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Index

AFL-CIO pressure 92 Mrican relations 14 Agrarian Reform and Cooperative

Laws 121 Agroexport 10, 11, 75, 78, 84, 91,

92,98, 188,189 Alavuz 133 Aleman, Arnoldo 32, 35, 37,

39-40,69,98,106,173,175 Area of People's Property (APP)

18, 19 Argentina 53, 77, 189 Arguello, Miriam 63, 68 Asian relations 14 Association of Nicaraguan Non­

traditional Export Producers (APENN) 97

Augusto Cesar Sandino Foundation (FACS) 90

Bajar la linea 154 Banks

Banco del Campo 103 Central Bank 63, 124; President

of see Mayorga, F. foreign financing 23, 79 International Development Bank

(IDB) 78 National Development Bank

(BANADES) 19, 23, 90, 91, 103

privately owned banks 23, 103 state-owned banks 23 World Bank 75, 78, 87, 91, 94,

157; International Development Association (IDA) 92

Barrios 147, 157, 159, 160, 172, 173

Belli, Humberto (see also Minister of Education) 14, 24

Bermudez, Maxima 162, 171, 173, 174,176,184

Bolanos, Enrique 50

Bolivar, Simon 47 Bolshevik Revolution 143 Borge, Tomas 32, 66 bourgeoisie 47, 54 Brazil 53, 77, 94, 114, 170, 189 Brigadistas 157, 171, 180

Cabezas, Omar 160, 161, 173, 190, 192

Campbell, Francisco 30 Campbell, Lumberto 37 campesinas 119, 128-33, 135 campesinado 135 campesinos 10, 19, 90, 117, 130 Cano, Roger 128, 129 capacitaci6n 163 capitalism 22, 70, 97, 99, 102, 190 Cardenal, Ernesto 36, 66, 142 Cardenal, Fernando 36 Cardoso, Benjamin 77 Carna, Lenin 65 Carrion, Luis 36, 38 Carter,Jimmy 102 Casas Comunales del Nino (CCNs)

166 caudillos 77 Central America 12, 16, 17, 21, 23,

32,49, 75,95,99, 188,191 Central American Peace Process

58 Centre of Accumulation 79 El Centro de Adolescentes y Jovenes

185 Centro de Mujeres Desempleadas

185 Cesar, Alfredo 35, 37, 64 Chamorro, Violeta 9,10, 14-16,

18-19,22-5,29-35,37-9,45,47, 49-50,53-4,56,58-61,63-5,67, 69, 77-8,84,86,87,91,93,95, 9~ 100, 103, 10~ 114, 115, 11~ 119, 124-6, 130, 131, 134-6, 142, 162, 167,177, 183

Minister of Defence 31

219

220 Index

Chile 52 Chiltepe 158 Chinese Revolution 14 7 Christianity 143 Christian Democratic Union (UDC)

67-8 Civil Defence Committees (CDCs)

148, 156, 161, 162, 177, 178 Civil Service Law 85 civil society 190, 193 Clinton, President William 100 Collor (Brazil) 77 Comandante Bayardo Acre 159 comedores infantiles comunales (CICs)

167 Comites de Defensa Sandinista

(CDS) 142, 145, 148, 150-3, 156-7,159,161,163,172,173, 182, 190

Committees for Community Development (CDC) 177, 178,190

Communist parties 143 Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC

deN) 50 Community Movement (CM) 41,

162, 164-6, 169-77, 184, 190, 194-6

compactaci6n 88, 183 compaiiera 178 concertaci6n 83, 86, 99, 106, 107 Concertaci6n I 86 Concertaci6n II 88, 100 Consumer Protection Law of 1984

156 Constitutions

Constitution of 1987 67 Constitutional Reforms 65, 127,

181 Consultative Group of Lenders 91,

95-6 Contra 31, 53, 83

demobilized Contras 91, 117 former Contras (recontras) 64,

91 leaders 29, 50; see also Rivera,

Brooklyn rebels 33 war 10, 11, 14, 15,18,25,49-51,

55,58,59, 158,176,177

c6rdobas 80, 115, 129, 133, 169 'pigsty' c6rdoba ( Chanchero) 85 c6rdoba oro (CO) 85, 91, 94

CORNAP 100, 101, 104 Costa Rica 30, 92 Council of State 48, 59, 151, 152,

154, 180 Cuadra,Joaquin 31 cuarl~as 175,176 Cuba 32,34,52, 120,143,146 'culture of silence' 187 Cunningham, Mirna 30, 36, 182

Decree 8-90 85 Decree 10-90 86, 100 Decree 11-90 86, 100 Decree 59-90 88 Delmore Co. 21 democracy 47,141,160,173,191,

192 bourgeois 149 capitalist 143 constitutional 12 delegative 77 direct 48, 49, 149, 153 distribution of land 20 electoral processes 12 facade of democracy 12 grassroots 45, 48, 149, 151-3,

196 institutionalized 47, 58-9 Nicaraguan 46,68 participatory 46, 49, 54-6, 61,

68, 77, 142, 149, 153, 182, 189, 196

popular 48, 56, 142, 149, 194 representative 46, 56, 59, 63, 68,

142, 149, 152, 196 Sandinista 52, 55 Social 142, 143 Socialist 52, 149, 151 Western 12, 56, 58, 59, 63, 70

democratic centralism 143, 144, 149, 154, 155, 161

Democratic Left (ID) 164 demos 47,52 Diniosio Mendes Sanchez 129, 131 direct representatives 48 Diriamba, Carazo 174-6 Djilas, M. 143

Index 221

Eastern European countries 75, 80 Economic Recovery Credit 92 El Caracol 21, 104 El Crucero 62, 171 El Mejor Co. 21 El Salvador 12, 92 Emergency Social Investment Fund

(FISE) 88-9 ENABAS agency 90 environment 13, 28-9 EPS soldiers 130 ESAF 95, 101, 102 Esquipulas Peace Accord of 1987

80 Estelf 64, 169-71, 185 Evangelical Committee for

Development Assistance (CEPAD) 167

Fonseca, Carlos 35, 58 Foreign Investment Law 93 FORTEX 92 Freire, Paolo 170 Fujimori, Alberto 77 Fund for Assistance to Oppressed

Sectors (FASO) 89 Fundaci6n Puntos de Encuentro

185

Garda, Manuel Sanchez 129, 130 Godoy, Virgilio 14, 16, 35, 37, 63,

68,86 Granado 168 grassroot 62, 65, 99, 105-6, 145,

146, 149, 192 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

84,87,93,101-2 Group for Social Assistance

(GUAPISA) 174 Group of 29 37-8 Group of Twelve 39 Guatemala 12, 91 Guzman, Luis (see also Christian

Democratic Union) 67

Haiti 65 Head of Army 31, 63

see also Cuadra, General Joaquin; Ortega, Humberto

Heroes y Martires 129

Herrera, Fanor 37 Herrera, Leticia 159 Herrera, Ruth 179 Historic Programme of the FSLN

58, 177 Honduras 12, 30 Hooker, Ray 30 human rights 33

abuses 12 Hurtado, Carlos 32

import-substitution industrialization (IDI) 188

Independent Liberal Party (see also Godoy, V.) 68

Indian rebels 13 Insurrectionalists (Terceristas)

148 Integrated Services for Women

see Servicios Integrales para Ia Mujer

International Court of Justice at The Hague 33, 69

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 15, 16,69, 74-6,78,87-9,95, 124

Jamaica 76 JGRN (Governing Junta of National

Reconstruction) 152, 180 Juntas Comunitarias del Hora y

Progreso QCOHP) 173-6

labour relations collective bargaining 10, 11,

21 labour contracts 92 labour movement 15, 22, 78, 85,

103, 190 reforms 92 strikes 24, 85, 86, 88, 92, 100 unions 10, 11, 18, 20-2, 26, 85,

92 Lacayo, Antonio 14, 31, 34-5,

38-9,63-4,67-8,86-7,97-8, 106-7,174

Lacayo, Diego 29 La Curva 133 La Fosforera 33, 104

222 Index

Latin America 45-7, 49, 51, 70, 75, 77,122,125,146,177,188,193, 196

Law 85 102 Law86 102 Law of Cooperatives 120 Lenin, Vladimir 144, 150 Leon 168, 169 Ley Marco de Implementaci6n de

las Reformas Constitucionales (Law 199) 68

Liberal Constitutional Party (PLC) 29,35,69

Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) 95

Los Pocitos 128, 131 Luis, Marica 128, 131, 133

machista ideology 123 maestros populares 170 Maisto, John 17 Managua 12, 19,22,27,29,32,

33-5,45,92,96, 105,169,173, 175, 185, 193

Mayor of see Aleman, Arnoldo Manley Government 76 Maoism 143, 147 Mariategui 143 Marx, Karl 144 Marxist 142 Marxism-Leninism 142, 143 Masaya Department 128, 176 mass organizations 150 Matagalpa 160, 171, 172, 176, 186

Reparto Sandino 176 Mayorga Plan 61, 63, 84, 85, 88, 124 Mayorga, Francisco 63, 84, 87 Medellin 143 Meeting Points Foundation

see Fundaci6n Puntos de Encuentro

Mena,Julia 63 Mendiola, Benigna 184 Menem, Carlos 77 Miami, Florida

see United States micro-empresa 168 Militias Populares Sandinistas

(MPS) 157

Mills, C. Wright 143 Minister of Culture (see also

Cardenal, Ernesto) 66 Minister of Education 14,24 Minister of the Presidency (see also

Lacayo, A.) 34, 63, 86, 87, 93, 174

Ministry of Education (MED) 24-5, 167

Ministry of Government 32 see also Ministry of the Interior

Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements (MINIVAH) 157

Ministry of Health (MINSA) 26-7, 95, 167

Ministry of the Interior 32 see also Ministry of Government;

Ortega, Humberto Ministry of Labour (MITRAB) 85,

92, 104 Ministry of Social Welfare (NSSBI)

167 Mirazul 129 Montalvan, Emilio Alvarez 46 Montelimar 102 Morales, Isabel 166 Moreno, Francisco 172, 177 Mujer y Comunidad 186 Murillo, Rosario 178

National Assembly 10, 11, 19, 25, 28,30,36,48,57,59,60,63-4, 66-7,92,102,106,121,174, 184

President of 35, 67; see also Cesar, Alfredo; Guzman, Luis

Representatives 48 National Conservative Party (PNC)

69 National Development Plan 96 National Dialogue 37 National Directorate 36-8, 48, 62,

66, 106, 150 National Endowment for

Democracy 51 National Guard 11, 144 National Police (see also Sandinista

police) 32

Index 223

National Project (see also Lacayo, Antonio) 68

National Union of Farmers and Ranchers (UNAG) 40, 103, 105, 150, 151, 158

National Workers' Federation (FNT) 18, 40, 63, 85-7, 100, 103,179

natural resources 13 Neighborhood Base Committees

(CBSs) 156 neo-Marxist 143 New Social Movements (NSMs)

189, 191 Nicaraguan Democratic Union

(MDN) 69 Nicaraguan economy 9, 11, 15, 19,

28,51-5,57,58, 74-107,114, 121,124,133,156,161,171-7, 193

capital flow 15 capitalist 61 Consumer Price Index 82 democratization of 22, 23, 61 expansive transformation 77 flexibilization 92 foreign debt 16, 94 free trade 74, 98 higher education 25 imported goods 22-3, 89, 94 inflation 53, 54, 77-8, 82, 84,

114 neo-liberal model 22, 53, 61, 76,

77,87,89,99, 103,105-6, 114, 124-7, 134, 135, 143, 167,177,183,188

privatization 15, 17-20, 23, 25-6,30,74,84,86-8, 98-104, 114, 117, 125-7,136, 167, 183

realwages 53,80,91 redistributive 77, 79, 134 trade liberation 90 unemployment 11, 23, 61, 65,

88-90,92,114,125,127,134, 155, 168, 183

Nicaraguan elections 46-70 Western-style 47, 59 processes 49

Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) 50

Nicaraguan society 9 Agrarian reform 9, 10, 17-20,

54,90,91, 123,130 Atlantic Coast 9, 13, 29-31

(INDERA) Institute for the Development of the Atlantic Coast 29

autonomy process 9, 13 Autonomy Statute 29-30 Bluefield Indians Caribbean

University (BICU) 30 COMABLUSA 30 FSLN /Yatama Alliance 29 Oceanic 29-30 Residents 13, 29 URACCAN: Autonomous

University of the Caribbean Coast 30

democratic political process 9, 12 economy see Nicaraguan economy Education 9, 12,15,23-5,95-6,

114, 119, 124, 127, 150, 166-71

'Civil Morals' 24 Adult education 23, 166 ANDEN teacher's union 24 Curriculum 24 Funding 25, 96, 167 Illiteracy rate 25, 166 Literacy Crusade (1980) 12,

24, 157 Militant demonstrations 25

Health Care 9, 13, 25-6, 95-9, 141, 150, 162

curative medicine 13 FETSALUD health workers'

union 27 Government funding 26, 96,

167 hospitals 26 Office of Nutrition 27 pharmacies 26 physicians' visits 26 preventive medicine 13 workers 26

Nicaraguan national identity 9, 13

224 Index

Nicaraguan society- continued repressive apparatus 9, II transformation of 9 workers' rights see also labour

relations 9, 10 womens' rights opportunities 9,

11,27-9,93,115-23,125-36, 177-87, 195

AMPRONAC 147, 179 economy 28,96, 122,123 Luisa Amanda Espinosa

Nicaraguan Women's Association (AMNLAE) 28,121, 142, 150, 151, 156, 179-84, 190, 191

Revolutionary period 27 The Women's Commission of

the National Assembly 28 women's organizations 27, 96

Nicaraguan Telecommunication & Postal Service (TELCOR) 19, 69, 102

niiws del basurero 168 non-aligned movement 14 nongovernmental organization

(NGO) 171, 190, 194

Obando y Bravo, Cardinal 68, 163 Occupational Conversion Plan 89 Office of Territorial Organization

(OOT) 174 Ortega, Daniel 37-8, 51, 57, 63,

65,66, 78,86,98, 107,148,178 Ortega, Humberto 16, 31-2, 34,

63,65, 144,148 see also Head of Army; Ministry of

Interior

Panama 55, 128, 129, 133 Paraguay 45 Pancasan 14 7 Paris, France 68, 95-6, 144 participatory management 52 Patriotic Military Service Law 157 People's Republic of China 14 Perez, Andres 77 Perez, Felipe 37 Peru 77 Picado, Enrique 161-3, 173, 194

pinata 39, 60, 66, 69, 78, 103-4, 130

Plan Lacayo 87-8, 90, 124 political elites 60-1 Popular Conservative Alliance (see

also Arguello, M.) 68-9 popular empowerment 48 popular participation 141 Porras, Gustavo 37 power elite 143 presidential palace 63 Proclama de la Mujer 121, 181 PRODETEC 133 proletarian 14 7 Prolonged People's War (GPP)

147 Proportional representation 48 Provision Law of 1982 120

Ramirez, Sergio 36, 38, 66, 78, 105, 141-3, 148

recompras 64, 99, 105, 117, 130, 155

repatriated refugees 91 representative government 47 revolutionary government 145,

146 Revolutionary Student Front (FER)

147 revolutionary subject 145, 159 Roman Catholic Church II, 27-8

'The City of God' 14 Vatican 28

Ruiz, Henry 106 Rural Workers' Association (ATC)

18, 19, 100, 105, 147, 150, 151, 184

Russian Revolution 144

Sandinismo 106 Sandinista National Liberation

Front (FSLN) 9-22, 29, 31, 36-42,45-6,50-1,56-8,60, 64-8,78-80,86-8,96-7,102-7, 119, 121, 124, 128-30, 133, 134, 142, 144, 146-51, 153-6, 160-7, 173,178,181-4,189-92,194-6

Marxist-Leninist ideology in 147

Index 225

Pacific Coast-based 13 Sandinista Army 11, 12, 19, 31,

34,61,64 Sandinista Assembly 38, 62 Sandinista Defence Committees

41 Sandinista economic policies

11, 22, 87, 88 Sandinista efforts 23 Sandinista Government 10-23,

25,27,33,45,47,49,51, 55-6,59-61,70,77-8,93, 98-9, 106-7, 119-22, 126-31, 134, 141-4, 146, 151, 152, 154, 159-62, 165, 166, 175, 182, 188, 192

Sandinista militant 47, 154 Sandinista Police 11, 12, 18,

31-2,34 Sandinista recompras see

recompras Sandinista Renovation Movement

(MRS) 30, 36, 42, 47, 66-8, 78, 105, 164, 165

Sandinista Revolution 23, 114, 119, 120, 124, 174, 176

Sandinista Workers' Federation (CST) 20, 150, 151, 184

Yamata Alliance 29 Sandinista Youth (JS) 150, 151 Sandino 146, 14 7 Santa Cruz 170 Save the Children and Project Hope

16 School of the Americas 32 Secretary-General of the Food

Workers 20 Servicios Integrates para la Mujer

185 Severely Indebted Low-income

Country (SILIC) 94 situaciones conyugales 120 small business

see micro-empresa Social Democratic Party 35 Social Security Institute 26 Socialist 144 Somocista 119, 147, 155 Somoto 186

Somoza regime 10-18, 20, 31, 35-6,46,65,69,86,91, 119, 128, 131, 145, 148, 149, 151, 189

National Guard 11, 31, 119, 147, 173

repressive police force 31 anti-Somoza elements 48

Soviet Union 75, 80, 143 Spain 170 Stockholm, Sweden 83 structural adjustment 15, 22, 75,

77,84,93,96-8, 103,105-6, 114, 124-6, 134, 188

Supreme Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) 16, 50, 87,93,97

Supreme Electoral Council 51

Taiwan 92 Tanzania 76 Tellez, Dora Maria 36, 38, 62, 66 Terceristas 148 Third World 46, 69, 75, 188 'Tierra Prometida' 175-6 Tijerino, Doris 37 Tinoco, Victor Hugo 37

Unemployed Women's Center see Centro de Mujeres

Desempleadas UNICEF 171 United Nations 12, 23, 28, 52 United Nicaraguan Opposition

(UNO) 9, 14, 27, 35, 50-3, 55-7,60-1,63-6,80,84,87-9, 97, 124, 128-31, 133, 135, 142, 165,177

Center Group 64-5 United People's Movement (MPU)

148 United States 12-17, 20, 22, 30-1,

33-4,45,47,49,51,53-7, 59-61,65,69, 75,83,84,93, 143, 149, 152, 158, 188, 189

Bush, George (President) 33, 50,52,55

Conservatives 47, 50

226 Index

United States- continued economic embargo 55, 80, 177,

194 embassy 14, 68, 99 foreign aid 33 Foreign Aid Appropriations Act

33-4 Jeffersonianism 143 liberalism 143, 144 liberals 47, 50 Madisonianism 143 Miami, Florida 17, 22, 34 Reagan, Ronald (President) 14,

49,50,142 Treaty with Nicaragua 33 US Ambassador 14 7 US Agency for International

Development (USAID) 14, 16, 17,24,35, 78,91,93, 98-9

US Senate Foreign Relations Committee 16, 51, 99;

Sen. Jesse Helms 16, 34, 99-100

World Trade Center Bombing 34

Urbanizaciones Progresivas 157

Vanguard party 47, 57, 144, 149-51

Venezuela 77 Villa Progresa 32-3 Vista Alegre 129, 130, 133

Western European Governments 14,83

Woman and Community Institute see Mujer y Comunidad

Workers' Property Area (APT) 101, 104, 105, 117

World Food Programme 167

Zeled6n Dora 184