng cng n ca t-ma. [Chng bi t ca t-ma ch a ng huy n ngh a. V cng ni nh th ; ngi ta c th hi u lng ta t m c thm su nh t-ma! Nh ng chnh v ng ta tr li nh th nn nhon ton v ngh a! Tht ng ci!]Ch cng bn ni: l i s Quan m, ngi truy n tm n ca Pht. Mt li ginglon c. [Quan m v tm n ca Pht cng ch l danh; n cng chng gip g cho mt ng vua, ng ngay trc mt t-ma m khng nhn ra. Tm ca ng y khng nh y bn, nh n d sau y ca Vin Ng ch r.] Ngi ta khng th no b khu u tay v bp i conghng ra pha ngoi.V h i ti c, bn sai s i thnh t-ma i s tr li. Chc chn l khng bt c(t-ma) ng nh ni, ng y ni nng chng nghec!Nh ng Ch cng khuyn: B h ch ni v i ai l mu n sai s gi thnh c u! Ngi bn

ng ch t, lng gi ng bn Ty tr gip bi ai. [Ngi lng gi ng khng au lng lm khi cngi ch t; h khng c u ngi ch t tr li. Ch cng thm tm hi lng v i vic t-ma ri V sang Ngu .] V cu tr li ny m ng ta ng b ui ra khi nc.D c nc ch y theo sau, ng y cng khng quay li. Ch cng li ng n ba mi g y. Ng ng nh mt ngu n nh sng r c r pht ra t gt chn.

Bnh xng v bn tcT phng xa,t-ma nhn bi t t ny c cn c m nhn i th a,

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