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Bibliography
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1986 (Boulder, Westview, 1987). Carmichael, J., The Shaping of the Arabs: A Study in Ethnic Identity (Macmillan,
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1990). Choueiri, Y. M., Islamic Fundamentalism (Pinter, London, 1990). Cudsi and Dessouki, Islam and Power (Croom Helm, London, 1981 ). Deegan, H., The Middle East and Problems of Democracy (Open University
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(Macmillan, London, 1988). Hayek, F., New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of
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Reality (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991 ). Hourani, A., A History of the Arab Peoples (Faber and Faber, London, 1991 ). Hourani, A., Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939 (Cambridge
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National Liberation (Croom Helm, London, 1985). McMahon, J., Reagan and the World (Pluto Press, London, 1984). Mill, J. S., Considerations of Representative Government (original publication,
London, no date available). Mofid, K., The Economic Consequences of the Gulf War (Routledge, London,
1990). Nasser, G. A., The Philosophy of the Revolution (in Arabic) (Cairo, 1959). Owen, R., State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East
(Routledge, London, 1992). Piscatori, J. P., Islam in a World of Nation States (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1986). Polk, W. R., The United States and the Arab World (Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1969). Qutab, S., Al-Adala al-ljtimaiyya Fills/am (Dar ai-Sarok, Beirut, 1988). Roper, J., Democracy and its Critics: Anglo-American Thought in the Nine
teenth Century (Unwin-Hyman, London,1989). Sharabi, H. B., Nationalism and Revolution in the Arab World (Van Nostrand
Reinhold, London, 1966). Tibi, B., Arab Nationalism: A Critical Enquiry (Macmillan, London, 1990). Wilson, R., Politics and the Economy in Jordan (Routledge , London, 1991 ).
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Yale, W., The Near East: A Modern History (University of Michigan Press, East Lansing, 1958).
Yemeni Office of Unity Affairs, AI-Yaman al-Wahid: Silsila Watha 'iqya an alWalula al- Yamaniya, 4th edn (Sanaa, 1990).
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CHAPTERS IN BOOKS
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Bessis, S., 'Habib Bourguiba', in Lacoste, C. and Lacoste, Y., L'etat du Maghreb (Editions Le Fennec, Casablanca, 1991).
Butterworth, C. E., 'Prudence Versus Legitimacy: the Persistent Theme in Islamic Political Thought', in Dessouki, A. E.,lslamic Resurgence in the Arab World (Praeger, New York, 1982).
Davis, E., 'Ideology, Social Class and Islamic Radicalism in Modem Egypt', in Arjomand, S. A., From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam (Macmillan, London, 1984).
Dessoki, A. E., 'The Primacy of Economics: The Foreign Policy of Egypt', in Korany and Dessouki, The Foreign Policy of Arab States (Westview Press, Boulder, 1991 ).
Ehteshami, A., 'The Ingredients of Arms Control and Cooperation in the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula', in Nonneman, G., The Middle East and Europe: Stability and Integration (Federal Trust, London, 1993).
Ehteshami, A., 'Palestinian Perspectives on the Gulf Crisis', in Danchev, A., International Perspectives on the Gulf Crisis (Macmillan, London, 1993).
Gunsteren, H. Van, 'Notes on a Theory of Citizenship', in Birnbaum, P., Lively, J., Parry, G, Democracy, Consensus and Social Contract (Sage, London, 1978).
Hermassi, E., 'State Building and Regime Performance in the Greater Maghreb', in Salame', G., The Foundations of the Arab States (Croom Helm, London, 1987).
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Vol. 45, no. 3, 1991. Ghali, B. B., 'Empowering the United Nations', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, no. 5,
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Hudson, M., 'After the Gulf War: Prospects for Democratisation in the Arab World', Middle East Journal, Vol. 45, no. 3, 1991.
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Moghadam, V., 'Women, Work and Ideology in the Islamic Republic', International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 20, 1988.
Munson, Jr, H., 'Islamic Revivalism in Morocco and Thnisia', The Muslim World, 76, 1986.
Muslih, M., 'The Shift in Palestinian Thinking', Current History, January 1992. Roberts, H., 'Radical Islam and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism', Third
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PERIODICALS
Al-Ahram Christian Science Monitor Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU) The Financial Times The Financial Times Survey: Israel The Financial Times Survey: Jordan The Guardian International Financial Statistics, and World Bank Debt Tables MEED Middle East International Middle East Mirror Neue Zurcher Zeitung New Outlook SWB, Summary of World Broadcasts The Jerusalem Report The Middle East The Times
Index
Numbers marked in bold type denote a major section/chapter devoted to the subject. n indicates a note.
Abdesslam, Belaid 45 Abduh, Muhammad 103-4 Abdul-Hamid, Sultan 110 Ahmed, Akbar 24 aid, economic 32, 33, 51n, 134
American 67, 85-6 Al-Afghani (Jamal al-Din al-
Asadabadi) 103, 104 Al-Ahmar,Abdullah 61 Al-Assad, Hafez see Assad, President Al-Baidh, Ali Salim 53, 55, 56, 57,
58 Albania 78 Al-Banna, Hasan 105, 106 Al-Dhali, Abdul Aziz 55 Al-Din Pasha, Khayr 103 Al-Gami, Awad 6 Algeria 3,36,41-6,50
army coup 44-5 and Berberism 35, 43 conquest by France 101 democratization in 9, 10, 37,41-6 economic failure 41, 42 and FLN 41-2,43,44-5 and Islamist militancy (FIS) 7,
43-4,45,77 Al-Hassan, Khaled 95 AI-Kawakibi 104 AI-Odeh, Sheikh Salman 6 AI Sa'ud 6, 7 Al-Tahtawi, Rifa 102-3 AI-Zendani, Shaikh Abdul-Majid 61 Arnie of Kuwait 21, 22 An-Nahda (MTI) 10, 4!}-1 Aoun, General 140 Arabism see Arab nationalism Arab-Israeli conflict 81-97, 124
and arms race 75, 76, 81-2, 85 effect of Gulf War on 4, 81, 86-7 and foreign policy of the United
States 82-5
peace process 121, 132 advances 3,4,82,96-7,134 effect of Gulf War on 4-5, 81,
86-7 effect of Soviet Union break-up
on 4 Egypt's role 92, 124, 126-7 Iran's denunciation of 127 Islamic resistance to 93, 94 Israel's role 4-5, 83, 87, 88,
89-90,94,97 and Jordan 94-5 Madrid peace talks (1991) 73,
81,89,92,94,130 and the Palestinians 4, 5, 89,
92-4,97 and the PLO 8. 89, 90-1, 92-4,
96, 131 and Saudia Arabia 87 and Syria 4, 88-9, 90, 92, 120,
128-9, 130-2 and United States 4, 71, 81, 93,
97 and United Nations 71, 95-6
Arab-Israeli wars 1967 113, 119 1973 113,115,119
Arab League 126 Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) 36,
76-7 Arab nationalism 109-15
declineof 40,113-15, 121,122 emergence of 109-11 and Gulf War 115, 121 ideals of 99-1 00 and Islamism 104, 106 rise of under Nasser 112-13 and Syria 128
Arab revolt (1916) Ill Arab state system 118-33
Egyptand 123-7
148
emergence of Jl8-19 fragmenting of 19-20 and the Gulf War 121-3 Syria and 128-32
Arafat, Yasir 98n and PLO policy 92 and Saddam Hussein 8, 91 and settlement with Israel 94 see also PLO
arms-control 74-5, 80 arms race 75,76,81-2,85 Assad, President, Hafez al- 83, 84,
119 and Arab-Israeli peace process 4,
88-9, 130, 131-2 and democratization 14, 21, 27 and Egypt 120 and Gulf War 128-9 and Palestine 87-8, 130 and PLO 98n
Ba'athparty 27,119 Baghdad Pact 113 Balfour declaration (1917) Ill Ben Ali, Zine ei-Abidine I 0, 38-9,
40-1 Ben Bella, President Ahmed 41 Ben Jedid, Chadli 3, 7, 41, 42 Ben Salah, Ahmed 38 Berberism 35, 43 Boudiaf, Mohamed 44-5 Boumedienne, Houari 36, 41 Bourguiba, President Habib 10,
37-8,39,40 Britain
and Arab revolt ( 1916) 111 early concept of democracy 32-3
Bush, President George 81, 83, 84, 91, 137
Christopher, Warren 90 citizenship 15-18 Clinton, President Bill 86, 90, 95-6 Cold War 72, 89
end of effect on Middle East 28, 70,85,92
CSCM 78
Index
CUP (Committee of Union and Progress) 110, Ill
Damascus Declaration 118, 122, 126, 132
democratization 2, 9-11, 13-28, 31-51
attractiveness of 24-5 citizenship 15-18 early concept of in Britain and
149
United States 32-3, 34 and economic reform 21-2 effect of Gulf War on 9, 10, 11 and Islamism 23-6, 36-7, 50 in the Maghreb see Maghreb, the moves towards in Middle East
9-11, 13-15, 26-8 see also individual countries
and role of leadership 26-7 and socio-economic change
18-23 Destour 38
education 21 Egypt 118-28
alliance with Saudia Arabia 77, 124, 125
and Arab-Israeli peace process 126-7
and Arab nationalism under Nasser 112-13
democratization in 10 economic problems 140 foreign policy 123-4 gains from Gulf War 139 Gulf War policy 125-6 and Iran 127 Islamist opposition in 8-9 leadership role in Arab world ll9,
120, 123, 124 and Libya 127-8 and the Muslim Brotherhood l 05 and the 1973 war 119 and the PLO 92, 98n prospects for 140 and South Yemen 57 and Syria 88,118-19,120,122,
132 and United States 123-4, 126
150
Europe 71 and Ottoman Empire 101
Fadlallah, Sheikh 25 Fahd,KJng 11,24 FIS (Front lslamique de Salut) 7,
43-4,45,77 FLN 41-2,43,44-5 France 38, 101 Front lslamique de Salut see FIS
Gaza-Jericho plan 8 Gaza Strip 4, 5, 8, 93 GCC (Gulf Cooperation
Council) 73, 75, 76, 114 General People's Congress
(GPC) 61 Golan Heights 4, 88, 89, 98n, 130 Gorbachev, Mikhail 56, 83 GPC (General People's
Congress) 61 Gulf Cooperation Council see GCC Gulf states
and Damascus Declaration 118, 122, 126, 132
arms transfers to 85 economic success of Arab- 142 external alliances 72-3, 82 and GCC 73, 75, 76, 114 Palestinians in 138 Turkey's role in 75 see also individual countries
Gulf War ( 1990-91) 82 and Arab nationalism 115, 121 and democratization 9, 10, 11 economic cost of 70, 135-41 effect on Arab--Israeli peace
process 4-5, 81, 86-7 effect on Arab states 1, 2-3, 12,
86, 90, 118, 121-3 see also individual countries
effect on oil prices 137-8 Egyptian policy in 125-6 and PLO 8, 90-1, 92, 138 predictions on effect of 2 reasons for 120-1, 135, 142 Syrian policy in I, 87-8, 128-9
HAMAS 7, 8, 87,93
Index
Hassan II, King 46, 49 Hawaii, Safar 6 Hirawi, President 21 Hussein, King 14, 27, 76, 94, 139 Hussein, Saddam 87, 125
and invasion of Kuwait 135 loss of appeal after defeat 129 and Palestine cause 82, 91 popularity of 27, 82
Intifada 7, 91, 92 Iran 82, 85, 122
and denunciation of peace process 127
and Egypt 127 and Gulf War I and Islamic fundamentalism 24,
127 rejuvenation of 96 and Saudi a Arabia 75 socio-economicchange 18,19-21
Iran-Iraq war 70, 119, 120, 138 Iraq 75, 76, 138
and Ba'ath party 27, 119 and Baghdad Pact ( 1955) 113 effect of Gulf War on 3, 74, 86,
137 invasionofKuwait 121,125,135,
142 and Islamic opposition 14, 25-6 and Jordan 76 and Kurds 18,74
Islah party 61 Islamism 5-9, 21, 22-6, 99-109
and democratization 22-6, 36-7, 50
as a political movement 99-109 aims 99, 100 early reform 102-4 growth of militancy 5-9, 86 historical development 101-2 and importance of Arab
unity 104, 106 and the Muslim
Brotherhood 24, 105-7, 126
reasons for support of 107-9 rejection of Arab--Israeli peace
process 93, 94
setbacks 109 see also individual countries
Israel conflict with Arab states 81-97,
124 -and peace process 4-5, 83, 87,
89-80 and Egypt 92, 124, 126-7 and Palestinians 97 and PLO 89, 94,96 and Saudia Arabia 87 and Syria 88-9, 128-9
creation of state of ( 1948) 111 effect of Soviet Union break-up
on 4 and Gulf crisis 1 relationship with United
States 82-4, 86, 89-90, 97n
Jordan 82, 131 and Arab--Israeli peace
process 94-5 democratization in 9, IO, 21, 27 economy 138-9 effect of Gulf War 94, 138-9 and Iraq 76 and Islamic fundamentalism 94 naturalization and citizenship
in 17-18 and the Palestinians in 17-18,94 role in Levant 76 socio-economic change 18, 19-21
Kafi, Ali 45 Kurds 18, 74, 75 Kuwait 122
democratization in 11, 22 effect of Gulf War 3, II, 136 Iraq's invasion of 121, 125, 135,
142 and oil production 135 Palestinians in 138 severe controls on
naturalization 16-17 socio-economic change 18, 19-21
leadership, political 3 role of in democracy 26-7, 39
Index 151
Lebanon democratization in 10-11, 14 socio-economic change 18, 19-21 and Syria 11, 76,88, 119,140
Levant sub-region 75-6 Libya 76, 77, 101, 124, 127-8
Madrid peace talks (1991) 73, 81, 89,92,94,130
Maghreb, the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) 36,
76-7 democratization in 31-51
in Algeria 9, 10, 37,41-6 in Morocco 10, 37,46-9 problems faced 34-7,49-51 in Thnisia IO, 37-41
nationalism 35-6 and political Islam 36, 40, 50, 77
Mediterranean 78 Mestiri, Ahmed 38 Middle East
effect of break-up of Soviet Union on 1, 4, 73
effect of end of Cold War on 28, 70,85,92
effect of Gulf War on politics of 1-3, 11
moves towards democratization in 9-11,13-15,26-8
role oflslam 2~. 115 security structures 70-80 uneven economic development
in 21-2, 134-5, 142 United States foreign policy
towards 81 Morocco 77
democratization in 10, 37, 46-9, 50
MTI (Mouvement de Tendence. Islamiste) (An-Nahda) 10, 40-1
Mubarak, President Husni 124, 125-6, 140
Muhammad, Ali Nasir 54-5, 59 Muslim Brotherhood 24, 105-7, 126 Muslims
and Islamism 99, 100-4, 105-7, 108-9
152
Nasser, President Gamal Abdel 121, 123, 140
attempted assassination 105, 107
and rise of Arab nationalism 112-13, ll9, 124
nationalism Arab see Arab nationalism Maghribi 35--(i
naturalization 16-17 Neo-Destour (PSD) 38-9 North Africa see Maghreb, the North Yemen see Yemen
OAPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) ll4, 137, 138
oil 13 effect of Gulf War on price
of 137-8 maldistribution of 114-15, 120,
121, 134, 135 Ottoman empire l 00-1, I 04,
109-10
Palestine 91, ll3 and Balfour declaration
(1917) Ill and Syria 87-9
Palestine Liberation Organization see PLO
Palestinians and Arab-Israeli peace process 4,
5,89,92-4,97 economic damage to as a result of
Gulf War 138-9 and HAMAS movement 7, 8, 87,
93 and Intifada 7, 91, 92 and Jordan 17-18, 94 and the PLO see PLO and Saddam Hussein 82, 91
Pan-Am 103 bombing 127-8 pan-Arabism see Arab nationalism pan-Islamism see Islamism Parti Socialist Destourien see PSD Persian Gulf see Gulf states PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organization) 4
Index
and Arab-Israeli peace process 8, 89,90-1, 92-4,96, 13I
and Egypt 92, 98n and Gulf War 8, 90-1, 92, 138 and HAMAS 7, 93 and Syria 92, 98n
PSD (Parti Socialist Destourien) 38-9
Qur'an 104, I05, 106, 107, 108
Rabin, Yitzhak 89 RCD (Rassemblement Constitutionnel
Democratique) 38-9 Reagan, Ronald 83 Red Sea region 77-8 Rida, Muhammad Rashid I 04
Sadat, President Anwar 8, ll9, I 23 SAIRI (Supreme Assembly of the
Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 14, 25--(i
Salih, Ali Abdullah 53, 54, 58, 62, 68
Saudia Arabia alliance with Egypt 77, 124,
125 arms transfers to 85 democratization in II economic cost of Gulf War 136 effectofGulfWar 86-7,122-3 in Gulf War I, I21 and Israel 87 and 1973 war 119 and oil production 135, 138,
142 rise in prominence 87, 113-14 and threat of Islamist
militancy 6-7 and Yemen 54, 57, 60, 67
security structures 70-80 arms control 74-5, 80 challenges in sub-regions 75-8 measures for building 74 obstacles to 72-3 and outside organizations 71,
79-80 political dialogue and 73-4
Shamir, Yitzak 5, 82, 85, 130
socio-economic change tables 18-21
South Yemen see Yemen Soviet Union
effect of break-up on Middle East I, 4, 73
withdrawal of support for Syria 4, 83--4, 120, 129
and Yemen 9, 54, 56, 57, 60 Sudan 77, 142 Suez Canal I 12-13 Supreme Assembly of the Islamic
Revolution in Iraq see SAIRI Syria 118-19, 128-32
and Arab-Israeli peace process 4, 88-9,90,92,120,128-9, 130-2
and Arab nationalism 128 and democratization 14, 21, 27 economy 140-1 and Egypt 88, I I 8- I 9, 120, 122,
132 and Gulf War I, 87-8, 128-9 in Lebanon II, 76, 88, 119, 140 and 1973 war I 19 and Palestine 87-9 and PLO 92, 98n reconciliation with United
States 83--4, 88, 131 socio-economic change 18, 19-2 I and Soviet Union 4, 83--4, 120,
129, 140
tables, social and economic 19-2 I Taif agreement (1989) 10-11 Tunisia
and Bourguiba 37-8 democratization in 10, 37-41 government's conflict with Islamic
fundamentalism 10, 40- I problems faced 38-9
Turkey 82, 90 and role in Gulf states 75 and role in Levant 76
UMA (Arab Maghreb Union) 36, 76-7
United Nations 81
Index
and Arab-Israeli peace process 7 I, 95-6
and arms control 80
153
economic sanctions on Iraq 137 involvement with internal affairs of
Red Sea states 77 need for reform 79-80
United States II, 81,129 and Arab-Israeli conflict 82-4 and Arab-Israeli peace process 4,
71,81,84-5,93,97 arms transfers 85, 97n early concepts of democracy
in 32, 33--4 and economic aid 67, 85-6 involvement with internal affairs of
Red Sea states 77 and PLO 91,92 relationship with Arab states 84,
86 Egypt 123--4, 126 Syria 83--4, 88, I 31
relationship with Israel 82--4, 86, 89-90,97n
and security pacts with Gulf states 73, 126
and United Nations 95-6 USSR see Soviet Union
Vanguards of the New Holy Struggle 8
West Bank 4, 5, 8, 17,93
Yemen 53-68, 140 post-unification
creation of social and cultural tensions 61-2
cuts in economic aid 67 economic policy 62-5 elections I 0, 61 Islamic opposition 61 prospects 65-8 tribal clashes with
government 65-6 unification of North and South 9,
53,60-1 advantages to North
Yemen 57-8