Bibliophilies et reliures I Melanges offerts a Michel Wittock

Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium, Ms. 18.180, fol. 1r

202

Albert Derolez

In the Shadow ofVan Hulthem Pierre Lammens and his Collection of Medieval Manuscripts

The reading of nineteenth-century biographical notes on meritorious contemporaries is for readers of the begin­ning of the twenty-first century often frustrating, even irritating. They contain of course useful information on the career, the functions, publications and realizations of the person under discussion, but their insistence on his merits, his zeal for the good cause, his civil virtues, his disinterestedness, ett. often seem exaggerated, sham or hollow. Without denying the person's greatness and good qualities, we would like to hear more about his real motifs, his mistakes, his shortcomings.

This is the reflection one makes when reading the ex­isting biographical notes dealing with the Ghent biblio­phile Pierre Philippe Constant Lammens (1762-1836). 1

They are few and largely dependent on each other. The earliest is to be found in the introduction to the sixth vol-

1 In the present study the four volumes of the sale catalogue of the Lam mens library will be quoted in abbreviated form as Cat. Lammens r: Premiere par­tie du catalogue des livres rares et precieux, de la bibliotheque de feu Mr. Pierre-Philippe­Constant Lam mens, en son vivant professeur a la Faculte des Lettres et Philosophie, Bibliothecaire de l'Universite de Gand etc., dont la vente aura lieu a Gand, le 15 avri/1839 et jours suivans, par/. Predhom, en sa sa lie de vente, rue de la Vallee no 1 (Ghent, D.J. Van­derhaeghen-Hulin); u: Seconde partie du catalogue des livres et manuscrits rares et precieux ( ... ), dont la vente publique aura

lieu a Gand, le 21 octobre 1839 et jours suivans, en la Sa lie de S. George, rue Hauteporte, par le greffier de Porre et Verhulst; m : Troisieme partie (. .. ), dont la vente publique aura lieu a Gand, le 26 octobre 1840 et jours suivants ( ... ) ; rv: Quatrie­me et demiere partie ( ... ), dont la vente publique aura lieu a Gand, le 12 juillet 1841 et jours suivants ( ... ). Other works of interest re­lating to Lam mens and the City (University) Library of Ghent are: A . vorsrN, Docu­ments pour servir a l'histoire des bibliotheques de Belgique, Ghent, Paris, Bonn 1840, p. 1-75; R.F. APERS, "Schets eener geschiedenis der Uni-

203

ume of the catalogue ofthe library of the famous Flemish book collector Charles Van Hulthem, by Auguste Voisin, published in 1837 shortly after Lammens's death.> More detailed is the biographical note occurring in the first auction catalogue of his library, of the year 1839 (here at least one understands that it was felt that an unlimited laudation of the deceased owner was expected to raise the sale prices of his books).3 Another was written half a century later, in 18go, by a successor of Lammens as librarian ofthe Ghent University Library, Paul Bergmans, a scholar of some merit. His article in the Biographie Nationale is largely a shortened rendering of the preced­ing note. 4 There is also a more extensive contribution in Linnig's Bibliotheques et ex-libris beiges.' But apart from this, it is hard to find information on this important bi­bliophile, which is the more surprising as Lammens'

versiteitsbibliotheek te Gent", Handelingen van het Tweede Congres voor Boek- en Biblio­theekwezen, Gent, 31 maart - 4 apri/1932, Ghent, 1933, p. 15-83. The following students in my codicology class at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel con­tributed to the identification of the Lammens manuscripts in the Royal Library in Brussels: Vanessa Asselman, Dominique Broucke, Mira Dejonghe, Annelien d'Hoine, Ulrike Jacobs, Yumika Lecluyze, Pieter Neirinckx. The staffs of the Archives of Ghent University and of the Manuscript Department in the University Library deserve

many thanks for their kind help.

2 Bibliotheca Hu/themiana, ou catalogue methodique de la riche et precieuse collection de livres et de manuscrits delaisses par M. Ch. Van Hulthem, vol. vr: Manuscrits, Ghent, J. Poelman, 1837, p. xxxvii­xlii. See also VOISIN, Documents, p. 35-38.

3 Cat. Lammens r, p. (1)-(4) . 4 Biographie Nationale de

Belgique, xr , Brussels, 1890, cols. 220- 2 21.

5 B. LINNIG, Bib/iotheques et ex-libris d'amateurs beiges aux XVII ' , XVIII ' et XIX' siec/es, Paris, 1906. p. 139-143.

1/,' I t 1

u ,7 - /n

ALBERT DEROLEZ

friend and fellow-townsman, the already mentioned

Charles Van Hulthem, has been celebrated and is still celebrated in countless publications. It is common

.knowledge that Van Hulthem (1764-1832) had assem­bled an even larger collection than Lammens, now one

of the treasures of the Royal Library Albert I in Brussels. It is said to have contained 64,000 items, manuscripts and printed books alike, while Lammens's collection was

estimated at 45,000 volumes. 6 It is also true that Van Hulthem was active in other fields too: botany (he was the founder of the Ghent Botanical Garden), the arts (he

was the founder of the Ghent Museum of Fine Arts) and politics: under each of the political constellations which succeeded each other in the Southern Low Countries at

that time he had a prominent role in the public life of the city or the country. And he was the founder of the City Library in Ghent, the direct predecessor of the University

Library, to which we will have to return soon. In comparison with Van Hulthem, Lammens seems

to have been a more obscure figure. Born in Ghent on 8 October 1762, he studied at the university ofLouvain and in 1786 obtained the diploma of licencie in law. He then was sent by the government to Vienna, in order to study

ways to improve the education system of the Austrian Low Countries. Emperor Joseph n appointed him to the chair ofliterature at the university ofLouvain, but due to

the emperor's death in 1790 this appointment remained without effect. The government provided him with an indemnification. The political troubles of the year 1793 were an incentive for him to undertake long travels through Europe, visiting libraries and meeting librarians and book-collectors "pour comph~ter son education bib­

liographique", as Bergmans writes. No doubt his person­al fortune at that time allowed him to indulge his biblio­philic inclinations.

Back in Ghent in 1795. he offered his services to the French administration and became a member ofthe]ury

temporaire des sciences et des arts for the departement de

l'Escaut, i.e. the later province of East Flanders. It was this commission's task to bring together in Ghent all the manuscripts, printed books, archival documents, works

of art and objects of natural history previously owned by the ecclesiastical and civil institutions abolished by the new regime. As far as the books are concerned, they were to form the basis of the library of the newly foundedEcole centrale of the departement, to which Van Hulthem

would soon be appointed librarian.' Both the latter and

La mm ens are said to have been secretary of the Jury; as young bibliophiles, they no doubt had the capacities for and were interested in this job. Of Lammens it is said

that "en cette qualite il mena a bonne fin cette operation

difficile et delicate". 8 This happened in 1797. It is clear

204

that, in the confusion created by the confiscations by the French government and the struggle of the ecclesi­

astics to retard the delivery of their holdings or to put them in safety. the task of the Jury's members was in­deed most delicate and the honesty of the bibliophiles among them was put to a serious test. We will never know in what circumstances Lammens acquired such an important number of manuscripts from the Ghent abbeys of Saint Bavo and especially of Saint Peter, books which evidently should have found their way to the Ecole centrale. He possessed at least five codices from Saint Bavo9 and eighteen from Saint Peter. 10

The difference between these figures may be related to the following. No details are available about the ad­

ventures of the Saint Bavo manuscripts during this period. As far as the codices from Saint Peter are con­cerned, however, part of them seem to have been hidden

by abbot Van de Velde and taken with him on his flight to Amsterdam, as recent research by Ludo Collin has demonstrated.n From there they were taken to Bruges,

but it was not before 1809 that Van de Velde could be in­duced to hand over to the authorities the five 'gigantic'

cases containing manuscripts and early printed books. On 17 (or 19?) August of that year they were added to the holdings of the Public Library of Ghent. which in 1804 had been created after the city administration had taken

over the library of the abolished Central School. This nar­rative is slightly deviating from the traditional version, according to which the five cases arrived in Ghent on August 19 after having been seized in Amsterdam by the Administration des Domaines at the very moment they would be shipped to England "pour les delices des bib­

liophiles de ce pays". It is said that the city librarian Van Hulthem, who had just returned from his legislative functions in Paris to his "paisibles occupations bibli­ographiques", was over-joyed in receiving this important acquisition for his beloved library. 12

Probably Lammens could take profit of the long wan­

dering of an important part of the Saint Peter holdings to enlarge his own collection with so many manuscripts from this medieval library.

He also acquired manuscripts from other abolished institutions on the territory of the departement de l'Escaut: one codex from the Premonstratensian abbey ofDrongen has been identified13 , and one from the Reg­ular Canons of Saint Augustine in Elzegem near Oude­

naarde. The latter convent, however, had already been

abolished in 1782 and its library was auctioned in Gh"!nt in the same year_ 1 4

During the same period which saw the troublesome

transition from ecclesiastical to public libraries Lam­mens could lay hands on large sections of the holdings

IN THE SHADOW OF VAN HULTHEM

of two important abbeys in Hainault, outside the de­partement de l'Escaut: the Cistercians of Cambron and

the Benedictines of Saint Martin in Tournai. He pos­sessed at least thirteen codices from the former institu­tion, 15 nine from the latter. 16 The history of the dis­

solution of both libraries is unfortunately not well documented; their medieval manuscripts are anyway now spread all over the world. Cambron was a first time

suppressed by emperor }oseph II in 1783. Although this suppression did not become effective before the begin­ning of 1789, and was undone in the same year, part of the manuscripts had been taken to Saint Peter's abbey in Ghent and had been dispersed. In the beginning of the French occupation the abbey was looted and the major­ity of the manuscripts were sold. The final suppression

followed in 1797Y As for Saint Martin's in Tournai, the monks had dis­

persed a number of manuscripts before the French au­thorities started the seizure of the abbey holdings . In 1804 a citizen of Tournai handed over to the Regie des Domaines 35 codices from Saint Martin; instead of being placed either in the city library of Mons or in the city li­brary ofTournai, they were sold. Still a larger number of

codices of the same provenance were dispersed in 1805.18

In both cases Lammens will have had ample occasion to buy medieval manuscripts at low cost.

6 F. LELEUX, Charles Van Hulthem, 1764-1832, Brussels, 1965. p. 455-456, for Van Hulthem (Academie royale de Belgique. Classe des Lettres. Memoires, coli. in-8", 2nd S., vol. s8. fasc. 4); LINNIG, Bibliotheques (see preceding n.), p. 141 (for Lammens). If we count the items in the sale catalogues of the collec­tions of both bibliophiles, we obtain the following figures: for Van Hulthem 31685 printed books and 1016 manuscripts ; for Lammens 21715 printed books and 318 manuscripts . But Lammens had already sold some 13.000 or 14.000 items (manuscripts and printed books alike) to the University Library Ghent in 1818, so that in contrast with the current opinion Lammens must have possessed the largest number of books, if not all at the same time.

7 On Van Hulthem, see the monograph by Leleux men­tioned in the preceding n., an excellently documented study, but whose author is

s lightly too sympathetic with his subject. The history of Ghent under the French domination is dealt with in J. e: . NEVE, Gand sous la dominationjran~aise,

1792-1814, Ghent, 1927. 8 Cat. Lammens r, p. (2).

9 Nos. 23, 82, 112, 11 7 and 157 of our check-list.

10 Nos. 4. 67, 78, 79, Ss. 95, g6, 107, 110, 119, 127, 146, 149. 150, 156. 170, 174· 181.

11 L. COLLIN, "De Sint­Pietersabdij van de opheffing tot het overlijden van de laat· ste monnik", in Ganda & Blan­dinium. De Gentse abdijen van Sint-Pieters en Sint-Baajs, ed. G. DECLERCQ, Ghent, 1997, p . 93-102.

12 vorsrN, Documents, p. 30-31 . The inventory of the contents of the cases is to be found in Ghent, Univers ity Library, MS G.12916, no. 30. The date found in that document is 19 August 18og.

13 No. 8 of our check-list. 14 No. 134. On the sale of the

Elzegem library, see Catalogue d'une collection de livres,

We do not know in what circumstances he acquired a couple of codices from two abolished French institu­

tions: the Carmelites of Dijon and the Carthusians of Saint-Omer, and some manuscripts from Liege and Sint­Truiden.19

There is a little more information on how the largest Jot of manuscripts having the same provenance came into his possession. These are the codices from ecclesi­astical institutions in Trier, now such a prominent and unexpected part of the manuscripts in Ghent University Library. He possessed no less than 36 manuscripts, mostly early ones and containing important texts (e .g. Hildegard of Bingen's Liber divinorum operum), from abbeys in Trier and its neighbourhood: among these

there are 29 from the abbey of Saint Maximinus, 3 from the abbey of Saints Eucharius and Matthias and the same number from the abbey of Saint Martin. 20 It has

been assumed formerly that Lammens misdirected these codices to Ghent at the time he worked in Paris as a commissioner of the King of the Netherlands (181s-6),

an activity to be discussed hereafter. The absence in these manuscripts of the stamp of the Bibliotheque na­tionale or other marks of a possible sojourn in Paris invalidates this hypothesis. Since the fundamental re­search of Hermann Knaus it has become evident that Lammens possessed the said codices already at an ear-

proven us du prieure supprime d'Elzeghem, pres d'Audenarde en Flandres, Ghent, 1782.

15 Nos. 28, 30 , 44, 49, 59, 64, 68, g8, 109, 113, 132, 162, 167. 19

16 Nos. 12, 27, 29, 32, 43, 176, 177, 180, 185.

17 P. FA!DER, G. FAIDER­FEYTMANS , Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Publique de la Ville de Mons, Ghent, 1931, p. xviii:

Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque imperiale (nationale), r, Paris, 1868, p. 306. Dijon: no. 147; Saint-Omer: no , 114: Liege: nos . 158 and 179; Sint-Truiden: nos . 5 and 172; an unretrieved manu­script from the latter city is Cat. Lammens rr , 18: "Missale capituli Sancti Trudonis", dated 1481.

R.L. PLANCKE , Les catalogues de manuscrits de 1' ancien ne

20 From Saint Maximinus:

abbaye de Cambron, Mons­Frameries, 1938 (Publications de la Societe des Bibliophiles Beiges seant a Mons, 40).

18 P. FAIDER, P. VAN SINT·JAN, Catalogue des manuscrits con­serves a Tournai (Bibliotheques de la Vi/le et du Seminaire), Gembloux, 1950, pp. 9-14 (Catalogue General des Manuscrits des Bibliotheques de Belgique, 6); P. FAIDER, "Documents pour servir a l'histoire des anciennes biblio­theques de Tournai", Revue Beige de Philologie et d'Histoire, 12, 1933. p. 155-168; L. DE LISLE,

nos , 52, 61, 69-71, 75. 77, 84, 87-8, 93. 97. 99· 103-06, 116, 118, 122, 124-6. 129-30, 136-7. 163-4. No, 103, which has no ownersh ip-mark, was attributed to Saint Maximinus by I<. G. VAN ACKER, "Ein weiterer !Codex a us dem Bistum Trier (Universitats­bibliothek Gent, MS 245)", Scriptorium, 28, 1974, p. 71-75 . From Saints Eucharius and Matthias: nos. 100-1, 115. From Saint Martin: nos. 108, 1 .1, 128. From the neighbourhood ofTrier: no. 166.

205

ALBERT DEROLEZ

lier date and that he most probably purchased them in the beginning of the 19th century from a certain Johann Michael Klotten (1758-1829), antiquarian in Echternach. 21 This shady character is notorious for the many fake antique inscriptions he fabricated and tried (and often succeeded) to sell to enthusiastic collectors in the Rhine land- the Corpus Inscription urn Latinarum calls himfalsarius ineptissimus- but also for his dealings with such great (and equally somewhat obscure) book-collec­tors and dealers as Baron Hiipsch in Cologne. A large part of all the printed books and manuscripts which dur­ing the secularization of the ecclesiastical institutions of the Rhineland were dispersed has gone through his hands. Although there is no trace of any correspondence between Klotten and Lammens, it is almost sure that the Ghent bibliophile got the huge collection ofTrier codices from the Echternach dealer. 22

In the mean time Lammens had been given a position at the Ecole centrale in Ghent, where he taught general history; in 18oo he became secretary of the administra­tive committee of the Hospices civils of the same city, and in 1812 Napoleon appointed him a deputy judge in the civil tribunal - all these functions, which he maintained under the Kingdom of the Netherlands, will have left him ample time to attend to his collection of books and manuscripts. It is said that he replaced Van Hulthem as City Librarian whenever the latter was called to Paris for his duties as a member of the Council of Five-Hundred (1797-1800) or of the Tribunat (1802-9).>3 The truth is that Van Hulthem in 1797 indeed proposed to the au­thorities that Lammens would be appointed as eo­librarian in order to direct the library during his absence, arguing that "le citoyen Lammens a trop de connais­sances pour etre simplement le bibliothecaire-adjoint et etre subordonne a un autre". The authorities of the de­partement de l'Escaut, however, preferred to appoint a certain Van Leemput as interim librarian till Van Hulthem's return to Ghentin 18oo. When two years later Van Hulthem became a member of the Tribunat, he was replaced by J .B.C. Wallez, "jeune homme tres honnete et tres instruit", as he was characterized by Van Hulthem himself. 24

As mentioned above, in 1804 the Central School was abolished and its library was handed over to the city authorities and was henceforward called Public Library. In 1809 Van Hulthem resumed his functions as City Librarian and had the pleasure to take delivery of the cases containing precious holdings of Saint Peter's abbey. He was not to enjoy for a long time the pleasures of librarianship, as already the next year he was ap­pointed Rector of the Imperial Academy in Brussels and had to resign his position in Ghent. For the second time

206

Van Hulthem did all he could to have Lammens as his successor, and for the second time he failed. 25 It is no doubt surprising that the authorities (this time the city authorities) did not follow the advice of so influential a man as Van Hulthem, but appointed instead a certain Walwein de Tervliet as librarian of the Public Library of Ghent, a man who has traditionally been described as vain and incompetent. This decision may, however, have been inspired by a latent distrust towards Lammens from the side of the authorities, who may not have seen in him the most fit person for this function. This idea, never ad­vanced before, seems compatible with what we know about Lammens's later career.

It is especially substantiated by a letter, which Wal­wein in December 1809 wrote to the Mayor of Ghent de la Faille (a relative of him by the way), in which he defended himself vigorously (if not elegantly) against the agitations of Van Hulthem tending to undo Walwein's nomination and have Lammens appointed instead.2 6

"M. Lammens", he wrote, "desire cette place parce que faisant le commerce de livres il pourra en profiter pour placer les ouvrages et livres qui n'etant plus d'aucun usage lui restent sur les bras". Whatever Walwein's vainness, these prophetic words would come true a few years later at the time Lammens would be finally appointed librarian of the newly founded university of Ghent. In the same letter the offended Walwein also argued that Lammens would never go so far as to donate parts of his own collection to the City Library if appoint­ed, as Van Hulthem had suggested he would do (in this respect, too, Walwein was to be right).

As has been said, the librarian appointed by the city authorities has always been considered an incompetent person. 27 He was extremely proud of his titles, as appears from the title-page of his catalogue of manuscripts in the City Library of Ghent (1816): "Ecuyer, ci-devant Com­missaire ou Sous-Intendant du District d'Ypres, depuis Haut-Echevin du Pays de Waes, actuellement Membre des Etats de la Flandre-orientale et de la Classe de la Lit­terature de la Societe royale des Beaux-Arts de Gand, etc.", and seems to have lacked a good deal of common sense. Like many of his successors and fellow librarians Walwein was repeatedly exhorted by the authorities to start cataloguing of the holdings - the principal task of a librarian, and one on which authorities in the nineteenth century seem constantly to have insisted with their re­luctant personnel. Walwein at least published a cata­logue of the manuscripts in 1816.28 Its smallness and insufficiencies have been denounced, but the booklet is still indispensable for who wants to see what were the manuscript holdings of the Ghent City Library on the eve of the foundation of the university and the accession of

IN THE SHADOW OF VAN HULTHEM

Lammens as City and University Librarian.29 That Wal­wein used the ten-page preface to the Ghent Mayor for an ill-placed oratio pro domo and a detailed exposition of the classification system he had invented for the books in the library speaks alotaboutthe man's ideas and char­

acter. In the mean time great political changes had taken

place. After the fall of Napoleon and the creation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the French and the Netherlandish governments had come to an agreement (22 November 181s) about the recuperation of the man­uscripts, printed books and works of art that had been taken to Paris by the French authorities two decades be­fore. King William I invited Van Hulthem to preside the commission that would go to Paris to select the works to be recuperated. Van Hulthem declined the invitation, but once again proposed Lammens for the job.30 This way one of the two men who had been the most active in the jury temporaire des Sciences et des Arts installed by the French government became the royal commissar charged with bringing back to "Belgium" the treasures confiscated by the French.

This seems to have been Lammens's chance and a turning-point in his life, which hitherto had been marked by failures to get officially involved in library affairs. He resided during nine months in Paris search­ing through the innumerable holdings heaped up in the Bibliotheque nationale, and succeeded in sending back to the Burgundian library in Brussels, on 13 November 1816, two immense cartloads of manuscripts and pre­cious books3 ' - only one manuscript from Ghent was taken to Paris and returned at that occasion. 32 He suc­ceeded also in bringing back numerous paintings. Is it

21 H. KNAUS, "Die Trierer Hand­schriften in Gent", Handelin­gen van de Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent, N.s., 16, 1962, p.1-17.

22 There was already a manu­script from Saint Maximinus in the Public Library in Ghent before 1816 and consequently before the sale of part of Lammens's collection to this institution: our no. 163. It was probably acquired from Lammens. See KNAUS, "Die Trierer Handschriften", p. 6, n.12.

23 See e.g. Cat. Lammens I, p. (2). 24 LELEUX, Charles Van Hulthem

(seen. 6), p. 163-172. The quotation about Lammens is

on p. 166, the one about Wallez on p. 172, n. 1.

25 For this and the following, see Leleux, Charles Van Hulthem, p. 172-177.

26 The letter is quoted in LELEux, Charles Van Hulthem, p. 175-177·

27 See e.g. R. APERS, "Schets",

p. 37· 64-7· 28 J.-A. WALWEIN DE TERVLIET,

Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque publique de la ville de Gand, Ghent, 1816.

29 See a mitigated judgment in VOISIN, Documents, p. 33-4.

30 LELEUX, Charles Van Hulthem, p. 343· Interesting details about Lammens's activity in Paris are to be found in P. SPANG, "Un bibliophile

any wonder that "la maniere dont Mr. Lammens s'est acquitte de cette mission honorable lui valut, outre une indemnite, la plus vive reconnaissance de toutes les villes qui rentrerent en possession de leurs monumens, dont elles avaient ete si injustement spoliees"?33 As far as the manuscripts and printed books are concerned his mission is said to have been very delicate, because the French commissars never had made any inventories or given receipts of what they took with them. This is, how­ever, contradicted by the more recent biographer of Van Hulthem.34

The royal commission with which Lammens had been honoured opened for him the doors of the Brussels Aca­demy and the Institute of the Netherlands, assured him a knighthood in the Order of the Belgian Lion, and gave him the opportunity, at the age of ss. to enter a career which had till then be denied to him. Indeed, on 20

December 1817 the city ofGhent decided to place its li­brary at the disposal of the newly founded university on specific conditions. The King confirmed this transfer in January 1818, and it was executed on g February of the same year. At the same date Lammens assumed his func­tions of First Librarian of the University Library and Professor at the Faculty of Arts, to which King William I had appointed him already on 1S November of the pre­ceding year. The City Librarian Walwein de Tervliet was dismissed. 35 The latter's disappointment was of course extreme, and so were the steps he took, bringing his case for the courts, which even seem to have decided in his favour against Lammens. As late as 1821 he wrote to the trustees of Ghent University, claiming that "le pro£ Lammens ne satisfait pas aux engagemens qui lui ant ete imposes par le decret royal du 1S novembre 1817". The

beige, Pierre-Philippe­Constant Lammens de Gand, a la recherche des manuscrits d'Echternach et d'Orval a Paris", in Exposition du livre beige a Luxembourg, Luxemburg, 1965, p. 19-29. Some conclusions in this article are no longer accepted.

31 The inventory of the manu­scripts returned by the French government, signed by Lammens, is in Brussels, Royal Library, MS 21589-90.

32 Ghent, University Library, MS 246 <317-8>: Aldhelmus, De virginitate; Sedulius, Carmen paschale, s. xi-xn. Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's abbey. The codex contains two fragments of a sixth- or sev-

enth-century manuscript of Jerome (CLA x, 1556), and will for that reason have attracted the attention of the French commissars.

33 Cat. Lam mens I, p. (3).

34 Seen. 30. 35 About the beginnings of

Ghent University Library, see APERS, "Schets", p. 22-24, 34-38,48,55-56.67-68, 77-78; J.E. NEVE DE MEVERGNIES, Gand SOUS le regime hollandais, 1814-1830. Ghent, 1935. p. 158-159; the file Ghent, University Library, MS G.12917 contains original documents and letters cover­ing the years 1816-1830.

207

ALBERT OEROLEZ

whole affair is unfortunately not well documented.36

Walwein in the end could not prevail and Lammens was left alone.

In the mean time Walwein could take a bitter comfort in the thought that he had been right in denouncing the commercial spirit of his rival. Indeed, far from donating books from his collection to the library which came under his care, Lammens arranged for a sale of an extremely large section of it to the new university as part of the agreement which made him a librarian. 37 In the last days of the year 1817 the trustees of the university received instructions from the Minister of the Interior for the ac­quisition ofLammens's library for the enormous sum of 32,000 guilders, to be paid on the budget for the first academic year of the three universities ofGhent, Louvain and Liege. The collection acquired this way by the uni­versity library amounted to some 13,000 or 14,000 print­ed books (according to Apers 18,ooo volumes) and some 200 manuscipts. Even ifLammens afterwards agreed to buy back the doubles for the sum of 7.550 guilders, this acquisition signified a dramatic growth of the library holdings- the number of manuscripts was almost dou­bled. The library, housed in the former abbey ofBaudelo, had to be closed for several months in order to make the alterations necessary for placing the newly acquired books. 3 8 The latter constituted a treasure on which up to the present day a large part of the fame of Ghent Uni­versity Library is based. As early as April1818, however, it was felt that they were not exactly in the line of the needs of a university library:

"Cette collection, jointe a ce que la bibliotheque de Gand possede deja, offre un grand nombre d' ouvrages rares et precieux, mais presente peu de ressources pour les sciences qui sont l'objet du haut enseigne­ment dans les universites."39

As far as the medieval manuscripts are concerned, the catalogue given in the appendix demonstrates the extent and the value of Lammens's collection which now be­came the property of the library. We do not know on what principles he selected the manuscripts to be included in the sale, except for one group: almost all his manuscripts from Trier were among those sold to the university: for one reason or another, he decided not to keep these codices. The medieval codices acquired at that occasion by the University Library numbered some one hundred and three.

During this last period ofLammens's life two events relating to his collection are to be mentioned: In 1825 he offered Thomas Phillipps, who was due to become the most famous of all nineteenth-century collectors of manuscripts, 75 codices, of which the baronet bought no more than eight for the price of£ 82. In addition, one

208

other Lammens manuscript found its way to Phillipps' collection.4° One may presume that the prices requested by Lammens were too high for Phillipps to agree in the purchase of the entire Jot.

Four years later Lammens had the occasion to make a final series of acquisitions of exceptional importance: on 22 October 1829 and following days the memorable sale took place of the manuscripts of the Premonstra­tensian abbey of Pare near Louvain. Induced by poverty, the canons decided to sell their library, which miracu­lously had remained intact during the French occupa­tion. 41 The auction catalogue does not mention the provenance of the manuscripts and in view of the sale the coats of arms of the abbey, which adorned the bind­ings of all the codices, were systematically erased. The Louvain auction was the meeting-place of the fine jleur ofEurope's bibliophiles and is at the origin ofthe world­wide dispersion of the Pare manuscripts . Lammens bought a considerable series of codices - at least 38 of them, many of great textual interest.42

Little is known of his activity in the University Library and in the Faculty of Arts. 43 Under his direction the cat­alogues were made which the authorities had requested for so long; they are the work of his indefatigable assis­tant Jean-Franc;ois De Lava! (1774-1859) - a man who finally would Jose his eyesight for excessive copying, and a bibliophile in his own right. 44 Lammens's professor­ship was purely honorific and involved no teaching du­ties. He nevertheless for some time insisted on receiving the same emoluments as his teaching colleagues, which of course caused some commotion in the Faculty.45

When he resigned both functions on 4 February1836, the authorities accorded him a pension equal to his sal­ary. He would, however, not enjoy retirement for a long time, as he died already on 9 June of the same year, three years and a half after his friend and protector Van Hult­hem, and like the latter seemingly without having taken measures for the future of his huge collection. In 1838 his heirs offered 306 manuscripts for sale to the Royal Library in Brussels for a sum of 3o,ooo francs - perhaps hoping that the acquisition ofVan Hulthem's entire col­lection by the Belgian state, two years earlier, would con­stitute a favourable precedent.4 6 Either because the sum of 279.400 francs needed for the latter acquisition had exhausted the total budget of the department of Letters, Sciences and Arts, or for another reason the deal of the Lammens manuscripts was off.

It was then decided to sell the entire collection by auc­tion. A catalogue was made (principally by P.-C. Vander Meersch according to Bergmans) and printed by the Ghent printing-house D.J. Vanderhaeghen-Hulin in four volumes corresponding to as many auction sales, to be

IN THE SHADOW OF VAN HULTHEM

held in Ghent in the years 1839-41. Commissions were to be placed with De Lava!. The first sale, dealing with 6ooo printed books, took place on 15 April- 3 May 1839; the second one (6397 printed books and 152 manuscripts and documents) was held on 21 October - 9 November 1839; the third one (6874 printed books and 146 manu­scripts) on 26 October -13 November 184o; and the final one (1847 + 597 printed books and 20 manuscripts) on 12 July 1841 and following days. The descriptions of the medieval manuscripts were rather well-made for their time and often allow the identification of the codices with surviving copies. Some descriptions are on the con­trary too concise as to be useful. The dates given to the manuscripts are of course mostly unreliable.

The Lammens sales were among the most important ones held in Ghent during the nineteenth century and attracted a lot of important buyers, although foreigners do not seem to have assisted in great numbersY Most medieval manuscripts were bought by De Lava! acting for diverse persons and institutions at home and abroad, among which the Royal Library in Brussels was the prin­cipal. One of his other clients was Bertram, 4th Earl of Ashburnham. De Reiffenberg, too, Director of the Royal

36 See Ghent, University Archives, 3 A 1: Proceedings of the Board of Curators of 1S.04.1821, p. 19-20.

37 About this acquisition, see APERS, "Schets", p. 51; c . DEBAIVE, "Quelques notes au sujet des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque de l'Universite de Gand", in Federation Archeologique et Historique de Belgique. Annales du Congres d'Anvers 1930, Antwerp, 1931, p. 415-431 (423-424). The inventory of the books acquired through that sale is in Ghent, University Library, MS 2 6 3 7; it does not include the manuscripts. Lammens's library was until then housed in the convent of the August­inian Friars in Ghent.

3S Ghent, University Archives, 3 A 1: Proceedings of the Board of Curators of 19.04.1818, p. 53· The abbey of Baudelo as repository of the City Library (later Univer­sity Library) of Ghent was the worst choice Van Hulthem could have made, as was experienced by his successors during the 140 years that these premices were occupied. It very soon appeared that the

marshy soil was highly de­trimental to the preservation of books. Van Hulthem pre­ferred Baudelo above more favourable locations as e.g. the abbey of Saint Peter, on the Blandinium hill, because only Baudelo offered sufficient space for installing the botani­cal garden so near his heart.

39 Ibid., p. 52. 40 The eight manuscripts

acquired by Phillipps in 1825 bear the numbers 1277-1284 in his catalogue; with the exception ofPhillipps MS 1.283 all are medieval. Six of them have been iden­tified: our nos. 3. 49, 52-53. 57 and a manuscript last sold in 1975 (see our Appendix). Phillipps MS 4527 (our no. 186) was acquired separately. See A.N.L . MUNBY, Phillipps Studies, m, Cambridge, 1954.

p. 33· 147· 157· 41 On this sale, and on the

medieval library of Pare in general, see E. VAN BAL­

BERGHE, Les manuscrits mediivaux de l'abbaye de Pare. Recueil d'articles, Brussels, 1992, especially p. 31 and fol­lowing. The articles included in this volume were mostly

Library, acquired manuscripts for this institution. Auguste Voisin, Lammens's successor, made a series of acquisitions for the University Library in Ghent. Among the other buyers we see the bibliophiles De Meyer, Bor­luut de Noortdonck, Rassmann, Serrure, Van Alstein, Vergauwen; the dealers Burio, Castiaux, Coomans, Hoste, Polain.

In the same way as Van Hulthem, Lammens was most interested in printed books and the glory of his collec­tion resides essentially in these. Neither concentrated on illuminated manuscripts, and the Manse! codex in the Lammens collection, with its 25 miniatures,48 stands apart, next to a few other illuminated manuscripts such as the Caeremoniale Blandiniense, 49 some manuscripts once belonging to Philip I Conrault, abbot of Saint Peter's in Ghent (1444-71), 50 and others. The emphasis in both collections was on the contrary on text manuscripts, but here a marked difference comes to light between the two: whereas Van Hulthem collected a number of highly im­portant literary manuscripts in Middle Dutch - the so­called Hulthem codex is one of the great monuments of the vernacular literature in Flanders - the Lammens manuscripts are almost all of them in Latin, and only a

written between 1967 and

1974· 42 Our nos. 1, 14-7. 19-22, 24-6,

31.33-S,4o-2,46-7. s4-s. ss. 143.1s9-6o, 165. 171.,73 . 175, 17S, 182-4. On the Pare manuscripts in Ghent Univer­sity Library, all (except one) previously in the Lammens collection, see K.G. VAN

ACKER, "]\ propos de quelques manuscrits de l'abbaye de Pare conserves a la Bibliotheque de l'Universite de Gand", Archives et Biblio­theques de Belgique, 45, 1974, p. 545-557·

43 See the correspondence of the library under his direction in the file mentioned in n. 35· Lammens's shaky handwriting no doubt betrays ill health during the whole period of his librarianship.

44 On De Lava!, see E. VAREN­

BERGH in Biographie nationale de Belgique, v, Brussels, 1876, col. 335-336. In addition to many bibliographical works, he composed some 100 manu­scripts on the history of G bent, fruit of his incessant labour.

45 Ghent, University Archives, 3 A 1: Proceedings of the

Board of Curators of 08.11.1820.

46 The list of the manuscripts is in Brussels, Royal Library, MS III.l.763. On the acquisi­tion of the library of Van Hulthem for the newly founded Royal Library in Brussels. see LELEux,

Charles Van Hulthem (see n. 6), p. 480-490.

47 In the copy of Cat. Lam mens in the University Library of Ghent the names of all buyers and the price paid for each item are added in manuscript. See on the Lammens sales LINNIG, Bibliotheques et ex­libris (seen. sl. p. 142-143·

48 Hitherto unretrieved. The long description in Cat. Lam mens n, Ss, begins as follows: "La fleur des histoires. 2 vol. gr. in-fol. demi-rel. Superbe MS. du xv"" siecle, de s8o feuillets, avec vingt-cinq miniatures, dont 17 occupent presque la grandeur des pages .. . ". The manuscript was bought by Polain for 68o francs.

49 No. 95· so Nos. 4. 146, 150, 181.

209

ALBERT DEROLEZ

few contain Dutch, French or Greek texts. A typical pre­occupation of nineteenth-century collectors was the ac­quisition of historical manuscripts, which would throw light on the past of the nation. Hence the large number of post-medieval manuscripts in Lammens's (and even more so in Van Hulthem's) library, which are generally considered less interesting to-day.

Lammens's books are marked by a simple rectangu­lar printed ex-libris, containing the text "Ex BIBLIO­

THECA I P.P.C. LAMMENS." in a typographical decorative border. It is pasted in the upper corner of the front paste­down of his books. He probably did not adopt this book­mark before 1818, as it does not occur in the printed books and manuscripts acquired in that year by Ghent University Library. This austere ex-libris contrasts with the beautiful engraved bookmarks used by Van Hulthem, and no doubt is characteristic of a great but obscure collector, of whom neither writings nor a por­trait have come down to us.

210

A Check-List of Located Medieval

Lammens Manuscripts

Signs used

* Red library stamp with Minerva

head of the Public Library of Ghent

lt Lammens's printed ex-libris

(recorded only in the manuscripts

seen by the author)

Amiens, Bibliotheque municipale

11 Lescalopier 10: Tractatus theologici, s. XII. Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 111, 12.

Arras, Bibliotheque municipale

21 Fonds Victor Advie\le, 2]: Dionysius

Carthusiensis, Tractatus de matrimonio; Speculum sacerdotum; Vitae sanctorum, s. xv. lt (Cat. Gen ., 40, p. 171-172).

Berkeley (eA), Library of the University

of California

31 10]: Calendar; Lance/at, s. XIV.

Phillipps MS 1279. Cat. Sotheby

28.11.1967. 93·

Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium

The Lam mens manuscripts kept in the

Royal Library in Brussels arrived there by

various ways. A large part was bought

for the library at the Lam mens sales of

the years 1839-41. Other codices were

acquired at the same sales by collectors

and dealers such as Van Alstein,

Vergauwen, Polain, De Meyer, etc., and

came afterwards to the Royal Library.

Still others were acquired by the library

at the dispersal of the collection of

Thomas Phi\lipps.

41 18179, 18180 <31 osJ: lohannes

Brando, Chronodromon, s. xv.

Prov.: Philip I Conrault, abbot of

Saint-Peter's abbey, Ghent.

Illuminated. lt Cat. Lammens 11, 118.

s1 18181 <3774l: Gesta abbatum Trudonensium, Sint-Truiden,

s. XIII-XIV. lt Cat. Lammens 11, 37·

61 18229-30 <3388>: Leven van St. Bavo; Leven van St. Livinus, s. xv.

Cat. Lammens 11, 25.

71 1 8391 (1 380l: Albinus, Episto/a ad Heribertum Co!oniensem episcopum, etc., s. xv. Cat. Lammens 111, 23.

IN THE SHADOW OF VAN HULTHEM

8] 18395-95 <71 01 J: Paul us 24] 21837 (1 01 oJ: Hieronymus, 40] 21869 <911 J: Origenes, Homiliae, Diaconus, De gestis Langobardorum, Explan. in Prophetas fvlinores, s. XII. s. XII. Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat.

etc., s. XII. Prov.: Drongen, abbey. Prov.: Pare abbey. ++ Cat. Lam mens Lammens 11, 2.

Cat. Lammens 111, 109. 11, 5· 41] 21 870 (1 703l: Bernardinus

g] 18397: Boethius, De musica, 25] 21838 <1398>: Odo Cameracensis, Senensis, De christiana religione,

s. XII/XIII. Prov.: Cornelius Duyn, Expos. in canonem missae; Formula s. xv. Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat.

Amsterdam.++ Cat. Lammens 111, confessionis, s. XIII-XIV. Prov.: Pare Lammens 111, 21.

110. abbey. Cat. Lammens Ill, s8. 42] 21 877 <341 n lacobus de

10] 18401 <7037l: Guillelmus Brito, 26] 21 840 <69J: Cantica canticorum Voragine, Legenda aurea, s. XIII

Cesta Philippi Augusti regis g/os., s. XIV. Prov.: Pare abbey. (1284). Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Francorum, s. x1v. Cat. Lammens 111, Cat. Lammens 11, 34· Lammens 11, 20.

35· 27] 21 842 (1 o6sJ: Augustinus, 431 21885 (3275): Passionate, s. XIII

11] 1 8417 <6164J: Flandria generosa, In psa/mos 101-119, s. XII. (1277). Prov.: Tournai, Saint

s. x1v. ++Cat. Lammens 111, 115. Prov.: Tournai, Saint Martin's abbey. Martin's abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 20.

12] 18421-29 (3241J: Vitaesanctorum, Cat. Lammens 111, 5· 441 21887 (981 J: Rufinus, Historia etc., s. XII-XIII. Prov.: Tournai, Saint 28] 21843 (1 oBBJ: Augustinus, ecclesiastica, s. XIII. Prov.: Cambron

Martin's abbey. Cat. Lammens 111, 15. Sermones de verbis Domini, s. XII. abbey.++ Cat. Lammens 11, 106.

13] 1 8430: Laidoen (fragm. of a Middle Prov.: Cambron abbey. ++Cat. 451 21957: Cicero, Tusculanae Dutch chivalric romance), s. x1v. Lammens 11, 13. quaestiones, s. xv. ++ Cat. Lammens ++Cat. Lammens 111, 91. 29] 21844 (968J: Ambrosius, Ill, 55·

14] 18678-81: Solinus, De situ orbis, Super psa/mo 118, s. XII. 46] 21 965 (1 23J: Liber lob, lsaias, etc., s. x1v-xv. Prov.: Pare abbey. Prov.: Tournai, Saint Martin's abbey. Cantica Canticorum g/os., s. XIV.

++Cat. Lammens 11, 79· Cat. Lammens 11, 7· Prov.: Pare abbey.++ Cat. Lammens

15] 18716-19 (1 037J: Hieronymus, 30] 21 846 (1 79l: Petrus de Riga, Ill, 2.

Gennadius, lsidorus Hispalensis, Aurora, s. x111. Prov.: Cambron 471 21989 (2206J: Tractatus mystici, Sigebertus Gemblacensis, De viris abbey.++ Cat. Lammens 11, 1. theologici et ascetici, s. xv.

i/lustribus, s. XIV. Prov.: Pare abbey. 31] 2184 7 (1457l: Bernardus Prov.: Pare abbey. ++ Cat. Lammens Cat. Lammens 11, 32. Claraevallensis, De consideratione, Ill, 18.

16] 21188 (1 032J: Hieronymus, etc., s. XIV. Prov.: Pare abbey. 48] 11.719, ss: Tractatus medicus Liber quaestionum hebraicarum in ++Cat. Lammens 111, 20. (fragm.), s. XIV. ++

Cenesim, etc., s. xv. Prov.: Pare 32] 21 848 (1 434l: Bernardus 491 11.971: Seneca, Epistolae et abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 6. Claraevallensis, Tractatus et tractatus, s. XIII. Prov.: Cambron

17] 21189 (1 028J: Hieronymus, sermones, s. XII. Prov.: Tournai, abbey. Phillipps MS 1278.

Liber quaestionum hebraicarum in Saint Martin's abbey. Cat. Lammens sol 11.1485: Crammatica; Excerpta, Cenesim, etc., s. XII. Prov.: Pare Ill, 7· Florence, 1472. ++Cat. Lammens 111,

abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, g. 331 21 849-21 Bs3 (1250J: Gregorius 75· 18] 21190 (256sJ: lnnocentius IV, Magnus, fvloralia in lob, 5 vols., 51] 11.1636 <984): Hieronymus,

Apparatus, Italy, s. x111 (1290). s. XII. Prov.: Pare abbey.++ Cat. Episto/ae, etc., s. x. ++ Cat. Lammens Prov.: Louvain, Busleyden College. Lammens 111, 37· 11, 31.

Cat. Lammens 11, 14. 341 21856 (1631l: Varia theo/ogica, 52] 11.2611 <3317l: Vita S. Remacli, s.

19] 21191 (1 724l: Henricus de s. xv. Prov.: Pare abbey. ++ Cat. XI. Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Zomeren, Excerpta, s. xv. Lammens 111, 45· Maximinus. Phillipps MS 1282.

Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 351 21860 (1335J: lsidorus Hispalensis, 53] 11.2621: Facetus, s. XIV. Phillipps

36. Liber so/iloquiorum; Flares MS 1280.

20] 211 92-95 (1 696J: Petrus de episto/arum Hieronymi et Augustini, 541 11.3592: Tractatus iuridici, s. xv. Alliaco, Tractatus diversi, s. xv. etc. s. x111. Prov.: Pare abbey. Prov.: Pare abbey. ++ Cat. Lam mens Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, ++ Not in Cat. Lammens. Ill, 126.

11-12. 36] 21861 <1 881 J: Sermones, s. x111 ssl 11.3593: Tractatus iuridici, s. xv. 21] 211 97 (1 697): Petrus de Alliaco, and xv. Prov.: Pare abbey. ++Cat. Prov.: Pare abbey.++ Cat. Lammens

Defa/sis prophetis, s. xv. Prov.: Lammens 111, 13. Ill, 132.

Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 11-12. 371 21 864 <1 289): Gregorius Magnus, s6l 1v.1 92: Die eerste bliscap van fvlaria, 22] 21198-2o4: Petrus de Alliaco, Dia/ogi, s. XIV. Prov.: Pare abbey. s. xv. Belonged later to C.P. Serrure.

Opuscula astronomica, s. xv. ++Cat. Lammens 111, 16. 571 1v.11 02: Froissart, Chroniques, s. xv. Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 38] 21 865 (1 4 70l: Tractatus theo/ogici ++ Phillipps MS 1277.

12 (vol. IV). et ascetici, s. x1v-xv. Prov.: Pare

23] 21265: Co/lectarius, s. xv1 (1528). abbey. Cat. Lammens 111, 29. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum

Prov.: Ghent, Saint Bavo's abbey. 391 21 866 (1725J: Tractatus theo/ogici, s8l 241: Evange/iarium, s. XII. Prov.:

Cat. Lammens 11, 19. s. xv. :1+? Not in Cat. Lammens. Pare abbey.++ Cat. Lammens 11, 8.

211

ALBERT DEROLEZ

Florence, Biblioteca Medicea- Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint 88] 175 l438J: Beda, Expos. in Laurenziana Maximinus. * evangelium Lucae, s. x. Prov.: Trier,

S9l Ashb. 1196: Cassiodorus, Vigilius, 71] 102 C436l: Hieronymus, Comm. abbey of Saint Maxi minus. *

So/utiones obiectionum Arrianorum, in /saiam, part 11, s. IX. Prov.: Trier, 8g] 177 C292l: Hugutio, Vocabularius, s. XII. Prov.: Cambron abbey. Cat. abbey of Saint Maximinus. * s. XIII. +t. Cat. Lammens 111, 108.

Lammens 111, 94· 72] 104 <36 1 J: lohannes go] 178 (25J: Guido de Columna,

Saresberiensis, Policratiws; Historia Troiana; Aristoteles,

Ghent, University Library Augustinus, De juga mulierum, s. Problemata, s. x1v/xv.

The large majority of the manuscripts xv. Prov.: Hieronymus Mazza, Prov.: Rebdorf, Regular Canons

mentioned hereafter were acquired by of Venice; Christophorus Masinus. * of Saint Augustine. *

Ghent University together with the 731 1 os C420l: Lectionarium officii, 91] 226 <S32l: Augustinus,

major part of Lam mens's printed books Holland, s. xv. * Confessiones; Sermones, etc., s. x1v.

when the latter became library director 741 1 o6 <453>: Petrus de Rosenheym, Illuminated. *

in 1817-8. All of them are marked by the Roseum memoriale divinorum 92] 227 <559, 579>: Bonaventura,

red stamp with Minerva head, rendered eloquiorum; Biblia pauperum, etc., Soliloquium; Henricus de Hassia,

hereafter by an asterisk(*}. The others Germany, s. xv (14so-sgl, Cordia le de quattuor novissimis, s.

were bought at the auction sales of drawings. * XV. *

1839-41 by Auguste Voisin, Lammens's 7Sl 11 7 (567>: Thomas de Aquino, 931 231 <531): Augustinus, Sermones, successor, with the exception of MSS Comm. in quartum librum s. x. Prov.: Trier, abbey of

6s8, 702 and 913, acquired after sententiarum, Paris, s. X111/x1v. Prov.: Saint Maximinus. *

184g-s2. The latter codices are indeed Trier, abbey of Saint Maxi minus.* 941 232 <449, 607l: Honorius

not recorded in the catalogue by 761 11 9 l1 s>: Maximilianus Augustodunensis, Gemma animae, J. DE SAINT-GENOIS, Catalogue Transylvanus, De Moluws insu/is, etc., S. XIII . *

methodique et raisonne des manuscrits de beginning of s. xv1. * 9Sl 233 <486): Caeremoniale la Bibliotheque de la Vi/le et de I'Universite 771 129 <455>: Ambrosiaster, Comm. Blandiniense, s. x1v (1322).

de Gand, Ghent 184g-s2. in epistolas Paulinas, s. x. Prov.: Illuminated. Prov.: Ghent,

Trier, abbey of Saint Maximinus. Saint Peter's abbey. * 6o] 4 (601 >: Homiliarium, s. XII. * 781 1 32 <434>: Hieronymus, Comm. g6] 235 <589): Sententiae canonicae, 61] 9 CS2.8J: Augustinus, De civitate Dei, in Mattheum et Marcum; Arnobius s. XII/XIII. Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's

etc., s. x and xv. Prov.: Trier, abbey lunior, Expositiuncula in evangelium, abbey. *

of Saint Maximinus. * s. XII. Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's 971 238 C458J: Augustinus, £narrationes 62] 12 C19dean Manse I, Lajleur des abbey. * in psalmos, s. x. Prov.: Trier, abbey

histoires, book 11, s. xv. 791 140 css4l: lvo Carnotensis, of Saint Maxi minus. *

Prov.: d'Urfe. * Panormia, s. XII. Prov.: Ghent, g8] 2.39 (541 ): Tractatus varii, s. x111 and

631 22 (203>: Codex lustiniani, cum Saint Peter's abbey. * xv/xv1. Prov.: Cambron abbey.*

glosa, s. XIII. * Sol 141 (426l: Bible moralisee, France, gg] 24o <439>: Bed a, Quaestiones in

641 75 (293>: Papias, E/ementarium s. xv. Illuminated. * libros Regum; Beda, Explanatio dodrinae rudimentum; Ps .-Servius, 81] 146 (274>: jean Boutillier, Somme Apocalypsis, s. IX. Prov.: Trier,

Definalibus, etc., s. x111. rural, etc., s. xv. Prov.: Charles de abbey of Saint Maxi minus. *

Prov.: Cambron abbey. Cat. Gruutere. * 100] 241 csssJ: Hildegardis Bingensis,

Lammens 11, 87. 82] 14 7 C498l: Smaragdus, Expositio Liber divinorum operum , s. XII.

6sl 78 (126>: Enguerrand de in regulam 5. Benedicti, etc., s. XII . Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saints

Monstrelet, Chroniques, vol. 1, s. xv. Prov.: Ghent, Saint Bavo's abbey. * Eucharius and Matthias. *

* 83] 1 48 (1 43>: Diogenes Laertius, 101] 2.42 <441 J: Gregorius Magnus,

66] 79 (273>: jean Boutillier, Somme De vitis philosophorum, in Iatin, Expos. super Cantica Canticorum, rural, s. xv. * s. xv. Prov.: Grosley. * etc., s. XII and xv. Prov.: Trier, abbey

671 80 C283l: lohannes Lector, Summa 841 1 67 l4S6l: Augustinus, Tractatus of Saints Eucharius and Matthias. * conjessorum, s. x1v. Prov.: Ghent, in evangelium lohannis, s. x1. Prov.: 102.] 244 (1 ss>: Vitae sanctorum, Saint Peter's abbey. * Trier, abbey of Saint Maximinus. * S. X-XIII. *

68] 94 <4S2J: Florus Diaconus, Expositio 8sl 169 <433>: Hieronymus, Comm. 103] 24S C1S8J: Vitae sanctorum. epistolarum Pauli, s. XII. in Ezechielem, etc., s. XII. Prov.: s. x11-x1v. Prov.: Trier, abbey

Prov.: Cambron abbey. * Ghent, Saint Peter's abbey; of Saint Maxi minus. * 6g] 9S CS29l: Augustinus, Quaestiones Van der Heyden. * 104] 24 7 C440J: Paterius, Liber

Veteris et Novi Testamenti, s. IX. 86] 170 (363l: Guillaume Fillastre, testimoniorum Veteris Testamenti, Prov.: Trier, abbey of Le second livre de la Toison d'or, s. IX. Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Saint Maximinus. * s. xv. Illuminated. * Maximinus. * 70] 96 <4S7J: Augustinus, £narrationes 871 172 <4S4J: Ambrosius, Expos. 1osl 248 CS49J: Beda, Homiliae in

in Psalmos 101- 108, s. XI. in psalmum 118, s. x. Prov. : Trier, evangelia, s. x. Prov.: Trier, abbey

abbey of Saint Maximinus. * of Saint Maxi minus. *

212

1061 249 (530J: Sententiae et epistolae sanctorum patrum, s. IX/X.

Prov.: Trier, abbey of

Saint Maximinus. *

1071 25o <448J: De titulis psalmorum, etc., s. XII. Prov.: Ghent,

Saint Peter's abbey.*

1081 251 <534J: Gregorius Magnus,

Dialogi, s. x. Prov.: Trier,

Saint Martin's abbey.*

1091 252 <580J: Excerpta ex libris sententiarum, etc., s. x11. Prov.:

Cambron abbey. *

1101 253 <562): Bernardus

Claraevallensis, Homiliae; Ambrosius, De officiis, s. xv/xv1 .

Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's abbey. *

1111 254 <445J: Expos. in Prophetas /'1inores, s. x. Prov.: Trier, Saint

Martin's abbey. *

1121 256 <494): Regula S. Benedicti, etc.,

s. xv. Prov.: Ghent, Saint Bavo's

abbey. No stamp, first folio is

missing. Not mentioned in the

catalogue by Walwein, so probably

from Lammens's collection.

1131 289 <662): Sulpicius Severus,

Vita S. Martini, etc., s. XII.

Prov.: Cambron abbey. *

1141 29o <574J: Tractatus ascetici, s. xv

(1456, 1462). Prov.: Saint-Omer,

Charterhouse. * 1151 291 (558, 575J: Tractatus mystici

et ascetici, s. xv. Prov.: Trier, abbey

of Saints Eucharius and Matthias. * 1161 292 <533J: Augustinus, Epistola ad

Armentarium et Paulinam, etc., s. x.

Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Maximinus. *

1171 293 (513): Breviarium, s. x111.

Prov.: Ghent, Saint Bavo's abbey. *

1181 294 <578J: lohannes

Chrysostomus, De reparatione la psi, s. XI. Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Maximinus. *

1191 296 (487J: Caeremonia/e, s. XIV.

Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's abbey. *

1201 298 <588J: Theodericus de

Monasterio, De vitio proprietatis, s. xv. Prov.: Damm, Regular

Canonesses of Saint Augustine;

Louis Robyn, 1719. * 1211 299 <431J: Episto/ae Pauli; Ps.­

Augustinus, Altercatio ecclesiae et synagogae, s. XII. *

1221 301 <435J: Hieronymus, Comm. in i'1attheum, s. x. Prov.: Trier, abbey

of Saint Maximinus. *

IN THE SHADOW OF VAN HULTHEM

1231 305 <442J: Gregorius Magnus,

Expos. super Cantica Canticorum; Vitae sanctorum, s. XII/XIII.*

1241 306 (548): Beda, Comm. in Parabola Salomonis, etc., s. IX/X.

Illuminated. Prov.: Trier, abbey of

Saint Maximinus. *

1251 307 <556): Smaragdus, Diadema monachorum; Vitae sanctorum, etc.,

s. x-x11. Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Maximinus. *

1261 31 o (535J: Taio Caesaraugustanus,

Sententiae, s. x. Prov.: Trier, abbey of

S?int Maximinus. *

1271 311 <577J: Thomas a Kempis,

Opera, s. xv. Prov.: Ghent,

Saint Peter's abbey (same binding

as MS 436). *

1281 312 (536J: Gregorius Magnus,

Homiliae in evangelia 40, s. x. Prov.: Trier, Saint Martin's abbey. *

1291 313 <565): Hugo de Folieto,

De claustra animae, s. xv1.

Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Maximinus. * 1301 314 <444): Gregorius Magnus,

Homiliae in Ezechie/em; Sententiae, s. XIII. Prov.: Trier, abbey of

Saint Maximinus. *

1311 31 5 (469): /'1issa/e, S. XI and XIV/XV.

Illuminated. *

1321 316 <446J: Episto/ae Pau/i glosatae, etc., s. XII. Prov.: Cambron abbey.*

1331 317 (566): lnnocentius 111,

De miseria humanae conditionis, England, S. XIII/XIV. *

1341 321 (665, 570,478, 664):

/'1artyrologium, Obituarium, s. xv.

Prov.: Elzegem near Oudenaarde,

priory 'Gal ilea', Regular Canons of

Saint Augustine (but same binding

as MS 296). *

1351 322 (282): Raymundus de

Pennaforte, Summa de casibus conscientiae, s. XIV. *

1361 323 <334J: Richardus de Pophis,

Ars dictaminis, s. XIV. Prov.: Trier,

abbey of Saint Maximinus. *

1371 324 (581 J: Alcuinus, De Trinitate, etc., s. XI. Prov.: Trier, abbey of

Saint Maximinus. *

1381 333 <495J: Regula S. Benedicti, S. XIV.*

1391 336 <321 J: Ecloga Theodu/i, cum g/osa, s. x1v. *

1401 337 <289J: Alexander de Villa Dei,

Doctrina/e, etc., Italy, s. xv. *

1411 338 <291 J: Crammatica Latina, Italy,

s. xv. *(Similar to MS 337).

213

1421 385 (425J: Biblia, s. XIII. Was in the

xvth cent. in Italy. Prov.: Martino

and Giorgio Grasso. * 1431 395 <296): Cicero, Ps.-Cicero, Ps.­

Sallustius, Tractatus et orationes, s. XIII and xv. Prov.: Pare abbey.++

Cat. Lammens 11, 6o.

1441 401 <1 52J: Vita S. Brandani, s. x1. *

1451 402 <1 51 J: Passio S. Ca/oceri, s. x. *

(Similar to MS 401; MSS 336, 401

and 402 have the same binding).

1461 404 <24J: Guido de Columna,

Historia Troiana, s. xv. Illuminated.

Prov.: Phi lip I Conrault, abbot of

Saint Peter's, Ghent. * 1471 405 (1 6oJ: lacobus de Voragine,

Legenda aurea, s. XIV. Prov.: Dijon,

Carmelites. *

1481 408 (171 J: /'1enologium in ancient

slavonic, Bulgaria, s. xv Illuminated.

* 1491 415 c2oJ: Baudouin d'Avesnes,

Le tresor des histoires, 2 vols., s. xv.

Prov.: Phi lip I Conrault, abbot of

Saint Peter's, Ghent. *

1501 416 <133J: Flavius Blondus, Roma triumphans, s. xv. Illuminated.

Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's abbey

(Philip I Conrault, abbot?). *

1511 418 C144J: Faits et ordonnances de Tamer/an, s. xv. *

1521 421 c162J: Vita S. Odulphi; Vita S. Frederici, s. xv. *

1531 422 <1 61 J: Vita S. Rumoldi, s.

XIV/XV. *(Same size and binding

aSMS421).

1541 423 <1 57J: Vita S. Catharinae Alexandrinae, s. XII/XIII. *(On the

spine of MSS 421-423 there is a

handwritten title-label).

1551 435 <543J: Hieronymus, Epistolae, s. xv. Prov.: Andreas Bouchout. * (Binding similar to MSS 1 o6 and

241).

1561 436 (561 J: Bernardus

Claraevallensis, Episto/ae, s. xv.

Prov.: Ghent, Saint Peter's abbey.*

1571 439 C82J: lohannes de Thielrode,

Chronica, s. XIII. Prov.: Michael de

Stoct; Ghent, Saint Bavo's abbey.

Cat. Lammens 11, 104.

1581 471 (305, 362J: Tractatus morales, Italy?, s. xv. Prov.: Liege, priory of

Saint Leonard; Antonius Esternel.

Cat. Lammens 111, 85.

1591 474 (590J: Tractatus morales, s. xv.

Prov.: Pare abbey.++ Cat. Lammens

Ill, 93·

1601475 (591): Guillelmus Leyeestrius,

Liber materia/is, s. XIII. Prov.: Pare

abbey. tJ: Cat. Lammens 111, 107.

1611 so2 (284l: Gui llelmus de

Mandagoto, De e/ectionibus praelatorum, cum g/osa, s. x1v. *

1621 sos (55 3): lvo Carnotensis,

Panormia, s. x111. Prov.: Cambron

abbey. * 1631 so6 (551 ): Halitgarius,

De poenitentia, etc., s. x-XI.

Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Maximinus. * 1641 507 (53 7>: lohannes

Chrysostomus, Homiliae, etc., s. x.

Prov.: Trier, abbey of Saint

Maximinus. * 1651 521 (608): De venatione divini

amoris, etc., s. x1v-xv. (1441).

Prov. : Pare abbey. :tt Cat. Lammens Ill, 81.

1661 532 (597): Leo Magnus, Sermones, etc., Pfalzel near Trier, s. xv (1451 ?) .

* 1671 537 (596): Sermones, Vitae

sanctorum, s. XII. Prov.: Cambron

abbey. * 1681 542 (163): Gillis de Wevel, Leven

van St. Amandus; Tondalus' visioen,

s.xv. * 1691 ss2 (122): jacques de Guise,

Annates de Hainaut, s. xv. * 1701 554 (1 Ol: lacobus de Vitriaco,

Episto/ae, s. x111. Prov.: Ghent,

Saint Peter's abbey (detached from

MS 267).

1711 61 s (682): Prosper Aquitanus,

Sedulius, etc., Carmina, s. XII.

Prov.: Pare abbey. tJ: Cat. Lammens

Ill, 59·

ALBERT DEROLEZ

1721 658: Colloquium inter hominem et rationem , s. xv. Prov.: Sint-Truiden,

collegiate church of Our Lady.

Cat. Lammens IV, 10.

1731 702: Tractatus theo/ogici, s. x1v-xv.

Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 111,

27.

1741 91 3: Translatio ss. Wandregisi/i e.a. Candavum, s. XIV. Prov. : Ghent,

Saint Peter's abbey. Cat. Lammens Ill, 30.

Liege, University Library

1751 Wittert 49: Petrus de Alliaco,

Opuscula theologica, s. xv. Prov.:

Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 11-12.

London, British Library

1761 Add. 17378-9 (Cat. 1 848-s3):

Evange/ia g/osata, s. x111.

Prov.: Tournai, Saint Martin's abbey.

Cat. Lammens 111, 40.

177] Add . 25312 (Cat. 1861-75):

Haymo, In Apocalypsin, s. XII.

Prov.: Tournai, Saint Martin's abbey.

Cat. Lammens, 111, 6.

1781 Add. 25438 (Cat. 1861-75):

lohannes Diaconus, Vita Cregorii fV/agni, s. x111. Prov.: Pare abbey.

tJ: Cat. Lammens 111, 14.

1791 Add. 25440 (Cat. 1861-75):

Albertus Aquensis, Historia expeditionis Hierosolymitanae, s. x1v

(1390). Prov.: lohannes Ego de

Puchey, canon of the chapter of

Saint Gengulphus at Florennes;

Liege, collegiate church of

Saint Lambert? Cat. Lammens 11, 8g.

214

18o1 Add. 25441 (Cat. 1861-75):

Vincentius Bellovacensis,

Speculum historia/e, vol. 111, s. x111.

Prov.: Tournai, Saint Martin's abbey.

Cat. Lammens 111, 73·

1811 Add . 30033 (Cat. 1876-81 ):

lohannes lperius, Chronicon Sancti Bertini, s. xv (1456). Illuminated.

Prov. : Philip I Conrault, abbot of

Saint Peter's, Ghent. Cat. Lammens 11, 24.

Louvain, City Archives

182] Oude Handschriften H/ 5/ L

(formerly City Museum, H1):

Henricus de Frimaria, Tractatus in x praecepta; Sermones, s. X IV (1351).

Prov.: Pare abbey. :tt Cat. Lammens Ill, 24.

Louvain, University Library

18311: Gregorius Magnus, Dialogi, etc.,

s. XII. Prov.: Pare abbey. Cat. Lammens 11, 15.

Manchester, John Rylands Library

1841 so: lohannes de Turrecremata,

Opera, s. xv. Prov. : Pare abbey. :tt. Not found in Cat. Lammens.

1851 gg: Petrus Lombardus, Sententiae; Elucidarius, s. x11. Prov. : Tournai,

Saint Martin's abbey. :tt Cat. Lammens 11, 40.

New Haven, Yale University,

Beinecke Library

1861 246: Actus Aposto/orum, Apoca/ypsis, in Greek, s. XVI . Phillipps MS 4527.

IN THE SHADOW OF VAN HULTHEM

APPENDIX

TJ!ilo~att41' Medieval t~matm Manuseripts.

Phillipps MS 1281 : lohonnes od

Fulgentium de musico; Phllippus Cancellarius. Cantus, s. x 11.

Phil lipps MS 1 284 = Cat. Sotheby,

26.11 .1975, no. '825: Evongelia et Epistolae, in Greek, s. x 11. Illuminated.

Cat. Lammens 11, 3, 4. 10, 16-8, 21 -3, 27,

29,33. 3s.s1. 73-4. 8s.1o1,103.

Cat Lammens 111, 1, 3. 4, 8-11, 17, 22,

2S-6, 31- 2,36, 38-g.41-4.47.76,8o, 88, 92. 117, 129, 144-s-

215