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Appendix

Image Credits

All the images that are not listed below are © Nicholas Wade.

Chapter 1P1, 3 Cartailhac É, Breuil HEP (1906) La caverne d’Alta-

mira a Santillane près Santander (Espagne). Im-primerie de Monaco, Monaco

P5 Woltmann A, Woermann K (1894) History of an-cient, early Christian, and Mediæval painting. Dodd, Meade New York

P9 Dürer A (1538) Underweysung der Messung, mit Zirckel und Richtscheyt, in Linien Ebnen und gantzen Corporen. Formschneider, Nürnberg

P10 Gemma Frisius R (1545) De radio astronomico & geometrico liber. Bontium, Antwerp

P12 With kind permission of Akiyoshi Kitaoka

Chapter 2P23 After an illustration in Pirenne MH (1970) Optics,

painting and photography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

P24 upper “Vinci”. Licensed under Public domain via Wiki-media Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vinci.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Vinci.jpg

P24 lower Nicéron J-F (1646) Thaumaturgus opticus. Paris.P26 “Hans Holbein the Younger – The Ambassadors –

Google Art Project” by Hans Holbein the Younger – bQEWbLB26MG1LA at Google Cultural Institute.

Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Com- mons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_

-_Google_Art_Project.jpg#mediaviewer/P28 With kind permission of István OroszP30 “Prospettiva del borromini 01” by Sailko – Own work.

Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution- Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://

364 Appendix

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prospettiva_del_borromini_01.JPG# mediaviewer/File:Prospettiva_del_borromini_01.JPG

P19, 32 Ireland J, Nichols J (1883) Hogarth’s works: With life and anecdotal descriptions of his pictures. Third Series. Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, Edinburgh

P35 “Yaacov Agam sheba” by Talmoryair – Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yaacov_Agam_sheba.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Yaacov_Agam_sheba.jpg

P37 Scottish National Portrait GalleryP39 Wade NJ, Hughes P (1999) Fooling the eyes: Trompe l’œil and reverse perspective.

Perception 28:1115–1119P44 With kind permission of Calum Colvin

Chapter 3P47, 50 “William Michael Harnett Still life Violin and Music” by William Harnett – http://

www.artrenewal.org/pages/artwork.php?artworkid=5109&size=large. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Michael_Harnett_Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg#mediaviewer/File:William_Michael_Harnett_ Still_life_Violin_and_Music.jpg

P51 Apotheosis of St Ignatius · Andrea Pozzo. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_St_Ignatius_Pozzo.jpg

P54 “Paris louvre boilly trompe l’œil” by Louis Boilly – Own work. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_louvre_boilly_trompe_l%27oeil.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Paris_louvre_boilly_trompe_l%27oeil.jpg

P55 By Pere Borrell del Caso (Collection Banco de España, Madrid) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

P57 Wollaston WH (1824) On the apparent direction of eyes in a portrait. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 114:247–256

P61 With kind permission of John Pugh

Chapter 4P72 Jones O (1856) The grammar of ornament. Day, LondonP74 upper “Pompeii – House VIII, 2, 16 – MAN 120177” by Wolfgang Rieger – Panetta MR (ed)

(2005) Pompeji. Geschichte, Kunst und Leben in der versunkenen Stadt. Belser, Stutt-gart, ISBN 3-7630-2266-X, 226 p. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Com-mons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_House_VIII,_2,_16_-_MAN _120177.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Pompeii_-_House_VIII,_2,_16_-_MAN_120177.jpg

P69, 75, 76 “GR-korinth-mosaik” by Bgabel – Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GR-korinth-mosaik.jpg#mediaviewer/File:GR-korinth-mosaik.jpg

P79 With kind permission of David MachP84 Jones O (1856) The grammar of ornament. Day, LondonP87 Inductiveload, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Penrose_Tiling_(P1).svg

Chapter 5P89, 94 Del-Prete A (2008) The master of illusions. Pictures to ponder from a visual virtuoso.

Sterling, New YorkP97 Ernst B (1986) Het begoochelde oog: Onmogelijke en meerzinnige fi guren. Meulenhoff,

AmsterdamP98 German Wikipedia user Roger Zenner [GFDL http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html],

via Wikimedia CommonsP98 With kind permission of Tamás FarkasP99 With kind permission of Tamás FarkasP100 With kind permission of Francis Tabary

365Image Credits

Chapter 6P103, 106 With kind permission of Werner NekesP114 “Salvador Dalí A (Dalí Atomicus) 09633u” by Philippe Halsman, photographer. Licensed

under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_Dali_A_(Dali_Atomicus)_09633u.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Salvador_Dali_A_(Dali_Atomicus)_09633u.jpg

P116 With kind permission of Adam Martinakis

Chapter 7P127 Fraser J (1908) A new visual illusion of direction. Brit J Psychol 2:307–337P129 Fraser J (1908) A new visual illusion of direction. Brit J Psychol 2:307–337P130 With kind permission of Daniel PiconP145 upper Kanizsa G (1979) Organization in vision: Essays on Gestalt perception. Praeger, New

York

Chapter 8P153 Piccolino M, Wade NJ (2006) Flagging early examples of ambiguity. II. Perception 35:

1003–1006P147, 155 Piccolino M, Wade NJ (2007) Insegne ambigue. Percorsi oblique tra storia, scienza e

arte da Galileo a Magritte. Edizioni ETS, PisaP157 With kind permission of Werner Nekes

Chapter 9P161, 170 Cammermeir S (1670) Neues Zierathen-Buch. NurembergP171 Cammermeir S (1670) Neues Zierathen-Buch. NurembergP172 Sakane I (1979a) The expanding visual world – “A museum of fun”. Asahi Shimbun, TokyoP174 lower With kind permission of Liu BolinP176 With kind permission of Arnold PanderP179 With kind permission of Aude Oliva and Philippe SchynsP180 upper With kind permission of Aude Oliva and Philippe SchynsP181 lower With kind permission of John Langdon, ©1999 John Langdon www.johnlangdon.net

Chapter 10P183, 190 With kind permission of Werner NekesP192 Hollander J (1992) Types of shape. Yale University Press, New HavenP194 Riddell A (1972) Eclipse. Concrete poems. Calder & Boyars, LondonP198 Riddell A (1975) Typewriter art. London Magazine Editions, LondonP200 With kind permission of Scott Kim, © Scott Kim, scottkim.comP203 With kind permission of Meg Hitchcock

Chapter 11P215 Lotto RB, Purves D (2004) Perceiving colour. Rev Prog Color Relat Top 34:12–25P217 With kind permission of Baingio Pinna and Gavin BrelstaffP207, 219 “A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884” by Georges Seurat – Art Institute of

Chicago. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte,_Georges_Seurat,_1884.png#mediaviewer/File:A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte,_Georges_Seurat,_1884.png

P223 With kind permission of Wolfgang Kiwus

Chapter 12P227, 240 With kind permission of J. Seeley

Chapter 13P245 Henry-Gambier D, Beauval C, Airvaux J, Aujoulat N, Baratin JF, Buisson-Catil J (2007)

New hominid remains associated with Gravettian parietal art. J Hum Evol 53:747–750

366 Appendix

P248 Ueda S, Kitaoka A, Suga T (2011) Wobbling appearance of a face induced by doubled parts. Perception 40:751–756

P249 Arcimboldo Librarian Stokholm by Giuseppe ArcimboldoP243, 250 Arcimboldo Vegetables by Giuseppe Arcimboldo. Giuseppe Arcimboldo – The Cook

– WGA00840P252 “Caricature Charles Philipon pear” by Honoré Daumier. Licensed under Public

domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caricature_Charles_Philipon_pear.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Caricature_Charles_Philipon _pear.jpg

P254 Raetz M (2002) Nothing is lighter than light. Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris

P259 Wade NJ (2007a) Artful visions. Spat Vis 21:27–53P261 With kind permission of Werner NekesP264 Whistler R, Whistler L (1978) ¡AHA! John Murray, LondonP269 With kind permission of Peter ThompsonP271 “RobertCornelius” by Robert Cornelius – Library of Congress; Transferred from

en.wikipedia, original uploader was Blackmagictea at en.wikipedia, 2006-07-17(original upload date). Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RobertCornelius.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Robert Cornelius.jpg

P272 Blanchard E, Martini J-M, Moreno E, Sezer A (2003) L’Épreuve du Temps. Photo-graphies originales en tirage d’époque catalogue illustré et commenté. Libraire Serge Plantureux, Paris

P273 Pisani RCP, Natali A, Sisi C, Testaferrata E (2004) Jacopo da Empoli 1551–1640 Pittore d’eleganza e devozione. Silvana Editoriale Spa, Milan

P274 With kind permission of George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, http://www.geh.org/ne/mismi3/m198006780001_ful.html#topofi mage

Chapter 14P288 With kind permission of Jeffrey SteeleP290 With kind permission of François MorelletP292 With kind permission of Bernd LingelbachP295 With kind permission of Akiyoshi KitaokaP297 With kind permission of Marcello MorandiniP300 O–uchi (1977) Japanese optical and geometrical art. Dover, New YorkP301 With kind permission of Baingio Pinna and Gavin BrelstaffP305 With kind permission of François Morellet

Chapter 15P315 With kind permission of Ingeborg WildingP333 Wilding (1977). Sehen und Wahrnehmen. Untersuchungen und Experimente. Johan-

nes Knauel, Buchholz

Chapter 16P339 With kind permission of David BurderP335, 345 Tyler CW, Clarke MB (1990) The autostereogram. Stereoscopic displays and appli-

cations. Proc. SPIE 1258:182–196P346 Din (1992) CG Stereogram. Shogakukan, TokyoP347 Julesz B (1971) Foundations of cyclopean perception. University of Chicago Press,

ChicagoP349 upper With kind permission of Calum ColvinP349 lower With kind permission of Calum ColvinP350 With kind permission of Calum ColvinP351 lower With kind permission of Terry Pope

367Websites

Websites

Akiyoshi Kitaoka http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.htmlRené Magritte http://www.renemagritte.org/István Orosz http://web.axelero.hu/utisz/page.htmPablo Picasso http://www.picasso.fr/us/picasso_page_index.phpMaria Kozic http://mariakozic.com/wp/Patrick Hughes http://www.patrickhughes.co.uk/Tim Noble , Sue Webster http://www.timnobleandsuewebster.com/Calum Colvin http://calumcolvin.com/Salvador Dalí http://www.salvadordali.com/John Pugh http://artofjohnpugh.com/Julian Beever http://www.julianbeever.net/Maurits Cornelis Escher http://www.mcescher.com/David Mach http://www.davidmach.com/Sandro Del-Prete http://www.sandrodelprete.com/home.php/exhibition/José María Yturralde http://www.yturralde.org/index-es.htmlTamás Farkas http://www.farkas-tamas.hu/Francis Tabary http://www.francistabary.fr/Man Ray http://www.manraytrust.com/Werner Nekes http://wernernekes.de/00_cms/cms/front_content.php?changelang=2Marcel Duchamp http://www.marcelduchamp.net/Philippe Halsman http://philippehalsman.com/Adam Martinakis http://adamakis.blogspot.co.uk/Michael Bach http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/Daniel Picon http://daniel-picon.over-blog.com/Octavio Ocampo http://octavioocampo.com.mx/Veruschka http://www.veruschka.net/Liu Bolin http://www.liubolinart.com/Arnold Pander http://www.arnold-pander.com/arnold-panderKen Knowlton http://www.kenknowlton.com/Jean-Pierre Yvaral http://www.yvaral.org/Aude Oliva http://cvcl.mit.edu/aude.htmPhilippe Schyns http://www.gla.ac.uk/researchinstitutes/neurosciencepsychology/staff/

philippeschyns/John Langdon http://www.johnlangdon.net/Scott Kim http://www.scottkim.com/Ebon Heath http://www.listeningwithmyeyes.com/Meg Hitchcock http://www.meghitchcock.com/pages/index.phpRobert Indiana http://robertindiana.com/Beau Lotto http://www.lottolab.org/Baingio Pinna http://www.architettura.uniss.it/eng/People/External-lecturers/Previous-

years/Baingio_PinnaGavin Brelstaff http://www.crs4.it/crs4/peopledetails/people/28/Gavin_BrelstaffAlan Stubbs http://perceptualstuff.org/Bridget Riley http://www.op-art.co.uk/bridget-riley/Victor Vasarely http://www.vasarely.com/Sol LeWitt http://www.sollewittprints.org/biographyJ. Seeley http://www.jseeley.com/biography/Chuck Close http://www.biography.com/people/chuck-close-9251491Bernard Pras http://www.bernardpras.fr/David Hockney http://www.davidhockney.com/Kjartan Slettemark http://www.kjartan.se/Peter Thompson http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~pt2/

368 Appendix

Josef Albers http://albersfoundation.org/Jeffrey Steele http://www.jeffreysteele.co.uk/François Morellet http://www.francois-morellet.com/Bernd Lingelbach http://www.die-scheune.info/Richard Anuszkiewicz http://www.richardanuszkiewicz.com/Marcello Morandini http://www.morandinimarcello.com/it/home/Philippe Decrauzat http://now.elizabethdee.com/tag/philippe-decrauzat/Peter Sedgley http://www.petersedgley.com/Alberto Biasi http://www.albertobiasi.itJesus Rafael Soto http://www.jr-soto.com/fset_intro.htmlCarlos Cruz-Diez http://www.cruz-diez.com/Carsten Nicolai http://www.carstennicolai.de/David Burder http://www.3dimages.co.uk/david_burder_cv.htmlChristopher Tyler http://www.ski.org/CWTyler_lab/Terry Pope http://www.terry-pope.com/Nicholas Wade http://www.dundee.ac.uk/psychology/staff/profi le/nick-wade

http://www.opprints.co.uk/http://neuroportraits.eu/

Index

Name Index

A

Adamson, Robert 344Agam, Yaacov 26, 35, 36al-Haytham, Ibn (also known as Alhazen) 303Albers, Josef (1888–1976) 285, 294, 368Alberti, Leon Battista (1406–1472) 7–9, 20Ames, Adelbert, Jr. (1880–1955) 66, 67Anuszkiewicz, Richard 293, 294, 368Arcimboldo, Giuseppe (1527–1593) 249–252Asunta, Anssi 63, 64, 92

B

Babbage, Charles (1792–1871) 11, 272Bach, Michael 122, 367Bailey, David 163Beaunis, Henri (1830–1920) 150Beever, Julian 62, 63, 367Bezold, Wilhelm von (1837–1907) 135, 136, 212Biasi, Alberto 317, 368Boilly, Louis-Léopold (1761–1845) 54, 55Bolin, Liu 173, 174, 367Borromini, Francesco (1599–1667) 25, 30, 31Braque, Georges 35Brelstaff, Gavin 301, 367Breuil, Henri 3Brewster, David 270, 337–339, 341, 342, 344, 350Brücke, Ernst von 212Brunelleschi, Filippo (1377–1446) 7, 8Burder, David 339, 368

C

Cammermeir, Simon 169–171Chevreul, Michel 228, 229Chimenti (da Empoli), Jacopo (1551–1640) 273, 274

370 Index

Clarke, Maureen 345Close, Chuck 256, 367Collen, Henry 272Colvin, Calum 26, 43–45, 344, 347, 349, 350, 367Cornelius, Robert 271Crussaire, Pierre 152, 154, 155Cruz-Diez, Carlos 314, 329, 368Currier, Nathaniel (1813–1888) 172, 173

D

Dalí, Salvador (1904–1989) 58–61, 104, 109–111, 113, 114, 152, 156, 158, 159, 178, 347, 367

D’Arcy, Chevalier Patrice 303Darwin, Charles 214, 246Darwin, Erasmus 213, 214Darwin, Robert 214Daumier, Honoré 252da Vinci, Leonardo 9, 22–24, 76, 303Day, Ross 141, 142Decrauzat, Philippe 297, 298, 368Del-Prete, Sandro 94, 95, 367Delbœuf, Joseph-Rémi-Léopold (1831–1896) 133del Caso, Pere Borrell (1835–1910) 55, 56della Francesca, Piero 7de Rijk, Hans (see Ernst, Bruno)de Saussure, Horace Bénédict 149de Sautuola, Marcelino Sanz 2, 3di Bondone, Giotto (ca. 1266–1337) 204, 205Droeschout, Martin 189Duchamp, Marcel (1887–1968) 104, 110–112, 221,

303, 308, 309, 367Dürer, Albrecht 9

E

Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1850–1909) 135Edward VI 27Ehrenstein, Walter (1899–1961) 139, 140, 143Einstein, Albert 169, 176, 178–180Emerson, Edwin (1823–1908) 274Ernst, Bruno (born as Hans de Rijk) 92, 96, 97Escher, Maurits Cornelis (1898–1972) 73, 85, 87,

92, 93, 95, 96, 367Euclid 8

F

Faraday, Michael (1791–1867) 11Farkas, Tamás 98, 99, 367Fick, Adolf (1829–1901) 138Fraser, James (1863–1936) 127–131Fraser, Alex 295Fukuda, Shigeo (1932–2009) 41, 42, 76, 77, 92,

98, 99, 160, 254

G

Gabo, Naum 303Galton, Francis 246, 247, 254Giacometti, Alberto 104Giuseppe (Italian artist) 260Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832)

211Gregory, Richard (1928–2011) 131

H

Halsman, Philippe 113, 114, 156, 158, 367Harnett, William 50Heath, Ebon 201, 367Helmholtz, Hermann 138, 139, 143, 219Hephaistion 71Hering, Ewald (1834–1918) 125, 126, 234Hermann, Ludimar 232, 233Hill, David Octavius 344Hitchcock, Meg 202, 203, 367Hockney, David 57, 258, 367Hogarth, William (1697–1764) 25, 32, 33Holbein, Hans, the younger (c. 1497–1543)

25–27, 31Hollander, John (1929–2013) 192, 193Howard, Ian (1927–2013) 123Hubel, David 125Hughes, Patrick 26, 39, 41, 43, 367Hurst, Damien 79

I

Indiana, Robert 189, 203–205, 367Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique 57

J

Jastrow, Joseph (1863–1944) 143Jones, Allen 162, 163Jones, Owen 71, 72, 83Jonson, Ben 189Julesz, Béla (1928–2003) 346, 347

K

Kanizsa, Gaetano (1913–1993) 145, 146Kim, Scott 189, 199, 200, 367Kirby, John Joshua 32Kitaoka, Akiyoshi 11–13, 295, 296, 367Kiwus, Wolfgang 223–225Knowlton, Ken 176, 367Kohler, Ivo (1915–1985) 262, 263Kozic, Maria 37, 38, 367Kundt, August (1839–1894) 133

371Index of Persons

L

Langdon, John 180, 181, 367Lawrence, Thomas 58Lehndorff-Steinort, Vera Gräfi n von

(Veruschka) 173, 367Leviant, Isia (1914–2006) 285LeWitt, Sol (1928–2007) 239, 367Lingelbach, Bernd 67, 92, 292, 368Lotto, Beau 214, 367Louis-Philippe I 252Luciani, Luigi (1840–1919) 139Luckiesh, Matthew (1883–1967) 139, 140

M

Mach, David 79, 80, 367Mach, Ernst (1838–1916) 228, 229MacKay, Donald (1922–1987) 284Macpherson, James 149Magritte, René 5, 6, 14, 15, 104, 108, 109, 184, 367Martinakis, Adam 104, 114–116, 367Mary, Queen of Scots 37Merian, Matthäus, the elder (1593–1650)

105–107Merian, Matthäus, the younger (1621–1687) 105,

106Michelangelo Buonarroti 186Miró, Joan 4Monroe, Marilyn 169, 178, 179Moore, Henry 4Morandini, Marcello 297, 368Morellet, François 289–306, 368Müller-Lyer, Carl (1857–1916) 134, 135, 141Munker, Hans 230Münsterberg, Hugo (1863–1916) 131

N

Napoleon Bonaparte 172, 173Neal, Reginald (1909–1992) 286, 287Necker (de Saussure), Louis Albert (1786–1861)

148–150Necker, Jacques 149Nekes, Werner 156, 157, 190, 191, 260, 261, 367Newton, Isaac 13, 14, 208, 209, 303Nicéron, Jean-François (1613–1646) 24, 25, 27Nicolai, Carsten 314, 331, 368Nixon, Richard 267, 268Noble, Tim 42, 43, 367

O

Ocampo, Octavio 160, 367Oliva, Aude 169, 178–180, 367

Oppel, Johann Joseph 120, 121, 133Orosz, István 28, 29, 31, 367O–uchi, Hajime 299–301

P

Pander, Arnold 175, 176, 367Paris, John Ayrton (1785–1856) 11Parrhasius of Ephesus 48Penrose, Lionel 92Penrose, Roger 73, 87, 88, 92Philipon, Charles 252Picasso, Pablo 4, 34–36, 367Picon, Daniel 130, 131, 367Pierce, Arthur Henry (1867–1914) 131Pinna, Baingio 217, 301, 367Plato 13, 14Pliny the Elder (23–79) 48Poe, Edgar Allan 28Poggendorff, Johann Christian (1796–1877) 125,

126Pollock, Jackson (1912–1956) 252, 253Ponzo, Mario (1882–1960) 134, 135Pope, Terry 350–352, 368Pozzo, Andrea (1642–1709) 50–52Pras, Bernard 257, 367Pshenitsyn, Igor 77Ptolemy, Claudius (c. 90–168) 148, 303Pugh, John 61–63, 367

Purkyn@ (Purkinje), Jan Evangelista 162, 278, 279Purves, Dale 214

R

Rabinovitch, Emanuel (Ray, Man) 112Raetz, Markus 254, 255Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino) (1483–1520)

110Ray, Man (Emanuel Rabinovitch) 104, 111–113,

367Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt, 1842–1919)

313, 314Reutersvärd, Oscar 91, 92, 99Riddell, Alan (1927–1977) 194, 195Riley, Bridget 231, 232, 280, 282, 283, 306, 367Roget, Peter Mark (1779–1869) 11, 196, 197Rubin, Edgar (1886–1951) 148, 150, 151

S

Sander, Friedrich (1889–1971) 139, 140Schumann, Friedrich (1863–1940) 143Schyns, Philippe 169, 178, 180, 367Seder, Rufus 332Sedgley, Peter 306, 317, 368

372 Index

Seeley, J. 240–242, 367Seurat, Georges (1859–1891) 219–221Shakespeare, William 189Shepard, Roger 141Slettemark, Kjartan (1932–2008) 267, 268, 367Soto, Jesus Rafael (1923–2005) 314, 328, 329, 368Steele, Jeffrey 287–289, 368Stella, Frank 221, 239Stratton, Malcolm (1865–1957) 262Stroop, John Ridley 185, 186Stubbs, Alan 225, 226, 367

T

Tabary, Francis 92, 100, 101, 367Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–1877) 11, 272,

338Thatcher, Margaret 269, 270Thiéry, Armand (1868–1955) 135, 136Thompson, Peter 269, 270, 367Titchener, Edward Bradford (1867–1927) 135Tyler, Christopher 345, 368

U

Ueda, Sayako 248Ulrichs, Timm 198, 199

V

van Hoogstraten, Samuel (1627–1678) 50, 53Vasarely, Victor 178, 194, 235, 236, 281, 282, 314,

326, 327, 331, 367

Vermeer, Jan 159Verne, Jules 28, 31Veruschka (see Lehndorff-Steinort, Vera Gräfi n

von)

W

Wade, Nicholas 17, 223, 224, 368Webster, Sue 42, 43Wheatstone, Charles (1802–1875) 10, 11, 272, 274,

337, 338, 341, 342, 346, 349, 350Whistler, Laurence 265Whistler, Reginald John (‘Rex’) 264, 265White, Michael 230Wiesel, Torsten 125Wilcox, Kimerly 295Wilding, Ludwig (1927–2010) 223, 224, 314–316,

325, 333Wollaston, William Hyde (1766–1828) 57, 58Wundt, Wilhelm (1832–1920) 126

Y

Young, Thomas (1773–1829) 11, 13, 14, 209, 211, 279, 280

Yturralde, José María 96, 367Yvaral, Jean-Pierre (1934–2002) 178, 330, 367

Z

Zeuxis of Heraclea 48Zöllner, Karl Friedrich (1834–1882) 124–126Zurbarán, Francisco (1598–1664) 156

Subject Index

Italic index entries refer to fi gures, art objects or publications.

Symbol

¡AHA!, Reginald John Whistler 264, 265¡OHO!, Reginald John Whistler 26425 Linien (Portrait Monika), Markus Raetz 2543-D fi lm 3364 doubles trames 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, François

Morellet 304, 305

A

aberration 279Abstract Expressionist movement 253

Abstract expressions 253abstraction

–, geometrical 178, 278, 281accommodation 189Acropolis, Athens 71action 262

–, painting 253adaptation, visual 262A false perspective on Hogarth 33after-effect 123–125, 262afterimage 214, 228, 231, 280

–, fading 228–, negative 231–, positive 228

Akiyoshi’s rotations 13Albert Einstein and Marilyn Monroe, Aude Oliva

178, 179Alberti’s window 8, 9, 20

373Subject Index

Alberti’s window 8Alhambra Palace, Granada 83, 84allusion 49

–, static 337–, visual 48

Altamira (Spain) 2, 4–, great hall 3–, hall of bulls 2

alternation, perceptual 148, 151ambigram 180ambiguity 4, 265, 266

–, artistic 152–, contour 154–, perceptual 148, 150, 152–, spatial 149–, visual 148, 185

Ambiguous Agam 36Ambiguous vision 159Ames and objectives 67Ames room 65, 67, 92A model of ambiguity 174anaglyph 336

–, method 16, 336Anamorphic eyes, Leonardo da Vinci 24Anamorphic Holbein 27Anamorphic Nicéron 25anamorphosis 25, 26, 65, 257Anger, Philippe Decrauzat 297angle, visual 9, 49Anisotropy, Philippe Decrauzat (exhibition) 298Anthropomorphic landscape, Matthäus Merian

the elder 106Anthropomorphic landscape, Matthäus Merian

the younger 106An upright man 262AoS 224aperture 9Apotheosis of St Ignatius, Andrea Pozzo 51Apparition of a face and a fruit dish on a beach,

Salvador Dalí 158, 160arbitrariness 184arcade 30

–, Borromini’s 25Archaeological Museum, Ascoli 259architecture 30, 61

–, perspective 25, 49Arcimboldover 251art 2, 4, 61, 302

–, concrete (Konkrete Kunst) 316–, fantastic 104–, Islamic 153–, moiré 314–, op 281, 282, 285, 293, 297–, photographic 10, 344–, strop 303, 307

–, systematic 305–, text 202–, typewriter 185, 194, 199–, visual 20

Art and illusions (exhibition, Palazzo Stozzi, Florence, 2009) 56

artist 11, 16–, cave 4–, Egyptian 4–, Greek 4–, kinetic 281, 328, 329–, Roman 4–, thought 2–, visual 12, 209, 342

Art Riddle 195artwork, Palaeolithic 2Asia Minor 71assimilation 120, 223

–, colour 211–, effect 212

astigmatism 188, 278–, axis 280–, regular 279, 280–, transient 279, 280, 283

A Sunday afternoon on the island of La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat 219

attention–, manipulation 121–, visual 341

Augenmotiv, Ludwig Wilding 314, 315autostereogram 345

–, colour 345–, computer-generated 345

B

Back propagation 238, 239Baptistry, Florence 7, 8Barn of Illusions (see Lingelbach’s Barn of

Illusions)Bauhaus 285Beaunis cubes 150Beaunis’s cubes 150Béla vista 348Belvédère, Maurits Cornelis Escher 92benchmark, physical 122Beuchet chair 67, 92Beyedirectional Wollaston 58Beyond the edge, Patrick Hughes 39Bezold-Brücke phenomenon 212Bezold and Brücke 212Bezold’s illusion 136Bimodal completion 146Binocular rivals 340black 211, 212

374 Index

Black discs 232blue 209, 211Blue-green trace, Peter Sedgley 317body painting 173border contrast 228Borromini in his arcade 31braid 71brain 284

–, function 124–, human 4–, processes 124

Bridget Riley’s responsive eye 282brightness 214

–, discontinuity 143Britain 71Brunelleschi’s Baptistry and Dome 8Budapest History Museum 260Building reconstructor 62Burning issues 45

C

cabinet–, perspective 50–, Samuel van Hoogstraten 53

café wall illusion 131Cajal’s retina 166, 167Calci tiled 83Calci tiles 82calligraphy, Arabic 153Calmer 299cameo 270camera 9, 10, 21, 22

–, binocular 339–, lucida 57–, obscura 9, 10, 21, 22, 348–, photographic 9, 10, 338–, pinhole 20–, separation 338

camera obscura 10Cameraworks, David Hockney 258camoufl age 169, 173canvas, fl atness 55Cardinal, Jesus Rafael Soto 328Caricature Charles Philipon pear, Honoré

Daumier 252carpet decoration 153carrier, graphical 162Cataract, Bridget Riley 282cave

–, Angoulême (France) 244–, artist 4–, painting 2

ceiling 50–, painting 52

Central vision 188Certosa di Calci, Pisa 73, 82CG Stereogram, Din (publication) 345Charterhouse, Calci (see Certosa di Calci) 81chessboard 95Chevreul illusion 228, 229Chevreul’s illusion 229chevron 71, 178Chiesa dei Cavalieri di Santo Stefano 154Chiesa dei Cavalieri di Santo Stefano, Pisa 153, 154China 25, 28Chrystina 166, 168Cinderella, Rex Whistler 264Circling the square 317Close up 256cognitive contrast 228coin, Greek 247Collection Werner Nekes 156, 157, 190, 261Collector 191Color dependent Fraser Wilcox illusion,

Akiyoshi Kitaoka 295colour 13, 169, 208, 214

–, afterimage 228–, appearance 212–, assimilation 16, 230–, autostereogram 345–, border 217–, change 212–, circle 14, 209–, combination 13–, complementary 214–, compound 209–, contrast 211, 282–, experience 211–, fi lter 347, 350–, intensity 212–, mixing 209

–, additive, subtractive 211, 219–, observation 212–, primaries 209–, separation 336–, spectral 209–, spreading effect 217–, subjective 218–, vision 209, 219, 313

Colour circles 14Coloured Thesaurus of Roget 196, 197Colourful illusionist 296Comman man 199communication 148composite 247computer 169

–, display 10–, graphic 10, 12, 45–, pattern 11

375Subject Index

Computer Graphics, Scott Kim 199, 200concealing 169concrete

–, art (Konkrete Kunst) 316–, (or visual) poetry 192, 194, 198

cone, protruding 25confi guration, idiosyncratic 123construction

–, architectural 52–, graphical 70–, mirror 92–, three-dimensional 92

Continent of the mind 165, 166contour 13, 143, 221

–, ambiguity 154–, boundary 219–, frequency 162–, illusory 143–, subjective 143, 145, 146, 286, 288

contrast 2, 22, 120, 165, 211, 223–, border 228–, cognitive 228–, effect 230, 232, 288–, high 162–, illusion 228–, perceptual 228–, phenomena 226–, spatial 141

Corinth 75, 76cornea 279cortex, visual 125Counterrotating annuli, Baingio Pinna and

Gavin Brelstaff 301crosses, Rubin’s 148cube 178

–, Necker’s 148cubism 26, 34Current, Bridget Riley 283Currier’s tomb 173Cyclopter 352Cylindrical Orosz 29

D

daguerreotype 271, 272Dahlia4 236Dalí’s tower 60Dalí atomicus, Philippe Halsman 113, 114Dalí Theatre-Museum, Figueres (Spain) 58, 61dark room techniques 17dart 88Darwin’s Grid 213 214Day illusion 141Day sign 142deception 52

Deceptive eyes 91decoration

–, geometrical 71–, ornamental 169

defocusing 162Delbœuf illusion 133Delbœuf’s illusion 133density 22depth 4, 9, 48, 302, 303, 319, 333, 334, 337, 341,

343, 350–, ambiguity 352–, apparent 148, 308–, binocular 342–, interpretation 148–, of fi eld 21–, plane 344–, reversal 270–, stereoscopic 15, 333, 336, 341, 344, 346–, true 148–, visual processing 347

design, stationary 278detection 162device, inverting 262Diezigner 329Digital picture 186, 187dimension

–, spatial 90–, time 34

Dionysos mosaic, Corinth 75, 76direction 120

–, gaze 57, 58–, nose 58

Directional difference 186, 187Disappearing Dalí 158disc, stroboscopic 10, 303disparity 341, 344, 348, 350

–, retinal 342–, reversed 350–, stereoscopic 339

distance 22distortion 25, 63, 162

–, anamorphic 24–, spatial 120–, visual 120

DominKnowlton 177domino 73, 176Domus dei Tappeti di Pietra, Ravenna 149Don Quixote 160Doorway 85Dr. Angry and Mr. Smile, Philippe Schyns and

Aude Oliva 180drawing

–, outline 2, 152–, paired, perspective 337–, stereoscopic 347

376 Index

Duchamp’s relief 309Dundee 22, 31Dundee from the Tay Road Bridge 22Dunluce Castle, County Antrim 339Dunluce Castle, County Antrim, David Burder

339Dürer’s window 9Dürer’s window 9dye 4Dynamic Stubbs 226

E

Ebbinghaus illusion 135Ebbinghaus/Titchener illusions 135Economies of the truth 270economy 4Edgar Allan Poe, István Orosz 28effect

–, after 124–, colour

–, assimilation 230–, spreading 217

–, complementary 284–, contrast 230, 232–, hypnotic 326–, kinetic depth 308–, motion 124–, neon spreading 215–, orientation 122–, Sabattier 111–, spatial 124–, stereoscopic 333–, tilt

–, after 123–, contrast 123

–, visual 298Ehrenstein’s illusion 140elegance 4element

–, large 70–, small 70

Encore, Shigeo Fukuda 41Enigma, Isia Leviant 285Enigma Variation 284error, optical 279Escaping criticism, Pere Borrell del Caso 55, 56Eureka experience 65Europe 25, 28Evening falls, René Magritte 108eye 9, 10, 20, 22, 58, 188, 269, 270, 284, 336

–, aberration 279–, accommodation 189, 279–, asymmetry 279–, converging 345–, direction 57, 264

–, displacement, lateral 337–, instability 214–, movement 228, 341

–, involuntary 214, 280–, optical power 189

Eye chart 188Eye turner 302

F

facade 50face 249, 252, 264

–, appearance 269–, compiled 249–, depth, inverted 270–, detectability 180–, expression 264–, features 252–, hidden 169–, human 244–, inverted 247, 259, 260–, negative 246–, orientation 244–, perception 270–, photography 246–, recognition 247–, schematic 244–, symmetry 244–, upright 260–, upright/inverted 264

Face recognition 246Facial fusions 117Facial orientation 123Facing vases 156False perspective, William Hogarth 25Familiarities 105Far seeing 100feature, facial 248Feature detectors 124Fick’s illusion 138fi guration, arabesque 153fi gure

–, ambiguous 148–, ground ambiguity 71–, impossible 90, 91, 93, 96

–, three-dimensional 92–, MacKay 284–, Rubin’s (see vase/faces motif)–, segregation 71–, young girl/old woman 152

Figurist 182fi lm

–, high-contrast 241–, light-sensitive 9

fi lter 336, 347, 350–, polarizing 336

377Subject Index

First folio Shakespeare 189fl ag, Ottoman 154fl atness, pictorial 44fl oor

–, mosaic 73–, tiled 73, 81

Florence 6, 7–, cathedral 7, 8

Fluttering Duchamp 221Fluttering hearts, Marcel Duchamp 221Flying a kite 88focus 9focussing 221foliage 172Fooling the eye 48Footballs 186, 187Forfeits 168, 169Foundations of cyclopean perception, Béla Julesz

(publication) 347Four cubes, Anssi Asunta 63, 64Fraser-Wilcox illusion 295Fraser illusion 128frequency, spatial 178, 321, 323Freudian quip 104fringe, interference 317Fukuda’s fi ddle 42Future love, Adam Martinakis 114, 116

G

Gallop: A scanimation picture book, Rufus Seder (publication) 332

Gayatri mantra, Meg Hitchcock 202, 203gaze 57, 58geometry 75

–, perceptual 285Gestalt

–, grouping 165–, principles 4, 71, 163, 168–, psychology 71, 150, 263

Gestalt II 2, Jeffrey Steele 287, 288Ghostly fi gure 313Giotto’s O 205glass 4, 70gnomon 7–9God does not play dice with the universe, Ken

Knowlton 176Gossip 152Gourmand, Collection Werner Nekes 156, 157Graphics 17grating 122, 303, 304, 312, 313, 318

–, inclined 312gravity 122, 165Greek

–, coin 247–, mosaic 73, 81

green 209, 211, 313Green circles confusion, Daniel Picon 130grey 211Greydations 210grid 8, 25, 71, 175

–, cell, distorted 25–, Hering 234–, Hermann 232–, Hermann-Hering 235, 237, 239–, pattern 232–, rectangular 258

ground plane 8, 21grouping principle 5, 71

H

Hajime Ouchi illusion 300hall of bulls (Altamira, Spain) 2halo 214harmony 22head, inverted 247Heart 345Heath 202Helmholtz squares illusion 138Helmholtz’s squares 138Hering

–, grid 234–, illusion 126

Hering grids 234Hering’s curved illusion 126Hering’s Poggendorff illusion 125Hermann-Hering grid 235, 237, 239, 290Hermann grid 232, 233Hermann grids 233Heureka (Finnish Science Centre, Helsinki)

63hexagon 81Hiding in America No. 3 – Magazine Rack, Liu

Bolin 173, 174Hiding in the city, Liu Bolin (performance)

175HockneyeD 258hollow mask 247Homage to Albers 285Homage to Allen Jones 162, 163Homage to David Bailey 163Homage to the square, Josef Albers 286Homage to Vasarely, Alan Riddell 194Hoogstraten’s corner 53horizon line 21hybrid faces 178, 180

I

icon 6Iconograph of René Magritte 6

378 Index

ideal, pictorial 7Identity crisis 185illumination, stroboscopic 306illusion 39, 49

–, Bezold 136–, border contrast 228–, café wall 131–, Chevreul 228, 229–, colour 16, 120–, Day 141–, Delbœuf 133–, Ebbinghaus 135–, Ehrenstein 140–, Fick 138–, Fraser 128–, Fraser-Wilcox 295–, geometrical optical 120, 122, 133, 139–, Helmholtz squares 138–, Hering 126–, Hering’s Poggendorff 125–, Luciani 140–, Luckiesh 140–, Mach’s bands 229–, motion 295–, Müller-Lyer 134, 135, 141–, O–uchi 299–301–, of reality 49–, Oppel 121–, Oppel-Kundt 133–, optical 120–, orientation 120, 122, 123, 133, 138–, perspective 135, 137–, Pinna-Brelstaff 301–, Poggendorff (Zöllner illusion) 125, 126–, Ponzo 134, 135–, rotation 301–, Sander parallelogram 139–, second order 236–, Shepard 141–, size 120, 133, 135–138–, space 16–, spatial 120

–, contrast 141–, Thiéry 136–, tilt 122, 123, 125–, Titchener 135–, twisted cord 128

–, curved 129–, straight 129

–, vertical-horizontal 138–, visual 49, 122, 337–, wallpaper 342, 344, 345–, White 230–, Wundt’s curved 126–, Zöllner 124–126

illusionist 16Illusions of vision 16Illusory dot matrices 235illustration, impossible 95image 14, 185, 192

–, capturing 8–, computer-generated 346–, computer-manipulated 114, 169–, concealed 162, 166–, graphical 121–, holistic 71–, incomplete 163–, making 14–, multiple 247–, negative 246–, persisting 303–, photographic 10–, pictorial 4, 14, 25–, representing 8–, retinal 337–, stereoscopic 303, 350–, upright retinal 262

imagery, 3D digital 114impact, visual 278impossibility 90impossible

–, fi gure 90, 91, 93, 96–, three-dimensional 92

–, illustration 95–, junction 90–, object 90–, puzzle 93–, structure 101–, triangle 90–92, 96, 99, 101–, world 90

Impossible crate, Francis Tabary 100, 101Impossible dream 96Impossible Escher 93Impossible magician 101impression, three-dimensional 307Indiana’s O 205indigo 209instability 306

–, visual 296instrument 337

–, optical 10, 28intaglio 270interaction, binocular 124interference 333

–, fringe 317–, pattern 198

interposition 49interpretation, ambiguity 152inversion 247, 266

–, visual 262

379Subject Index

Inversionary 201Inversions, Scott Kim 199, 200Inverted retinal image 165In voluptate mors, Philippe Halsman 156Inward eye portfolio, Richard Anuszkiewicz 294irradiation 133

J

Japanese optical and geometrical art, Hajime O–uchi (publication) 299

joiner (photomontage) 258Jules Verne, István Orosz 28junction, impossible 90juxtaposition 139

K

Kaiser Leopold I with his third wife Eleonore Magdalena von Pfalz-Neuberg, Collection Werner Nekes 190

kaleidoscope 10Kindergarten wall patterns 132kinetic depth effect 308Kinetic Sculpture, Naum Gabo 303kite 88Kitty, John Hollander 192KiwusWildingWade 224Knots, Arnold Pander 176Konkrete Kunst (see concrete art)Kremlin, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 77Kundt-Oppel illusion 133

L

label, verbal 184Labyrinth, Tamás Farkas 99Landscapologist 107language 4Leaning Tower of Pisa 61Le Charivari (French journal) 252Leda atomica 113Legs of two different genders, Shigeo Fukuda 160Leninclined 248lens 21Lenticular accommodation 188Leonardo’s Vitruvian man 23letter 197, 201

–, O 203–, shape 186, 189, 201

LeWitticism 239light 208, 219

–, intensity 143–, mixing 209, 210–, primaries 13, 211

–, selective refl ection 209–, source 246–, ultraviolet 306–, wavelength 211–, white 211

Light masster 181lightness 169line

–, continuation 168–, horizon 21–, orientation 178–, parallel 122–, subjective 143–, thickness 178

Lingelbach’s Barn of Illusions (Lingelbachs Scheune, near Aalen, southern Germany) 67, 292

lips 270Love, Robert Indiana 203, 204lozenge 71, 149Luciani’s illusion 140Luckiesh parallelogram 139Luckiesh’s illusion 140luminance 143, 228Lunch with a helmet on, Shigeo Fukuda 42

M

Mach bands 226Mach extension, Alan Stubbs 225Mach head 80Mach’s bands 229MacKay fi gure 284MacKeye fi gure 283Mae Dalí 59Mae West, Salvador Dalí 58Magic crystal VI, Tamás Farkas 98, 99Magic eye, N. E. Thing (publication) 345magician 121, 342Magic moving images, Colin Ord (publication) 332Maltese cross 150Manerism 113manipulation 114

–, architectural 25–, photographic 242

Manster (the picture of Dorian Grey), Maria Kozic 38

Manster (Wolf man), Maria Kozic 38Mantras and meditations, Meg Hitchcock 202marble 4, 70Marilyn numérisée, Jean-Pierre Yvaral 178Marilyvaral 178mark 4match head 73Matchhead, David Mach 79

380 Index

meander 71mechanism, retinal 209Megitations 204metaphor 188mirage 120mirror 7

–, construction 92–, cylindrical 25, 28

Mirror image I (see Spiegelbeeld I)Misster 38mixture

–, light 209–, pigment 209

mobile, typographic 201moiré 312, 317

–, art 314–, effect 330–, fringe 312, 317, 333

–, dynamic transformation 314–, mathematical description 312–314–, moving 319–322, 324

–, pattern 15, 281, 312, 314, 316, 331–, colour 329–, manipulation 312

–, stereo 333Moiré index, Carsten Nicolai (publication) 331Moirément 316Mona Lisa 178Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci 76Mona Lisa of Mona Lisas, Shigeo Fukuda 76Morellet’s lignes 306Morellet’s tirets 291mosaic 4, 5, 10, 70, 73, 148

–, Acropolis, Athens 71–, border 71–, contour 71–, design 4–, Dionysos, Corinth 75, 76–, geometrical 72–, Greek 70, 73, 81–, method 4–, photographs 79–, Pompeii 75–, Roman 4, 70, 71, 73, 75, 81, 149, 150, 259–, shell 75

Mosaic representing sea life, Pompeii 73, 74mosque 73

–, Ottoman 154Mother and child 165motif

–, vase/faces 150, 155–, wave-crest 4

motion 4, 10, 121, 279, 302, 303, 306, 319, 337–, apparent 278, 281, 303, 319–, effect 15

–, illusion 295–, lateral 301–, physical 306–, real 281, 319–, scintillating 284–, simulation 303

Mount Vesuvius 75mouth 269movie 10mug-shot 246Müller-Lyer illusion 134, 141Müller-Lyer’s illusion 134mural, monumental 62Musée Wicar, Lille 274

N

National Gallery, London 50, 53National Gallery, Victoria 37National Portrait Gallery, London 27Natural magician 351Natural Magick, Calum Colvin 348, 349Necker cube 148, 149, 159, 270Necker’s rhomboid 149negative

–, afterimage 228–, black-and-white 246–, photography 246

neo-geo style 297Neo-impressionism 219neon spreading effect 215Newton’s spectrum 208Newton’s colour circle 208Nicholas Word 197Nicoleye 331Nixon’s Visions, Kjartan Slettemark 267, 268nose direction 58Nude ascending Marcel Duchamp 110Nude descending a staircase, Marcel Duchamp 111Number 7, Jackson Pollock 252Nylons 164Nystagmus, Philippe Decrauzat (exhibition)

298

O

object 4–, impossible 90–, perception 143–, projection 41–, recognition 346–, representation 4, 22–, solid 148

observation 2–, record 2

381Subject Index

occlusion 22Ocular spectra 214On the retina, Philippe Decrauzat (exhibition)

298op art 281, 282, 285, 293, 297

–, afterimage 231–, interpretation 282–, puzzle 131

Op artiste 280Op eye 326Oppel illusion 121Oppel’s illusions 121Oppel-Kundt illusion 133Optical Illusion, John Langdon 180, 181Opticks, Isaac Newton (publication) 303orange 209organisation, perceptual 163orientation 120–122, 163, 165

–, contrast, simultaneous 122–, detector 125–, duplicity 265–, effect 122–, facial 123–, illusion 122, 133, 138

Ottico-dinamica, Alberto Biasi 317Ottico Alberto 318Ottoman

–, fl ag 154–, mosque 154

O–uchi illusion 299–301O–uchi illusion, Hajime O–uchi 300Our Victory, Igor Pshenitsyn 78, 79outline drawing 2, 148, 152Outline 187Outward eye 294overconvergence 345overexposure 111overlay 319

P

Painted artist 175painting 2, 13, 45, 219

–, anamorphic 25, 49–, body 173–, boundaries 55–, cave 2–, cubist 34–, huge-scale 61–, interactive 282–, stereoscopic 347–, theatrical scene 7

Palazzo Spada, Francesco Borromini 30Pander grid 177papyrus 4

paradox 90–, perceptual 25–, perspective 22–, projective 49

parallelogram 178–, Luckiesh 139, 140–, Sander 139, 140

Patio de los Arrayanes, Alhambra Palace 85Patrician 40Patrickery 41pattern 70, 194, 307, 319

–, ambiguous 153–, aperiodic 88–, black and white 218–, circular, rotating 308–, density 176–, eccentric 308–, geometrical 278–, high-contrast 228, 231, 280–, interference 198, 328, 329–, interpretation 148–, intricate 162–, moiré 281, 312, 314, 316, 331

–, colour 329–, manipulation 312

–, motion 280–, orientation 279–, Penrose tiling 73–, periodic 88–, regular 312–, repetitive 70, 312, 333–, stroboscopic 304, 306–, strop art 307–, superimposition 312–, tiling 73, 83

pavement 62Pavement artist 63pebble 70Penrose

–, tile 81–, tiling pattern 88–, triangle 92

pentagon 81, 88perception 2, 4, 9, 70, 121, 262

–, paradoxes 258–, records, nonverbal 2

Pere Borrell del Caso framed 56Pergamon Museum, Berlin 71persistence, visual 303Perspectiva 7perspective 7, 9, 22, 120, 135

–, accelerated 25, 30, 31–, aerial 49–, architecture 25–, central 22, 25

382 Index

perspective (continued)–, decelerated 25, 30, 31–, distorted 25, 26, 28, 31–, linear 6–22, 25, 26, 34, 48, 50, 90, 188

–, distorted 25–, reverse 39–, rules 22, 33, 90–, shifted 26

perspex 297phenomenon 12

–, Bezold-Brücke 212–, binocular depth 342–, contrast 226–, visual 10–, watercolour 217

Philosophical toy makers 11Photo-graphics 111photogram 111photograph 257

–, paired 10, 337–, pinhole 21–, solarised 104, 111–, stereoscopic 272, 338, 339

–, simultaneous 338–, viewpoint 247–, war scene 78

photography 9, 45, 137, 271, 274, 337–, art 10–, composite 247–, faces 246–, negative, positive 246–, stereoscopic 272–, surrealist 111

photomontage 258photomosaic 77physichromy 329piano 99Piano illusion, Shigeo Fukuda 98Picasso cubed 34picture

–, depth 338–, frame 55–, high-contrast 289–, motion 302–, paired 337–, perception 143–, plane 8, 20–22–, pole 14–, Renaissance 7–, spatialised 184–, stylised 184–, symbolic 14

Piero’s perspective 7pigment 13, 219

–, black 211

–, mixing 13, 209, 210–, primaries 13, 211

pinhole 21–, camera 20–, image 23–, photograph 21

Pinna-Brelstaff illusion 301pixel 10, 71

–, manipulation 11plane

–, ground 8, 21–, picture 8, 20–22

Poemotion I, Takahiro Kurashima (publication) 332Poemotion II, Takahiro Kurashima (publication) 332poetry, concrete (or visual) 185Poggendorff illusion (Zöllner illusion) 125, 126Poggendorff’s Zöllner illusion 125point

–, station 21–, vanishing 8, 21, 22

pointillism 219Pointilliste Seurat 220polarity 122Polaroid 258polyomino 81Pompeii 72

–, mosaic 75Ponzo illusion 135Ponzo’s illusion 134portrait

–, dual 37–, perceptual 16–, stereoscopic 272

Portrait of Sir Charles Wheatstone, Calum Colvin 349

Portrait of Sir David Brewster, Calum Colvin 350postcard 152, 156Pouring over a paradox 20Pozzo’s cupola 52primaries 13, 209

–, light 211–, pigment 211

principle–, Gestalt 71, 163, 168–, graphical 160–, grouping 71–, perspective 90

prism experiment 208process, negative/positive 272processing, visual 169Profi le axes 266proportion 48pseudoscope 350Pseudoscopist 352pseudoscopy 352

383Subject Index

psychologist’s microelectrode 124puzzle

–, impossible 93–, perceptual 17–, visual 14

Q

Quattro 298

R

Raetz limen 255random dot stereogram 346, 347, 350Raphaelesque head exploding, Salvador Dalí 110Rayleigh match 313Rayleigh fringes 314Ray Man 112Rayograph 111recognition 165, 168red 209, 211, 313reduction, dimensional 90refraction 122Reiz limen 255Renaissance 7, 48

–, picture 7–, tile 73

repetition 73representation, pictorial 7, 108resolution

–, spatial 188–, visual 341

retina 188, 341Reverse authority 40Rhode Island School of Design Museum 4rivalry, binocular 341, 342River Tay 21Roads to convergence 49Robert Burns, Calum Colvin 44rod, rectangular 90Roman

–, artist 4–, Baroque 30–, beaker 259–, Empire 4, 73–, mosaic 71, 73, 75, 81, 150, 247, 259–, pottery 247–, wall painting 75

Romantic vision 211Rotary Glass, Marcel Duchamp 303Rotating snakes, Akiyoshi Kitaoka 11, 12rotation illusion 301rotorelief 308Royal Academy School 264Rubin crosses 148

Rubin’s crosses 151Rubin’s fi gure (see vase/faces motif)rule, perspective 33, 90

S

Sabattier effect 111Sancho Panza 160Sander parallelogram 139Sander’s parallelogram 140Sandrotated 95San Ignazio, Rome 50, 52satire, pictorial 260Satire on False Perspective, William Hogarth 32scanimation 332science 13, 302

–, visual 10, 219scientist 11, 16

–, visual 11, 12, 209, 342Scintillating fi gure 293Scintillating grid, Bernd Lingelbach 292scintillation 278, 284, 290

–, source 284–, visual 285

Scottish National Portrait Gallery 37sculptor 104Sculpture 510, Marcello Morandini 297Seeing in Ernst 96, 97segregation 165

–, fi gure-ground 150, 180Sehen in subjectiver Hinsicht 162, 163self-portrait (also selfi e) 271, 274

–, Charles Wheatstone 272–, Edwin Emerson 274–, Jacopo Chimenti da Empoli 273–, Maria Kozic 37–, Maurits Cornelis Escher 87–, Nicholas Wade 16, 197, 274, 275–, Robert Cornelius 271–, scientifi c 274–, stereoscopic 274–, Tim Noble and Sue Webster 43

Selfi e portrait 275sense, human 4separation

–, angular 304–, colour 336

sex 4shading 49shape 121, 186

–, geometrical 281–, manipulation 189–, reorganisation 282

shape-from-shading 76Shattered frame 54

384 Index

Sheba, Yaacov Agam 35shell mosaic, Verulamium (St. Albans) 74, 75shelter 4Shepard illusion 141Shepard’s crook 141Shigeo of Shigeos 77shutter 9, 21Siete Punto Uno, John Pugh 61sighting vane 8Signature falls 108Silenus (in Roman mosaic) 4silhouette 42Sim and Tue 43similarity 168simulation, motion 303SimultanCB 25, Wolfgang Kiwus 223, 225Sistine Chapel, Vatican 186size 120, 121

–, distortion 135–, familiar 49–, illusion 133, 135–138–, relative 49

skull, anamorphic 27Slade School of Art 265Slettemark’s visions 268solarisation 104, 111, 112solidity 307Soto Voce 328space 258, 302

–, illusory 65–, stereoscopic 333

SPACE (Space Provision Artistic Cultural and Education), London 307

Spaced out 307Spain 35species

–, barrier 260–, boundary 247

Spectacle 325spectrum

–, colours 43–, mixing 13–, prismatic 209–, visible 208

Spiegelbeeld I, Bruno Ernst 96, 97Spircles 131square 81, 88

–, tiling 81Square of Neal 287Square of nine 286Square of Three, Reginald Neal 286, 287St. Helena 172stability, visual 305station point 20, 21

–, melding 34

Steeley gaze 289Stellascopes 222stereo

–, effect 345–, interference 333–, moiré 333

Stereocube, Terry Pope 350, 351stereogram 336

–, random dot 346, 347, 350Stereomaster 340stereophotography 339stereopsis 336stereoscope 10, 272, 274, 302, 303, 336–338, 342, 350

–, mirror 337Stereoscopic Brewster 338Stereoscopic Wheatstone 337stereoscopy 350Still life with violin and music, William Harnett 50stimulus

–, artifi cial 148–, peripheral 341

stone 70Striped Seeley 241Stripe portfolio, J. Seeley 240, 241stroboscope 10, 303

–, frequency 303, 304, 307stroboscopic disc 303Stroop effect 185strop art 303, 307structure, impossible 101, 160subjective

–, contour 143–, line 143

Subjective contortionists 144sunlight 208surface

–, depth 35, 345–, fl at 35–, light-sensitive 9

surrealism 257surrealist 104Surreal photographer 115survival 4sustenance 4Sydney Opera House 165symmetry 73, 163, 165, 168

–, rotational 88systematic art 305

T

tachiste technique (action painting) 253Tannenbäume 237, 238Tay Road Bridge 21, 22, 31, 49Tay Road Bridge 31, 165

385Subject Index

terracotta 4, 70Tescherlations 86tessellation 70, 71, 73, 81, 87

–, mathematics 87–, symmetrical 85

tessera 4, 70, 71text

–, art 202–, shape 202

texture, visual processing 347Thatcher illusion, Peter Thompson 269The Ambassadors, Hans Holbein 25–27The arrow in the eye 188The Art and Science of Visual Illusions, Nicholas

Wade (publication) 326The art of vision 2The cook, Giuseppe Arcimboldo 250, 251The grammar of ornament, Owen Jones 83The image disappears, Salvador Dalí 159The integrity of words 184The invisible man (Liu Bolin) 173The librarian, Giuseppe Arcimboldo 249The mysterious urn, Pierre Crussaire 155, 172The perfi dy of images, René Magritte 14The persistence of memory, Dalí, Salvador 104The Responsive Eye (exhibition, Museum of

Modern Art, New York, 1965) 283, 287, 293, 314Thesaurus of English words and phrases 196These are not Magritte’s pipes 15The skull of Zurbarán, Salvador Dalí 156The tomb and shade of Napoleon, from a

curiosity at St. Helena, Nathaniel Currier 172The Troops effect 186The vegetables, Giuseppe Arcimboldo 250, 251The warped chessboard, Sandro Del-Prete 94, 95Thiéry’s illusion 136thought 4tile 70

–, Penrose 81–, Renaissance 73–, shaded 73

tiling 70, 71, 81–, aperiodic 87–, pattern 73, 81, 84

–, mathematical 83–, periodic 88

tilt–, after-effect 123–, contrast 123–, illusion 122, 123, 125

Tilt illusion 123time 34, 35Time traveller 257Tirets 0° 90°, François Morellet 289, 290Titchener illusion 135

Towards plastic unity 237toy, philosophical 10, 11, 303transchromy 329transparency 319tree 172triangle 81

–, impossible 90–92, 96, 99, 101–, Penrose 92–, wooden 92

Triangulated 92Trichromatic Young 209trompe l’œil 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 71, 348

–, huge-scale 61–, pavement 62

Trompe l’œil dit aux dessins et aux savoyards, Louis-Léopold Boilly 54

Turning the tables, Roger Shepard 141Twisted awry 186, 187twisted cord illusion 128

–, curved 129–, straight 129

Two faces of Rex Whistler 265typeface 198typewriter 196, 197

–, art 185, 194, 199–, pattern 194

typography 185Typotexture, Timm Ulrichs 198

V

vanishing point 8, 21, 22Vasarelian Exposure 327Vasarely, Victor Vasarely (publication) 326, 331vase/faces motif 150, 151, 155, 156Vega200, Victor Vasarely 281velocity, angular 303, 307Vertical and horizontal illusion 138Video disc, Peter Sedgley 307Video rotors, Peter Sedgley 306viewing position 63viewpoint 41, 169, 348

–, limitation 92Viktorious Vasarely 281violet 209Violon d’Ingres, Man Ray 104vision

–, binocular 39, 342–, cyclopean 346–, limits 255–, literal 188–, research 247–, spatial 12–, stereoscopic 336, 337–, theory 9

386 Index

Visions of Ocampo 160Visions of Quixote, Octavio Ocampo 160Visual inversion 263Vitruvian man, Leonardo da Vinci 22, 23vivacity 48

W

wall mosaic 73wallpaper illusion 342, 344, 345Wallpaper Brewster 344Watercolor effect 217watercolour phenomenon 217Watercolouring 217wave-crest 71

–, motif 4, 5, 76wavelength 211Wavering heads of Dalí 109WaWiKiwus 225White illusion 230white 211, 212White Discs I, Bridget Riley 231White’s grey illusion 230White spots 231Wild Mood Swings, Tim Noble and Sue Webster 43

window–, Alberti’s 8, 9, 20–, Dürer’s 9–, trapezoidal 66

Wobbling face and sex illusion, Sayako Ueda 248

word 14, 185, 192, 199, 201–, colour 185–, shape 186, 189

Wordsmith 193world, impossible 90writing 2Wundt illusion 126Wundt’s curved illusion 126

Y

yellow 209, 211, 313young girl/old woman fi gure 152Yvanescense 330

Z

Zöllner illusion 124–126Zöllner’s illusion 124