Bible Interpretation Seminar Textbook -- Hindi … 2! A. ;g ,d fu;e dh iqLrd ugha gS B. ;g ,d foKku...

1

fo”k; lwph bl Vhdk esa iz;ksx fd, x, ladsr fpUg …………………………..--9

ys[kd ds }kjk dqN ‘kCn% bl O;k[;k ds rjhds dk laf{kIr fu”d”kZ---------------11

ifjp;

I. ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar esa fo’ks”kKrk dh vksj ckbcy O;k[;k esa izo`fr ds ckjs

esa dqN ‘kind ……………………………………………… 15

II. LFkkuh; dyhfl;kvksa esa] d{kkvksa esa] vkSj lsfeukjksa esa ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar

fl[kkus dk ys[kd dk vuqHko --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

III. vf/kdkj dk eqn~nk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

IV. ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds vizkfof/kd izfØ;kvksa dh vko’;drk-------------- 30

A. fo’okfl;ksa ds e/; esa fojfä

B. fo’okfl;ksa ds chp /keZ&fl)karokn-

V.ckbcy ds ckjs esa iwoZ&/kkj.kk,a---------------------------------------------------------------------------------33

VI.izklafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k ds ckjs esa lkekU; dFku-----------------------------35

VII. ikBdksa ds fy, dqN lkekU; fVIif.k;k¡ ----------------------------------------------37

Ckbcy

I. fo/kku------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

II. izsj.kk ikus ds nkos----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42

III. ckbcy dk mn~ns’;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43

2

A. ;g ,d fu;e dh iqLrd ugha gS

B. ;g ,d foKku dh iqLrd ugha

C. ;g ,d tknw¼ra=&ea=½ dh iqLrd ugh gS

IV. ckbcy ds ckjs esa ys[kd dh iwoZ/kkj.kk,a-------------------------------------------------------------47

V. vkykSfdd rkSj ij izsfjr vkSj vf/kdkj j[kusokyh ckbcy dk izek.k----------48

A. Predictive Prophecy

B. Archeological Discoveries

C. Consistent of Message

D. Permanently Changed People

VI. ckbcy dh gekjh O;k[;k ls twM+h leL;k,a-------------------------------------------------50

VII.gekjh vk/kqfud ckbcy dk eq[; ewyikB Jksr-------------------------------------------51

A. iqjkuk fu;e B. u;k fu;e C fuprj vkykspuk**] ftls **ewyikB vkykspuk** Hkh dgk tkrk gS] dh

leL;kvksa vkSj fl)karksa dh laf{ki esa Li”VrkA

D. ewyikB vkykspuk ds ewy fl)kar¼izfrys[ku dh laHkkork;sa½

E. ;wukuh u, fu;e esa gkFk ls Nkih xbZ gLrfyfi;ksa esa dh leL;kvksa ds dqN

mnkgj.kA

F. ,d Hk k” k k l s n wlj s e s a vu qo kn dju s e s a leL;k

G- ijes’oj dk fooj.k nsus esa ekuo Hkk”kkvksa dh leL;k

ckbcyh; vf/kdkj

I. ys[kd dh iwoZ/kkjf.kd ifjHkk”kk----------------------------------------------------------67

II.tk¡ps tkus ;ksX; O;k[;kvksa dh vko’;drk-------------------------------------68

3

III.O;k[;k ds nq:i;ksx ds mnkgj.k--------------------------------------------------70

O;k[;kdkj

I. iwoZ/kkjf.kd vuqdwyu------------------------------------------------------------------------73

II. lqlekpkjkRed vuqdwyu ds dqN mnkgj.k-----------------------------77

/keZoSKkfud varnZ`f”V

III.D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\----------------------------------------------------------------84

IV.O;k[;kdkj dh ft+Eesnkjh---------------------------------------------------------------85

ckbcyh; O;k[;k dh lkanfHkZd fof/k

I. bfrgkl vkSj fodkl-------------------------------------------------------------------------87

A. ;gwnh O;k[;k

B. fldanfj;kbZ Ldwy

C. varkfd;kbZ Ldwy

D. varkfd;kbZ Ldwy ds ewy fl)kar

II. O;k[;k djus ds iz’u----------------------------------------------------------------------94

1- A.ewy ys[kd us D;k dgk\¼ewyikB vkykspuk½

2- B. ewy ys[kd dk D;k vFkZ Fkk\¼Hkk”;&O;k[;k½ 3- C. blh fo”k; ij ewy ys[kd us vkSj dgha D;k dgk gSa\¼lekuarj

in~;ka’k½

4- D. nwljs ckbcyh; ys[kd blh fo”k; ij D;k dgrs gSa\¼lekuarj

in~;ka’k½

5- E. fdl izdkj ewy ikBdksa us lans’k dks lquk vkSj izfrfØ;k

4

nh\¼,sfrgkfld iz;ksfxdj.k½

6- F. fdl izdkj ;g lR; esjs le; ds fy, ykxw gksrk gS\¼vkt ds

le; ds fy, ykxwdj.k½

7- G. fdl izdkj ;g lR; esjs thou ds fy, ykxw gksrk gS\¼O;fDrxr

ykxwdj.k½

O;k[;k esa Q¡lus dh dqN lEHkkfor ckrsa

I.vuqokn esa rdZlaxr rFkk iqLrd esa dsfUær gksus dh vko’;drk----132

A. vuqPNsn dk lkfgR;kRed lanHkZ

B. vuqPNsn dk ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ

C. lkfgR;d ‘kSyh

D. O;kdj.k

E. vlyh vFkZ vkSj ladsr fd;k x;k vFkZ ¼fdlh ‘kCn dk ifjHkk”kk½

F. lekukUrj vuqPNsnksa dk mi;qDr mi;ksx

II. Examples of Abuse of the First Five interpretive

questions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133

O;k[;k gsrq O;ogkfjd izfØ;k

I. vkfREkd igyq----------------------------------------------------------------------------146

A. O;k[;k vkSj O;ogkj esa izkFkZuk

B. ;fDrxr ‘kqf)dj.k Hkh izkFkZuk

C. ijes’oj vkSj muds opuksa izkFkZuk

5

D. izkIr ckrksa dks vius thou esa rqjUr ykxw

II. rdZlaxr izfØ;k------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147

1. dbZ vuqoknksa dks i<+saA

B. ,d gh ckj esa iwjh iqLrd ;k lkfgR;d bdkbZ dks i<+saA

C. vkids fujh{k.kksa dks fy[k MkysaA

D. bl eqdke dk vki viuh :ijs[kk dks nwljs fo’okfl;ksa

E. ml ckbcyh; iqLrd dks fQj ls i<+sa

F. vkids fujh{k.kksa dks tk¡psA

G. lekuUrj vuqPNsnksa ij /;ku djsa

H. iwoZ ns’k ds yksx fojks/kkHkkld rjhds ls lR; dks izxV djrs

gSaA

I. Øec) bZ’ojh;’kkL=

J. lekukUrj vuqPNsnksa dk mi;ksx

III. xos”k.k ds lkefxz;ksa ds mi;ksx ds funsZ’kkRed rjhds-----------155

uk sV fy[ku s dk lkekU; oxh Zdj.k

I. v/;;u dkypØ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------157

II. ,DltsfVdy izfØ;k----------------------------------------------------------------------------161

III.u, fu;e ds ‘kCn v/;;u gsrq cqfu;knh izfØ;k-------------------------------164

IV.O;k[;k’kkL= ds fl)kUr ds ,d laf{kIr fooj.k-----------------------------165

oxhZd`r xos”k.k lkefxz;ksa dk ,d lwph

I. ckbcy--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------167

6

II. xos”k.k fdl izdkj fd;k tk,a-------------------------------------------------------------------167

III. ;k[;k’kkL= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------167

IV. ckbcyh; iqLrdksa ds fy, cqfu;knh ifjp;----------------------------------------168

V. ckbcy ,UlkbZdykWihfM;k vkSj ‘kCndks’k--------------------------------------------------168

VI. Vhdk lewg-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------169

VII. ‘kCnksa dk v/;;u----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------169

VIII. lkald`frd foU;kl------------------------------------------------------------------------------------170

IX. /keZoSKkfud------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------171

X. ekSf[kdj{kk ‘kkL=--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------172

XI. ckbcy fMfQdYVhl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------173

XII. VsDlpq;y vykspuk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------173

XIII. ysfDldul~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------173

XIV. iqLrd [kjhnus ds fy, mi;qDr osclkbZVl~-----------------------------------174

ckb Zcy v/;;u d s fy, fn’ k k fun s Z ’ k %

i ze k f. kr dj ldu s oky s lR; dh Lo; a [k k st djukA ----------175

A abrief definition s of Hebre w verb alform s w hich

imp act exege si s s

I. Brief Historical Development of Hebrew ------------------------------194

II.A spects of Predication ---------------------------------------------------------------------196

7

A. verbs

B. stems

C. moods (modes

D. wawwawawawghari E. infinitives F. interrogatives

G. negatives

H. conditional sentences

Definitins of greek grammatical forms which impack

exegesis

I. tense--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 209

II. voice -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211

III. moods (modes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 212

IV. greek research tools------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 213

V. nouns--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------214

VI. conjunctions and connectors---------------------------------------------------------------215-

VII. conditional sentences --------------------------------------------------------------------------218-

VIII. prohibitions-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220

IX. the article----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220

X. ways showing emphasis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------221

8

I. jksfe;ksa 1&3 dh ,d dk;Ziz.kkyh iUUks ds mnkgj.k-----------------------------228

II. rhrql dh iqLrd ij ,d odZ’khV dk uewuk-------------------------------------236

III. A.bfQ-2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------252

B jksfe- 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------302

jksfe- 6------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------351

ifjf’k”V

ifjf’k”V 1 iqjkus fu;e bfrgkl ds :i esaA---------------------------------381

ifjf’k”V 2 iqjkus fu;e ds ,sfrgkfld ys[k dh rqyuk

ledkyhu fudVre iwohZ laLd`fr;ksa lsA-----------------------------------------------------383

ifjf’k”V 3 bczkuh ,sfrgkfld o.kZu---------------------------------------------------------------385

ifjf’k”V 4 bczkuh Hkfo”;ok.kh------------------------------------------------------------------------389

ifjf’k”V 5 u, fu;e dh Hkfo”;}ok.kh-------------------------------------------------------397

ifjf’k”V 6 bczkuh dkO;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------403

ifjf’k”V 7 bczkuh cqf) lkfgR;---------------------------------------------------------------------408

ifjf’k”V 8 izdk’kukRed lkfgR;------------------------------------------------------------------415

ifjf’k”V 9 n`”VkUr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------417

ifjf’k”V 10 ,sfrgkfld] ikB~;] vkSj ‘kkfCnd v/;;uksa esa

vdlj iz;ksx fd, tkusokys ukeksa dh lwph-------------------------------------------- 425

ifjf’k”V 11 m)`r fd, vkSj flQkfj’k dh xbZ iqLrdksa dh xzaFk&lwph-444

ifjf’k”V 12 lS)kafrd dFku-----------------------------------------------------------------------------449

,d dfork--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------452

9

bl Vhdk esa iz;ksx fd, x, ladsr fpUg

, ch ,adj ckbcy deaVªhl] foY;e QksDl~osy ,yczkbZV vkSj

MsfoM+ uks,y

fÝMeu ds }kjk laikfnrA

, ch Mh ,adj ckbcy fMD’kaujh¼6 iqLrdsa½] MsfoM+ uks,y fÝMeu

}kjk

laikfnrA

, fd vks Vh ,usysfVdy dh Vw n vksYM+ VsLVesaV] tkWu tkslQ

vksou~l ds }kjkA

, ,.u bZ Vh ,als.V fu;j bZLVuZ VsDl~V] tsEl~ ch-fizV~NkMZ ds }kjkA

ch fM ch iqjkus fu;e dk vaxzsth vkSj fgczh Hkk”kk dk ‘kCndks”k]

,sQ czkÅu]

,sl-vkj MªkbZoj vkSj lh-,s-fczXxl~ ds }kjkA

ch ,p ,l fcfCydk fgczkbZdk LVqVxkjVsufl;k] ft ch ,l] 1997A

vkbZ fM ch n b.VjizVjl~ fMD’kaujh Vq n ckbcy¼4 iqLrdsa½] tkstZ

,s-cfVªd }kjk

laikfnrA

vkbZ ,l ch bZ b.Vjus’kuy LVsaMMZ ckbcy ,sulkbZDyksihfM;k¼5

iqLrdsa½] tsEl~ vksj

}kjk laikfnrA

ts ch ts:lyse ckbcyA

ts ih ,l vks ,s elksjsfrd ikB ds vuqlkj dk ifo= ckbcy% ,d u;k

vuqokn

¼n twfo’k ifCyds’ku lkslkbZVh vkWQ vesfjdk½A

,y ,s ,e izkphu iwohZ gLrfyfi;ksa ls ifo= ckbcy¼n isf’kr~rk½

tkstZ ,e-yselk

ds }kjkA

10

,y ,sDl ,sDl lsiRokfxark¼;wukuh&vaxzsth½ t+ksaMjou ds }kjk] 1970 A

,se vks ,Q tsEl~ eksQ~QV ds }kjk ckbcy dk ,d u;k vuqoknA

,se Vh elksjsfrd fgczh ikB A

,u ,s ch U;w vesfjdu ckbcy ikB A

,u ,s ,l ch U;w vesfjdu LVsaMMZ ckbcy A

,u bZ ch U;w baxfy’k ckbcy A

,u bZ Vh ,u bZ Vh ckbcy% U;w baxfy’k Vªkalys’ku] f}fr; chVk

laiknu A

,u vkj ,l oh U;w fjokbZLM LVsaMMZ ckbcy A

,u vkbZ Mh vks Vh Vh bZ U;w b.Vjus’kuy fMD’kaujh vksQ n vksYM+

VsLVesaV fFk;ksykWth

,.M ,sDlhthfll¼5 iqLrdsa½] foye ,s-

osufxesjsu }kjk

laikfnr A

,u vkbZ oh U;w b.Vjus’kuy ojlu A

,u ts ch U;w ts:’kyse ckbcy A

vks Vh ih th VksM~M ,l-fc,sy] foY;e ,s-csaDl~] vkSj dksfyu

fLeFk ds }kjk

inO;k[;k dh lgk;d iqLrd A

vkj bZ ch fjokbZLM baxfy’k ckbcyA

vkj ,l oh fjokbZLM LVsaMMZ ojlu A

,l bZ ih Vh lsikfxark¼;wukuh&vaxzsth½ t+ksaMjou ds }kjk]

1970 A

Vh bZ oh ;wukbZVsM ckbcy lkslkbZVhl~ ls VwMsl~ baxfy’k

ojluA

okbZ ,y Vh jkscVZ ;ax ds }kjk ifo= ckbcy dk ;axl~

fyVjy Vªkalys’ku A

t+sM ih ch bZ t+ksaMjou fiDVksfj;y ckbcy ,ulkbZDyksihfM;k¼5

iqLrdsa½] esfjy lh VsUuh ds }kjk laikfnrA

11

y s[ kd d s }kjk d qN ‘ k Cn % bl O;k[;k ds rjhds dk laf{kIr fu”d”kZ

ckbcy dh O;k[;k ,d foosdh vkSj vkfRed izfØ;k gS tks ,d izkphu

izsfjr ys[kd dks bl rjhds ls le>us dk iz;Ru djuk gS fd ijes’oj ls

lans’k dks le>k tk lds vkSj gekjs le; esa ykxw fd;k tk ldsA

vkfRed izfØ;k xaHkhj gS ijUrq bldh ifjHkk”kk nsuk dfBu gSA blesa

ijes’oj ds izfr lefiZr gksus vkSj bZekunkj jgus dh vko’;drk gSaA gesa

,d Hkw[k dh vko’;drk gS 1½mlds fy,] 2½mUgsa tkuus ds fy,] vkSj

3½mudh lsok djus ds fy,A bl izfØ;k esa thou ‘kSyh dh ifjorZu ds

fy, izkFkZuk] vaxhdkj] vkSj bPNk gksuk vko’;d gSA O;k[;k dh izfØ;k esa

vkRek cM+h egRoiw.kZ gS] ijUrq lPps] HkfDriw.kZ elhgh yksx ckbcy dks D;ksa

fHkUu rjhdksa ls le>rs gSa ,d Hksn gSA

foosdh izfØ;k dk fooj.k nsuk ljy gSA gesa ikB ds lkFk fujarjrk cuk,

j[kuk gS vkSj bZaekunkj gksuk gS vkSj vius O;fDrxr] lkaLd`frd] ;k

laizknk;d i{kikrksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksuk gS ge lHkh ,sfrgkfld rkSj ls

vuqdwfyr gSA ge esa ls dksbZ Hkh fu”i{kr vkSj rVLFk O;k[;kdkj ugha gSA

;g Vhdk ,d /;kuiwoZd foosdh izfØ;k izLrqr djrk gS ftlesa gesa vius

i{kikrksa ls fudyus ds fy, O;k[;k djus ds rhu fl)kar fufeZr fd, x,

gSaA

igyk fl)kar igyk fl)kar bl ckr ij /;ku nsuk gS fd dksbZ Hkh ckbcy dh iqLrd

dkSu lh ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr esa fy[kh xbZ vkSj mlds ys[kd dk¼;k tc

mldk laiknu fd;k x;k Fkk½ fo’ks”k ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ D;k FkkA ml ewy

ys[kd ds ikl gesa crkus ds fy, ,d mn~ns’; vkSj ,d lans’k FkkA ,d

ikB gesa ,slk dksbZ Hkh vFkZ ugha crk ldrk gS tks mlds vius ewy] izkphu]

12

izsfjr ys[kd ds fy, ugha FkkA mldk mn~ns’;&gekjs ,sfrgkfld]

HkkoukRed] lkaLd`frd] O;fDrxr ;k laiznk;d vko’;drk,a ugha&gh dqath

gSaA mldk lgh rkSj ij ykxw djuk O;k[;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ laxh gS]

ijUrq lgh O;k[;k ges’kk ykxwdjus ds igys gksuh gSA ;g ckj ckj Lej.k

fnykuk gS fd ckbcy ds ikB ds gj ,d Hkkx dk dsoy ,d vkSj ,d gh

vFkZ gSA ;g ogh vFkZ gS ftls ewy ckbcy ds ys[kd us vkRek dh vkxqokbZ

ds }kjk vius le; esa crkuk pkgk FkkA bl ,d vFkZ dk fHkUu laLd`fr;ksa

vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vusd laHko mi;ksx gks ldrk gS bu mi;ksx fd,

tkus dks ewy ys[kd ds dsfUnz; lR; esa tksM+uk gSA bl dkj.k] bl

v/;;u Vhdk dh jpuk ckbcy dh gj iqLrd ds fy, ,d laf{kIr ifjp;

nsuks ds fy, fd;k x;k gS

n wljk fl)k ar nwljk fl)kar lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ;ksa ;k Hkkxksa dh igpku djuk gS ckbcy dh

gj iqLrd ,d ,df=r fd;k x;k nLrkost+ gSA O;k[;kdkjksa ds ikl nwljs

lR;ksa dks vyx djds lR; ds ,d igyw dks vyx djus dk dksbZ

vf/kdkj ugha gSA bl dkj.k gesa O;fDrxr lkfgR;d bZdkbZ;ksa dh O;k[;k

djus ls igys lEiw.kZ ckbcy dh iqLrd ds mn~ns’; dks le>us dk iz;kl

djuk gS O;fDrxr bZdkbZ&v/;k;] in~;ka’k];k opu& gesa os vFkZ ugha crk

ldrs tks lEiw.kZ bZdkbZ dk vFkZ ugha gSaA O;k[;k dks lEiw.kZ iqLrd ds

fuxeukRed v/;;u ls bZdkbZ;ksa dh vkxeukRed v/;;u dh vksj c<+uk

gSA bl dkj.k] bl v/;;u lgk;d Vhdk dh jpuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

lgk;rk djus ds fy, dh xbZ gS fd os gj ,d lkfgR;d bZdkbZ dk

eqY;kadu in~;ka’kkuqlkj djsaA in~;ka’k vkSj v/;k; ds foHkktu izsfjr ugha gSa]

ijUrq os gesa fopkjoknh bZdkbZ;ksa dh igpku djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

,d in~;ka’k ds Lrj ij O;k[;k djuk&okD;] okD;&[k.M] okD;ka’k] ;k

‘kCn ds Lrj ij O;k[;k djuk ugha& ckbcy ds ys[kd ds crk, x, vFkZ

dks le>us dh dqath gSA in~;ka’k ,d gh fo”k; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] ftls

dbZ ckj fo”k; okD; dgk tkrk gSA in~;ka’k dk gj ‘kCn] okD;&[k.M]

okD;ka’k vkSj okD; bl ,d fo”k; ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA os mls lhfer

djrs gSa] le>krs gSa] vkSj@;k iz’u djrs gSaA lgh O;k[;k dh ,d

okLrfod dqath ewy ys[kd ds fopkj dk tks in~;ka’kksa esa O;Dr fd, x, gSa

ihNk djuk gS mu O;fDrxr lkfgR;d bZdkbZ;ksa ds }kjk tks ckbcy dh

13

iqLrd dks cukrh gSaA bl v/;;u lgk;d Vhdk dh jpuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

lgk;rk djus ds fy, dh xbZ gS fd vk/kqfud vaxzsth vuqoknksa dh rqyuk

djds bl dk;Z dks djsaA bu vuqoknksa dks blfy, pquk x;k gS D;ksafd ;g

vuqokn djus ds fofHkUu fl)karksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS%

d- n U;w fdax tsEl~ ojlu¼,u ds ts oh½ ,d ‘kkfCnd vuqokn gS tks

;wukuh gLrfyfi ij vk/kkfjr gS ftls VsDlVl fjlIVl ds uke ls tkuk

tkrk gSA blds in~;ka’k ds foHkktu nwljs vuqoknksa ls yEcs gSaA bl izdkj

dh yEch bZdkbZ;k¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk djrh gS fd os ,df=r fo”k;

dks ns[k ldsaA

[k- n U;w fjokbZLM+ LVsaMMZ ojlu¼,u vkj ,l oh½ ,d :ikUrfjr

‘kkfCnd vuqokn gSA uhps fn, x, nks vuqoknksa dk ;g ,d e/; fcUnq curk

gSA blds in~;ka’k ds foHkktu fo”k;ksa dks igpkuus esa cgqr lgk;d gSaA

x- n VwMsl~ baxfy’k ojlu¼Vh bZ oh½ ;wukbZVsM ckbcy lkslkbZVh }kjk

izdkf’kr dh xbZ ,d lfØ; cjkcj dk vuqokn gSA ;g ckbcy dk vuqokn

bl izdkj djus dk iz;kl djrh gS fd ,d vk/kqfud vaxzsth Hkk”kk dk

ikBd ;k izpkjd ewy ikB ds vFkZ dks le> ldsA

M+- n ts:’kyse ckbcy¼ts ch½ Hkh ,d lfØ; cjkcj dk vuqokn gS tks

,d Ýkalh dsFkksfyd vuqokn ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g ,d ;wjksih; n`f”Vdks.k

ls in~;ka’kksa dh rqyuk djus esa vfr lgk;d gSA

p- blesa Nkik x;k ikB 1995 esa iqufujhf{kr fd;k x;k U;w vesfjdu

LVsaMMZ ckbcy¼,u ,s ,l ch½ esa ls gS] tks ,d ‘kkfCnd vuqokn gSA opuksa

ij fn, x, Vhds bu in~;ka’kksa dk vuqdj.k djrs gSaA

rhljk fl)kar rhljk fl)kar ckbcy dks fHkUu vuqoknksa esa i<+uk gS rkfd ckbcy ds

‘kCnksa vkSj okD; [k.Mksa ds miyC/k lHkh izdkj ds vFkksZa¼lsesafVd {ks=½ dks

le>k tk ldsA dbZ ckj ,d okD; [k.M ;k ‘kCn dks vusd rjhdksa ls

le>k tk ldrk gS fofHkUu vuqokn bu fodYiksa dks ys vkrs gSa vkSj

gLrfyfi;ksa ds fHkUu izdkjksa dh igpku djus vkSj mUgsa le>kus esa lgk;rk

djrs gSaA ;s ckrsa dyhfl;k ds fl)karksa dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gS] ijUrq

;g gesa ml ewy ikB dh vksj ys tkus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks ,d izsfjr

izkphu ys[kd ds }kjk fy[kk x;k FkkA

14

pkSFkk fl)kar pkSFkk fl)kar lkfgR;d izdkjksa ij /;ku nsuk gS ewy izsfjr ys[kdksa us

vius lans’kksa dks fHkUu izdkjksa esa fy[kuk pkgk¼mnkgj.k ds fy, ,sfrgkfld

o.kZu] ,sfrgkfld ukVd] dfork] Hkfo”;}k.kh] lqlekpkj¿n`”VkUrksa esaÀ]i=]

izdk’kukRed lkfgR;½A bu fHkUu izdkjksa dh O;k[;k ds fy, fo’ks”k dqaft;k¡

gSa¼ns[ksa xksMZu Qh vkSj Mksmx LVwoVZ] gkÅ Vw jhM+ n ckbcy Qksj vkWy

bZV~l oFkZ] Mh- czsaV lsaMh vkSj jksuYM+ ,y- xhl] Økfdax vksYM+ VsLVesaV

dksM~l] ;k jkscVZ LVsu] IysbZax cbZ n :Yl~½ A

;g ikB~; iqLrd O;k[;kvksa ij /;ku nsus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d ‘kh?kz

rjhdk iznku djrh gS ;g fu.kkZ;d gksus ds fy, ugha gS] ijUrq tkudkjh

nsus ;ksX; vkSj fopkj dks mdlkus okyh gSA dbZ ckj] nwljh laHkkfor

O;k[;k,a gekjh lgk;rk djrh gS fd ge cgqr ladqfpr] fl)kafrd] vkSj

laizkn;d u cusaA O;k[;kdkjksa ds ikl O;k[;k djus ds dbZ fodYi gksus

pkfg, ;g igpku djus ds fy, fd izkphu ikB fdrus vLi”V gks ldrs

gSaA ;g cgqr gSjkuh dh ckr gS fd elhgksa ds chp fdruh de lgefr gS

tks nkok djrs gSa fd ckbcy muds lR; dh ewy gSA

bu fl)karksa us eq>s esjs ,sfrgkfld vuqdqyu ls Åij vkus dh lgk;rk dh

gS izkphu ikB ds lkFk la?k”kZ djus ds fy, eq>s etcwj djus ds }kjkA esjh

vk’kk gS fd ;g vkids fy, Hkh ,d vk’kh”k dk dkj.k cusxhA

ck Wc ;V w ~y s

b ZLV V sDlkl ckifVLV ; w fuofl ZVh

June 27, 1996

15

ifjp;

I. ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar esa fo’ks”kKrk dh vksj ckbcy

O;k[;k esa izo`fr ds ckjs esa dqN ‘kCn A

eSa Lej.k djrk gw¡] ,d u, fo’oklh ds rkSj ij] eSa elhg] elhg thou]

vkSj ckbcy ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd tkuus ds fy, fdruk mRlkfgr FkkA

eq>s bl izdkj dgk x;k Fkk fd ckbcy dk v/;;u djuk gj u,

fo’oklh ds fy, vkuUn Fkk vkSj mldk dk;Z Hkh FkkA eq>s ;kn gS fd ;g

fdruk O;FkZ yx jgk Fkk tc eSa us ckbcy i<+uk izkjEHk fd;kA ftls eSaus

lkspk Fkk fd ;g ,d mRlkgiw.kZ dk;Z gksxk vc my>kusokyk nq%LoIu cu

x;k FkkA

**O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u dk fopkj gh vf/kdka’k elhgksa dks

Hk;Hkhr dj nsrk gS ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vkSipkfjd izf’k{k.k ds fcuk

dfBu yxrk gS ijUrq rc Hkh Hktu 119 gj elhg dks opu ds vkfRed

Hkkstu dks ysus ds fy, fujarj vuqjks/k djrk gS**¼es¸gw 1986] 45½ A

ijUrq ,d vk’kk FkhA eq>s dgk x;k Fkk fd /kkfeZd izf’k{k.k o ;a= vkSj

rduhd izca/k djsaxs tks eq>s vius vki ckbcy dks le>us ds fy,

vko’;d gksxk] ijUrq ;g lEiw.kZ lR; u FkkA ;g lR; Fkk fd /kkfeZd

izf’k{k.k us eq>s ckbcy dks vusd vn~Hkqr rjhdksa ls le>k;kA fQj Hkh] eq>s

cgqr t+Yn ,glkl gks x;k fd ckbcy dks okLro esa le>us ds fy, eq>s

vkSj vf/kd f’k{kk vkSj fo’ks”kKrk izkIr djuh FkhA vpkud eSa us eglwl

fd;k fd ckbcy dks lEiw.kZrk ls le>us ds fy, Hkk”kfon`] lsekafVd]

Hkk”;kRed] ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)karkRed] vkSj /keZoSKkfud fuiq.krk dh

vko’;drk gSaA bl le; rd] esjh f’k{kk dk Lrj bl izdkj Fkk fd eSa us

igpku fy;k fd tks fo’ks”kK eq>s izf’k{k.k ns jgs Fks ,d leku ckbcy dh

16

O;k[;k ugha dj jgs Fks¼flyok 1987] 2&3½A mu lHkh us nkok fd;k fd

muds v/;;u ds fo’ks”k {ks= esa ‘kSf{kd fonX/krk ckbcy dh lgh O;k[;k ds

fy, xaHkhj gS vkSj fQj Hkh os bl ckr ij vlger Fks fd dqN fo’ks”k

dfBu v/;k;ksa dh O;k[;k fdl izdkj djsaA

;s fVIif.k;k¡ elhg f’k{kk ds ckjs esa vkykspuk djus ds fy, ugha gSa] ijUrq

;g igpkuus ds fy, gS fd os tks ok;nk djrs gSa mls iwjk djus esa

vlQy gSaA fdlh izdkj] dgha Hkh] fdlh Hkh rjhds ls ogk¡ ij f’k{kk ls

dqN vf/kd gksuk FkkA

**ckbcy bruh ljy gS fd lcls de f’kf{kr Hkh blds ewy lans’k

dks le> ldrs gSa vkSj fQj Hkh bruh xgjh gS fd lcls mÙke fo}ku Hkh

blds lEiw.kZ vFkZ dks dHkh Hkh fudky u ik,a**¼LdwYt+ vkSj bZaN 1976] 9½A

fdlh izdkj ls ge yksxksa us ckbcy dh O;k[;k dks ‘kSf{kd fo’ks”kKksa ds

fo’ks”k i{k esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k gSA ge us ckbcy dks ysdj] tks lkekU;

yksxksa ds fy, fy[kh xbZ Fkh] fo’ks”kkf/kdkj j[kusokys] ÅPp&izf’kf{kr

fo’ks”kKksa dks ns fn;k gSA

fofDyQ fy[krs gSa% ** elhg vkSj mlds izsfjrksa us yksxksa dks tks

Hkk”kk mUgsa lcls mÙke rjhds ls vkrh Fkh fl[kk;kA ;g fuf’pr gS fd

elhg fo’okl dk lR; vkSj vf/kd izekf.kr gksrk gS tc Lo;a fo’okl dks

vkSj vf/kd tkuk tkrk gSA bl dkj.k] dyhfl;k ds fl)karksa dks u dsoy

yfVuh Hkk”kk esa gksuk gS] ijUrq tulk/kkj.k cksyh esa Hkh vkSj] tc dyhfl;k

ds fo’okl opu esa lEefyr gSa] ftruk vf/kd lgh vFkZ esa bUgsa tkuk

tkrk gS]mruk gh mÙke gSA lk/kkj.k yksxksa dks fo’okl dks le>uk gS] vkSj

tc gekjs fo’okl ds fl)kar opu esa gSa] fo’okfl;ksa ds ikl ,d ,slh Hkk”kk

esa opu gksuk gS ftls os iw.kZrk ls le>rs gSa** ¼es¸gw 1986] 106½A

geus tks dqN Hkh O;k[;k djus ds fl)kUrksa ds lkFk fd;k gS ;g buds

lekukUrj esa gS tks 1½ ;gwfn;ksa us viuh O;oLFkk ds fo’ks”kKksa] ‘kkfL=;ksa ds

lkFk fd;k Fkk( 2½ tks Kkuokfn;ksa us vius Kku ij egRo nsus vkSj jgL;

Kku ds lkFk fd;k Fkk] tks dsoy os gh iznku dj ldrs Fks( vkSj 3½ tks

e/;&dkyhu jkseh dsFkksfyd dyhfl;k us vius ;ktd vkSj tulk/kkj.k

yksxksa ds chp ds f}Hkktu ds lkFk fd;k Fkk] tks vkt rd pyrk vk jgk

17

gSA ge us fQj ls ckbcy dks tu lk/kkj.k yksxksa ds gkFkksa ls ys fy;k gS

dsoy blfy, fd blds lR; fo’ks”kKksa dks gh miyC/k gksA geus ckbcy

dh O;k[;k ds lkFk og fd;k gS ftls nok us fpfdRldksa ds lkFk fd;k gS%

‘kjhj ds gj vax ds fy, ,d fo’ks”kK] ijUrq ;s fo’ks”kK jksx dh igpku

djus vkSj mlds mipkj djus esa ,d&nwljs ls lgefr trkrs gSaA blh

izdkj dh izo`fr vk/kqfud thou ds gj {ks= esa gqbZ gS] elhgh dkWystksa vkSj

f’k{kkvksa dh ‘kSf{kd ckrksa ds lkFk HkhA

ftl izdkj dh tkudkjh dh Hkjekj vkt miyC/k gS] fo’ks”kK yksx vius

{ks=ksa esa gh jg ugha ik jgs gSaA bl dkj.k] fdl izdkj ,d lkekU; elhg

O;fDr ls vis{kk dh tk, fd og ckbcy ds fo}ku dh ckrksa ls ifjfpr

jgsa tcfd **fo’ks”kK** Hkh bl izdkj ugha dj ldrs gSa\ xksMZu Qh] ,d

iqLrd esa ftldk ’kh”kZd b.VjizfVax n oMZ vkWQ xksM+ gSa];s dFku dgrs gSa%

**bl i`”B esa fn, x, lq>ko vketu] ftuds fy, ewy esa ckbcy

fy[kh xbZ Fkh] ds fy, yM+[kM+kusokyk yxsa] fd bldh O;k[;k djuk dsoy

fo’ks”kK dk ,d dk;Z cu tk,A lkSHkkX;iw.kZ]vkRek] ,d gok ds leku]

*ft/kj pkgrh gS m/kj pyrh gS*¼;wgUuk 3%8½] vkSj bl mnkgj.k esa] mlds

ikl ,d vn~Hkqr rjhdk gS fd og fo’ks”kK dks ikj dj lh/ks rkSj ij gesa

laHkksfnr djs**¼LdwYt+ vkSj bZaN 1976] 126½ A

eSa lksprk gw¡ fd ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds bl {ks= esa vkSj Hkk”;

O;k[;k¼ O;k[;k djus dk rjhdk½ ds {ks= esa geus ckbcy dks ykijokgh ls

mu yksxksa ls ys fy;k gS ftUgsa og fn;k x;k FkkA Msfu,y oscLVj us bl

ckr ij fVIi.kh dh gS A

**eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd ckbcy dks lkekU; rkSj ij] mlds in~;ka’kksa

dks izR;{k rkSj ij fn[kusokys vFkZ esa ] le>k vkSj izkIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,]

D;ksafd eSa vius vkidks bl ckr ds fy, izksRlkfgr ugha dj ldrk gw¡ fd

,d iqLrd tks lEiw.kZ lalkj ds m)kj vkSj ifjorZu ds fy, mn~nsf’kr Fkk

mldk vFkZ fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hksn vkSj lansg esa fNik gks fd vkykspd

vkSj n’kZu’kkfL=;ksa ds vykok dksbZ vkSj bls irk ugha dj ik,**¼es¸gw 1986]

60½A

18

,slk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS fd ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, vko’;drk ds

rkSj ij mPp f’k{kk ij t+ksj nsuk lgh esa bl rF; ds dkj.k xyr gS fd

lalkj ds vf/kdka’k ns’kksa esa Kkuksn; dky ds ckn ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk dks

izkIr /keZfoKku dk izf’k{k.k tSlk u gh dHkh Fkk] vkSj u dHkh izkIr gksxkA

**vf/kdka’k yksx laHkor% bl izdkj lksprs gSa fd Vhdk;sa vkSj ckbcy ds

‘kCndks’k tSlh iqLrdsa ckbcy ds v/;;u ds fy, vko’;d gSaA blesa dksbZ

lansg ugha gSa fd os lgk;d gSa] D;ksafd os gesa ckbcy ds fo}kuksa dh

vUrj&n`f”V nsrh gS ijUrq vusd elhgh] fo’ks”kdj tks xjhc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

gSa] bl izdkj dh lgk;rk dks ik ugha ldrs gSaaA D;k mUgsa rc rd izrh{kk

djuh pkfg, tc rd os mUgsa ik ugha ysrs gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS rks dbZ yksxksa

dks ges’kk ds fy, izrh{kk djuh gksxh**¼LVsjsV 1973] 33½ A

**ge fuf’pr gks ldrs gSa fd gekjh ekr` Hkk”kk gesa mu vf/kdka’k

O;kdkj.k dh ckrksa dks Li”V dj nsxh ftUgsa ckbcy dks le>us ds fy,

t+:jh gSA ;fn ;g ckr lR; ugha gksrh rks] elhgr ds vf/kdka’k yksx

ckbcy v/;;u ds fy, v;ksX; Bgjrs] vkSj ckbcy dsoy dqN gh

fo’ks”kkf/kdkj yksxksa esa ls dqN dks gh izkIr gksrh**¼VªkbZuk] 1985] 81½A

dyhfl;k dks 1½f’k{kk vkSj 2½ vkykSfdd ojnku ds chp ,d larqyu ds

LFkku ij vkuk gksxkA ckbcy ds lans’k dks lgh rkSj ij le>us esa cgqr

lh ckrsa lEefyr gSa] buesa ls O;k[;kdkj dh vkfRed izsj.kk] lEiZ.k] vkSj

mlds ojnku buesa ls de ugha gSaA lgh esa] ,d izf’kf{kr O;fDr dk;Z ds

dqN igyqvksa ij fuiq.k gksxk] ijUrq vko’;d rkSj ij xaHkhj jgusokys ughaA

**ifo=kRek dh mifLFkfr vkSj lR; dks crkus ds fy, Hkk”kk dk

ojnku feydj vkidks os nsrs gSa tks vkidks vius vki ls ckbcy ds

v/;;u vkSj O;k[;k djus ds fy, vko’;d gS**¼gsufjDlu 1973] 37½A

D;k ,slk gks ldrk gS fd ckbcy dh O;k[;k djuk ,d vkfRed ojnku]

lkFk gh lh[kk x;k izf’k{k.k gks\ bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd lHkh elhgksa

dks vius vki ls opuksa dh O;k[;k djus dk vf/kdkj vkSj ft+Eesnkjh ugha

gS] ijUrq D;k ,slk dqN gSa tks f’k{kk ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSa\ ;gk¡ ij ,d lgh

lkE;kuqeku lqlekpkj izpkj dk ojnku gks ldrk gSA xokgh nsus dh

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd dc ;g ojnku mifLFkr gSaA

19

bldk izHkko vkSj Qy ykuk Li”V izxV gSA fQj Hkh] ;g pqus gq,] ojnku

ik, gq, dqN yksxksa ds fy, xokgh cuus dh ckbcy esa nh xbZ ft+Eesnkjh

dks gVkrh ;k de ugha djrh gS izf’k{k.k vkSj O;fDxr vuqHko ds }kjk lHkh

fo’oklh vius fo’okl dks ck¡Vus dk csgrj] vf/kd izHkko’kkyh dk;Z djus

dks lh[k ldrs gSaA eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd ;g ckbcy dh O;k[;k ds fy,

Hkh lR; gSA ges vkRek ij fuHkZj¼flYok 1978] 24&25½ gksus ds lkFk f’k{kk

ls izkIr varj&Kku vkSj O;kogkfjd vuqHko ds ykHkksa dks feykuk gSA

** bl fcUnq rd ,slk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gksxk fd eSa ckbcy dh O;k[;k

ds izfr ,d f’k{kk¼Kku½&jfgr rjhds dks egRo ns jgk gw¡A fuf’pr rkSj ij

,slk ugha gSA LitZu gesa blds ckjs esa psrkouh nsrs gSa tc os dgrs gSa] *

;g cgqr gh fo”ke fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS fd dqN euq”; tks bruk vf/kd ckr

djrs gSa fd ifo=kRek us mUgsa D;k izdV fd;k gS fd os mlus tks nwljksa

dks izdV fd;k gS mlds ckjs esa rqPN lkspsa**¼gsufjDlu 1973] 41½A

;g gesa bl iz’u dh vksj ys vkrh gS fd ge bu nks Li”V lR;ksa dks

fdl izdkj larqfyr djsa% vf’kf{kr yksxksa dks vius ‘kCnksa ds }kjk crkus dh

ijes’oj dh {kerk vkSj fdl izdkj f’k{kk bl izfØ;k dh lgk;rk dj

ldrh gSA

igyk] eSa ;g fuf’pr rkSj ij crkuk pkgw¡xk fd f’k{kk ds ekSds ij vko’;

lksp&fopkj djsaA ftls vf/kd fn;k x;k gS] mlls vf/kd ek¡xk

tk,xk¼ywdk 12%48½A vf/kdka’k elhg csgrj djus dh izsj.kk dks de gh

ikrs gSa vkSj ekSds rks cgqr ikrs gSaA D;ksafd ge vius ekSdksa ds dsoy

Hk.M+kjh gSa] ijUrq viuh izsj.kk vkSj LoHkko ds HkhA

**ijes’oj rks vius gh O;k[;kdkj gSa] ijUrq ifo=‘kkL= ds fo|kFkhZ dks

,d vuq’kkflr eu vkSj lkFk gh ,d mRlkfgr ân~; dks j[kuk gS ckbcy

dks ft+Eesnkjh ls i<+us ds fy, fo’okl dksbZ NksVk ekxZ ugha nsrk gS u gh

ge ckbcy dh O;k[;k dks dqN fxus&pqus fo’ks”kKksa ds ikl NksM+ ldrs gSaA

ge esa ls dksbZ Hkh O;k[;k djus ds dk;Z ls nwj ugha tk ldrk gSA gj ckj

fdlh dks izpkj djrs gq, tc ge lqurs gSa] ;k tc dHkh ge fdlh dh

fy[kh gbZ iqLrd dks i<+rs gSa] ge O;k[;k djrs gSa fd mUgksaus D;k dgk gSA

tc ge ckbcy [kksyrs gSa rks ;g oSlk gh gSA iz’u ;g ugha gS fd gesa

20

O;k[;k djuh gS ;k ugha] ijUrq ;g gS fd ge bls fdruk csgrj ;k

fdruk cqjk djrs gSa**¼tsulu 1968] 17½A

mRlkfgr ân~; dh vko’;drk ds fy,] eSa ;g tksM+uk pkgw¡xk fd ;|fi

gekjs ân~; mRlkfgr gks ldrs gSa os fQj Hkh iki ls Hkjs gSa¼flYok 1978]

23] 118½A gesa ckbcy dh viuh le> dks ijes’oj dh le> ds lkFk

tksM+us ls lko/kku jgus dh t+:jr gSA ge lHkh] iki ds }kjk] izHkkfor jgs

gSa] vkSj fujarj gSaA vafre losZ{k.k esa]

u gh lcls mÙke ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ;k Hkk”;&O;k[;k ds rjhds vkSj

u gh ,d mRlkfgr ân~; iki ds izfr gekjs >qdko ls fot; ik ldrk gS

gekjh O;k[;kvksa ds lkFk uezrk dk gksuk t+:jh gSA

**lgh ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ,d uez vofLFkfr dh ek¡x djrk gS

blesa u dsoy nwljksa ls fl[kus dh uezrk lEefyr gS] ijUrq blls

egRoiw.kZ] tks ftl opu dh O;k[;k dj jgk gS mlds U;k; fd, tkus dh

laHkkouk dh Hkh uezrk lEefyr gSA ;|fi O;k[;kdkj dk dk;Z v/;;u

vkSj U;k; dh ek¡x djrk gS] mldk lcls cM+k dk;Z ml opu dks vius

dks laHkksf/kr djus vkSj mls vkKkdkfjrk dh vksj cqykus nsuk gS**¼xksMZu Qh]

LdwYt+ vkSj bZaN esa mYysf[kr fd;k x;k 1976] 127½A

nwljk] laHkkfor lek/kku O;k[;k djus ds dk;Z ds fofHkUu izdkj ds Lrj

;k p<+ko dk gksuk gS ;g eq>s Li”V fn[krk gS fd vizf’kf{kr lk/kkj.k

yksxksa ds ikl mruk xgjk varj&Kku ugha gksxk tks ,d izf’kf{kr

O;k[;kdkj ds ikl gksrk gS fQj Hkh] bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd v/kwjk Kku

xyr Kku gSA

** ;g dguk fd ge ijes’oj ds opu dks le>rs gSa ;g vFkZ ugha gS

fd ge tks dqN mlesa gS le>rs gSa] fd ge O;k[;k dh lHkh leL;kvksa dks

lqy>k ysrs gSa vkSj gekjs iz’uksa ds lHkh mÙkjksa dks izkIr dj ysrs gSaA dqN

ckrksa dk lgh Li”V vFkZ vHkh Hkh jgL;e; gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS**¼ LVsjsV

1973] 16½A

21

;fn ,slk gS rks lHkh ekuo Kku ,d gh oxZ esa gSA lR; dh vksj ijes’oj

ds larkuksa dh vxqokbZ djus dh vkRek dk dk;Z¼;wgUuk 14%26( 16%13&14( 1

;wgUuk 2%20&21½ dsoy gekjh cqf) dh fuiq.krk ls gh foLr`r dh xbZ gSA

elhgh fo’okl dh cqfu;knh ckrksa dks fdlh ds }kjk Hkh vius Lo;a dh

Hkk”kk esa ftls og le>rs gSa ckbcy ds vuqokn dks i<+dj irk yxk;k tk

ldrk gS ;g ifjiDdrk vkSj larqyu ds {ks= esa gS fd elhgh f’k{kk ,d

veqY; lgk;rk cu tkrh gS O;k[;k djus ds {ks= esa ge vkRek ij Hkjkslk

j[k ldrs gSaA fuf’pr rkSj ij xyr O;k[;k,a vkSj /keZoSKkfud leL;k,a

gksaxh] ijUrq D;k fo}ku yksxksa ls ;g ugha gksrk\

vk/kqfud dyhfl;k dh xaHkhj vko’;drk ;g gS fd ge lHkh fo’okfl;ksa

dks vFkZiw.kZ] O;fDrxr] izfrfnu ckbcy v/;;u esa lEefyr gksus ds fy,

izkjaHk djsaA bl dk;Z esa dyhfl;k dks mUgsa O;k[;k djus ds rjhdksa esa

izf’k{k.k nsuk gS ftls os le> ldrs gSa vkSj ykxw dj ldrs gSaA

**dyhfl;k dh pqukSrh tks yksx ckbcy ij fo’okl djrs gSa

mUgsa ckbcy dk O;fDrxr v/;;u djus ij t+ksj nsuk gS**¼vkslckWuZ vkSj

owMoMZ 1979] 13½A

bl ckr ij vkSj vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gS%

** xgu&ckbcy v/;;u] ftl izdkj geus ns[kk gS] lHkh

fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, gS] pkgs og opu dk lk/kkj.k fo|kFkhZ gks ;k ,d

elhgh O;olk;d gksA gesa Lej.k j[kuk gS fd ijes’oj ;g ek¡x ugha djrs

gSa fd ge cqf)eku jgsa] ijUrq ijes’oj ek¡x djrs gSa fd ge fo’okl;ksX;

jgsaA opu ds v/;;u ds fy, vf/kd le; O;rhr djus esa ,d izfrHkkoku

dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh] ijUrq blds fy, ,d vuq’kkflr fo’oklh dh

vko’;drk gksrh gS fo’okl;ksX;rk vkSj vuq’kklu ,d gh flDds ds nks

igyw gSa**¼ vkWlcksuZ vkSj owMoMZ 1979] 82½A

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds rjhdksa dks lkekU; Kku dh ckrksa esa ifjofrZr

dj nsuk gksxk] D;ksafd okLro esa muesa ekuo rdZ vkSj Hkk”kk dh fuiq.krkvksa

ds lkekU; iz;ksfxdj.k ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gksuk pkfg,¼Qh 1982] 16(

lk;j 1980] 51½A ijes’oj gels ml izdkj ckr djuk pkgrs gSa ftl

22

izdkj fo’oklh cgqr I;kl ls muds lans’k dks le>uk pkgrs gSaA mu

rduhdksa dks O;fDrxr yksxksa dks Lo;a dk eqY;kadu djusokyh izfØ;kvksa

dks larqfyr djuk pkfg, lkFk gh

ftruh tYnh gks lds mUgsa Hkys] Hkjksls ;ksX; funsZ’k nsusokyh lkexzh izaca/k

djuh pkfg,A ;g fo’ks”kdj ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLd`frd i`”BHkwfe lkexzh

ikus ds fy, lR; gSA xksMZu Qh bu lgk;d funsZ’kksa dks nsrs gSa%

**vfo’ks”kK yksx fujk’k u gksa( ijUrq os Hkh v/;;u djus rS;kj

gks tk,] ijUrq dsoy HkfDr djus ds fy, ughaA v/;;u djus ds fy, os

bu ewy ;a=ksa dks iz;ksx djsa% d½ ,d ls vf/kd lgh vk/kqfud vuqoknA bls

dHkh dHkh ;g fn[kkuk pkfg, fd dgk¡ ij dqN leL;k,a ikbZ tkrh gSA os

mu vuqoknksa dk iz;ksx djsa tks x| vkSj dkO; ds chp fHkUurkvksa dh

igpku dj lds vkSj tks in~;ka’kksa ds ckjs esa lko/kku gSaA [k½ de ls de

,d lgh Vhdk] fo’ks”kdj ,d tks bl iqLrd esa crk, x,

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fu;eksa dks ikyu djrs gksa¼mnkgj.k ds fy, 1

dqfjfUFk;ksa ij lh-ds- csjV] bczkfu;ksa dh i=h ij ,Q-,Q-czwl] ;wgUuk ij

vkj-Mh- czkÅu½A vkSj fQj] vusd Vhdkvksa ls funsZ’k ikus ls ,d tu

miyC/k fHkUu fodYiksa ls voxr gks tkrk gSA x½mldk viuk lkekU;

KkuA ‘kkL= jgL;e; ckrksa ls Hkjk ugha gS fd mls va/ksjh xqQk esa [kqnkbZ

djds fudkysaA bl ckr dks tkuus dh dksf’k’k djsa fd ckbcy ds ys[kd

dk Li”V mn~ns’; D;k gSA ;g mn~ns’; lkekU; rkSj ij lrg ds djhc gh

gksrk gS vkSj mls ns[kus ds fy, O;kdj.k vkSj bfrgkl ds dsoy FkksMs gh

varj&Kku dh vko’;drk gksrh gS dbZ ckj ;g flQZ lrg ij gh jgrk gS

vkSj fo’ks”kK bls [kks nsrk gS D;ksafd og igys [kqnkbZ djuk pkgrk gS vkSj

fQj ns[krk gS bl fcUnq ij vfo’ks”kK dks fo’ks”kK dks vf/kd fl[kkus dh

vko’;drk gS¼ xksMZu Qh b.VjizfVax n oMZ vkWQ xksM] ** LdwYt+ vkSj bZaN

esa mYysf[kr 1976] 127½A

viqjksfgr yksxksa ds fy, dqN ‘kCn

vusd viqjksfgr yksxksa esa O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u ds izfr c<+rk

gqvk fu:Rlkg vkSj vyx lh Hkkouk gSA vusd yksx bPNqd gSa fd dksbZ

23

vkSj muds fy, ckbcy dh O;k[;k djsaA ;g **fo’oklh ds ;ktdksa dk

lekt** gksus ds ckbcy ds fl)kar ls vyx gSa] ftls /keZlq/kkjokn ds }kjk

mRlkgiw.kZ rkSj ij egRo fn;k x;k FkkA ge lHkh ft+Eesnkj gSa fd ge

ijes’oj dks elhg ds }kjk tkus vkSj vius thouksa ds fy, mldh bPNk

dks Lo;a le>sa¼vFkkZr] eu dh l{kerk½A ge bl vn~Hkqr ft+Eesnkjh dks

fdlh vkSj dks nsus dh nsj Hkh u djsa] pkgs ge ml O;fDr dk fdruk Hkh

lEeku djrs gSaA ge lHkh ijes’oj dks ckbcy dh viuh le> ds fy,

vkSj fdl izdkj geus mls th;k gS ys[kk nsuk gS¼rqyuk djsa 2 dqfj-5%10½A

vkt ds le; esa igys ls gh rS;kj ckbcy v/;;u bruh izpfyr D;ksa gSa\

igyk] eSa lksprk gw¡ fd ik’pkR; laLd`fr esa igys ls gh rS;kj okyh

O;k[;kvksa dh bruh lkjh mifLFkfr us vf/kd ijs’kkuh mRiUu dh gSA ,slk

yxrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh ckbcy ds ckjs esa lger ugha gSA ;g fuf’pr rkSj

ij ,slk ugha gSA fQj Hkh] ,d dks izeq[k] ,sfrgkfld elhgh lR;ksa vkSj

csdkj ds eqn~nksa ds chp fHkUurk ykuh gksxhA elhgh fo’okl ds izeq[k ckrksa

dks lHkh elhgh lakiznk; ck¡Vrsa gSaA ;gk¡ ij esjk vFkZ elhg ds O;fDrRo

vkSj dk;Z] ijes’oj dh cpkus dh bPNk] vkSj ckbcy ds dsfUnz; LFkku vkSj

bl izdkj ds lkekU; lR; tks lHkh elhgksa ds fy, lkekU; gSa ls lacaf/kr

fl)kar gSaA viqjksfgr yksxksa dks xsgw¡ vkSj Hkwls ds chp varj irk djus dk

izf’k{k.k nsuk pkfg,A dsoy bl dkj.k fd dbZ vusd O;k[;k,a gSa gesa bl

ft+Eesnkjh ls NqVdkjk ugha nsrk gS fd ge mls pqusa tks ckbcy dh fdlh

,d i`”BHkwfe esa ckbcy ds izsfjr ys[kd ds O;Dr fd, x, mn~ns’; ds

lkFk gSaA

u dsoy O;k[;kvksa dh fofHkUurk ,d :dkoV gS] ijUrq O;k[;kdkj ds

lEiznk; dh ijEijk Hkh gSA dbZ ckj] viqjksfgr yksx lksprs gSa fd os tkurs

gSa fd ckbcy D;k dgrh gS bl ls igys dh os mldk v/;;u dj ysa ;k

de ls de mls vius vkids fy, gh i<+ ysaA dbZ ckj] ge ,d

/keZoSKkfud iz.kkyh esa bruk vkjkenk;d eglwl djus yxrs gSa fd ge

mu leL;kvksa dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA ftUgsa bu ekuo&jfpr iz.kkfy;ksa us

dyhfl;k ds bfrgkl Hkj esa mRiUu fd;k FkkA vkSj lkFk gh] ge Hkwy tkrs

gSa fd elhgh leqnk; esa fdrus vusd fofHkUu] dbZ ckj tks ,d nwljs ds

foijhr fn[krs gSa] iz.kkfy;k¡ gSaA

24

ge vius vki dks ml ls lhfer u dj nsa ftl ls ge ifjfpr gSa! gesa

vius vkidks etcwj djuk gS fd ge lEiznk;d vkSj lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa

ds vkbZus dks mrkj nsa vkSj ckbcy dks mlds vius fnu ds izdk’k esa ns[ksaA

lEiznk;d vkSj lkaLd`frd ijEijk,a

lgk;d gks ldrh gSa] ijUrq mUgsa ges’kk ckbcy ds vf/ku gksuk gS] vkSj

bldk myVk ughaA gesa tks dgk x;k gS mldk iqu%eqY;kadu djuk

nnZukd gS] ijUrq ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd ge ,slk djsa] O;fDrxr rkSj ij]

vius ekrk&firk] ikloku] f’k{kd] thou lkFkh] ;k fe=ksa ds fcukA

gesa eglwl djuk gS fd ge lHkh izHkkfor gks x, gSa] u dsoy vius

ekrk&firk] gekjs tUe LFkku] gekjs tUe ds le; ls] ijUrq gekjs

O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa vkSj O;fDrRo izdkj lsA ;g lHkh vf/kd izHkkfor djrs

gSa fd ge fdl izdkj ckbcy dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA ge bu izHkkoksa dks u

gh cny ldrs gSa ;k feVk ldrs gSa] ijUrq ge budh mifLFkfr dks igpku

ldrs gSa] tks gekjh lgk;rk djsxk fd ge buds }kjk csdkj u ca/ks jgsaA

ge lHkh ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij larqfyr gSaA

vesfjdk esa ,d le; Fkk tc viqjksfgr O;fDr vkSj lkFk esa izpkjd Hkh

ckbcy dks tkurs Fks] ijUrq gekjh bu fo’ks”krkvksa ds le; esa vkSj gekjs

le; ij ehfM;k ds vkØe.k ds dkj.k] geus fo’ks”kK dk pquko fd;k gSA

fQj Hkh] ckbcy dh O;k[;k esa ges bls vius vki djuk gksxkA bldk ;g

vFkZ ugha gS fd ge ojnku ik,] cqyk;s x,] vkSj izf’kf{kr elhgh vxqoksa ls

funsZ’k u ysa] ijUrq gesa izkFkZukiwoZd] O;fDrxr] ckbcy ds ifj{k.k ds fcuk

mudh O;k[;k dks gekjh O;k[;k ugha cuus nsuk gS ge lHkh iki ls

izHkkfor gSa] gekjs cpk, tkus ds ckn HkhA ;g ijes’oj vkSj muds mn~ns’;ksa

ds ckjs esa gekjh le> ds gj igyw dks izHkkfor djrk gS gesa bl izeq[k

lR; dks igpkuuk gS fd gekjh le> ijes’oj dh le> ugha gSA gesa

elhgr dh izeq[k ckrksa ij cus jguk gksxk] ijUrq O;k[;k vkSj O;ogkj dh

vf/kdka’k vfHkO;fDr dks tks egRoiw.kZ ugha gS ogk¡ dk;Z djus nsuk gksxkA

ge gj ,d dks fu.kZ; ysuk gksxk fd dgk¡ ij lhek gS vkSj mlh ds

vuqlkj] fo’okl] izse ds lkFk] opu ds izdk’k esa thuk gksxkA

la{ksi esa] eq>s fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd dyhfl;k dks ckbcy ds izkphu]

izsfjr ys[kd ds mn~ns’;ksa dks i;kZIr ls le>us ds fy, ds fl)karksa dks

crkus ds fy, vf/kd iz;Ru djuk gksxkA gesa ckbcy ds ikBd gksus ds

dkj.k vius vuqHko okys] i{kikrokys] lEiznk; okys] ijaijk ls ca/kh

25

iwoZ&/kkj.kkvksa dks de djuk gksxk rkfd okLro esa ckbcy ds izsfjr ys[kd

ds lans’k dks [kkstk tk lds] pkgs os gekjs O;fDrxr i{kikrksa ;k

lkEiznk;d ijaijkvksa dk mYya?ku Hkh djrs gksaA gesa ckbcy ds ewy ys[kdksa

dh lgh i`”BHkwfe dh O;k[;k ds fy, vius lqizfl) **ikBksa dks izekf.kr

djusokys**rjhdksa dks NksM+uk gksxkA ckbcy dh O;k[;k esa izsfjr O;fDr

dsoy mldk ewy ys[kd gh gSA

fo’okfl;ksa dks bfQ-4%11&16 ds izdk’k esa vius mn~n’;ksa vkSj y{;ksa

dks iqu%tk¡puk gksxkA ijes’oj gesa lgk;rk djsa fd ge fopkj vkSj dk;Z esa

muds opu dh ifjiw.kZrk esa tk,aA

II. LFkkuh; dyhfl;kvksa esa] d{kkvksa esa] vkSj lsfeukjksa esa

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar fl[kkus dk ys[kd dk

vuqHko

15 o”kZ rd ,d ikloku gksus ds dkj.k] 16 o”kZ rd ,d

fo’ofo|ky; esa f’k{kd gksus ds dkj.k] eq>s vius elhgksa ds lkFk tks vusd

lkEiznk;d lewgksa ls Fks ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ij /;ku nsus vkSj foospu

djus ds vusd ekSds izkIr gq,A eSa us lnuZ csifrLV ppZl esa iklokuh dk

dk;Z fd;k gS vkSj rhu lnZu csifrLV Ldwyksa¼osysaM+ csifrLV ;wfuoflZVh

,sDlVsu’u] yCckWd] VsDll( n fgLisfud Ldwy vkWQ fFk;ksykWth] yCckWd]

VsDll( vkSj bZLV VsDll csifrLV ;wfuoflZVh] ekj’ksy] VsDll½ esa i<+k;k

gS] vkSj ,d dfj’ek;h twfu;j dkWyst Lrj dh ckbcy Ldwy¼fVªfuVh

ckbcy bafLVV~;wV½ esa Hkh i<+k;k gSA esjs lsokfuo`fr ds ckn eSaus n vks ,e

,l bZEekÅl lsfeukjh tks dsi gSrh;u] gSrh esa gS( n csifrLV vjesfu;u

lsfeukjh tks ;sjsou] vjesfu;k esa gS vkSj n b.VjfMukWfeus’uy lsfeujh tks

ukWoh lksM] ljfc;k esa gS] vusd o”kksZa rd i<+k;k gSA

vkSj eSa n ;wukbZVsM esFkksfMLV ppZ vkSj n izsLchVsfj;u ppZ vkWQ vesfjdk

dk ,d lgks;ksxh lnL; Hkh gw¡A eSaus viuh MkWDVjh dh mikf/k ,d

varj&lkEiznk;d lsfeujh] fVªfuVh bostfydy fMfofuVh Ldwy tks f’kdkxks

esa gS izkIr dh gSA bl dkj.k eSaus vusd o”kksZa rd vius lEizkn;ksa ds chp

dk;Z fd;k gS bu foospuksa esa ,d lkekU; ckr fudy vkbZ gS vkSj ;g

26

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dh vkSj mlds rjhdksa esa izf’k{k.k dh Li”V deh gSA

vf/kdka’k elhg] ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus esa] bu ckrksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA

1- ikB dk izek.k

2- lkfgR;dj.k

3- :[email protected]

4- lkEiznk;d fl)karksa ds izHkko esa

5- O;fDrxr vuqHko

6- lkaLd`frd vuqdwy.k

;gk¡ ij ckbcy dh O;k[;k ds fy, ,d fujarj] tk¡pk tkus ;ksX;]

ikB&dsfUnz; ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dh vfr vko’;drk gSaA ;g egRoiw.kZ

gSa fd ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fu;e bu ckrksa esa mifLFkr gksa 1½

rduhd&jfgr Hkk”kk esa( 2½ lkekU; rkSj ij dgs x, fl)karksa esa( 3½ mu

fl)karksa esa ftUgsa vusd lgh ckbcy ds mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk iznf’kZr fd;k

tk ldsA

viqjksfgr O;fDr ,d ljy ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds rjhds ds izfr

rqjUr izfrmÙkj nsrk gS tks opu dk O;fDrxr rkSj ij O;k[;k djus ds

fy, ,d vf/kd fLFkj] tk¡ph tkus ;ksX; izfØ;k dks iznf’kZr dj ldrk gS

vusd iqjksfgr O;fDr vf/kdka’k ckbcy v/;;u dh rqyuk mu ckrksa ls

djrs gSa tks LFkkuh; dyhfl;kvksa] elhgh lkfgR;ksa vkSj ehfM;kW¼jsfM;ks vkSj

Vh oh½ ds }kjk izlkfjr gksrs gSaA eSaus vusd LFkkuksa esa

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar fl[kk;k gSA

1- ‘kgj Hkj ds lsfeukjksa esa

2- LFkkuh; dyhfl;k ds lsfeukjksa esa

3- luMs Ldwy dh d{kkvksa esa

4- ÅPp f’k{kk dkWyst dh d{kkvksa esa

5- fo’ofo|ky; dh d{kkvksa esa

bu lHkh LFkkuksa esa ik;k gS fd viqjksfgr O;fDr ckbcy v/;;u ds

fLFkj] tk¡ps tkusokys rjhdksa ds izfr [kqys gSa vkSj vPNk izfrmÙkj nsrs gSaA

ckbcy dks le>us vkSj mldh f’k{kkvksa ds izdk’k esa thus dh ,d lPPkh

I;kl gSA ;gk¡ bu ckrksa ds dkj.k ,d okLrfod fujk’kk Hkh gS%

1- O;k[;kvksa dh fofo/krk,a

27

2- O;k[;kvksa dh rqyuk,a

3- dqN O;k[;kvksa ds lkFk lacaf/kr lkEizkn;d ?ke.M

4- ijes’oj ds uke esa dgh xbZ ckrksa dks ij[kus dh {kerk dh deh

bl ikB~; iqLrd dh jpuk ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dh ,d rduhdh]

Fkdk nsusokyh] ‘kSf{kd izLrqfr djus ds fy, ugha dh xbZ gS] ijUrq ,d

lk/kkj.k fo’oklh ds fy, O;k[;k dk ikB&dsfUnzr Ldwy¼vFkZr] lhfj;k dk

varkfd;k Ldwy½ dk izklafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr rjhds dk ifjp; nsuk gS

vkSj bu fl)karksa dk izfrfnu v/;;u vkSj thou esa O;fDrxr rkSj ij

ykxw djuk fl[kkuk gSA ;g ifjp; ikap fo’ks”k {ks=ksa ij dsfUnzr gksxkA

1- ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds izf’k{k.k dh vko’;drk

2- ckbcy dh O;k[;k ds izklafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fu;e

3- bl le; ds ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar esa dh dqN xyfr;k¡

4- funsZ’k nsusokyh jhfr;ksa dh dqN izfØ;k,a] vkSj

5- ckbcy v/;;u dh lkefxz;k¡ tks v/kqfud vaxzsth cksyusokys viqjksfgr

O;fDr;ksa dks miyC/k gSa

;g ikB~; iqLrd dh jpkuk bl izdkj dh xbZ gS fd ;g elhfg;ksa dh

vius vki ls ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus dh :ph vkSj bPNk dks c<+k,A

Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g ,d izkjafHkd p<+ko gS] exj lkFk gh ,d

egRoiw.kZ p<+ko Hkh gSA ckbcy v/;;u ds rduhdksa ds vkSj vf/kd

v/;;u ds fy, nh xbZ iqLrd&lwph lgk;d gSA bl ikB~; iqLrd dk

izeq[k y{; ;g crkuk gS fd gekjs orZeku lqizfl) ckbcy O;k[;k ds

rjhdksa esa ,d leL;k gS vkSj ;g fd ,d vf/kd fLFkj] tk¡pus ;ksX;

rjhdk viqjksfgr yksxksa ds fy, miyC/k gSA D;ksafd gtkjksa ehy dh ;k=k

,d dne ls izkjaHk gksrh gS] bl dkj.k eSa vk’kk djrk gw¡ ;g ifjp;

viqjksfgr O;fDr;ksa dks izfrfnu] O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u ds mRlkfgr

vkSj ifjiw.kZ ekxZ ij ys pysxkA

III. vf/kdkj dk eqn~nk

O;fDrxr rkSj ij esjs fy, ;g iz’u fd ijes’oj gSa ;k ugha dHkh ,d

eqn~nk jgk gh ughaA eSaus] ckbcy ds ys[kdksa dk ihNk djrs gq,] ijes’oj ds

28

vfLrRo dk fo’okl fd;k FkkA bl fcUnq ij eSaus vius fo’okl dks n`<+

djus ds fy, ,d nk’kZfud rdZ dh vko’;drk eglwl ugha dh FkhA tks

rdZokn ls izek.k dh [kkst djrs gSa muds fy, Fkksel ,sfDoukl ds

ijes’oj ds vfLrRo ds fy, fn, x, ikap izek.k lgk;d gSaA fQj Hkh]

nk’kZfud ckrksa ds rdZ Hkh ckbcy ds ijes’oj ds vfLrRo dks okLro esa

izekf.kr ugha djrs gSa] tks gekjs izHkq ;h’kq elhg ds firk gSaA lcls mÙke

ckr tks os dgrs gSa og ,d rdZ dh vko’;drk gS] ,d ifjorZd tks

ifjofrZr ugha gksrk gS] ;k og tks ,d izeq[k dkj.k gS A

vkSj ;g iz’u Hkh fd D;k ge ijes’oj dks tku ldrs gSa¼;wukuh n’kZuokn½

esjs fy, ,d eq[; fpark dk fo”k; ugha jgk gS eSaus ;g ekuk Fkk fd

ijes’oj ge ls

ckr djus dk iz;Ru dj jgs gSaA ;g u dsoy izkd`frd izdk’ku esa lR; gS%

1½ l`f”V esa ijes’oj dk xokg¼Hktu-19%1&6( jksfe;ksa 1%19&20½ vkSj 2½

euq”; dk vkarfjd uSfrd lk{kh¼jksfe;ksa 2%14&15½] ijUrq fo’ks”krk ls

ijes’oj dk fyf[kr izdk’ku esa¼2 rheq- 3%15&17½A ijes’oj us gekjs lkFk

?kVukvksa] O;oLFkkvksa] vkSj Hkfo”;}Drkvksa }kjk ckr dh gS¼rqyuk djsa] eRrh

5%17&19½A mUgksaus izeq[rk ls vius iq= esa ckr dh gS¼;wgUuk 1%1&14( bczk-

1%1&3( eRrh 5%21&48½A

esjs fy, izeq[k iz’u ;g jgk fd ijes’oj D;k dg jgs gSaA ;g fpark

esjs elhg thou esa cgqr izkjaHk ls gh FkhA ckbcy dks tkuus dh bPNk ls

eSa opu dh lHkh O;k[;kvksa ls Mj x;k FkkA ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd lHkksa dk

viuk gh er gS] tks dbZ ckj O;fDr ds pfj= ds izdkj ij] lkEiznk; dh

i`”BHkwfe ij] O;fDrxr vuqHko ij] ;k ekrk&firk ds izf’k{k.k ij vk/kkfjr

FkkA os lHkh vf/kd fuf’pr vkSj euokusokys yx jgs Fks eSa ;g lkspuk ‘kq:

gks x;k Fkk fd D;k os okLro esa tkurs gSa] fdlh Hkh fuf’p;rk ls] fd

ijes’oj D;k dg jgs gSaA

ckbcy Ldwy esa vafre esa eq>s *ckbcy ds vf/kdkj** ds fo”k;

ls ifjp; djk;k x;kA eq>s ;g Li”V gks x;k fd fo’okl vkSj O;ogkj ds

fy, ckbcy gh ,d ek= vk/kkj gSA ;g fdlh ds ikjaifjd rjhdksa vkSj

/keZfoKku dh ckrksa ds cpko dk dsoy BIik ugha FkkA ;g okLor esa

vf/kdkj ds eqn~ns dk ,d fo’ks”k mÙkj FkkA

ckbcy ds bl vf/kdkj dks Lohdkj djus ds ckn Hkh fd lgh

rkSj ij bldh O;k[;k dh xbZ gS] fQj Hkh ;gk¡ ij ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar

29

dk ,d dfBu eqn~nk jg x;k gSA mlh izdkj dh ?kcjkgV dks ftls eSaus

O;k[;kvksa dh my>u esa ik;k Fkk vc ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds {ks= esa Hkh

ik;k gSA vkSj ;g rF;] tks O;Dr fd, x, ;k ugha fd, x,] foosdiw.kZ

;k vfoosdiw.kZ ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fHkUu fu;e okLro esa O;k[;kvksa

dh vusdrk dk dkj.k gks ldrk gS ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fu;eksa dk

ifj{k.k djuk cgqr gh dfBu Fkk D;ksafd os Lo;a esa izsfjr ugha Fks] ijUrq os

fHkUu /keZoSKkfud ijaijkvksa vkSj ,sfrgkfld dfBukbZ;ksa ds }kjk fodflr

gq, gSaA

lHkh izdkj dh fHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa esa HkfDriw.kZ O;k[;kdkj gSaA fdl izdkj dksbZ

fu.kZ; ysa fd dkSu lh iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx djsa\ esjs fy, ;g ewy eqn~nk

**tk¡ps tkus dh ;ksX;rk** vkSj **fLFkjrk** ij vkdj :d xbZA ;g blfy,

gS D;ksafd eSa ,d ,sls le; esa th jgk gw¡ tks oSKkfud rjhdksa ls izHkkfor

gSA fQj Hkh] O;k[;k ij dqN lhekvksa dks yxkuk pkfg,A

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds Hkhrj }S/ko`fRr dk vfLrRo gS D;ksafd ;g ,d

ojnku¼dyk½ vkSj ekuq”;ksa dh Hkk”kk¼foKku½ dks le>us ds fy, rdZ djus

dh funsZ’k nsuh dh ckrksa dk lewg nksuksa gSaA pkgs fdlh ds O;k[;k djus ds

fu;e dqN Hkh gks] mUgsa bu nksuksa n`f”Vdks.kksa dks larqfyr djuk gS

varkfd;kbZ¼lhfj;kbZ½ O;k[;k djus ds fo|ky; us miyC/k lcls

mÙke larqyu iznku fd;k gS bldk

izklafxd@ikB ij ds dsUnz ij dk /;ku gesa dqN gn rd tk¡p djus dh

;ksX;rk iznku djrk gS ;gk¡ ij dHkh Hkh lekurk ugha jgsxh] ijUrq de ls

de blus opu ds ml ds Li”V] lkekU; vFkkZuqlkj O;k[;k djus ds

egRo ij tksj fn;k gS

;g Lohdkj dj ysuk pkfg, fd ;g rjhdk ewy:i esa

fldanfj;k¼felz½ ds :idoknh fo|ky; ds izfr ,sfrgkfld izfrfØ;k FkhA

;g ,d vf/kd lkekU;dj.k gS¼flYok 1987] 52&53½] ijUrq ;g fQj Hkh

ckbcy dh O;k[;k dh dyhfl;k ds nks ewy rjhdksa ds ifj{k.k ds fy,

iz;ksx djus esa lgk;d gSA varkfd;kbZ fo|ky; us] vius vfjLVksfVfy;kbZ

fof/kra= ds lkFk] /keZlq/kkjokn@/keZiqu%tkxz.k dh O;k[;k ds fy, i;kZIr

ewyk/kkj izca/k fd;k Fkk] ftlus gekjs vk/kqfud oSKkfud n`f”V ds fy,

vk/kkj MkykA O;k[;k ds fy, izklafxd@ikB ij dsUnz

dk rjhdk ckbcy dks igys vius fnuksa ds fy, cksyus¼,d vFkZ½ dh NwV

nsrk gS vkSj fQj gekjs fnuksa ds fy,¼vusd ykxwdj.k½A ;g le; vkSj

30

laLd`fr dh [kkyhtxg dks Hkj nsrh gS ,d ,sls fof/kra= esa tks gekjs le;

ds cqf)oknh leqnk; ds fy, xzg.k;ksX; gSA os bls xzg.k dj ysrs gSa D;ksafd

;g ewy:i esa ogh fof/k gS ftldk iz;ksx lHkh izkphu lfgR;ksa dh O;k[;k

djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g gekjs vk/kqfud ‘kSf{kd lksp&fopkj ds

rjhdksa ls esy [kkrh gSA

ftl izdkj ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar esjh lsok dh ,d eq[; fpark dk

fo”k; cu x;k] eSaus izpkj] f’k{kk vkSj /kkfeZd ys[kksa dk vf/kd /;kuiwoZd

ifj{k.k djuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA ijes’oj ds uke esa gks jgh xyfr;ksa dks

ns[kuk vf/kd Hk;kud FkkA ,slk izrhr gks jgk Fkk fd dyhfl;k ckbcy

dh iz’kalk dj jgh gS vkSj fQj mlds lans’k dks xyr crk jgh gSA ;g u

dsoy viqjksfgr O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lR; Fkk] ijUrq dyhfl;kvksa ds vxqoksa ds

lkFk HkhA ;g ifo=rk dk ,d eqn~nk ugha Fkk] ijUrq O;k[;k djus ds ewy

fu;eksa ds izfr vKkurk FkhA ckbcy ds vFkZ dks ewy ys[kd ds mn~n’;ksa ds

ek/;e ls tkuus esa tks vkuUn eq>s izkIr gqvk og vusd vn~Hkqr] lefiZr]

izseh fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, lkekU; rkSj ij ,d rRo¼vfLrRo½ ugha FkkA eSaus

,d ikB~; iqLrd dk fodkl djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k rkfd viqjksfgr

O;fDr;ksa dk varkfd;kbZ] izklafxd@ikB dsfUnzr rjhds ls ifjp; djk

ldw¡A ml le;¼1977½ ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ij vusd iqLrdsa miyC/k

ugha FkhaA ;g fo’ks”kdj viqjksfgr O;fD;ksa ds fy, lR; FkkA eSaus gekjh

xyr O;k[;kvksa ds lkFk gh gekjs foosdh i{kikrksa dks O;Dr djus ds }kjk

:ph c<+kus dk iz;Ru fd;kA blds lkFk izklafxd@ikB dsUnzr rjhds dk

Lif”Vdj.k dks vkSj O;k[;k djus ds nkSjku ftu lkekU; /keZoSKkfud

xyfr;ksa ls lkeuk gksrk gS mudh ,d lwph dks Hkh ‘kkfey dj fn;kA

vafre esa] ,d izfØ;kbZ Øe dk izLrko fn;k x;k rkfd fdlh dks Hkh

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fHkUu dk;ksZa ls pyus dh lgk;rk dh tk lds

vkSj [kkst ds ;a=ksa ls funsZ’k ikus dk Hkh lgh le; dh lgk;rk ik ldsA

IV. ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds vizkfof/kd izfØ;kvksa dh

vko’;drk

d- fo’okfl;ksa ds e/; esa fojfä

31

;g leL;k esjs ân~; esa vius o”kksZa rd ,d ikloku vkSj ,d f’k{kd ds

rkSj ij FkhA eq>s nnZ ds lkFk gekjs le; ds fo’okfl;ksa ds chp esa lkekU;

ckbcy Kku dh deh ds ckjs esa voxr djk;k x;kA

Kku dh ;g deh vkt ds le; dh dyhfl;k esa dh vusd leL;kvksa dk

ewy dkj.k jgh gSA eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vk/kqfud fo’oklh ijes’oj ls mruk gh

izse djrs gSa ftruk dh Hkwrdky dh ihf<+;k¡ muls vkSj muds opu ls izse

djrs Fks] fQj gekjh le> dh deh dk] u dsoy opu ds fo”k; esa] ijUrq

mldk D;k vFkZ gS vkSj fdl izdkj ;g vkt ds fy, O;kogkfjd gSa] D;k

dkj.k gks ldrk gS\

esjs fodYi ds vuqlkj ,d my>u dh ckr us vusd elhgksa dks

ckbcy dk v/;;u djus vkSj mldh O;k[;k djus ds ckjs esa fu’kfØ;

vkSj mnklhu cuk fn;k gS ;g mnklhurk vk/kqfud thou ds vusd

igyqvksa esa izrhr gksrk gSA ,d lcls eq[; leL;k miHkksDrkokn dk gekjk

lkaLd`frd LoHkko gSA ge viuh gj vko’;drk dh rqjUr rqf”Vdj.k ds

larqfyr gks x, gSaA gekjh laLd`fr us **rst Hkkstu** okys [kkj[kkuksa ds

fopkj dks lkaLd`frd fu;e esa cny fn;k gS elhgh ifjiDdrk tks ckbcy

Kku vkSj izfrfnu dh thou’kSyh ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS bl lkaLd`frd

vis{kk dks lEefyr ugha dj ldrh gSA ckbcy Kku dsoy O;fDrxr

izkFkZuk dk eqY; nsdj] /kS;Zrk ds lkFk] izf’k{k.k] fu;fer v/;;u vkSj

O;fDrxr ykxwdj.k dk ewy nsdj gh miyC/k gksrk gS okLro esa] vusd

vk/kqfud fo’oklh 21 bZa ‘krkCnh ds] HkkSfrdoknh vesfjdk ds dneksa ij ugha

gSa vkSj os bl izdkj ds O;fDrxr eqY; dks pqdkus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSaA

vkSj] iqjksfgr vkSj viqjksfgr O;fDr;ksa ds chp dh njkj dks tks ckbcy

ds vuqlkj ugha gS bl leL;k dks vkSj Hkh cM+k fn;k gS ,slk yxHkx izrhr

gksrk gS fd gekjh *HkkMs+ esa yh xbZ canwd** dh ekufldrk us vf/kdka’k

viqjksfgr O;fDr;ksa dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij ckbcy dk v/;;u djus vkSj

mls le>us dh t+:jr ls NqVdkjk dj fn;k gSA **izpkj dks djus nsa**

gekjh ekufldrk cu xbZ gSA bl ekufldrk ds lkFk leL;k ;g gS fd]

**D;k gksxk ;fn ikloku bldh xyr O;k[;k dj ns\** ;k **D;k gksxk ;fn

vki iklokuksa dks cny nsa\** ;g nnZukd LoHkko ckbcy ds lR; dk vkSj

**;ktdksa dk lekt**¼1 ir-2%5]9( izdk’k-1%6½ ds fl)kar ds /keZlq/kkjokn ds

le; ds iqu%egRo dk /kks[kk gSA ;g gekjs **;wFk lekt** dh izo`fr dks

fn[kkrh gSA ;g gekjs vkfRed ft+Eesnkjh dks gekjs ls gVdj nwljksa ij

Mky nsrh gS dyhfl;k ds vxqos **f[kykfM+;ksa ds f’k{kd¼dksp½** ds LFkku ij

32

e/;LFkd ;k xq: cu tkrs gSa¼bQ-4%11&12½A geus u dsoy laLd`fr ds

uke ij thou dks lalkfjd vkSj ifo= esa foHkkftr dj fn;k gS] ijUrq

geus ifo=rk dks izfrfuf/k;ksa dks lkSai fn;k gS

ckbcy v/;;u ds {ks= esa vf/kdka’k vk/kqfud fo’okfl;ksa ds chp esa

mnklhurk dk nwljk eq[; dkj.k fo’ks”krkdj.k dh vkSj gekjk c<+rk gqvk

vk/kqfud is’kk gSA ;gk¡ ij fu;e vkSj izfØ;k,a bruh my>h gqbZ gS vkSj

lEefyr gSa fd dksbZ Hkh l{ke vuqHko ugha djrk gS tc rd mlds ikl

vusdksa MkWDVj dh mikf/k u gks% Hkk”kkfoKku] ;wukuh] bczkuh]

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar] vkSj /keZfoKkuA ;g gekjk ifjp; **vk/kqfud

Kkuokn** ds [krjs ls djrk gS tks dsoy cqf)ekuksa mPp yksxksa ds }kjk

miyC/k gksus okyk vkfRed lR; gSA ;g Hkh gS fd ;gk¡ rd fd mPp Js.kh

ds yksx Hkh lger ugha gSaA ,slk fn[krk gS fd rduhdh fuiq.krk Hkh

lgefr ugha ykrh gSA

;g gesa mnklhurk ds vxys dkj.k dh vksj ys tkrk gS] tks

O;k[;kvksa dh vusdrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr u dsoy lkEiznk;d fHkUurk dh

lkeurk djrk gS] ijUrq gekjs lEiznk; ds Hkhrj Hkh erksa esa vlgefr gSaA

blesa dksbZ Hkh pfdr gksus dh ckr ugha gS fd vf/kdka’k fo’oklh bl izdkj

dh vlgefr ds lkeus my>u esa iM+ tkrs gSa] tks lkekU; rkSj ij ,d

izHkko’kkyh] /keZ&fl)kfUrd rkSj ij izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

[k- fo’okfl;ksa ds chp /keZ&fl)karokn

D;k blesa dksbZ pfdr gksus dh ckr gSa fd O;k[;k djus dh izfØ;k

esa ‘kkfey gksus esa my>u vkSj vubZPNk gS\ bu igys crkbZ xbZ ckgjh ckrksa

ds vykok] ;gk¡ ij vusd Hkhrjh ckrsa Hkh gSaA

ckbcy v/;;u esa ‘kkfey gksus ds ckjs esa mnklhurk gSa] ;g yxHkx izrhr

gksrk gS fd bl mnklhurk ls fudyus dk fu.kZ; ysrs gh] rqjUr gh

fo”keokn vkSj vioftrk izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ik’pkfr ckbcy

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds chp esa /keZ&fl)karokn dk Lrj cgqr vf/kd gSA

,slk fn[krk gS fd blesa vusd ckrsa ‘kkfey gSaA igyh dbZ ckj

vkfRed ijaijk ls lacaf/kr gS ftlesa dksbZ Hkh ?ke.M ds lkFk gksrk gS vusd

ckj /keZ&fl)karokn vius ekrk&firkvksa ;k dyhfl;kvksa ds f’k{kdksa ls

lh[kk gqvk gksrk gSA ;g muds n`f”Vdks.kksa vkSj O;ogkfjdrk ds lkFk iw.kZ

lgefr gks ldrh gS ;k mudk iw.kZ budkj gks ldrk gS ;g LFkkukarj.k]

33

LoHkko cnyko] ;k udkjkRed izfrfØ;k O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u ds izfr

lacaf/kr ugha gSA vusd ckj gekjs i{kikr] iqoZ&/kkj.kk,a] vkSj izkFkZfedrk,a

ifjokjksa ds }kjk vkrh gSA

;fn ekrk&firk ge ij vius vkfRed n`f”Vdks.kksa dks ugha Mkyrsa gSa]

rc iwjh fuf’p;rk ls gekjk lEiznk; t+:j MkysxkA blesa ls vf/kdka’k ge

fo’okl djrs gSa fd O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u dk ifj.kke ugha gS] ijUrq

lkEiznk;kbZ /keZ&fl)karksa ls Hkj nsus ds dkj.k gSA vkt cgqr gh de

dyhfl;k,a Øekuqlkj fl[kkrh gSa fd os D;k vkSj D;ksa fo’okl djrh gSA

;g leL;k u dsoy lkEiznk;okn ls izHkkfor gSa] ijUrq bl lkEiznkbZ

dyhfl;k dh Hkwxksfyd txg ds dkj.k HkhA ftl izdkj ;g Li”V gS fd

ftl ;qx¼mÙkj&vk/kqfudrk½ esa thrs gSa og gekjh fo’okl iz.kkyh dks

izHkkfor djrk gS] blh izdkj] gekjk Hkwxksfyd LFkkuA ladqfprkokn mruk

gh egRoiw.kZ gS ftruk gekjs ekrk&firk ;k lEiznk; dh ijaijk,aA rhl

o”kksZa rd eSa lgHkkxh gksdj lqlekpkj izpkj ds dk;Z esa dk;Z djrk jgk

vkSj dyhfl;k ds ln~L;ksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fe’u ;k=k ds fy, fons’kksa esa

esjs lEiznk;kbZ dyhfl;kvksa esa dke djus ds fy, ys tkrk jgk gw¡A eSa bl

ckr ij pfdr jg x;k gw¡ fd fdl izdkj fHkUurk ls ,d gh lEiznk; dh

dyhfl;k,a vius fo’okl dks O;ogkj esa ykrh gSa! bl ckr us okLor esa

esjh vk¡[kksa dks [kksy fn;k gS bl ckr ds fy, fd fdl izdkj lkEiznk;kbZ]

ladqfpr /keZ&fl)karokn¼ckbcy dks u i<+uk½ us ge lHkh dks izHkkfor

fd;k gS

fo’okfl;ksa ds chp esa /keZ&fl)karokn dk nwljk eq[; dkj.k

O;fDrxr ckrksa ls lacaf/kr gSA ftl izdkj ge le;] LFkku vkSj ekrk&firk

ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa] mlh izdkj] ge lHkh ,d leku vius gh O;fDrRo ls

izHkkfor gSaA bl fo”k; dks bl ikB~; iqLrd ds ckn ds va’k esa vf/kd

fooj.k ls le>k;k tk,xk] ijUrq bls izkjaHk ls crkuk t+:jh gS fd fdruk

gekjk O;fDrRo] izdkj] O;fDrxr vuqHko] vkSj vkfRed ojnku gekjh

O;k[;kvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA dbZ ckj gekjs /keZ&fl)karokn dks bl

izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS **;fn ;g esjs lkFk gqvk gS rks rqEgkjs lkFk

Hkh gksuk gS** vkSj **;fn ;g esjs lkFk ugha gqvk gS rks rqEgkjs lkFk Hkh ugha

gksuk pkfg,A** nksuksa xyr gSa!

V. ckbcy ds ckjs esa iwoZ&/kkj.kk,a

34

bl fcUnq ij eq>s ftruk ikjn’khZ gksuk gS mruk gksuk gksxk vkSj esjs gh

dk;Z djus dh /kkj.kkvksa dks crkuk gksxkA ;fn ge ckbcy&jfgr ckrksa ls

brus gh izHkkfor gksrs gSa] D;ksa ;g ikB~; iqLrd bl J[kayk esa bl izdkj

dh ,d vkSj ugha gSa\ eSa vkidks vius lkFk lger djus dh dksf’k’k ugha

dj jgk gw¡] ijUrq O;fDrxr] vrduhdh ckbcy v/;;u ds fy, ,d

vf/kd fLFkj] tk¡pk tkus ;ksX; fof/kra= izca/k djk jgk gw¡A ;g fof/kra=

izsfjr ugha gS] ijUrq ;g fodflr izkphu elhgh uewuk gSA esjh ewy

iwoZ&/kkj.kk,a bl izdkj gSa%

d- ckbcy] iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e nksuksa] dsoy ,d gh l`f”VdrkZ]

NqVdkjk nsusokyk ijes’oj ls gSaA mUgksaus bls gesa ekuo ;=ksa ds }kjk fn;k

gS rkfd ge mls tku lds vkSj le> lds vkSj vius thou ds fy,

mudh bPNk dks Hkh le> ldsa¼2 rheq-3%15&17½A ;g iw.kZ :i ls vf/kdkj

ds lkFk gSA

[k- ckbcy] ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds leku] vius vki esa ,d var ugha

gS] ijUrq ijes’oj ds lkFk O;fDrxr eqBHksM+ ds fy, ,d ek/;e gS¼xzsaV vkSj

Vªslh 1984] 177( dkjlu 1984] 11( flYok 1987] 6½A ijes’oj us Li”Vrk

ls gekjs lkFk ckbcy ds }kjk ckr dh gS vkSj vf/kd Li”Vrk ls vius

iq=] ;h’kq elhg] ds }kjk¼bczk-1%1&3½A elhg lHkh ‘kkL=ksa dk dsUnz gSA mlh

esa izdk’ku iwjk vkSj var gksrk gS¼;wgUUkk 1%1&18( 1 dqfj-8%6( dqyq-1%13&20½A

x- ckbcy dks lkekU;] vrduhdh ekuoh; Hkk”kk esa fy[kk x;k gSA bldk

dsUnz Li”Vrk ls] lkekU; ‘kCnksa] okD;&[k.Mksa] okD;ksa dk vFkZ gS¼flYok

1984] 42½A ifo=kRek us lR; ds lk/kkj.k dFkuksa dks fn;k gS bldk ;g

dguk ugha gSa fd ckbcy Li”V ugha gS] fd blesa lkaLd`fr eqgkojs ugha gSa]

;k blesa dfBu v/;k; ugha gSa] vkSj le; ds bl fcUnq ij] blesa ‘kkfL=;ksa

dh xyfr;k¡ ugha gSa] fQj Hkh] blesa fNik gqvk ;k jgL;e; vFkZ ugha gSA

;g fojks/kkHkkl ugha gS¼fo’okl dk :id½ ;|fi buesa lR;ksa ds chp

fojks/kkRed ;k }a}kRed ruko gSaA

M- ckbcy dk lans’k ewy :i esa NqVdkjk nsusokyk gS vkSj lHkh euq”;ksa ds

fy, gS¼;gstdsy 18%23]32( ;wgUUk 4%42( 1 rheq-2%4(4%10( 2 ir-3%9½A ;g

lalkj ds fy, gS] dsoy blzk,y ds fy, ugha gS¼mRi-3%15( 12%3( fuxZeu

19%5&6½A ;g **[kks, gq,**¼fxjs gq,½ lalkj ds fy, gS] dsoy dyhfl;k ds

35

fy, ugha gSA ;g lkekU;] lk/kkj.k euq”;ksa ds fy, gS] u dsoy vkfRed ;k

cqf) ds ojnku dks ik, yksxksa ds fy,A

p- lgh le> ds fy, ifo=kRek ,d vfuok;Z lgk;d gSaA

1- ekuo iz;Ru vkSj HkfDr ds chp¼2 rheq-2%15½ vkSj vkRek dh vxqokbZ ds chp

,d larqyu gksuk pkfg, ¼;wgUuk 14%26( 16%13&14( 1 ;wgUuk 2%20&21]27½A

2- ckbcy dh O;k[;k djuk laHkor% ,d vkfRed ojnku gS¼tSls lqlekpkj

izpkj djuk] nku nsuk] ;k izkFkZuk½] fQj Hkh ;g gj fo’oklh dk dk;Z gSA

;|fi ;g ,d ojnku gS] ojnku ik, gq, dk eqY;kadu dj] ge lHkh ,d

csgrj dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA

3- ;gk¡ ij ekuo dh cqf) dh igq¡p ds ijs ,d vkfRed ckr Hkh gSA ewy

ys[kdksa us tks le> pqds Fks ml ls dbZ vf/kd ckrksa dks fy[kk¼Hkfo”; dh

?kVuk,a] izxfr’khy izdk’ku ds igyqvksa esa] vkSj vusdkusd ifjiw.kZrk dh

Hkfo”;}k.kh½A ewy ikBdksa us dbZ ckj izsfjr gq, lans’k vkSj mlds egRoksa

dks le>k ugha FkkA vkRek gesa izdk’ku nsrh gS fd ge ckbcy ds ys[kdksa

ds ewy lans’k dks le> ldsaA ge gj ,d fooj.k dks le> ugha ldrs gSa]

exj dkSu le> ldrk gS\ vkRek gh lHkh ‘kkL=ksa dk lgh ys[kd gSA

N- ckbcy izR;{k :i esa gj vk/kqfud iz’u dk mÙkj ugha nsrh gS¼LibZj

1980] 82&82½A ;g vus{k ckrksa esa Li”V ugha gSA buesa ls dqN ewy

,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe esa fNih gqbZ gS¼1 dqfj-15%29½ vkSj nwljs Hkkx bfrgkl

ds **vHkh rd ugha** ds ihNs Nhik gqvk gS¼mnkgj.k] nkfu¸;sy 12%4½A ;g

Lej.k j[kuk gS fd ckbcy ln`’;kbZ lR; gS] foLr`r lR; ughaA ;g

fo’okl vkSj thou ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ge lc dqN ugha tku ldrs gSa]

pkgs ijes’oj ds ckjs esa ;k opu ds dqN fo’ks”k fl)kar ds ckjs esa] ijUrq

ge tku ldrs gSa fd D;k t+:jh gS¼flYok] 1987] 80½A

VI. izklafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k ds ckjs esa lkekU;

dFku

;g ikB~; iqLrd ewy rkSj ij ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds

izklafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k ;k lkfgR;d fof/k dk ifjp; gSA

;g fof/k

36

rhljh ‘krkCnh bZa esa varkfd;k] lhfj;k esa] :id fof/k dh izfrfØ;k ds :i

eas] tks igys fldanfj;k] felz esa fodflr gqbZ Fkh] fodflr gqbZA

bl izkphu fof/kra= ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl vkSj Lif”Vdj.k dks ckn ds va’k

esa le>k;k tk,xkA bl ifjp;kRed va’k esa eq>s varkfd;k dh fof/k ds

ckjs esa dqN lkekU; ckrsa dgus nsa%

d- ;g miyC/k ,d gh ,slh fof/k gS tks O;k[;k ij fu;a=.k iznku

djrh gS tks nwljksa dks] ikB ls] ,d nh xbZ O;k[;k dks tk¡pus ds ;ksX;

gSA ;g fLFkjrk vkSj fuf’prrk dk ,d eki izca/k djkrh gS fd fdlh ,d

us in~;ka’k dks ewy ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ds izdk’k esa lgh O;k[;k fd;k gS

ftl izdkj xksMZu Qh dgrs gSa] ** ,d ckbcy tks dksbZ Hkh vFkZ j[krh gS]

mldk dksbZ vFkZ ugaha gSA**

[k- ;g dsoy fo}kuksa ;k dyhfl;k ds vxqoksa ds fy, gh ,d fof/k ugha

gS] ijUrq ewy ikBdksa ds ikl tkus dk ,d ek/;e gSA bu ewy ikBdksa us

lans’k dks vius gh okLrfod lanHkZ vkSj lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k esa le>k

gksxkA le;] Hkk”kk] vkSj laLd`fr ds dkj.k ewy lanHkZ vkSj lans’k dks

le>us dk dk;Z dfBu gksrk tkrk gS¼fojDyj 1981] 19&20½A tks dHkh

izR;{k rkSj ij fn[krk Fkk vc bfrgkl] laLd`fr] ;k eqgkojksa esa [kks x;k gSA

bl dkj.k] bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr dk Kku egRoiw.kZ gSA ewy Hkk”kk dk

Kku] mldk <+k¡pk] vkSj mlds eqgkojs lgk;d gksrs gSaA lkaLd`frd vkSj

Hkk”; njkj ds dkj.k ge [kksth cu tkrs gSa] ;k de ls de] l{ke [kkst

djusokyksa ds ikBd cu tkrs gSaA

x-O;k[;k djus esa gekjk igyk vkSj vafre dk;Z bl ckr dks Li”Vrk ls

le>uk gS fd ckbcy ds ys[kd vius fnuksa ds fy, D;k dg jgs Fks] ewy

ikBdksa us D;k le>k gksxk] vkSj fdl izdkj ;g lR; gekjh laLd`fr vkSj

gekjs O;fDrxr thouksa esa ykxw gksxkA bu ;ksX;rkvksa ds vykok vkSj dksbZ

vFkZiw.kZ O;k[;k,a ugh gSa!

bl fcUnq ij eq>s lanHkZ vkSj fo”k; ds vusd iz’uksa dks crkus nsa ftls

fdlh ,d dks gj ckbcy ds ewy ikB ls iwNuk gSA

1- ewy ys[kd us D;k dgk Fkk\¼ewyikB vkykspuk½

2- ewy ys[kd dk D;k vFkZ Fkk\¼Hkk”; O;k[;k½

3- ewy ys[kd us blh fo”k; ij dgha vkSj D;k dgk gSa\¼lekukUrj v/;k;½

4- blh fo”k; ij ckbcy ds nwljs ys[kdksa us D;k dgk gS\¼lekukUrj v/;k;½

37

5- fdl izdkj ewy ikBdksa us lans’k dks le>k vkSj izfrfØ;k dh\¼ewy

iz;ksfxdj.k½

6- fdl izdkj ewy lans’k vkt ds fnu esjs fy, mi;ksxh gS\¼vkt ds le; ds

fy, iz;ksfxdj.k½

7- fdl izdkj ewy lans’k esjs thou esa mi;ksxh gS\¼O;fDrxr iz;ksfxdj.k½

VII. ikBdksa ds fy, dqN lkekU; fVIif.k;k¡ d- iki lHkh dh O;k[;k] f’k{kk] izkFkZuk] vkSj iz.kkyhdj.k dks izHkkfor djrk

gS¼m)kj ds ckn Hkh½A eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;g eq>s izHkkfor djrk gS] ijUrq eSa

ges’kk le> ugha ikrk gw¡ dgk¡ vkSj dSlsA bl dkj.k] ge esa ls gj ,d dks

ifo=kRek ds Hkhrj okl djus ds }kjk vius v/;;u dks ‘kq) djus nsuk gS

esjs mnkgj.kksa dks ns[ksa] esjs rdZ ij fopkj djsa] eq>s vuqefr nsa dh vkids

fo”k;ksa dks foLr`r dj ldw¡A

[k- dì;k bl ikB~; iqLrd dk U;k; ;k blds izfr izfrfØ;k vkius tks

ckrsa ges’kk lquh gSa ;k fo’okl fd;k gS mlds vk/kkj ij u djsaA eq>s

vuqefr nsa fd eSa vkids ikjaifjd le> dks pqukSfr ns ldw¡A eSa dbZ ckj

viuh d{kk dks dgrk gw¡] **dsoy bl dkj.k fd tks dgrk gw¡ oks vkius

dHkh ugha lquk gS bldk ;g LoHkkfod vFkZ ugha gSa eSa ludh gw¡!**

x- tks mnkgj.k eSa iz;ksx djrk gw¡ oks fookn mRiUUk djus okyk gSA oks

blfy, fd ;g vkidks lkspus esa vkSj vkids O;fDrxr /keZfoKku vkSj

ckbcy v/;;u dh rduhd dks iqu%tk¡pus esa lgk;rk djsA dì;k bu

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fu;eksa vkSj Hkk”; O;k[;k dh izfØ;k ds

mnkgj.kksa esa bruk u my>sa fd tks fof/kra= dks eSa nsus tk jgk gw¡ vki

mls [kks nsaA ;g mnkgj.k bu dkj.kksa ds fy, gSa%

1- oSdfYid O;k[;kvksa dks fn[kkus ds fy,

2- O;k[;kvksa ds lgh u gksus dks fn[kkus ds fy,

3- ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fu;eksa dks crkus ds fy,

4- vkids /;ku dks ikus vkSj j[kus ds fy,

?k- dÌ;k Lej.k djsa fd eSa vki ij viuk O;fDrxr /keZfoKku Mkyus dh

dksf’k’k ugha dj jgk gw¡] ijUrq ,d izkphu elhgh ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds

fof/kra= vkSj mlds iz;ksfxdj.k dk ifjp; nsuk pkgrk gw¡A eSa vkidh

lgefr dh [kkst ugha dj jgk gw¡] eSa vkidks O;k[;k djus okyh fof/k;ksa

38

dks ykxw djus esa pqukSrh ns jgk gw¡ tks gj oDr gekjs gj iz’uksa dk rks

mÙkj ugha ns ik,xh] ijUrq tks gesa ;g igpkuus esa lgk;rk djsxh fd dkSu

ls fof/k‘kkL= ds in~;ka’k ds ckjs esa cgqr vf/kd ;k cgqr de crk jgh gSA

M+- ;g ikB~; iqLrd ewy rkSj ij u, elhgksa ds fy, jfpr ugha gSA ;g

mu fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, gS tks ifjiDdrk ds lkFk la?k”kZ dj jgs gSa vkSj tks

vius fo’okl dks ckbcy ds Øekuqlkj O;Dr djus dh dksf’k’k dj jgs gSaA

ifjiDdrk Loa; dks tk¡pus dh vkSj thou ‘kSyh fo’okl dh ruko&Hkjh

izfØ;k gSA ;g dHkh u var gksus okyh ,d rhFkZ&;k=kA

39

ckbcy

I. fo/kku

D;ksafd ;g iqLrd ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, izklafxd@ikB ij

dsfUnzr fu;eksa dk ewy :i esa ,d ifjp; gS] ;g Li”V fn[krk gS fd gesa

igys ckbcy ij /;ku nsuk gS bl v/;;u ds mn~ns’; ds fy, ge

fo/kkuhdj.k esa vkRek dh vxqokbZiu dh dYiuk djus tk jgs gSa¼egku

iwoZ&/kkj.kk½A

d- ys[kd dh lkekU; iwoZ/kkj.kk,a

1- ijes’oj dk vfLrRo gS vkSj oks pkgrs gSa fd ge mUgsa tkusaA

2- mUgksaus vius vki dks gesa izdV fd;k gS

d- mlus bfrgkl esa dk;Z fd;k gS¼izdk’ku½

[k- mlus dqN fo’ks”k yksxksa dk pquko fd;k fd os mlds dk;ksZa dks fy[ksa

vkSj le>k,a¼izsj.kk½

x- mldh vkRek bl fyf[kr izdk’ku ds ikBdksa¼lquusokyksa½ dks blds

eq[; lR;ksa dks le>us

dh lgk;rk djrh gS

3- ckbcy gh ijes’oj ds ckjs esa lPpkbZ dk Hkjksls ;ksX; Jksr gSa¼eSa ;h’kq ds

thou vkSj f’k{kkvksa ds ckjs esa dsoy ckbcy ls gh tkurk gw¡½A ;g laxzfgr

rkSj ij gekjs fo’okl vkSj O;ogkj dk ,dek= Jksr gSA fo’ks”k lanHkksZa vkSj

le;ksa ds fy, fy[ks x, iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e dh iqLrdsa vc lHkh lanHkksZa

vkSj ;qxksa ds fy, izsfjr gq, lgk;d gSaA fQj Hkh] os dqN fo’ks”k lkaLd`frd

lR;ksa dks j[krs gSa tks muds le; vkSj laLd`fr ls fudydj ckgj ugha

vkrh gS¼vFkkZr] cgqiRuhokn] ifo= ;q)] nklRo] czgEpkjh] fL=;ksa dk LFkku]

cwjdk iguuk] ifo= pqEcu] bR;kfn½A

[k- eSa eglwl djrk gw¡ fd fo/kkuhdj.k dh izfØ;k dqN vHkkX; ?kVukvksa ls

lEefyr ,d ,sfrgkfld izfØ;k gSa] ijUrq ;g esjh iwoZ&/kkj.kk gS fd

ijes’oj us bls fodflr gksus fn;kA izkjafHkd dyhfl;k us ;gwnh /keZ esa

xzg.k fd, x, iqjkus fu;e dh iqLrdksa dks xzg.k fd;k FkkA ,sfrgkfld

40

[kkst ls ,slk yxrk gS fd izkjafHkd dyhfl;kvksa us] dsoy izkjafHkd lHkkvksa

us ugha] u, fu;e ds fo/kku dk fu.kZ; fd;kA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;s

;ksX;rk,a lEefyr Fkh] foosdh ;k vfoosdh rkSj ijA

1- izksVsLVsaV fo/kku esa lHkh izsfjr iqLrdsa lEefyr Fkh( fo/kku vc can gks x;k

gS!¼vFkkZr] **og fo’okl] ** izsfjrksa 6%7( 13%8( 14%22( xyk-1%23( 6%10( ;gwnk

3]20 opu½A

d- ;gwfn;ksa ls iqjkus fu;e dks xzg.k fd;kA

[k- u, fu;e esa 27 iqLrdsa¼,d izxfr’khy ,sfrgkfld izfØ;k½

2- u, fu;e ds ys[kd ;h’kq ;k fdlh ,d izsfjr ls lacaf/kr gS¼,d izxfr’khy

,sfrgkfld izfØ;k ½

d- ;kdwc vkSj ;gwnk ;h’kq ls¼mlds HkkbZ½

[k- ejdql irjl ls¼jkse esa mlds izpkjksa dks lqlekpkj esa cny fn;k½

x- ywdk ikSyql ls ¼mldk fe’ujh lg;ksxh½

?k- bczkfu;ksa ikjaifjd rkSj ij ikSyql ls lacaf/kr gSa

3- izsfjrkbZ izf’k{k.k ds lkFk /keZoSKkfud ,drk¼ckn esa ftls **fo’okl dk

‘kklu** dgk x;k½A lqlekpkjksa dks nwljs u, fu;e dh iqLrdksa ds ckn gh

fy[kk x;k FkkA

d- >wBh f’k{kk ds mBus ds dkj.k¼vFkkZr] nÙkdokn] Kkuokn]

ekjlh;uokn] vkSj eksaVkokn½

[k- nwljs vkxeu dh nsjh ds dkj.k

x- ckjg izsfjrksa dh e`R;q ds dkj.k

4- lquusokyksa ds LFkk;h rkSj ij vkSj uSfrd rkSj ij thouksa dk ifjofrZr

gksuk tgk¡ ij bu iqLrdksa dks i<+k x;k vkSj xzg.k fd;k x;k FkkA

5- izkjafHkd dyhfl;kvksa vkSj ckn dh dyhfl;k dh lHkkvksa dh vke lgefr

dks fo/kkud`r iqLrdksa dh izkjafHkd lwfp;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS

d-vkWfjxu¼185&254 bZa½ nkok djrk gS fd ogk¡ ij pkj lqlekpkj Fks

vkSj dyhfl;kvksa esa forj.k dh xbZ izsfjrksa dh if=;k¡ FkhA

[k- eqjksVksfj;ksa dk ys[k ftldh frfFk 180&200 bZa ds chp gS ftls jkse

ls fy[kk Fkk¼vkt miyC/k bldh dkWih [kjkc gks pqdh gS] ;g ckn dh

yfVuh Hkk”kk dk ewy ikB Fkk½A ;g izksVsLVsaV u, fu;e esa ogh 27 iqLrdksa

dh lwph nsrh gS¼ijUrq blesa irjl dh izdk’kukRed iqLrd vkSj ‘ksQMZ

vkWQ gsjel dks Hkh tksM+rh gS½A

41

x- dSlhfj;k ds ;wlsfc;wl¼265&340 bZa½ us elhgh ys[kksa dk o.kZu djus

ds fy, rhu izdkj dh funsZ’k fn;s% 1½ **izkIr fd, x,** vkSj bl dkj.k

xzg.k fd, x,( 2½ **fookn esa jgs** vkSj bl dkj.k dqN dyhfl;kvksa us]

lHkh us ugha] xzg.k fd;k( vkSj 3½ **udyh** vkSj bl dkj.k vf/kdka’k

dyhfl;kvksa esa xzg.k ugha dh xbZ gS vkSj i<+h ugha tk,xhA tks fookn dh

Js.kh esa Fks ftls ckn esa xzg.k fd;k x;k os% ;kdwc] ;gwnk] 2 irjl] vkSj

2 vkSj 3 ;wgUUkk dh if=;k¡ gSaA

?k- mÙkjh vQjhdk ls ‘ksyVsugse dh lwph¼yfVuh Hkk”kk esa 360 bZa esa½ esa

Hkh ogh 27 iqLrdsa gSa¼bczkfu;ksa] ;kdwc] vkSj ;gwnk¿bczkfu;ksa dk fo’ks”k rkSj

ij o.kZu ugha gqvk gS] ijUrq ikSyql dh if=;ksa esa lEefyr fd;k tk

ldrk gSÀ½] ftl izdkj izksVsLVsaV u, fu;e esa gS] ijUrq ,d vlkekU;

Øe esaA

M+- 367 bZa dh vFkusfl;ql ds iqj:RFkku ioZ dh i=h igyh gS ftlesa

lgh 27 iqLrdksa dh lwph ikbZ tkrh gS¼u vf/kd] u de½ ftl izdkj

izksVsLVsaV u, fu;e esa gSaA

p- fo’ks”k iqLrdksa dk fo”k; vkSj fo”k; oLrq dk vf/kdkj j[kusokyh

lwph dk ,d ,sfrgkfld vkSj /keZoSKkfud fodkldj.k gSA

6- v/;;u ds fy, lq>kfor iqLrdsa

d- czwl est+xj ds }kjk n dsuu vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV] vksDlQksMZ izsl

}kjk izdkf’krA

[k- t+ksaMoZu fiDVksfj;y b.lkbZDyksfifM;k] igyh iqLrd] i`”B la[;k-

709&745 esa fo/kku ij

ys[k A

x- foY;e bZ-fuDl vkSj ukseZu xsbZLyj dh b.VªksMD’au Vw n ckbcy] ewMh

izsl ds }kjk izdkf’kr]

1968¼fo’ks”kdj i`”B la[;k 22 ij nh xbZ pkVZ dks½A

?k- tkWu ckVZu dh gkWyh jkbZfVaxl~% n dsuu bu vjyh fØfLV;kfufV]

osLVfeaLVj tkWu uksDl

izsl }kjk izdkf’krA

7- izkphu iwoZ esa ls dsoy iqjkuk vkSj u;k fu;e gh lkfgR;d izdk’u gS

ftudks **fo/kkud`r** fd;k x;k fd os fo’ks”kdj fnO; mn~ns’;ksa ls vkrs gSa

vkSj mls izxV djrs gSaA ogk¡ ij vkSj dksbZ /kkfeZd lwph ugha gS tks

fo/kkud`r¼vFkkZr] vf/kdkj dks j[kusokyh½ cuke vfo/kkud`r /kkfeZd ys[kksa

dks vyx djrh gS ;s ,sfrgkfld izfØ;k fdl izdkj] D;ksa] vkSj dc gqbZ\

42

d- D;k ;g rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ‘krkfCn;ksa bZa dh dyhfl;k dh lHkkvksa ds

fu.kZ; ds }kjk Fkh\

[k- D;k ;g nwljh ‘krkCnh ds elhgh ys[kdksa ds iz;ksx ds

}kjk Fkh\

x- D;k ;g ckn dh igyh ls ikapoh ‘krkfCn;ksa dh dyhfl;kvksa ds

}kjk Fkh\

II. izsj.kk ikus ds nkos ckbcy] ckbcy ds vf/kdkj] vkSj mldh O;k[;k ds ckjs esa vkil esa

fojks/k dj jgs nkoksa vkSj dFkuksa dks gekjs bu fnuksa esa] ;g t+:jh gS fd

ge ml ij /;ku nsa ftldk ckbcy Lo;a nkok djrh gS /keZoSKkfud vkSj

nk’kZfud fookn vkSj nkos :phdj gS] ijUrq iszfjr ugha gSaA ekuo dh Js.kh

vkSj lw=c) ges’kk gh vf/kd ckr crkus ds nks”kh gSaA ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd

ge ckbcy dks vius vkis ds fy, cksyus nsaA

D;ksafd ;h’kq gekjs fo’okl vkSj fl)kar dk dsUnz gSa] ;fn ge mls bl

fo”k; ij ckr djrs gq, ikrs gSa rks ;g vf/kd gh tkudkjh nsusokyk gksrkA

mlus ,slk eRrh 5%17&19 esa ftls **igkM+h mins’k**¼eRrh 5&7½ dgrs gSa ds

izkjafHkd dFku esa fd;kA og ifo= lkfgR; ds ckjs esa vius n`f”Vdks.k dks

Li”V djrk gS ftls ge iqjkuk fu;e dgrs gSaA fo’okfl;ksa ds thou vkSj

fo’okl ds fy, mls iqjkus fu;e dh vuUrk vkSj egRoiw.kZrk ij tksj nsrs

/;ku nsaA vkSj mlds mn~ns’; vkSj ifjiw.kZrk esa mlds dsfUnz; LFkku ij Hkh

/;ku nsaA ;g in~;ka’k u dsoy ,d fnO; izsfjr iqjkus fu;e dks leFkZu nsrk

gS] ijUrq ml izdk’ku dk vius vki esa ds ,d eq[; dsUnz

dks¼fØLr&dsfUnzr izk:i i)fr½A fQj Hkh] bls 21&26]27&31] 33&37 vkSj

38&40 opuksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd og vius le; ds jfCcoknh ;gwnh

/keZ ds e/; esa ds iqjkus fu;e dh ikjaifjd O;k[;k dks ubZ fn’kk nsrk gS

‘kkL= Lo;a esa izsfjr] vuUrdkyhu] vkSj fØLr&dsfUnzr gS] ijUrq gekjh

ekuoh; O;k[;k ugha gSA ;g ,d cgqr gh veqY; vk/kkjHkwr lR; gSA

ckbcy gh] mlds ckjs esa gekjh le> ugha] tks vuUrdkyhu vkSj izsfjr gSaA

;h’kq us O;oLFkk dh igyh ikap iqLrdksa dh ikjaifjd] O;oLFkk&dsfUnzr

iz;ksfxdj.k dks vkSj xgu cuk fn;k vkSj mls LoHkko] izsj.kk] vkSj mn~ns’;

ds vlaHko Lrj rd Å¡pk mBk;kA

43

ckbcy dh O;k[;k dk ‘kkL=h; dFku vU;tkfr;ksa ds izsfjr] rjlql ds

‘kkÅy] ls vkrk gSA 2 rheq-3%15&16 esa ikSyql fo’ks”kdj ifo=‘kkL= dks

**ijes’oj }kjk fn;k x;k**¼’kkfCnd vFkZ esa ijes’oj ds Lokal ls Qw¡dk x;k½

crkrk gSaA bl fcUnq ij ;g ikB~; rkSj ij vfuf’pr gS fd D;k mlus bl

dFku esa lHkh u, fu;e ds ys[kksa dks ftUgsa ge tkurs gSa lEefyr fd;k

Fkk ;k ughaA fQj Hkh] mudh egRoiw.kZrk ds dkj.k] os fuf’pr lEefyr gSaA

vkSj Hkh] 2 irjl 3%15&16 **ifo=’kkL=** dh Js.kh esa ikSyql ds ys[kksa dks

Hkh lEefyr djrk gSA

ikSyql ds }kjk nwljk leFkZu nsusokyk opu izsj.kk ds ckjs esa 1

fFkLl-2%13 esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ij] igys tSls] izsfjr ds ‘kCnksa dks

okLrfod izek.k ds :i esa dsUnz ijes’oj ij gSA ;gh lR; izsfjr irjl ds

}kjk 2 irjl 1%20&21 esa fQj crk;k x;k gSA

ifo=’kkL= dks u dsoy mudh mRifÙk esa fnO; crk;k x;k gS] ijUrq

muds mn~ns’;ksa esa HkhA lHkh ifo=’kkL= fo’okfl;ksa dks muds fo’okl vkSj

thou ds fy, fn;k x;k gS¼jksfe;ksa 4%23&24(15%4( 1 dqfj-10%6]11( 1 irjl

1%10&12½A

III. ckbcy dk mn~ns’;

A. ;g ,d fu;e dh iqLrd ugha gS

ifo=’kkL= ds ckjs esa gekjh vf/kdka’k le> mlds mn~ns’;ksa ds ckjs esa gekjs

xyr fopkj ls izkjaHk gksrh gS ,d pht D;k gS dks LFkkfir djus dk ,d

rjhdk ;g crkuk gS fd og D;k ugha gSA

fu;eokn dh vksj fxjh gqbZ ekuo izo`fr] tks Qjhfl;ksa esa cgqr gh Li”V

Fkh] vc thfor vkSj Bhd gS vkSj vkidk ?kj dyhfl;k esa jgrk gSA ;g

izo`fr ckbcy dks fu;eksa ds ,d foLr`r lewg esa cny nsrh gS vk/kqfud

fo’okfl;ksa us ifo=’kkL= dks yxHkx ,d fu;eoknh fu;e dh iqLrd esa

cny fn;k gS] ,d izdkj dk elhgh **rkyewn**A bl ckr dks vf/kd t+ksj

ls crkus dh vko’;drk gS fd ifo=’kkL= dk ewy dsUnz NqVdkjk gSA ;g

lkeuk djus] [ksfnr djus] vkSj HkVdh gqbZ euq”;tkfr dks ijes’oj dh vksj

okil ys tkus ds fy, gS¼esd D;wfYdu 183] 49½A ewy dsUnz m)kj gS¼2

rheq- 3%15½] tks elhgh lekurk esa gh ikbZ tkrh gS¼2 rheq- 3%17½A ;g

44

elhgh lekurk Hkh ,d eq[; y{; gS¼jksfe;ks 8%28&29( 2 dqfj-3%18( xy-

4%19( bfQ-1%4( 1fFkLl-3%13(4%3( 1 irjl 1%15½] ijUrq ;g igys y{; dk

ifj.kke gSA ckbcy ds <k¡ps vkSj LoHkko dh de ls de ,d laHkkouk

mlds NqVdkjs dk mn~ns’; gS vkSj ;g ,d Øekuqlkj okyh fu;e iqLrd

;k fl)kar iqLrd ugha gS¼vFkkZr] ,d elhgh rkyewn ugha gS½A ckbcy

gekjh cqf) ds lHkh iz’uksa dk mÙkj ugha nsrh gS vusd eqn~nksa dks vLi”V

vkSj v/kwjs rkSj ij laHkksfnr fd;k x;k gSA ckbcy dh jpuk ewy rkSj ij

,d Øekuqlkjokyh /keZoSKkfud iqLrd ds :i esa ugha dh xbZ Fkh] ijUrq

ijes’oj dk vius fonzksgh l`f”V ds lkFk is’k vkus dk p;u fd;k x;k ,d

bfrgkl gSA bldk mn~ns’; dsoy fu;e ugha gS] ijUrq laca/k gSA ;g vusd

{ks=ksa dks laHkksfnr ugh djrh gS rkfd ge izse esa pyus ds fy, etcwj gks

tk,a¼1 dqfj-13½] fu;ekuqlkj ugha¼dqyq- 2%16&23½A gesa muds Lo:i esa

cuk, x, yksxksa dh izkFkfedrk ns[kuh gS¼rqyuk djsa mRi- 1%26&27½] fu;eksa

dks ughaA ;g fu;eksa dk ,d u;k lewg ugha gS] ijUrq ,d u;k pfj=] ,d

u;k dsUnz] ,d u;k thou gS ftls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

bldk vFkZ ugha gS fd ckbcy fu;eksa dks lEefyr ugha djrh gS] D;ksafd

;g djrh gS] ijUrq os lHkh {ks+=ksa dks laHkksfnr ugha djrh gS dbZ ckj euq”;

dh ijes’oj dh [kkst ds fy, fu;e lsrw dh ctk; :dkoV cu tkrh gS

ckbcy gesa i;kZIr tkudkjh nsrh gS fd ge ijes’oj dks izlUu djusokyk

thou th,a( ;g gesa dqN funsZ’k ;k lhek,a Hkh nsrh gS bldk ewy ojnku]

fQj Hkh] **funsZ’kd** gS] funsZ’k ugha gSA tc rd ml funsZ’kd ds leku ugha

cu tkrs gSa rc rd mls tkuuk vkSj mldk ihNk djuk ifo=’kkL= dk

nwljk ew[; y{; gSA

B. ;g ,d foKku dh iqLrd ugha

ifo=’kkL= ds ckjs esa iz’uksa dks iwNus dk vk/kqfud euq”; dh dksf’k’k

dk nwljk mnkgj.k ftldh jpuk bldk mÙkj nsus ds fy, ugha dh xbZ gS

vk/kqfud oSKkfud iwN&rkN ds {ks= esa gSA vusd yksx ifo=’kkL= dks

izkd`frd fu;e dh nk’kZfud tkyh esa etcwju Mkyuk pkgrs gSa] fo’ks”kdj

O;k[;kRed rdZ djus **oSKkfud fof/kra=** ds laca/k esaA izkd`frd fu;e ij

ckbcy ,d fnO; ikB~; iqLrd ugha gSA ;g foKku&fojks/kh ugha gS( ;g

iwoZ&oSKkfud gS! bldk ewy mn~ns’; bl {ks= esa ugha gSA ;|fi ckbcy

bu iz’uksa ls izR;{k rkSj ij ckr ugha dj jgh gS ;g ‘kkjhfjd okLrfodrk

ds ckjs t+:j ckr djrh gS] fQj Hkh] ;g bl izdkj fooj.k nsus dh Hkk”kk

45

esa djrh gS¼vFkkZr ?kVuk&fØ;k&foKku dh Hkk”kk esa½] foKku dh Hkk”kk esa

ughaA ;g okLrfodrk dk fooj.k vius fnuksa ds vuqdwyu dks crkrk gSA

;g ,d **lalkfjd fp=.k** ls vf/kd ,d **lalkfjd n`f”Vdks.k** dks izLrqr

djrh gS bldk vFkZ gS fd ;g vf/kd /;ku **dkSu** ij nsrh gS **fdl

izdkj** ij ughaA phtksa dks o.kZu ml izdkj gqvk gS ftl izdkj os lkekU;

euq”;ksa dks fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa¼vFkkZr] ikap bfUnz;k¡½A dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj

gSa%

1- D;k e`r yksx okLro esa tehu esa jgrsa gSa\ fgczh laLd`fr esa] gekjs leku

gh] vius e`r yksxksa dks nQuk;k djrs Fks bl dkj.k] o.kZu djus dh Hkk”kk

esa] os i`Foh esa Fks¼ f’k;ksy ;k ikrky esa½A

2- D;k Hkwfe okLro esa ikuh ij rSjrh gS\ ;g dbZ ckj rhu&eaftyk czgek.M

ds uewus ls twM+k gksrk gSA ;s izkphu yksx tkurs Fks fd ikuh Hkwfe ds uhps

mifLFkr gS¼vFkkZr] e:|ku½A mudk fu”d”kZ ,d dkO; Hkk”kk esa O;Dr

fd;k x;kA

3- ge Hkh] gekjs fnuksa esa] bu izdkj dh ckrsa djrs gSaA

d- **lw;Z mn; gksrk gS**

[k- **vksl fxjrh gS**

bl {ks= esa ftu dqN iqLrdksa us okLro esa esjh lgk;rk dh gS os ;s gSa

1- vkj- gw;dkl dh fjfyfT;u ,.M+ n jkbZl vkWQ eksMuZ lkbZal

2- esydksYe ,s-xhOl~ dh n lkbZafVfQd b.VjizkbZl~ ,.M+ n fØfLV¸u QsbZFk

3- cjukMZ jke dh n fØfLV¸u O;w vkWQ lkbZal ,.M+ fLØIpj

4- ouZ ,l- iksbZFkzl dh lkbZal ,.M+ gjesU;wfVDl~

5- fQfyi tkWulu dh MkfoZfuLe vkWu Vªk;y

6- g¸;wx jkWl] isalkdksyk ckbcy ppZ] isalkdksyk] Q~yksfjMk ds }kjk vusd

vPNh iqLrdsa

7- gsUjh iks; vkSj ftEeh Msfol dh lkbZal ,.M+ QsbZFk% ,su bostsfydy

Mk;syksx

8- Msy jkVt+Dl dh n csVy vkWQ fcfxfuaXl~

9- Mkfu,y QkYd dh dfexa Vw ihl foFk lkbZal

10- foY;e

MseksfLd dh fe;j fØfLV;kfuVh% lkbZal ,.M+ bZaVsfytsaV fMlkbZu

46

C. ;g ,d tknw¼ra=&ea=½ dh iqLrd ugh gS

ckbcy u dsoy ,d fu;e iqLrd ;k ,d foKku dh iqLrd

ugha gS] vkSj ;g ,d tknw dh iqLrd Hkh ugha gSA ckbcy ds izse ds dkj.k

ge us mlds dqN vthc rjhdksa dks iz;ksx fd;k gSA D;k vkius dHkh

ijes’oj dh bPNk dks izkFkZuk ds ckn viuh ckbcy esa ls ,d iUus dks

vius vki [kksydj vkSj fQj vius gkFk dks ,d opu ij j[kdj [kkstus

dk iz;kl fd;k gS\ ;g lkekU; O;ogkj ckbcy ds lkFk ,d tknw dh

NM+h ;k ,d fnO; iz’u&Qyd iVjs ds leku is’k vkuk gSaA ckbcy ,d

lans’k gS] ,d vk/kqfud Åjhe vkSj rqEehe¼fuxZ-28%30½ ugha gSaA bldk eqY;

blds lans’k esa gS] mldh ‘kkjhfjd mifLFkfr esa ugha gS elhg gksus ds

dkj.k] ge ckbcy dks vLirky esa gekjs lkFk ys tkrs gSa] blfy, ugha ge

mls i<+ ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ge cgqr chekj gSaA ge bl izdkj djrs gSa

D;ksafd ;g gesa ijes’oj dh mifLFkfr dks fn[kkrh gSA vusd vk/kqfud

elhfg;ksa ds fy, ckbcy ,d ‘kkjhfjd ewfrZ cu xbZ gSA bldh ‘kkjhfjd

mifLFkfr bldh lkeFkZ ugha gS] ijUrq elhg esa ijes’oj ds ckjs esa blds

lans’k esa gSaA vius ckbcy dks viuh pksVksa ij yxkus ls og tYn Bhd

ugha gksxkA gesa ckbcy dh t+:jr dsoy vius fcLrj ds ikl ugha pkfg,(

gesa mlds lans’k dks vius àn~; esa j[kuk gSA

eSaus yksxksa dks ijs’kku gksrs gq, ns[kk gS tc dksbZ ckbcy dks fxjk

nsrk gS ;k ;fn dksbZ mlesa fy[kus yxrk gSA ckbcy ,d peM+s] isM+ dh

iRrh] vkSj L;kgh ls vf/kd vkSj dqN ugha gS ;g dsoy ijes’oj ds lkFk

vius laca/k esa ifo= gSA ckbcy O;FkZ gS ;fn mls i<+k vkSj mldk ihNk

ugha fd;k tk,�gekjh laLd`fr ckbcy ds izfr HkfDriw.kZ gS vkSj ijes’oj ds

izfr fonzksgh gSA igys gekjs U;k;ky; esa ,d dks lR; cksyus ds fy,

ckbcy ij gkFk j[kdj cksyuk gksrk FkkA ;fn ,d fo’oklh gSa rks og

fdlh Hkh izdkj ls >wB ugha cksysxkA ;fn dksbZ ,d fdlh izkphu iqLrd

ij ‘kiFk [kkrk gS ftl ij og fo’okl ugha djrk vkSj ftl ds fo”k; ds

ckjs esa og tkurk ugha gS] rks ge fdl izdkj fuf’pr gksaxs fd og >wB

ugha cksy jgk gS\

ckbcy ,d tknwbZ ea= ugha gS ;g izd`frd n`’;eku oLrq ij ,d

foLr`r] lEiw.kZ] vlaf{kIr ikB~; iqLrd ugha gS vkSj ;g thou ds [ksy ij

**gks;y** dh fu;e dh iqLrd Hkh ugha gS ftlesa gj {ks= ds fy, funsZ’k

gksrk gSA ;g ije’soj dh vksj ls lans’k gS tks ekuo bfrgkl esa dk;Z djrk

47

gSA ;g mlds iq= dh vksj vafdr gS vkSj gekjs fonzksg dh vksj Hkh bZ’kkjk

djrh gSA

IV. ckbcy ds ckjs esa ys[kd dh iwoZ/kkj.kk,a ;|fi ckbcy dh ekuo vis{kkvksa vkSj iz;ksxksa ds }kjk nq:i;ksx fd;k x;k

gS] ;g fQj Hkh gekjs fo’okl vkSj O;ogkj dh ,dek= funsZ’kd gSA eSa

ckbcy ds ckjs esa viuh iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa dks O;Dr djuk pkgw¡xkA

eSa ckbcy esa fo’okl djrk gw¡] iqjkus fu;e vkSj u, fu;e nksuksa esa] fd

dsoy os gh ijes’oj ds Li”V Lo;a&izdk’ku gSaA u;k fu;e iqjkus fu;e

dh fl) iw.kZrk vksj O;k[;kdkj gS¼ gesa iqjkus fu;e dks ;h’kq vkSj u,

fu;e ds izdk’ku ds }kjk ns[kuk gS] tks blzk,y ds izfr ok;ns dks iwjs

lalkj ds fy, cny nsrh gS½A eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd dsoy ,dek=

vuUrdkyhu] l`f”VdrkZ] NqVdkjk nsusokys ijes’oj us gekjs fo/kkud`r

ifo=’kkL= ds ys[ku dks izkjaHk fd;k dqN fo’ks”k pqus gq, O;fDr;ksa dks

O;fDxr yksxksa vkSj jk”Vªksa ds thouksa esa ijes’oj ds dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa fy[kus

vkSj le>kus ds fy, izsfjr djus ds }kjkA dsoy ckbcy gh ijes’oj vkSj

muds mn~ns’;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dh Li”V Jksr gS¼eSa ;h’kq ds ckjs esa

dsoy u, fu;e ds iUUkksa ls gh tkurk gw¡½A izkd`frd izdk’ku¼rqyuk djsa

v¸;wc 38&39( Hktu 19%1&6( jksfe;ksa 1%19&20( 2%14&15½ dk eqY; gS]

ijUrq ;g iwjk ugha gS ijes’oj dk vius ckjs esa ds izdk’ku dk ;h’kq elhg

gh ewy vk/kkj gS ¼rqyuk djsa];wgUUkk 1%18( dqyq 1%14&16( bczk-1%2&3½A

ckbcy dks ifo=kRek ds }kjk izdk’ku ikuk gS¼rqyuk djsa] ;wgUUkk 14%23(

16%20&21( 1 dqfj- 2%6&16½ rkfd bldks Bhd ls le>k tk lds¼bldh

vkfRed ckrksa esa½A bldk lans’k lHkh fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, vf/kdkj dks

j[kusokyh] i;kZIr] vuUrdkyhu] vVy] vkSj Hkjkslk djus ds ;ksX; gSA

bldk izsfjr djus dk lVhd ek/;e dk gesa izdk’ku ugha feyk gS] ijUrq

;g fo’okfl;ksa dks Li”V gS fd ckbcy ,d vkykSfdd iqLrd gS] tks

lkekU; yksxksa }kjk fo’ks”k vxqokbZ ds v/khu esa fy[kh xbZ FkhA

48

V. vkykSfdd rkSj ij izsfjr vkSj vf/kdkj j[kusokyh

ckbcy dk izek.k ;|fi vkxs dgk x;k dFku iwoZ/kkjf.kd gSa] ftl izdkj lHkh ekuo Kku

gSa] bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd bldk dksbZ Bksl leFkZu nsusokyk izek.k ugha

gS bl fcUnq ij ge dqN bu izek.kksa dks tk¡psaA

d- ckbcy cgqr gh lgh Hkfo”;}kf.k;ksa dks lEefyr djrh gS¼,sfrgkfld]

izk:i i)frvkRed ugha¿gks’ks 11%1À ;k esa izdk’kukRed ¿td;kZg 9À½

Hkfo”; dh ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa] vLi”V ugha] ijUrq fo’ks”k vkSj dbZ ckj

pkSadk nsusokyh lVhdrk ds lkFkA nks vPNs mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaA

1- ;h’kq dh lsok ds {ks= dh Hkfo”;}k.kh xyhy esa crkbZ xbZ Fkh] ;’kk-9%1 A

;g ;gwnk ds ;gwnh ds }kjk xzg.k ;ksX; ugha Fkk D;ksafd xyhy dk

;:’kyse ds eafnj ls vf/kd okLrfod nwjh ds dkj.k mls lgh le>k

tkrk FkkA ijUrq] ;h’kq dh vf/kdka’k lsok bl Hkwxksfyd {ks= esa O;rhr gqbZA

2- ;h’kq ds tUe LFkku dk o.kZu fo’ks”kdj ehdk 5%2 esa gSA cSryge ,d NksVk

lk xk¡o Fkk ftldh izflf) ds fy, nkok dsoy f;’kS ds dkj.k gks ldrk

FkkA fQj Hkh] ;h’kq ds tUe ds 750 o”kksZa ds igys ls gh ckbcy fo’ks”kdj

bls elhgk ds tUe LFkku ds rkSj ij crkrh gSA ;gk¡ rd gsjksnsl ds

njckj ds jCchoknh fo}ku Hkh blds ckjs esa tkurs Fks¼eRrh 2%4&6½A dqN

yksx ;’kk;kg vkSj ehdk dh frfFk ds fy, 8 oha bZ-iw ‘krkCnh crkrs gSa] fQj

Hkh] lsiRokfxark¼iqjkus fu;e dk ;wukuh vuqokn] ftldk izkjaHk yxHkx

250&200 bZ-iw esa gqvk Fkk½ ds dkj.k] de ls de ;g Hkfo”;}kf.k;k¡ mudh

iw.kZrk ls 200 o”kZ igys dh xbZ Fkh

B. nwljk izek.k iqjkrRofoKku ds vk/kqfud oSKkfud {ks= ls lacaf/kr gSA

vafre nks n’kdksa us fo’kky iqjkrRo [kkstksa dks ns[kk gSA esjs Kkukuqlkj ;gk¡

ij dksbZ Hkh bl izdkj dh [kkst ugha gqbZ gS ftlus ckbcy dh ,sfrgkfld

lVhdrk dks pqukSrh nh gks¼usy’ku Xywd] fjolZ~ bu n MslVZ] i`”B la[;k

31] **,slh dksbZ Hkh iqjkrRo [kkst ugha gqbZ gS tks ifo=’kkL= ds ,sfrgkfld

dFkuksa ds fo:) gS ;k fojks/k djrh gS**½] ijUrq ;g bldk myVk gSA

iqjkrRofoKku us ckbcy dh ,sfrgkfldrk ij ckj ckj Hkjkslk trk, tkus

dks ljy cuk;k gSA

1- ,d mnkgj.k nwljh lglzkCnh bZ-iw ds uwt+h vkSj ekjh iV~fV;ksa ij

eslksiksVkfe;kbZ ukeksa dk iz;ksx tks mRifÙk dh iqLrd esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA

vc ;g ogh yksx ugha jgs gSa] ijUrq ogh uke gSaA uke fdlh fo’ks”k le;

49

vkSj LFkku dk y{k.k gksrs gSaA **rsgj** vkSj **ukgksj** okys uke ckbcy o.kZu

vkSj bu izkphu iV~fV;ksa esa lkekU; gSaA

2- if’peh vkfl;k esa ,d fgRrh lH;rk dk vfLrRo ,d vkSj mnkgj.k gSaA

dbZ o”kksZa rd¼19 bZa ‘krkCnh rd½ ykSfdd bfrgkl esa bl fLFkj] vf/kd

fodflr laLd`fr dk blds uke ls dksbZ o.kZu ugha Fkk¼vjNj 1982]

96&98] 210½A fQj Hkh] mRifÙk 10 vkSj ckbcy dh ,sfrgkfld iqLrd

budk o.kZu dbZ ckj djrs gSa¼2 jktk 7% 6]7( 2 bfr- 1%17½A iqjkrRofoKku

us rc ls] u dsoy muds vfLrRo dh fuf’p;rk dh] ijUrq muds yEcs

le; rd vfLrRo vkSj lkeFkZ dk Hkh¼vFkkZr] 1950 esa iqjkrRofoKkfudksa us

2000 dhy&fyfi iV~fV;ksa ds jktdh; iqLrdky; dh [kkst dh tgk¡ ij

bl jk”Vª dks vukrksfy;k vkSj fgRrh ds uke ls tkuk x;k Fkk½A

3- csy’kLlj ds vfLrRo dk] tks csfcyksu dk vafre jktk Fkk¼nkfu¸;sy 5½]

dbZ ckj budkj fd;k x;k gSA lalkfjd bfrgkl esa csfcyksfu;ksa ds jktkvksa

dh nl lwfp;k¡ gSa ftls csfcyksfu;ksa ds nLrkost+ksa ls fudkyk x;k Fkk]

ijUrq fdlh esa Hkh csy’kLlj dk uke ugha gS ckn ds vkSj iqjkrRo dh [kkst

ls irk yxk fd csy’kLlj lg&’kkld Fkk vkSj ml le; ds csfcyksu ds

jkT; ij vf/kdkj j[kusokyk FkkA mldk firk] uscksukbZMl] ftldh ekrk

panz nsoh] ft+u] dh egk&;ktfdu Fkh] og ft+u¼ukuk½ dh vkjk/kuk esa bruh

‘kkfey gks xbZ fd mls rhek¼vjc ns’k½] mldh ifo= uxjh] esa tkuk iM+k]

tcfd og felz ds fo:) nl&o”kksZa rd dh ,d lSU; dkjokbZ esa tqM+k

FkkA mlus vius iq=] csy’kLlj] dks viuh vuqifLFkfr esa csfcyksu ds ‘kgj

esa jkT; djus dks NksM+ fn;k FkkA

C. ,d vkYkkSfdd ckbcy dk ,d vkSj izek.k mlds lans’k dh

fujarjrk¼fLFkjrk½ gSA bldk ;g dguk ugha gS fd ckbcy esa dksbZ

fojks/kkHkkl dh ckrsa ugha gSa] ijUrq ;g vius vki ds fo:) Hkh ugha gS ;g

cgqr gh vn~Hkqr gS tc dksbZ ;g ns[krk gS fd bls 1600@1400 o”kksZa ds

le; ds varjky esa¼ fuxZeu dh frfFk ds vk/kkj ij vFkkZr] 1495] 1290 bZ-

iw½ fHkUu f’k{kk vkSj lkaLd`frd i`”BHkwfe;ksa ls eslksiksVkfe;k ls felz ns’k rd

ds fHkUu ys[kdksa ds }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA ;g fHkUu lkfgfR;d izdkj ls jph

xbZ gS vkSj bls rhu vyx vyx Hkk”kkvksa esa fy[kk x;k

gS¼fgczh]vkjkeh]‘kkL=h; ;wukuh Hkk”kk½A fQj Hkh] bu lHkh fHkUurkvksa ds lkFk]

,d gh lans’k dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

D. vafre esa] ckbcy dh fo’ks”k izsj.kk ds fy, ,d lcls vn~Hkqr

izek.k bfrgkl Hkj esa ls fHkUu laLd`fr;ksa] fHkUu f’k{kk ds Lrj] vkSj fHkUu

50

lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj esa ls iq:”kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk ifjofrZr uSfrd

thouA tgk¡ dgha Hkh ckbcy dks lkekU; rkSj ij i<+k x;k gS] mxZ rkSj ij

vkSj ges’kk ds fy, thou ifjofrZr gqvk gS ckbcy viuh gh mÙke

/keZeaMudÙkkZ gSA

VI. ckbcy dh gekjh O;k[;k ls twM+h leL;k,a bl dFku dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ;g le>us ds fy, ljy gS ;k ;g fd

ckbcy ds lkFk lacaf/kr dqN leL;k,a ugha gSa ekuoh; Hkk”kk ds LoHkko ds

dkj.k] vuqokn dh leL;k ds lkFk lacaf/kr gkFk ls Nkih xbZ gLFkfyfi;ksa

ds dkj.k] gekjs vk/kqfud ckbcyksa dh ,d eqY;kad.k djus ds rjhds ls

O;k[;k djuh gSaA

vk/kqfud ckbcy ds ikBd dk lkeuk djusokyh igyh leL;k gLFkfyfi;ksa

dh fofHkUurk gSaA ;g u dsoy fgczh iqjkus fu;e ds ckjs esa lR; gSa] ijUrq

;wukuh u, fu;e ds ckjs esa HkhA bl fo”k; dks ckn ds v/;k; esa vkSj

foLr`r rkSj ij ppkZ dh tk,xh] ijUrq vHkh ds fy, vkbZ, ge bl leL;k

dks nsa[ksaA

bls dbZ ckj ewyikB vkykspuk dgk tkrk gSA ;g ewy rkSj ij ckbcy ds

ewy ‘kCnksa dk fu.kZ; djrh gSA bl leL;k ls lacaf/kr dqN iqLrdksa ds

uke%

A. ch-ds-okYdh] Mh-xFkjh] xksMZu Qh] vkSj vkj-,p-gsjhlu dh fccfydy

fØfVflLe%fgLVksfjdy] fyVjjh ,.M+ VsDlwvy

B. czwl ,e-est+xj dh n VsDLV vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV% bV~l Vªkalfe’u]

dji’u vkSj jsLVksjs’u

C. ts-,p-xzhuyh] baVªksMD’u Vw U;w VsLVesaV VsDlwvy fØfVflLe ,.M+

LØkbZCl~] LØksYl~] vkSj fLØIpjl~

D- ,Q-,Q-czwl dh n cwDl ,.M+ n ikNZesaVl

E+-czwl est+xj dh n vjyh osj’u vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV

F- ,Q-,Q-czwl dh n U;w VsLVesaV MksD;wesaVl~% vkj ns fjykbZ;scy\

G- fM-,s-dkjlu dh n fdax tsEl~ oj’u fMcsV% ,s Iyh Qksj fj;kfyLe

H- ds- ,s- fdNu dh ,sf.’;aV vkWfj;aV ,.M+ vksYM+ VsLVesaV

I- ckVZ fM- bgZesu dh n vksjFkksMksDl djI’u vkWQ fLØIpj

51

J- MsfoM ,syu chN }kjk laikfnr dh jhfFkafdax U;w VsLVesaV VsDlwvy

fØfVflLe

VII. gekjh

vk/kqfud ckbcy dk eq[; ewyikB Jksr bczkuh Hkk”kk esa vk/kqfud iqjkus fu;e ds ewyikB dks eslksjsfrd ikB¼100 bZa

esa jCch ,fDock }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k lLoj ikB½A ;g laHkor% ;h’kq ds

le; ds Qjhfl;ksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k x;k ikB gS] tks 70 bZ esa rhrql

}kjk ;:’kyse ds fouk’k ds nkSjku cPkk gqvk ,dek= /kkfeZd lewg FkkA

bldk uke ;gwnh fo}kuksa ds ,d lewg ls vkrk gS ftUgksaus izkphu] vLoj

bczkuh ikB esa Loj fcUnqvksa] fojke fpUgksa] vkSj dqN ikB~; fVIif.k;ksa dks

Mkyk Fkk¼ftls 9 oha ‘krkCnh bZa esa iwjk fd;k x;k Fkk½A ;gk¡ ij uhps iqjkus

fu;e vkSj u, fu;e ds Jksrksa dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk gSA

A. iqjkuk fu;e

1- eslksjsfr ikB¼,e Vh½& bczkuh lLoj ikB~; izdkj dks jCch ,fDock }kjk

100 bZa esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA Loj fcUnqvksa] mPpkj.k fpUg] ikB dh

fVIif.k;k¡] fojke fpUg] vkSj midj.k fVIif.k;ksa dk tksM+k tkuk 9 oha

‘krkCnh esa eslksjsfr fo}kuksa }kjk iwjk fd;k x;k FkkA bl ikB~; izdkj dk

mYys[k fe’u] rkyewn] rjxqe¼vkjkeh Hkk”kk esa dk vuqokn½] isf’krk¼lhfj;kbZ

Hkk”kk esa dk vuqokn½] vkSj oYxsM¼yfVuh Hkk”kk esa dk vuqokn½ esa gqvk gSA

2- lsiRokfxark¼,y ,sDl ,sDl½& ijaijk dgrh gS fd bls 70 ;gwnh fo}kuksa

}kjk 70 fnuksa esa fldanfj;k ds iqLrdky;]felz ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k

FkkA bls laHkor% jktk Vksfyfe f}rh; ds ,d ;gwnh vxqos ds }kjk fourh

dh xbZ Fkh tks fldanfj;k esa jgrk Fkk¼285&246 bZ-iw½A felz ds Vksfyfe

‘kkld lalkj esa ds lcls cM+s iqLrdky; ds ckjs esa ?ke.M djrs Fks ;g

ijaijk **vfjlfr;kl ds i=** ls vkrh gSA ,y ,sDl ,sDl jCch ,sfDock ds

ewyikB¼,e Vh½ ls ,d fHkUu bczkuh ikB~; ijaijk dks izca/k djrh gSA nksuksa

gh ijaijk dks e`r lkxj ys[k esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

leL;k rc vkrh gS tc ;s nks ikB vkil esa lger ugha gksrs gSaA vkSj]

f;eZ;kg vkSj gks’ks tSlh iqLrdksa esa] ;s fcydqy gh fHkUu gSaA 1947 esa e`r

52

lkxj dqaMy i=ksa dh [kkst ds ckn] ;g Li”V gks x;k gS fd eslksjsfr ikB

vkSj lsiRokfxark ikB nksuksa dks izkphu gLrfyfi vuqizekf.kr djrh gSA

lkekU; rkSj ij eslksjsfr ikB dks iqjkus fu;e ds ewy ikB ds :i esa xzg.k

fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lsiRokfxark dks mlesa ds dfBu in~;ka’kksa ;k Hkz”V LFkkuksa

dks iwjk djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

d- ,y ,sDl ,sDl us ,e Vh dks le>us esa lgk;rk dh gS¼,d mnkgj.k½%

1½ ;’kk 52%14 dk ,y ,sDl ,sDl] **tSls cgqr ls yksx mls ns[kdj

pfdr gq,**

2½ ;’kk 52%14 dk ,y ,sDl ,sDl] **ftl izdkj cgqr ls yksx rq>s

ns[kdj vpafHkr gq,**

[k- e`r lkxj dqaMy i= us ,e Vh dks le>us esa lgk;rk dh gS¼,d

mnkgj.k½%

1½ ;’kk-21%8 dk e`r lkxj dqaMy i=¼vkbZ D;w ;’kk;kg½&**fQj

Hkfo”;}Drk us iqdkjk] eSa igys ij [kM+k gw¡---**A

2½ ;’kk 21%8 dk ,e Vh&** vkSj eSa us flag ds ls ‘kCn ls iqdkjk] **gs

izHkq] eSa fnu Hkj [kM+k igjk nsrk jgk---**a

x- ,y ,sDl ,sDl vkSj e`r lkxj dqaMy i= us ;’kk 53%11 dks le>us esa

lgk;rk dh gSA

1½ ,y ,sDl ,sDl vkSj Mh ,l ,l &**vius izk.kksa dk n%q[k mBkus ds

ckn og T;ksfr ns[ksxk] og r`Ir gksxk**

2½ ,e Vh&**og vius izk.kksa dk nq%[k mBkdj mls ns[ksxk vkSj r`Ir

gksxk**¼,e Vh us fØ;k dks nks xq.kk dj fn;k gS] ijUrq igys fo”k; dks

NksM+ fn;k gS½A

gekjs ikl ckbcy ds ewy ys[kdksa dh u rks thouh gS vkSj u ewy

gLrfyfi;k¡ gSa] dsoy dkWfi;k¡ gh dkWfi;k¡ gSaA

3- e`r lkxj dqaMy i=¼Mh ,l ,l½& jkseh bZ-iw ds le; esa fy[ks x,] u,

fu;e ds le; ds djhc ,d ;gwnh fof’k”Vokfn;ksa ds lewg ds }kjk¼mUgksaus

eafnj esa vkjk/kuk djuk NksM+ fn;k D;ksafd rc dk orZeku egk;ktd

gk:u ds oa’k ls u Fkk½ ftUgsa **vlsuh lkekt** dgk tkrk FkkA bczkuh

gLrfyfi;ksa¼,e ,l ,l½ dh [kkst 1947 esa e`r lkxj ds pkjksa vksj xqQkvksa

esa gqbZA os ,e Vh vkSj ,y ,sDl ,sDl ds ihNs bczkuh ikB~; ifjokj dks

lEefyr djrs gSaA

bl {ks= esa nwljh leL;k eslksjsfr ikB vkSj u, fu;e esa iqjkus fu;e

ds mYys[kksa ds chp dh fHkUurk gSA ,d vPNk mnkgj.k fxurh 25%9 vkSj 1

53

dqfj-10%8 dh rqyuk gks ldrh gSA iqjkus fu;e dk o.kZu crkrk gS fd

24]000 ej x,] tcfd ikSyql crkrk gS fd 23]000 ej x, ;gk¡ ij ge

,d izkphu ikB dh leL;k dks ikrsa gSa ftls gkFk ls Nkik x;k FkkA ;g

LFkkukarju esa ,d ‘kkL=h dh xyrh gks ldrh gS ;k ikSyql ds Lej.k ls ;k

,d jCchoknh ijaijk ls ,d mYys[k gks ldrk gS eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;g

gekjs fy, nnZukd gS¼gekjh izsj.kk ds ckjs esa iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa ds dkj.k½ fd ge

bl izdkj dh fHkUurkvksa dks ik,a] ijUrq ckr dh lPpkbZ ;g gS fd ckbcy

ds gekjs vk/kqfud vuqoknksa esa bl izdkj dh dqN NksVh lh leL;k,a gSaA

blh izdkj dh ,d leL;k dks ge eRrh 27%9 esa ikrsa gSa] tgk¡ ij ,d

iqjkus fu;e ds mYys[k dks f;eZ;kg dk crk;k x;k gS] tcfd ;g td;kZg

ls vkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g fn[kkus ds fy, fd bl ckr us fdruh

lkjh vlgefr iSnk dh gS eq>s vkidks bu fHkUurkvksa dk dkj.k crkus nsaA

1- 5 oha ‘krkCnh dk lhfj;kbZ vuqokn ftls isf’krk dgk tkrk gS **f;eZ;kg** dk

uke gVk nsrk gSA

2- vxfLru] ywFkj] vkSj dsf;y eRrh ds ikB esa xyrh dk nkok djrs gSaA

3- vkWfjxu vkSj ;wlsfc;wl fy[kusokys dh xyrh dk nkok djrs gSaA

4- tsjkse vkSj bZokYM nkok djrs gSa fd ;g ,d dwVxzaFk ds dk;Z ls mYys[k

gS tks f;eZ;kg ds fy, lefiZr Fkk vkSj tks [kks pqdk gS vkSj fd ;g

td;kZg ds }kjk mYys[k gS gh ughaA

5- HkhM+ nkok djrh gS fd f;eZ;kg us td;kZg 9&11 fy[kk gSA

6- ykbZV QwV nkok djrk gS fd f;eZ;kg dks Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dh lwph esa igys

j[kk x;k Fkk( bl uke¼in½ ls lHkh Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dks laHkksfnr fd;k

tkrk FkkA

7- gsaxLVucxZ nkok djrk gS fd td;kZg us f;eZ;kg dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

8- dsyfou nkok djrk gS fd fdlh vutku rjhds ls ikB esa xyrh vk xbZ

gSA

f’kf{kr] HkfDriw.kZ O;fDr;ksa ls brus lkjs fopkjksa ds ckn ;g Li”V gS fd

ge ugha tkurs gSaA leL;k la[;k 1 dk budkj djuk Hkh ,d mÙkj ugha

gS BIiksa ;k iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa ds ihNs fNius ls gekjh leL;k lqy> ugha ldrh

gSA ckbcy ds gekjs vk/kqfud vuqoknksa esa dqN leL;k;sa gSa ftUgsa gesa

lqy>kus dh dksf’k’k djuh gSA viqjksfgr O;fDr bls vk/kqfud vuqoknksa dh

rqyuk djds dj ldrk gS ,d lk/kkj.k O;ogkfjd lq>ko ;g gksxk] fd

54

;fn vkids vk/kqfud v/;;u ckbcy ds uhps esa dksbZ bl izdkj dh

fVIi.kh nh xbZ gS] **iqjkus vkSj Hkjksls ;ksX; ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa esa ugha**] rks

bl ikB ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ fl)kar dk fuekZ.k u djsaA lekukUrj in~;ka’kksa

dks irk djsa tgk¡ ij ;g fl)kar Li”V rkSj ij crk;k x;k gSA

B. u;k fu;e

;wukuh Hkk”kk ds u, fu;e dh vkt yxHkx 5]300

gLrfyfi;k¡ vfLrRo esa gSaA buesa ls djhc 85 dks iVsji=ksa esa fy[kk x;k

gSA ;gk¡ ij 268¼vfUlpy fyfi½ gLrfyfi;k¡ gSa tks lHkh cM+s v{kjksa esa

fy[kh xbZ gSaA ckn esa] 9oha ‘krkCnh bZa ds djhc] twM+s gq, ys[kksa¼NksVs v{kj½

dk fodkl gqvkA bl izdkj dh fy[kh xbZ ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa dh la[;k

yxHkx 2700 FkhA gekjs ikl ifo=’kkL= ds ikBksa dh lwph dh yxHkx

2]100 dkWfi;k¡ gSa ftls vkjk/kuk esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ftls ikBksa dh

lwph dgk tkrk gSA uhps fn, x, u, fu;e ds Jksrksa dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk

gSA

1- iVsji=&u, fu;e ds Hkkxksa dks lEefyr djusokyh yxHkx 85 ;wukuh

gLrfyfi;k¡ vHkh miyC/k gSa] tks iVsji= ij fy[kh xbZ gaS] ftudh frfFk

nwljh ‘krkCnh bZa ls gks ldrh gS] ijUrq vf/kdka’k rhljh vkSj pkSFkh

‘krkCnh;ksa ls gSaA buesa dksbZ gLrfyfi;ksa esa lEiw.kZ u;k fu;e ik;k ugha

tkrk gSA dqN dks O;olk;d ‘kkfL=;ksa }kjk Nkik x;k gS] ijUrq buesa ls

vf/kdka’k dks de lVhd fy[kusokyksa ds }kjk tYnckt+h esa Nkik x;kA

dsoy iqjkus gksus ds dkj.k] vius vki esa vkSj vius vkils] bls lgh ugha

curk gSA

2- dksMDl lhuSfVdl& blds bczkuh Hkk”kk ds v{kj ** A**¼vkysQ½] a];k ¼01½

ls tkuk tkrk gSA bls lhuS ioZr ij lar dsFksfju ds eB ij frL’ksuMksQZ

ds }kjk ik;k x;k FkkA bldh frfFk pkSFkh ‘krkCnh bZa ls djhc gks ldrh

gSA ;g iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e nksuksa dks lEefyr djrh gSA ;g

**fldanfj;kbZ ikB** ds izdkj dh gS] ftl izdkj dksMDl ch esa gSA

3- dksMDl ,syDlkafMªul&dks **A**¼vkYQk½ ;k¼02½ ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g

ikapoh ‘krkCnh bZa dh gLrfyfi gS ftls fldanfj;k] felz esa ik;k x;k FkkA

dsoy lqlekpkj gh **fldanfj;kbZ ikB** ds izdkj ds gSaA

4- dksMDl osfVdsul& ftls **B ** ;k ¼03½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] ftls

jkse ds osfVdsu dh iqLrdky; ls ik;k x;k Fkk vkSj pkSFkh ‘krkCnh bZa ds

55

e/; dh frfFk dks j[krh gSA blesa iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e nksuksa ik, tkrs gSaA

;g **fldanfj;kbZ ikB** ds izdkj dk gS] ftl izdkj dksMDl a gSaA bldh

tM+ P75 ls nwljh ‘krkCnh esa tkrs gSaA

5- dksMDl bQjkbZfe&ftls **C** ;k ¼04½ ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;g ,d ikapoh

‘krkCnh bZa dh gLrfyfi gSa tks vk/kh u”V gks xbZ FkhA bldh tM+ rhljh

‘krkCnh P45 rd tkrh gS ikapoh ‘krkCnh ls dksMDl W Hkh blh ikB~; ifjokj

ls gSA

6- dksMDl cst+sbZ& ftls **D** ;k ¼05½ ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ikapoh ;k NaVoh

‘krkCnh bZa dk ,d gLrfyfi gSaA ;g] ,sYMksu ts ,sIi ds vuqlkj] nwljh

‘krkCnh dh frfFk dks j[krh gSa] vkSj yfVuh vkSj iqjkuh lhfj;kbZ vuqoknksa]

lkFk gh vusd iVsjif=;ksa ds Hkkxksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA fQj Hkh] dwVZ vkSj

ckjcsjk ,sykaM bl ikB~; ifjokj ds lkFk tqM+h fdlh Hkh iVsji=h dh lwph

ugha nsrs gSa vkSj os bls pkSFkoha ‘krkCnh ;k ml ls igys dh frfFk nsrs gSa]

ijUrq os dqN blds iwokZxkeh iVsjif=;ksa dh lwph nsrs gS¼vFkkZr] P38 , P48

,P69½A ;g ftls ge **if’peh ikB** dgrs gSa mldk eq[; izfrfuf/kRo gSA

blesa cgqr dqN tksM+sa x, gSa vkSj ;g blkjeql dh ;wukuh u, fu;e dh

rhljh laiknu dh eq[; ;wukuh xokg Fkh] tks n fdax tsEl vuqokn dh Hkh

;wukuh xokg cuhA

u, fu;e dh gLrfyfi;ksa dks rhu gLrfyfi;ksa ds ifjokjksa

esa lkewfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS]

laHkor% pkj esa] tks dqN fo’ks”k pfj=ksa dks ck¡Vrsa gSaA

1- fladnfj;kbZ **LFkkuh; ikB**] tks bu lHkh dks lEefyr djrh gSA

d- P75 P66 ¼yxHkx 200 bZa½ lqlekpkj

[k- P46 ¼yxHkx 225 bZa½ ikSyql dh if=;k¡

x- P72 ¼yxHkx 225&250 bZa½ irjl vkSj ;gwnk

?k- dksMDl B ftls osfVdsul dgk tkrk gS¼yxHkx 325 bZa½] tks lEiw.kZ

iqjkus fu;e vkSj

u, fu;e dks lEefyr djrh gSA

M+- vkWfjxu ds }kjk of.kZr fd;k x;k

p- nwljh gLrfyfi;k¡ tks bl izdkj ds ikB izdkj dks fn[kkrh gSa os a]

L, W, 33

gSaA

2- mÙkjh vQjhdk ls if’peh ikB ftlesa ;s lEefyr gSa%

56

d- mÙkjh vQjhdk ls mYys[k% rjrqY;u] flfIj;u] vkSj iqjkuh yfVuhA

[k- bZjsfu;ql ls mYys[k

x-rkfr;u vkSj iqjkuh lhfj;kbZ

?k- dksMDl D **cstkbZ**

3- ckbZt+uVkbZu ikB

d- 5]300 gLrfyfi;ksa esa ls 80 izfrf’kr esa izfrfcafcr gSa¼vf/kdka’k NksVs

v{kjksa esa gSa½

[k- lhfj;k ds varkfd;k ls vxqoksa ds }kjk of.kZr fd;k x;k% dIiknksfl;k]

fØlkslre] vkSj FksjMksjsr

x- dksMDl A dsoy lqlekpkjksa esa gh

?k- dksMDl E ¼vkBoha ‘krkCnh½ lEiw.kZ u, fu;e ds fy,

4- pkSFkk laHkkfor izdkj **dSlhjh;kbZ** gSA

d- izkFkfed rkSj ij ejdwl esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS

[k- blds dqN xokg P45, W, H gSaA

C. **fuprj vkykspuk**] ftls **ewyikB vkykspuk** Hkh dgk tkrk gS] dh

leL;kvksa vkSj fl)karksa dh laf{ki esa Li”VrkA

1- fdl izdkj fHkUurk,a vkbZa\

d- Hkwy ;k nq?kZVuk ds dkj.k¼vf/kdka’k leL;k,a bl izdkj gSa½

1½ vk¡[kksa dh Hkwy

d½ gkFk ls Nkius esa] tks nks lkekU; ‘kCnksa ds nwljs

mnkgj.k dks i<+rh gSa] vkSj]

bl dkj.k] chp ds lHkh ‘kCnksa dks NksM+ nsrh

gSA¼gkseksbZ;ksfrY;wrksu½

[k½ nks v{kjokys ‘kCnksa ;k okD; [k.Mksa dks NksM+us

esa¼lEHkorkys[k( gSiyksxzsQh½

x½ gkFk ls Nkius esa] ;wukuh ikB dk ,d okD;&[k.M ;k

,d js[kk dks nksgjkus esa

ekufld xyrh¼lkekU;ys[k( fMV~VksxzsQh½

2½ ekSf[kd rkSj ij mPpkj.k djus ds ckn gkFk ls Nkius esa]

tgk¡ ij ,d leku Loj

okys ‘kCnksa esa xyr mPpkj.k gks tkrk gSA dbZ ckj xyr

mPPkkj.k ds dkj.k ;k

57

mPPkkj.k nwljk ;wukuh ‘kCn gks tkrk gSA

3½ izkjafHkd ;wukuh ikBksa esa u dksbZ v/;k; ;k opu dk

foHkkTku Fkk] de ;k dksbZ fojke

fpUg ugha Fkk] vkSj ‘kCnksa ds chp dksbZ foHkktu ugha FkkA

v{kjksa dks fHkUu ‘kCnksa esa

foHkkftr djuk laHko gSaA

tkucw>dj fd;k x;k

1½ Nkis x, ikB ds O;kdj.k ds izdkj dks csgrj djus ds fy,

ifjorZu fd, x,A

2½ ikB dks ckbcy ds nwljs ikBksa ds lkFk ln`’; cukus ds fy,

ifjorZu fd, x,

¼lekukarjksa dk leLoj½A

3½ nks vkSj nks ls vf/kd fHkUUk ikBksa dks tksM+dj ,d yEck ikB

cukus ds fy, ifjorZu

fd, x,¼lfEeJ.k½A

4½ ikB esa ikbZ xbZ leL;k dks lgh djus ds fy, ifjorZu

fd, x, ¼rqyuk djsa] ckVZ

bgZesu] n vkWjFkksMksDl djI’u vkWQ n fLØipj] i`”B la[;k

146&50] bczkfu;ksa 2%9

ls lacaf/kr½A

5½ ikB dks fl)kafrd rkSj ij ijaijkfu”B cukus ds fy,

ifjorZu fd, x, ¼rqyuk djsa 1

;wgUuk 5%7&8½A

6½ ikB ds ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ;k O;k[;k ds ckjs esa ,d ‘kkL=h

}kjk dqN tkudkjh dks

fdukjs ij j[kk x;k] ijUrq nwljs ‘kkL=h ds }kjk ikB ds

Hkhrj j[k fn;k x;k¼rqyuk

djsa ;wgUuk 5%4½A

D. ewyikB vkykspuk ds ewy fl)kar¼izfrys[ku dh laHkkork;sa½

58

1- lcls vthc ;k O;kdj.k d s rk S j ij vlkekU; fn[ku so kyk

ikB l a H kor% e wy gk s ldrk g S D;k s a fd ‘ k kL=h yk sx ikB dk s

lgh dju s dh dk s f ’ k ’ k djr s g S a A

2- lcls Nk sV k ikB gh l a H kor% e wy gk s ldrk g S D;k s a fd ‘ k kL=h

yk sx lekukUrj in ~;k a ’ k k s a l s vf/ kd tkudkjh ;k okD;&[k.M

tk sM +u k pkgr s F k s ¼bl fopkj dks gky gh esa iVsji= dh rqyukRed

v/;;u ls pqukSrh izkIr gqbZ gS½A

3- i qj ku s ikB dk s vf/ kd egRo fn;k tkrk g S e wy ikB d s lkF k

mldh , s frgk fld fudVrk d s dkj.k ] ck fd lHk h cjkcj gk sr s

g S a A

4- gLrfyfi;k ¡ tk s H k wx k s fyd rk S j ij fH k Uu gk sr s g S a lkekU; rk S j

ij e wy ikB gk sr s g S a A

5- dk s f ’ k ’ k dh tkrh g S fd fdl i zdkj fH k Uurk dk s le>k;k tk

ldrk g SA bl s vf/ kdk a ’ k fo}kuk s a }kj k lcl s egRoi w. k Z

fl)k ar ekuk tkrk g SA

6- fn, x, ckbcy d s ,d y s[kd dh lkfgfR;d ‘ k Syh ] ‘ k Cnkoyh ]

vk S j / ke Z foKku d s ifj{ k. k dk i z;k sx l a H k k for e wy ‘ k Cnk s a dk

fu.k Z; dju s d s fy, fd;k tkrk g SA

7- fl)k a frd rk S j ij det+ k s j ikB] fo’ k s ” kdj o s tk s gLrfyfi;k s a

d s ifjor Zu d s le; d s nk S j ku i ze q[ k / ke Zo SKk fud foo spuk s a

l s l ac a f / kr g S a ] ftl i zdkj 1 ; wgUuk 5 %7&8 e s a dh f=,drk ]

dh e q[;rk n suk g S

bl fcUn q ij e S a t s -g s j k s YM x z huyh dh i qLrd] b aV ª k sMD’u V w

U; w V sLVe s aV V sDl wvy fØfVflLe l s d qN m) `r djuk pkgrk

g w ¡ g S a A

* *dk sb Z H k h elhgh fl)k ar ,d fookni w. k Z ikB ij yVdk

jgrk g S ( vk S j u, fu;e d s fo|kFk h Z dk s viu s ikB dk s e wy

i s z f jr ikB l s vf/ kd ij aijk fu”B ;k fl)k a frd rk S j ij

lVhd gk su s dh pkg l s lko/ k ku gk su k gk sx k * * ¼i`”B la[;k 68½A

8- McY; w , s - fØLo sy u s n fcjfe a ? ke U; wl d s x z sx x s fjlu l s

dgk fd og ¼fØLosy½ ;g fo’okl ugha djrk gS fd ckbcy esa dh gj

‘kCn izsfjr gS] ** de ls de ‘krkfCn;ksa ds vuqokndksa }kjk vk/kqfud loZtu

59

dks fn;k x;k gj ,d ‘kCn ugha**A fØLosy us vkSj dgk] ** eSa ewyikB

vkykspuk dk vf/kd cM+k fo’oklh gw¡A mlh izdkj] eSa lksprk gw¡ fd ejdql

dh iqLrd dh 16osa v/;k; dk vafre Hkkx >wBk ikB gS% ;g izsfjr ugha gS]

;g dsoy idkuk gS--- tc vki ogk¡ dh gLrfyfi;ksa dh rqyuk djrs gS]

ogk¡ ij ejdql dh iqLrd ds fu”d”kZ ds uke dh pht dqN gSa gh ughaA

fdlh us mls tksM+k gS---**

,l ch lh d s xyfr;k s a dk s [k k stu so kyk s a d s d qyifr u s

nkok fd;k g S fd ; wgUuk 5 %4 e s a * * { k sid* * dk i ze k. k g S ] tgk ¡

ij c Srlgnk d s d q.M + dh ?kVuk g SA vk S j og ;g wnk dh

vkRek gR;k dh nk s f H k Uu ?kVukvk s a dh ppk Z djrk g S ¼rqyuk

djsa eRrh 27 vkSj izfjrksa 1½] fØLoy us dgk fd ;g **vkRekgR;k dk ek=

,d fHkUu n`f”Vdks.k gS**A ** ;fn ;g ckbcy esa gS] rc blds fy, dksbZ

Lif”Vdj.k gSA vkSj ;gwnk dh vkRekgR;k dh nks ?kVuk,a ckbcy esa gSaA**

fØLosy us dgk] ** ewyikB vkykspuk vius vki esa ,d vn~Hkqr foKku gSA

;g dksbZ {kf.kd ugha gS] ;g bl ls vlacaf/kr Hkh ugha gS ;g lfØ; vkSj

dsfUnz; gS---A**

gekjh ckbcy dh vk/ k q fud v ax z sth dk W fi;k s a d s lkF k ,d vk Sj

leL;k ;g g S fd e wy y s[kdk s a d s le; l s y sdj Nkiu so kyh

e’ k hu d s vk fo”dkj d s le; rd] ckbcy dk s gkF k l s gh

Nkik tkrk g SA db Z ckj ; s Nkiu so ky s viu s gh fopkjk s a dk s

tk sM + n sr s F k s ;k ftl gLrfyfi dk s o s Nki jg s a g S a ml s

* *lgh * * djr s F k s bl dkj.k u, fu;e e s a vu sd vek S fyd

pht s a t qM + p qdh a g S a A

E. ; wukuh u, fu;e e s a gkF k l s Nkih xb Z gLrfyfi;k s a e s a

dh leL;kvk s a d s d qN mnkgj.kA

1 - ejd ql 16%9 l s vkx s& ejd ql dh ; wukuh gLrfyfi;k s a e s a pkj

fH k Uu i zdkj d s v ar g S a A fd ax t s El vu qokn e s a ik, x, ckjg

opuk s a dh lcl s yEch lekf Ir gLrfyfi a vk S j B e s a ugh a g S

fld anfj;k d s Dy se s aV ] vk W fjxu] ; wl s fc; wl] vk S j t sj k se d s

}kjk i z;k sx fd, x, ; qukuh ikBk s a e s a H k h bl yEch lkek f Ir

dk s ugh a ikr s a g S a A bl yEch lekf Ir dk s ge A,C,D,K,U, acA

i z kj a f H kd dyhfl;k d s firkvk s a e s a bl yEc lekf Ir d s xokg

60

bj s fu; wl ¼ ftl s 177&190 b Z a rd l sok fd;k Fk k ½ vk S j

fM;k frLlkjk su ¼180 b Z a ½ Fk s ;g in Li”Vrk l s ejd ql dk

ugh a g S ¼vFk k Zr ] vi z s f jr g S ½A

; s opu , sl s ‘ k Cnk s a vk S j / ke Z foKku dk s j[kr s g S a tk s ejd ql

e s a dgh a vk s j ugh a ikr s g S a A o s > wBh ckrk s a dk s H k h j[krk

g S ¼vFk k Zr ] t +gj dk ihuk vk S j lk ai k s a dk s mBkuk ½A

2- ; wgUuk 5 %4& ;g opu P66, P75 e s a ugh a g S ] uk gh a,B,C,;k D d s

vfUlpy fyfi e s a g SA fQj H k h ] ;g A esa ik;k tkrk gSA bls

fuf’prk ls ,d ‘kkL=h }kjk ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ dks le>kus ds fy, tksM+k

x;kA ;g laHkkouk ls ;gwnh yksd dFkk gS bl iz’u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy,

fd ogk¡ ij dq.M+ ds vksj brus lkjs chekj yk sx D;k s a F k s

ije s ’oj Lox Zn wr k s a }kj k ikuh dk s fgyku s l s p axk ugh a djr s

g S a fd tk s igy s i zo s ’ k dj s ok s p axk gk s tk,A

3- ; wgUuk 7 %53&8%11& ;g in fdlh H k h i z kphu ; wukuh

gLrfyfi;k s a e s a ;k fdlh H k h i z kj a f H kd dyhfl;k d s firkvk s a

d s ikl ik;k ugh a x;k g S ] ;g d soy NVoh a ‘ krk Cnh b Z a dh

gLrfyfi * *D* * e s a ik;k x;k g S ftl s fct sb Z dgr s g S a A ckjgoh a

‘ krk Cnh b Z a rd fdlh H k h ; wukuh dyhfl;k d s firk u s bl

in ij fVIi.k h ugh a dh g SA ;g ?kVuk ; wukuh H k k” k k d s

; wgUuk dh gLrfyfi;k s a e s a db Z vU; LFk kuk s a e s a H k h ik;k tkrk

g S ] 7 %36 d s ckn] 7 %44 d s ckn] vk S j 21 %25 d s ckn H k hA ;g

y wdk d s l qlekpkj e s a H k h 21 %38 e s a i zdV gk sr h g SA ;g

fuf ’pr rk S j ij ; wgUU k k dk dk; Z ugh a g S ¼vFk k Zr ] vi s z f jr g S a ½A

;g l a H kor% ;h ’ k q d s thou dh ,d ek S fdd ij aijk l s g SA ;g

vf/ kdk a ’ k mlh dh leku l qukb Z iM +rh g S ] ijUr q ;g i z s f jr

g q, i z s f jr d s dye l s ugh a g S ] bl dkj.k ] e S a bl s opu d s

:i e s a ugh a n s[ krk g w ¡ A

4 - eRrh 6 %13& ;g opu a,B,;k D gLrfyfi;ksa esa ugha ik;k x;k gSA

;g dsoy K,L, vkSj W gLrfyfi;ksa esa ik;k x;k gS] ijUrq dqN fHkUurkvksa

ds lkFkA ;g izHkq dh izkFkZuk ij izkjafHkd dyhfl;kvksa ds firkvksa dh

fVIif.k;ksa esa Hkh ugha gS¼vFkkZr] rjrqY;u¿150&230 bZaÀ] vkWfjxu¿182&251

bZaÀ] vkSj flfIj;u¿248&258 bZa rd lsok dhÀ ½A ;g ckbcy ds fdax tsEl~

61

dh vuqokn esa gSa D;ksafd bls bjkleql dh ;wukuh ikB dh rhljs laiknu esa

lEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA

5 - ywdk 22 %43&44& ; s opu i z kphu ; wukuh vfUlpy

gLrfyfi;k ¡ a *,a 2,D,K,L, vkSj MsYVk e s a ik;k x;k g SA bUg s a

tlfVu ek fV Z;j ] bj s fu; ql] fgIik s fyrl] ; wl s fc; ql] vk S j t sj k se

d s m) ` fr;k s a e s a H k h ik;k x;k g SA fQj H k h ] ,e ,l ,l

P69[laHkor%],75, a c, A,N,T, W vkSj A esa lkFk gh fldanfj;k ds DysesaV vkSj

vkWfjxu ds }kjk iz;ksx fd, x, gLrfyfi;ksa esa NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA ;w ch

,l4 bud s R;kx fn, tku s dk s * * fuf ’pr* * ¼ A½ dh J s. k h n srh

g SA

ckV Z Mh - bg Zje su ] n vk WjF k k sM k sDl djI’u vk WQ fØLIpj ]

i `”B l a[;k 187&194] ekur s a g S a fd ; s opu i z kj a f H kd n wljh

‘ krk Cnh e s a ekuokH k kl fØLrfo|kok fn;k s a dk [k.Mu dju s d s

fy, tk sM + k x;k Fk k tk s elhg dh ekuork vk S j mlds n q[k

mBku s dk budkj dj jg s F k s fØLrfo|koknh > wBh f ’ k { k kvk s a d s

lkF k dyhfl;k d s fookn d s dkj.k i z kj a f H kd gLrfyfi;k s a e s a

ifjor Zu fd, x, Fk s

ckbcy d s ,u , s ,l ch vk S j ,u vkj ,l oh vu qoknk s a u s

bu opuk s a dk s dk s ”Bd e s a j[k k g S ] tcfd ,u d s t s oh ] Vh

b Z oh ] vk S j ,u vkb Z oh vu qoknk s a u s ifj f ’ k”V fn;k tk s dgrh

g S ] * *d qN i z kphu gLrfyfi;k s a e s a 43 vk S j 44 opu ugh a ik,

tkr s g S a A * * ;g tkudkjh y wdk d s l qlekpkj e s a fo’ k s ” k g SA

6 - 1 ; wgUuk 5 %7&8& bu opuk s a dk s gLrfyfi a,A,;k B esa ik;k

ugha x;k gS] uk gh fdlh vU; ;wukuh gLrfyfi esa] ijUrq dsoy muesa ik;k

tkrk gS tks ckjgoha ‘krkCnh bZa dh gLrfyfi;ksa esa ds vkxs ls gSA bl ikB

dks fdlh vU; ;wukuh firkvksa }kjk m)`r ugha fd;k x;k gS] muds }kjk

elhg ds fnO;Ro ;k f=,dRo ds fo”k; dk cpko djrs le; Hkh ughaA os

lHkh izkphu vuqoknksa esa lkFk gh tsjkse dh ckbcy dh yfVuh vuqokn esa

Hkh ik;k ugha tkrk gSA bu opuksa dks ckn esa fdlh vPNs&vFkZ dks

j[kusokys laiknd us f=,dRo ds fl)kar dks lVhd cukus ds fy, tksM+k

gSA bUgsa ckbcy ds fdax tsEl~ dh vuqokn esa ik;k tkrk gS D;ksafd bls

bjkleql dh ;wukuh u, fu;e dh rhljs laiknu¼vkSj dsoy ;g laiknu½

esa lEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA

62

ckbcy d s gekj s vk/ k q fud vu qoknk s a e s a dk sb Z vk S j e wyikB

dh leL;k ugh a g S fQj H k h ] ; s fdlh i ze q[ k fl)k ar dk s

i z H k k for ugh a djr s g S a A ge ckbcy d s bu vk/ k q fud vu qoknk s a

ij viu s fo’okl vk S j O;ogkj d s lHk h vko’;d ckrk s a d s

fy, Hkj k slk j[k ldr s g SA vkj ,l oh ckbcy d s v quokndk s a

e s a l s ,d vu qoknd ,Q-lh -x s aV ] u s dgk ] * *elhgh fo’okl dk

dk sb Z H k h fl)k ar bl i qu %l q / k kj d s dk; Z d s i z H k k for ugh a

g qvk g S ] bl lk/ k kj. k dkj.k l s fd] gLrfyfi;k s a d s gtkjk s a

f H k Uu ikBk s a e s a l s ] fdlh ,d dk s H k h elhgh fl)k ar dk s i qu %

l q / k kj dju s dh t +:jr ugh a iM + h g SA * * * * ;g /;ku n su s

;k s X; g S fd vf/ kdk a ’ k fo}kuk s a d s fy, u, fu;e ikB d s lHk h

i zdkjk s a e s a l s 90 i z fr’ kr dk s l qy>k fy;k x;k g S ] D;k s a fd

vf/ kdk a ’ k mnkgj.k k s a e s a tk s ikB dk fH k U U k i zdkj n wlj s i zdkjk s a

dh lcl s vf/ kd Lif”Vdj.k n srk g S ml s i z k a j f H kd vk S j lcl s

lgh xokgk s a d s }kjk l q fuf ’pr Hk h fd;k x;k g S * * ¼xk sM Zu Qh ]

n , sDlik slhVl Z ~ ckbcy de s aV ª h ] igyh i qLrd] i `”B l a[;k

430 ½A

e S au s bu mnkgj.k k s a dk s vkidk s ;g fn[k ku s d s fy, i zLr qr

fd;k g S fd ge s viu s v ax z sth vu qoknk s a dk ifj{ k. k djuk

g S ¼Qh vk S j LV woV Z 1982] 30&34 ½A mue s a dk sb Z ikB dh

leL;k ugh a g S e S a bu ikB dh i zdkjk s a vk S j f H k Uurkvk s a l s

[k q ’ k ugh a g w ¡ ] ijUr q o s okLrfod g SA ;g egl wl djuk

l q fuf ’pr fn[k kb Z n srk g S fd o s n qy Z H k g S vk S j fdlh H k h

i ze q[ k elhgh fl)k ar dk s i z H k k for ugh a djr s g SA vk S j ] n wlj s

i z kphu lkfgR;k s a dh r qyuk e s a ckbcy e s a cg qr de fH k Uurk, a

g S a A

F. ,d Hk k” k k l s n wlj s e s a vu qo kn dju s e s a leL;k

bu gLrfyfi;k s a dh fH k Uurkvk s a dh leL;k d s lkF k e s a

,d Hk k” k k l s n wlj s e s a vu qo kn dh leL;k

H k h g SA okLro e s a lHk h vu qokn l a f { k Ir

Vhd s g S a A l a H kor% vu qokn dju s dh fl)k ar dh

le> l s 1 ½ gekj s v/;;u e s a ,d l s

vf/ kd vu qoknk s a dk i z;k sx dju s e s a mRlkg i z k Ir gk sxk vk S j

63

2 ½ ge s a ;g tkuu s dh lgk;rk dj sxk fd

r qyuk dju s d s fy, fdu fH k Uu vu qoknk s a dk i z;k sx

djuk pk fg,A vu qokndk s a d s ikl rhu e wy

fof/ k;k ¡ g S a A

1 - ,d lkfgfR;d fof/ k ‘ k Cn&l s&’ k Cn d s l axr dk i z;k sx djrh

g SA

2 - ,d e qgkoj s&d s fy,&e qgkoj s dh fof/ k i z kphu ikB dk s crku s

d s fy, miokD; ;k okD;&[k.Mk s a dk i z;k sx dj sxh ] ‘ k Cnk s a dk

ugh aA

3 - ,d fopkj&d s fy,&fopkj dh fof/ k e wyikB d s okLrfod

‘ k Cnk s a vk S j okD;&[k.Mk s a d s cny s e s a fopkjk s a dk i z;k sx dju s

dh dk s f ’ k ’ k djrh g SA

ge bl ckr dk s bl pkV Z ij vk S j vf/ kd

Li”Vrk l s n s[ k ldr s g S a A

d s t s oh ,u vkb Z oh

foLr `r ckbcy

, s ,l oh ,u , s ch

fifyI I kl ~ dk vu qokn

,u , s ,l ch Vh b Z oh

,y ch

vkj ,d oh t s ch

,u b Z ch

foY;el ~ dk

vu qokn

lkfgfR;d eqgkojs&ds fy,&eqgkojs

fopkj&ds fy,&fopkj

‘kCn&ds fy,&’kCn miokD;&ds fy,&miokD;

Lora= fp=.k

vkSipkfjd laxr lfØ; cjkcj dk

Hkkokuqokn

64

vuqokn djus dh fl)kar dk ,d vPNk foospu dks xksMZu Qh vkSj

MkSxYl LVwoVZ dh gkÅ Vw jhM+ n ckbcy Qksj vkWy bV~l oFkZ] i`”B la[;k

34&41 A vkSj] bl {ks= esa vkSj vf/kd lkg;rk ;wukbZVsM ckbcy lkslkbZVh

dh izdk’kuksa esa vuqokn ds fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj ij ;wthu ,s-fuMk ds }kjk

esa izkIr gksxkA

G- ijes’oj dk fooj.k nsus esa ekuo Hkk”kkvksa dh leL;k

ge dsoy dqN LFkkuksa esa vfuf’pr ikB dk lkeuk djrs gSa]

ijUrq] ;fn ge izkphu bczkuh Hkk”kk vkSj ‘kkL=h; ;wukuh Hkk”kk esa fuiq.k ugha

gSa rks gesa fHkUu izdkj ds vaxzsth vuqoknksa dk lkeuk djuk gksxkA leL;k

dks vkSj vf/kd xaHkhj cuk nsuk gekjh Lo;a dh ekuo lhek vkSj iki ls

ifjiw.kZ LoHkko gSA ekuo Hkk”kk Lo;a fnO; izdk’ku dh Jsf.k;ksa vkSj foLrkj

dks lhfer djrh vkSj fuf’pr djrh gSA ijes’oj us ge ls :idksa esa ckr

dh gSA ekuo Hkk”kk ijes’oj ds ckjs esa ckr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gS] ijUrq

;g lEiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d ugha gS ge ijes’oj dks tku ldrs gSa] ijUrq dqN

lhekvksa ds lfgrA bl lhek dk ,d lgh mnkgj.k ekuoxq.k&vkjksi.k gS]

vFkkZr] ijes’oj ds ckjs esa ekuo] ‘kkjhfjd] ;k euksoSKkfud rkSj ij ckr

djukA gekjs ikl iz;ksx djus ds fy, vkSj dqN ugha gS ge nkok djrs gSa

fd ijes’oj ,d O;fDr gSa vkSj tks dqN Hkh ge O;fDrRo ds ckjs esa tkurs

gSa og ekuo Js.kh ds Hkhrj gSA bl dfBurk ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj

ls gSaA

1- ekuoxq.k&vkjksiu¼ijes’oj dk fooj.k ekuo ‘kCnksa ls djuk½

d- ekuo ‘kjhj ds lkFk ijes’oj

1½pyuk&mRi-3%8(18%33(ySO;-26%12(O;oLFkk-23%14

2½ vk¡[ksa&mRi-6%8( fuxZ-33%17

3½flgkalu ij ,d euq”;&;’kk-6%1(nkfu-7%9

[k- ijes’oj L=h ds :i esa

1½mRi-1%2¼,d L=h i{kh ds :i esa vkRek½

2½O;oLFkk-32%18¼,d ek¡ ds :i esa ijes’oj½

3½fuxZ-19%4¼,d ek¡ mdkc ia{kh ds :i esa ijes’oj½

4½;’kk-49%14&15( 66%9&13¼nw/k ihykus okys ,d ek¡ ds :i esa

ijes’oj vkSj laHkor%

gks’ks 11%4½

x- ijes’oj >wB dk leFkZu djrs gq, ¼rqyuk djsa 1 jktkvksa 22%19&23½

65

?k- **ijes’oj ds nkfgus gkFk** dk u, fu;e dk mnkgj.k¼rqyuk djsa]

ywdk 22%69( iszfjrksa

7%55&56( jksfe;ksa 8%34( bfQ-1%20( dqyq-3%1( bczk-13%1(8%1(10%12(12%2( 1

irjl 3%22½

2- ijes’oj dk fooj.k nsus esa ekuo ‘kh”kZdksa dk iz;ksxA

d- pjokgk¼rqyuk djs] Hktu 23½

[k- firk¼rqyuk djsa] ;’kk-63%16( Hktu 103%13½

x- xks,y&NqM+kusokyk dqVqEHkh¼rqyuk djsa] fuxZ-6%6½

?k- izseh&ifr¼rqyuk djsa] gks’ks 1&3½

M+- ekrk&firk] firk] vkSj ekrk¼rqyuk djsa] gks’ks 11%3&4½

3- ijes’oj dk fooj.k nsus ds fy, ‘kkjhfjd oLrqvksa dk iz;ksxA

d- pV~Vku¼rqyuk djsa] Hktuk 18½

[k- x<+ vkSj ‘kj.kkxr¼rqyuk djsa] Hktuk 18½

x- <ky¼rqyuk djsa] mRi- 15%1( Hktuk 18½

?k- eqfDr dk lhax¼rqyuk djsa] Hktuk 18½

M+- o`{k¼rqyuk djsa] gks’ks 14%8½

4- Hkk”kk ekuotkfr esa ijes’oj ds Lo:i dk Hkkx gS] ijUrq iki us gekjs

vfLorRo ds lHkh igyqvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gS] gekjh Hkk”kk dks HkhA

5- ije’soj fo’okl;ksX; gSaa vkSj gekjs lkFk vius ckjs ds Kku ds ckjs esa i;kZIr

:i esa ckr djrs gSa] ;fn lEiw.kZrk ls ugha HkhA ;g lkekU; rkSj ij

izfrokn]vuq:irk] ;k :id ds izdkj esa gSaA

ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus esa lcls cM+h leL;k dk tks ge

lkeuk djrs gSa] crk, x, nwljs dkj.kksa ds lkFk] gekjk ikiiw.kZ LoHkko gSA

gekjh t+:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ge lc dqN dks ifjofrZr@Hkz”V dj

nsrs gSaA gekjs ikl ijes’oj dk] vius lalkj dk] ;k vius vki dk ,d

okLrfod] vizHkkfor n`f”Vdks.k ugha gS fQj Hkh] bu lHkh ck/kkvksa ds ckn

Hkh] ijes’oj fo’okl;ksX; gSaA ge ijes’oj dks vkSj mlds opu dks tku

ldrs gSa D;ksafd og pkgrs gSa fd ge ,sls djsa¼flYok 1987] 118½A mlus

ifo=kRek ds izdk’ku ds }kjk gekjh lkjh t+:jrksa dks iwjk fd;k

gS¼dsyfou½A gka] ;gk¡ ij leL;k,a gSa] ijUrq ;gk¡ ij t+:jr ls vf/kd

izca/k gSaA bu leL;kvksa dks gekjh /keZ&fl)karokn dks lhfer djuk gS vkSj

izkFkZukiwoZd] esgurh ckbcy v/;;u ds }kjk gekjs /kU;okn dks vkSj vf/kd

66

c<+kuk gSA ;g jkg vklku ugha gS] ijUrq og gekjs lkFk pyrk gSA y{;

dsoy lgh O;k[;k djus ds ckjs esa ugha gS] ijUrq elhg leku cuuk gSA

O;k[;k mls tkuus dk] mldh lsok djus dk] vkSj mldh Lrqfr djus dk]

ftlus gesa va/kdkj ls vius iq= ds }kjk cqyk;k gS mldk ek/;e gS¼dqyq-

1%13½A

67

ckbcyh; vf/kdkj

I. ys[kd dh iwoZ/kkjf.kd ifjHkk”kk vf/kdka’k elhgh yksx lger gksaxs fd ckbcy gh fo’okl vkSj O;ogkj dk

,dek= Jksr gSA ;fn ,slk gS] rc bruh lkjh fHkUu O;k[;k,a D;ksa gSa\

vusd yksx ijes’oj ds uke ls fookniw.kZ fn[kusokyh O;k[;k dh ckr dj

jgsa gSaA ge fdl izdkj tkus dh fdl ij fo’okl djuk gS\ ;s iz’u

vk/kqfud elhgh leqnk; dh my>u dh fLFkfr dks izfrfcafcr djrs gSa vkSj

;g ,d xaHkhj fo”k; gSA fdl izdkj lk/kkj.k elhgh fo’oklh tks os lqurs

gSa ;k i<+rsa gSa eqY;kadu djsa& ftuesa ls lHkh ds lHkh ijes’oj dk lR;

gksus dk nkok djrs gSa\ esjs fy,] ;g mÙkj esjs iwoZ/kkjf.kd ifjHkk”kk esa

izkIr gqvk gS fd **ckbcyh; vf/kdkj** D;k lEefyr djrk gSA eSa eglwl

djrk gw¡ fd eSa Lo;a dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh izfrfØ;k ns jgk gw¡ ftudk

vfLrRo gS] fQj Hkh esjs ikl vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha gS ;g vkidks ijs’kku

djrk gksxk fd eSa **iwoZ&/kkj.kkvksa** ds ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gw¡A fQj Hkh]

vf/kdka’k] ;fn lHkh ugha] thou dh egRoiw.kZ iz’uksa dk gekjh ekuo

ifjfLFkfr ds dsoy bl LoHkko ds dkj.k bl izdkj ls is’k gksrk gSA

lEiw.kZ fu”i{krk vlaHko gSaA dksbZ vk’kk djrk gksxk fd ge us gekjh

lkaLd`frd **nh gqbZ oLrqvksa** dks vfoosdh rkSj ij lEefyr ugha fd;k gSA

dsoy esjs Lo;a dh **nh gqbZ oLrqvksa** dh ugha] ijUrq nwljksa dh Hkh] lhfer

djus dh dksf’k’k esa eSaus ckbcy dh O;k[;k ij dqN lhekvksa dks Mkyus dk

iz;Ru fd;k gSA eSa eglwl djrk gw¡ fd bldk vFkZ ;g gks ldrk gS fd eSa

dqN lR;ksa dks izkIr ugha dj ikÅ¡xk] ijUrq eSa eglwl djrk gw¡ fd ;g

eq>s lkaLd`frd] lkEiznk;h] vkSj vuqHkoh xyr O;k[;kvksa ls lqjf{kr djsxkA

okLro esa] izklafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k gesa et+cwj djsxh fd ge

ckbcy ds ckjs esa cgqr de cksysa] ijUrq ;g gekjh lgk;rk djsxh fd ge

elhgh fo’okl dh izeq[k ckrksa@vk/kkjksa ds izfr vkSj vf/kd lefiZr gks

tk,aA

esjs fy,] **ckbcyh; vf/kdkj** dh lkekU; rkSj ij ifjHkk”kk ;g

fo’okl gS fd ckbcy ijes’oj }kjk fn;k x;k gS] vkSj bl dkj.k] mlds

68

vf/kdkj ij Hkh fo’okl gSA esjs fy, ;g bls Hkh le>uk gS fd ckbcy dk

ys[kd vius le; ds fy, D;k dg jgk Fkk vkSj fQj ml lR; dks vius

le; esa ykxw djuk gS bldk vFkZ gS fd eq>s vius vki dks mlds le;]

mlds rdZ] vkSj mlds mn~ns’; esa j[kuk gksxkA eq>s mlh izdkj lquus dh

dksf’k’k djuk gS ftl izdkj ewy ikBdksa us lquk FkkA eq>s ckbcy ds

ys[kd] iqLrd] ?kVuk] n`”VkUr] bR;kfn ds **rc** ds lkFk la?k”kZ djuk gSA

eq>s nqljksa dks] ckbcy ds ikB ls gh] esjh O;k[;k dks **fdl izdkj] D;ksa]

vkSj dgk¡** dks fn[kkus ds ;ksX; cuuk gksxkA eSa mls] tks eSa dguk pkgrk

gw¡] dgus nsus ds fy,] dgokus ds fy, Lora= ugha gw¡ ¼ykbZfQYM+ 1984] 6½A

mls dgus ds fy, Lora= gksuk gksxk( eq>s bl lR; dks lquus vkSj vius

le; ds yksxksa dks bls nsus ds fy, rS;kj jguk gksxkA dsoy rHkh tc eSaus

ewy ys[kd dks le>k gksxk vkSj bl vuUrdkyhu lR; dks esjs le; vkSj

vius thou esa LFkkuakrfjr fd;k gksxk fd eSaus okLro esa **ckbcyh;

vf/kdkj** esa Hkkx fy;k gSA ;gk¡ ij fuf’pr rkSj ij O;k[;k ds **rc** vkSj

**vc** ds igyqvksa esa dqN vlgefr gksxh] ijUrq gesa gekjh O;k[;k dks

ckbcy rd lhfer djuk gksxk vkSj viuh le> dks mlds iUuksa ls

tk¡puk gksxkA

II. tk¡ps tkus ;ksX; O;k[;kvksa dh vko’;drk izksVsLVsaV /keZlq/kkj dh ,d egkekjh O;k[;kvksa dh vusdrk gS¼vkt ds le;

ds lEiznk;ksa dk dkj.k½] tks **ckbcy esa okil tkus** dh vkanksyu dk

ifj.kke FkkA bl i`Foh ij eq>s loZlEefr dh dkbZ okLrfod vk’kk ugha gS]

ijUrq gesa ifo=’kkL= esa okil tkuk gksxk] ftldh fujarjrk ls vkSj tk¡pus

ds ckn O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA ge lHkh dks vius gh T;ksfr esa pyuk gksxk]

ijUrq vk’kkiwoZd ge vius fl)kar dk¼fo’okl½ vkSj O;ogkj¼thou½ dk

ifo=’kkL= ls cpko dj ldsaxsA ifo=’kkL= dks gekjs ls ckr djus nsuk

gksxk( mudh lkfgfR;d] O;kdjf.kd] vkSj ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ds izdk’k esa

ckr djus nsuk gksxkA gesa viuh O;k[;kvksa dh bu ckrksa ds izdk’k esa

cpko djuk gSA

d- ekuo Hkk”kk ds lkekU; iz;ksx esa

[k- in esa ewy ys[kd ds mn~n’; esa

x- lHkh opu ds larqyu esa

69

?k- elhg lekurk esa

ikB dks izekf.kr¼proof texting½ djus vkSj vkfRedj.k

ds vkt ds le; ds ‘kki us dyhfl;k dks u”V dj fn;k gSA iwtki)fr;ksa

us gekjh fof/k;ksa dks lh[k fy;k gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd fdl izdkj mUgsa vf/kd

izHkko’kkyh rkSj ij iz;ksx djuk gS¼lk;j] 1980] fLØIpj fOVfLVax( dkjlu

1984] ,sDlktsfVdy Qyklhl~( flYok 1983] fccfydy oMZl~ ,.M+ nSj

ehfuaxl~½A bl ikB~; iqLrd dh vk’kk u dsoy O;k[;k djus dh fof/k dks

nsuk gS] ijUrq vkidks nwljh O;k[;kvksa dk ifj{k.k djus dh {kerk Hkh nsuk

gS gesa viuh O;k[;kvksa dk cpko djuk gS vkSj nwljksa dh O;k[;kvksa dks

ifj{k.k Hkh nsuk gSA ge bls bl izdkj dj ldrs gSaA

d- ifo=’kkL= ds ys[kdksa us lkekU; ekuo Hkk”kk dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk vkSj

vis{kk dh fd nwljs bls

le>saA

[k- vk/kqfud O;k[;kdkj ewy ys[kd ds mn~ns’; dks vusd izdkj dh

tkudkfj;ksa dks nLrkost+ djds

[kkstrsa gSaA

1- muds le; dk ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLd`frd lanHkZ

2- lkfgfR;d lanHkZ¼lEiw.kZ iqLrd] lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ] in½

3- lkfgfR;d izdkj¼,sfrgkfld ys[k] Hkfo”;}k.kh]O;oLFkk]n`”VkUr]izdk’kukRed

lkfgR;½

4- ewyikB ‘kSyh¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;wgUuk 3&Jheku-/kkfeZd vkSj ;wgUUkk

4&Jefr-v/kkfeZd½

5- okD;foU;kl¼O;kdjukRed laca/k vkSj izdkj½

6- ewy ‘kCnksa ds vFkZ

d- iqjkus fu;e

1½ ltkrh; Hkk”kk,a ¼’kseoaf’k;ksa dh Hkk”kk,a½

2½ e`r lkxj dqaMy i=

3½ lkejh iap xzaFk

4½ jfCc;ksa dk ys[k

[k- u;k fu;e

1½ lsiRokfxark¼ u, fu;e ds ys[kd bczkuh fopkjd Fks ftUgksaus

LFkkuh; ;wukuh Hkk”kk

esa fy[kk Fkk½

2½ felz ls iVsj i= dh [kkst

70

3½ ;wukuh lkfgR;

x- leLr ifo=’kkL= dk larqyu¼lekuakrj in~;ka’k½ D;ksafd

muds ,d gh fnO; ys[kd gSa¼ifo=

vkRek½A

?k- elhg&leku¼;h’kq gh ifo=’kkL= dk y{; vkSj ifjiw.kZrk gSaA

og fnO;Ro dk fl) izdk’ku vkSj

lPPks ekuork dk fl) mnkgj.k nksuksa gSaA½

;g ,d ewy iwoZ/kkj.kk gS fd gj ,d ikB dk dsoy ,d gh lgh

O;k[;k gSa vkSj ;g ewy ys[kd dk mn~ns’; gSA bl ewy vFkZ dk ,d ewy

iz;ksxhdj.k Hkh FkkA bl iz;ksxhdj.k¼egRoiw.kZrk½ dks fofHkUUk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

ck¡Vk tk ldrk Fkk] ijUrq gj ,d dks ewy mn~ns’; ls vVwV rjhds ls

tksM+uk gS¼rqyuk djsa] bZ-Mh-fgjLN dh n ,sEl~ vkWQ baVjizVs’u½

III. O;k[;k ds nq:i;ksx ds mnkgj.k vfl) ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds QSyko¼lqlekpkj izpkjokfn;ksa ds e/; esa

Hkh½ dks crkus ds fy, esjs bl pqus x, mnkgj.kksa dks nsa[ksA

d- O;koLFkk-23%18 dk iz;ksx ;g crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd

fo’okfl;ksa dks vius dqRrksa dks

**cspuk** ugha pkfg,A O;koLFkkfooj.k esa dqRrs dukuh moZjrk iwtki)fr

ds iq:”k os’ok,a gSaA

[k- 2 ‘kew,y 9 dk iz;ksx gekjs ikiksa dks gVkusokys vuqxzg ds :id ds

rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gS tgk¡

ij eihcks’ksr ds yaxMs+ iSj **gekjs iki** dk izrhd cuk fn;k x;k gS

vkSj nkÅn dh est+ dks

ijes’oj ds vuqxzg dk izrhd cuk fn;k x;k gS tks mUgsa mldh n`f”V

ls cpkrk Fkk¼izkphu yksx

vius iSjksa dks est+ ds uhps j[kdj ugha cSBrs Fks½A

x- ;wgUUkk 11%44 dk iz;ksx **c¡/kusokys oLrqvksa** ds ckjs esa ckr djus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk tks

xyr vknrksa] mn~ns’;ksa] vkSj fØ;kvksa dks fn[kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSA

?k- 1 dqfj- 13%8 dk iz;ksx ;g lkfcr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd

vU; Hkk”kk,a igys lekIr gks

71

tk,axh] tcfd blds lanHkZ esa] lHkksa ds vykok izse ugha lekIr gksxkA

M+- dqyq-2%21 dk iz;ksx lEiw.kZ laklkfjd oLrqvksa ls gVs jgus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gS] tcfd ;g >wBs

f’k{kdksa ds }kjk m)`fr gSA

p- izdkf’krokD; 3%20 dks lqlekpkj izpkj ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]

tcfd bls lkr dyhfl;kvksa

esa ls ,d dks laHkksfnr fd;k x;k gSA

ikB dk izekf.kdj.k vkSj vkfRedj.k dh egkekjh vR;kf/kd gSA

d- ** okD;ksa] fopkjksa] vkSj erksa dks muds rkRdkyhu lanHkZ ls fudkyus dh

izFkk ges’kk gh fudVre

?kkrd gksrh gS tc ;g ikSyql dk gksrk gSA *,d vdSys ikB dk

ikB&izek.k djuk* izksQsLlj ,p-,s-

,s- dsUuM+h dgrs gSa] */keZfoKku esa lkjh >wBh f’k{kkvksa ls vf/kd cjcknh

mRiUu fd;k gS]* ** ,s esu

bZu ØkbZLV tsEl~ LVhoMZ ds }kjk i`”B la[;k 15A

[k- **ikSyql dh if=;ksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, ikB&izek.k djus dh fof/k

us] tks bUgsa ijes’oj dh vkykSfdd bPNk dks euq”;ksa dks vuUrdkyhu]

le; ls ijs lR; dks crkusokys ds fy, lh/ks izdk’ku ds rkSj ij ns[krh gS]

ftudks lEiw.kZ /keZfoKku cukus ds fy, dsoy fu;fer djuk gS] Li”V rkSj

ij ml ek/;e dks Vky fn;k gS ftlds }kjk ijes’oj euq”; dks viuk

opu nsus ds fy, izlUu Fkk]** th-bZ-ysM] fFkvksykWth vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV]

i`”V la[;k 379 A

bl dkj.k] D;k djuk pkfg,\ ge lHkh dks ckbcyh; vf/kdkj dh izpfyr

ifjHkk”kk dk iqujifj{k.k djuk gSA ;fn gekjh O;k[;k us ewy ys[kd ;k

ikBdksa dks pfdr fd;k gksrk] rks ;g laHkkfnr rkSj ij ijes’oj dks pfdr

djrkA ;fn ge mlds uke ls cksyrsa gSa] rc ge fuf’pr rkSj ij O;fDrxr

vaxhdkj] izkFkZuk] vkSj dBksj v/;;u dk eqY; pqdkrsA ge lHkh dks fo}ku

cuus dh vko’;drk ugha gS] ijUrq ge lHkh dks ckbcy ds xaHkhj] fu;fer]

;ksX; fo|kFkhZ cuuk gksxk¼vFkkZr] ckbcy ds vPNs f’k{kd] fo”k;&lwph nsa[ks]

**,s xkbZM+ Vw xqM+ ckbcy jhfMax**½A uezrk] fl[kkus dh ;ksX;rk] vkSj fo’okl

esa izfrfnu pyuk gesa vusd [kM~M+ksa ls cpk, j[ksxkA Lej.k j[kuk] gj ,d

in dk ,d eq[; lR; gS¼’kCnksa dk vFkZ dsoy okD;ksa esa gS( okD;ksa dk vFkZ

72

dsoy inksa esa gSa( inksa dks ,d fo’ks”k lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ ls lacaf/kr gksuk gS½A

lHkh fooj.kksa dh O;k[;k djus esa vfrfo’okl ls lko/kku jgsa¼ifo=kRek

fo’okfl;ksa dks inksa ds eq[; lR;ksa dks irk djus esa lgk;rk djsxk½!

73

O;k[;kdkj

I. iwoZ/kkjf.kd vuqdwyu ge lHkh ,sfrgkfld rkSj ls vuqdwfyr gSaA lEiw.kZ fu”i{krk vlaHko

gS¼dklZu] fccfydy baVjizVs’u ,.M n ppZ 1984] 12½A fQj Hkh] ;fn ge

vius i{kikrksa dks igpkursa gSa] ;k de ls de mu LFkkuksa dks tgk¡ os ik,

tkrs gSa] ge muds izHkkoksa dks vkSj csgrj fu;af=r dj ldrs gSaA gekjh

iwoZ&le> ds ckjs esa ,d lgh foospu dks Madu Qjxwlu dh fccfydy

gjesU;wfVDl] i`”B la[;k 6&22 esa ikrs gSaA

** D;ksafd ge lHkh ds viuh iwoZ/kkj.kk,a vkSj Hkze gSa bl dkj.k ;g

vklku gks tkrk gS fd ge ifo=’kkL= esa dsoy ogh ns[ksa tks ge ns[kuk

pkgrs gSa] vkSj ml lEiw.kZ lR; ds u, vkSj fodkl djkus okys izdk’ku dks

[kks nsa tks gekjs fy, ijes’oj dh bPNk gS---ifo=’kkL= esa vius gh fopkjksa

dks i<+uk vklku gS bldh ctk; fd ge ifo=’kkL= ls og fudkysa tks

og gesa fl[kkuk pkgrh gS] tks laHkkfor rkSj ij gekjs fopkjksa dks nwj dj

ldrh gS**¼fLVCl~ 1950] 10&11½A

gekjh iwoZ/kkj.kk,a vusd {ks=ksa ls vk ldrh gSaA

d- ,d eq[; dkj.k gekjk O;fDrRo izdkj gSA ;g fo’okfl;ksa ds chp esa

vusd my>u vkSj vlgefr

dks mRiUu djrh gSA ge vis{kk djrs gSa fd gj dksbZ gekjs leku lksps

vkSj ifj{k.k djsA bl {ks=

esa ,d veqY; iqLrd tkWu U;wiksVZ vkSj foY;e dsuu dh ObZ fØfLV¸ul~

QkbZV vksoj n ckbcy gSA

dqN fo’oklh vius fopkj izfØ;kvksa esa rdZiwoZd vkSj lajpfur gSa] tcfd

nwljs vf/kd Hkkoqd gSa vkSj

74

fooj.kksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa ds ckjs esa de fpafrr gSaA fQj Hkh lHkh fo’oklh

ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds

vkSj mldh T;ksfr esa pyus ds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSaA

[k- nwljh ckr lalkj ds izfr viuk O;fDrxr n`f”Vdks.k vkSj mldk gekjk

vuqHko gSA O;fDrRo dh ckrsa

u dsoy ges izHkkfor djrh gSa] ijUrq gekjs iq:”kRo vkSj L=hRo dks HkhA

ge efLr”d ds v/;;u ls

tkuus yxs gSa fd fdl fHkUu izdkj ls iq:”k vkSj L=h vius lalkjksa dks

ns[krs gSaA ;g izHkkfor

djsxk fd fdl izdkj ge ckbcy dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA vkSj] gekjs

O;fDrxr vuqHko] ;k muds

vuqHko tks gekjs fudV gSa] gekjh O;k[;kvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ;fn

,d fo’ks”k vkfRed vuqHko

gekjs lkFk ?kfVr gqvk gS] rks ge mls fuf’pr rkSj ckbcy ds iUuksa esa

;k nwljksa ds thouksa esa [kkstus dh dksf’k’k djsaxsA

x- O;fDrRo ds izdkj ds lkFk vkfRed ojnku ?kfu”Vrk ls lacaf/kr gSa¼ 1

dqfj-12&14( jksfe;ksa 12%3&8(

bfQ-4%7]11&12½A dbZ ckj gekjk ojnku izR;{k rkSj ij gekjh O;fDrRo

ds izdkj ls lacaf/kr gksrk

gS¼Hktu 139%13&16½A ojnku m)kj ds le; vkrk gS¼1 dqfj-12%4]7]11½]

‘kkjhfjd tUe ds le; ughaA

fQj Hkh] os lacaf/kr gks ldrs gSaA vkfRed ojnku gekjs lg&fo’okfl;ksa

dh vuqxzgrk ls lsok djus

ds fy, gS] ijUrq ;g dbZ ckj fookn esa cny tkrk gS¼1 dqfj-12%12&30½]

fo’ks”kdj ckbcy dh

O;k[;k ds {ks= esaA gekjk O;fDrRo izdkj izHkkfor djrk gS fd ge fdl

izdkj ifo=’kkL= ds lkFk

is’k vkrs gSaA dqN yksx ifo=’kkL= ds lkFk fu;fer Jsf.k;ksa dh [kkst ds

vuqlkj is’k vkrs gSa]

75

tcfd nwljs yksx ,d vf/kd vfLrfRod rkSj ij ;k HkfDr ds lkFk is’k

vkrs gSaA ckbcy ds ikl

vkus dk gekjk dkj.k gekjh le> dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ikap lky ds

cPpksa ds fy, l.Ms Ldwy esa

fl[kkus vkSj ,d fo’ofo|ky; ds fy, ,d f’k{kk dh rS;kjh djus esa

vf/kd varj gSA fQj Hkh]

O;k[;k dh fof/k ,d leku gksuh pkfg,A

?k- nwljh ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ckr gekjk tUe LFkku gSA la;qDr jkT; ds

Hkhrj gh vusd lkaLd`frd vkSj /keZoSKkfud varj gSa vkSj ;g nwljh

laLd`fr;ksa vkSj jk”Vªksa ds dkj.k vkSj vf/kd c<+ tkrk gSA

dbZ ckj ge vius laLd`fr ls dBksj i{kikrksa dks lh[krsa gSa] ckbcy ls

ughaA blds nks vPNs mnkgj.k vesfjdh O;fDrxrokn vkSj iw¡thokn gSaA

M+-ftl izdkj gekjs tUe dk LFkku gesa izHkkfor djrk gS] mlh izdkj]

gekjs tUe dk le;A laLd`fr

,d cgusokyh oLrq ds leku gSA ;gk¡ rd dh ,d gh laLd`fr vkSj

Hkwxksfyd {ks= ds yksx **ihf<+;ksa

ds chp dh njkj** ls izHkkfor gks ldrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ bl ih<+h ds chp

dh njkj dh laLd`fr;ksa vkSj

‘krkfCn;ksa dks xq.kk dj ckbcy ds le; esa ihNs ys tkrk gS] rc xyrh

gksus dh laHkkouk vkSj vf/kd

c<+ tkrh gSA ge 21oha ‘krkCnh ds oSKkfud ekufldrk vkSj gekjs

lkekftd izdkj vkSj fu;e ls

izHkkfor gSaA gj ,d ;wx dk viuk gh **Lokn** gSA fQj Hkh] tc ge

ckbcy ds ikl vkrs gSa] gesa

O;k[;k djus ds mn~ns’; ds fy, mlds lkaLd`frd lanHkZ dks le>uk

gksxkA

p- ;g u dsoy gekjh Hkwxksy] le;] vkSj laLd`fr gSa tks gesa izHkkfor

djrh gS] ijUrq gekjs ekrk&firk

76

}kjk izf’k{k.k HkhA ekrk&firk vf/kd izHkkoh gksrs gSa] vkSj dbZ ckj ;g

,d udkjkRed rkSj ij gksrk

gSA muds i{kikr vusd ckj cPpksa esa ns fn;k tkrk gS ;k rks cPps

lEiw.kZ rkSj ij mudh f’k{kkvksa

vkSj thou ‘kSyh dk budkj dj nsrs gSaA tc dksbZ bl feJ.k esa

lkEiznk;h ckrksa dks feyk nsrk gS]

;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd ge fdrus iwoZ/kkjf.kd cu ldrs gSaA elhgr

dk fofPNUu lewgksa esa

nw%[knk;d foHkktu] gj dksbZ nwljksa ij vf/kdkj vkSj Js”Bk dk nkok

djrs gq,] us ckbcy dh O;k[;k

esa vf/kd leL;k mRiUu dh gSA vf/kdka’k yksx ckbcy dks dHkh i<+us ls

igys ;k O;fDrxr :i

esa bldk v/;;u djus ls igys gh tkurs gSa fd os D;k fo’okl djrs

gSa] D;ksafd os ,d fo’ks”k

n`f”Vdks.k ds }kjk fl)karokn ls Hkj fn, x, gSaA ijaijk uk gh lgh gSa

;k uk gh xyr gSaA ;g chp

dh gSa vkSj ;g vf/kd lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gSaA fQj Hkh] fo’okfl;ksa

dh gj ih<+h dks vuqefr nh

tkuh pkfg, fd os bldk ckbcy ds izdk’k esa izfj{k.k djs( ijaijk gesa

lqjf{kr dj ldrh gS ;k cka/ks

j[k ldrh gS¼pyfp= **fQMyj vkWu n :Q**½A

N- ge esa ls gj ,d iki vkSj fonzksg ds }kjk izHkkfor gS] vkSj fujarj gksrk

jgrk gSa] izR;{k ;k vizR;{k rkSj ij] tkus vkSj vutkus esaA gekjh O;k[;k

gekjh vkfRed ifjiDdrk ;k mldh deh ds }kjk ges’kk izHkkfor gksrh

jgrh gSaA ;gk¡ rd dh lcls elhg&leku fo’oklh yksx Hkh iki ls

izHkkfor gSa vkSj lcls ‘kkjhfjd fo’oklh yksxksa esa Hkh clus okyh vkRek dh

T;ksfr gSaA ge lHkh] vk’kkiwoZd] vkRek ds ek/;e ls elhg ds }kjk ijes’oj

ds lkFk gekjs laca/k esa fujarj c<+rsa gh tkus okysa gSaA gesa tks T;ksfr gekjs

ikl gSa mlds izdk’k esa gh pyrs jguk gSa] vkRek ds ek/;e ls opuksa ls

77

vf/kd T;ksfr ikus ds fy, rS;kj jguk gSaA gekjh O;k[;k,a fuf’pr rkSj ij

gekjs thus dks ifjofrZr dj nsxh vkSj ubZ vkdkj nsxh] rc gekjk ijes’oj

ds yksxksa vkSj ijes’oj Lo;a ds lkFk vf/kd laca/k jgsxkA

;fn vkidk vusd o”kksZa rd ijes’oj ds ckjs esa u;k fopkj ugha jgk gS]

rc vki **e`r efLr”d** ds O;fDr ds leku gSaA

II. lqlekpkjkRed vuqdwyu ds dqN mnkgj.k

bl fcUnq ij eSa Åij crk;s x, ckrksa ds ifj.kkeksa ds rkSj ij fudys

lkisf{krk ds fl)kar ds Bksl mngkj.kksa dks nsuk pkgrk gw¡A

d- fefJr rSjuk¼yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa dk ,d lkFk rSjuk½ dqN

dyhfl;kvksa esa okLrfod eqn~nk gSa]

lkekU; rkSj ij muesa tks Hkwxksfyd rkSj ij mu LFkkuksa ls nwj gSa tgk¡

rSjuk vklkuh ls gksrk gSA

[k- rEckdw dk iz;ksx dqN dyhfl;kvksa esa ,d xaHkhj eqn~nk gSa¼fo’ks”kdj

nf{k.k vesfjdk esa½] lkekU; rkSj

ij mu Hkwxksfyd LFkkuksa ij tgk¡ ij ;s ,d eq[; udn dh Qly ugha

gS¼fo’oklh yksx] dbZ ckj

vius vki ls ‘kkjhfjd rkSj ij vLoLFk gksdj] rEckdw dk iz;ksx nwljksa

ij vius ‘kjhj dks uqdlku

igw¡pkus dk vkjksi yxkus ds fy, djrs gSaa½A

x-vesfjdk esa e|lkj dk iz;ksx vf/kdka’k dyhfl;kbZ lewgksa ds fy, ,d

egRoiw.kZ fo”k; gSa] tcfd ;wjksi vkSj nf{k.k vesfjdk esa ;g ,d eq) gh

ugha gS vesfjdk ckbcy ls vf/kd 1920 ds vkRela;e vkanksyu ds }kjk

vf/kd izHkkfor gSaA ;h’kq ls fuf’pr rkSj ij [kehj okyh nz{kklo fi;k

gksxkA D;k vki ;h’kq ls vf/kd **vkfRed** gSa\

uhps fn;k x;k fo”k; oLrq MkW-vV~Ykh ds Vhdk ls fy;k x;k fo’ks”k fo”k;

gSaA vki bu lHkh dks www.freebiblecommentary.org

78

ls ns[k Hkh ldrs gSa vkSj MkÅuyksM Hkh dj ldrs

gSaA

ckbcyh; ‘kCn

d- iqjkuk fu;e

;kbZu& ;g e|lkj ds fy, ,d lkekU; ‘kCn gSa¼ch Mh ch 406½] ftls 141

ckj iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bldh O;Rifr vfuf’pr gSa D;ksafd ;g ewy bczkuh

Hkk”kk ls ugha gS bldk vFkZ ges’kk gh [kehj mBk;k x;k Qy dk jl gSa]

lkekU; rkSj ij vaxwj dk jl gSaA bl izdkj ls dqN mnkgj.k mRi-9%21(

fuxZ-29%40( fxurh-15%5]10 A

frjks’k& ;g **u;k e|lkj** gSa¼ch Mh ch 440½A if’peh iwoZ ds tyok;q ds

dkj.k] jl ds fudkys

tkus ds rqjUr Ns%?kaVs ds Hkhrj gh [kehj mBuk ‘kq: gks tkrk FkkA ;g

‘kCn [kehj mBus dh

izfØ;k esa tk jgs e|lkj dks fn[kkrk gSaA bl izdkj ls dqN mnkgj.k

O;oLFkk-12%17(18%4( ;’kk-

62%8&9( gks’ks-4%11 A

vfll& ;g Li”V rkSj ij is; e|lkj gSa¼**ehVk e|lkj** ch Mh ch 779]

mnkgj.k] ;ks,y 1%5( ;’kk-49%26½A

lsdkj&;g **iDdk efnjk** gSa¼ch Mh ch 1016½A ;g bczkuh ‘kCn dk iz;ksx

**vknh gks tkuk** ;k **’kjkch** ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds vkSj dqN feyk;k

tkrk Fkk rkfd ;g vkSj vf/kd u’khyk cu tk,A ;g vkbZu ds lekuarj

gSa¼rqyuk djsa] uhfr-20%1(31%6(;’kk-28%7½A

79

[k- u;k fu;e

vkWbuksl&vkbZu dk ;wukuh ‘kCn

fu;ksl vkWbuksl¼u;k e|lkj½&frjks’k dk ;wukuh ‘kCn¼rqyuk djsa] ejdql

2%22½A

1- fXy;w[kksl fouksl¼ehVk nk[kjl] vkfll½&[kehj mBus dh fLFkfr esa

nk[kjl¼rqyuk djsa izsfjrksa 2%13½A

1- ckbcyh; iz;ksx

d- iqjkuk fu;e

1- nk[kjl ijes’oj ds }kjk ,d rkSQk gSa¼mRi-27%28( Hktu-104%14&15( lHkks-

9%7( gks’ks-2%8&9(;ks,y-2%19]24( vkeksl 9%13( td;kZg 10%7½A

2- e|lkj cfynku p<+kus dk ,d Hkkx gSa¼fuxZ-29%40( ysoh-23%13( fxurh

15%7]10(28%14( O;oLFkk-14%26( U;kf;;ksa 9%13½A

3- e|lkj dk iz;ksx nkok ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS¼2 ‘kew-16%2(uhfr-31%6&7½A

4- e|lkj ,d xaHkhj leL;k cu ldrh gSa¼uwg&mRi-9%21( ywr&mRi-19%33]35(

f’ke’kksu&U;kf;;ksa 16%19( ukcky&1 ‘kew-25%36( Åfj¸;kg&2 ‘kew-11%13(

vEeksu&2 ‘kew-13%28(,yk&1 jktk-16%9( csUgnn&1 jktk-20%12(‘kkld&vkeksl

6%6( vkSj fL=;k¡&vkeksl 4½A

5- e|lkj dk nq:i;ksx gks ldrk gS¼uhfr-20%1( 23%29&35( 31%3&5( ;’kk-

5%11]22(19%14(28%7&8( gks’ks 4%11½A

6- dqN fo’ks”k lewgksa ds fy, nk[kjl euk Fkk¼ ;ktd yksx tks dk;Z ij Fks]

ySO;-10%9( ;gst-44%21( ukljh yksxksa ds fy,] fxurh 6( vkSj ‘kkld] uhfr-

31%4&5( ;’kk-56%11&12( gks’ks 7%5½A

7- nk[kjl dk bLreky ;qxkarfo|k ds lanHkZ esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS¼vkeksl

9%13( ;ks,y 3%18( td;kZg 9%17½A

[k- varjckbcyh; iz;ksx

1- fu;a=.k@l;ae esa e|lkj vf/kd lgk;d gSa¼lHkks-31%27&30½A

2- jCch yksx dgrs gSa] **nk[kjl lHkh nokvksa esa ls egRoiw.kZ gSa] tgk¡ nk[kjl

ugha gS] ogk¡ ij nok dh t+:jr gksrh gS**¼ch ch 58ch½A

x-u;k fu;e

80

1- ;h’kq us ikuh dh vf/kd ek=k dks nk[kjl esa cnyk¼;wgUuk 2%1&11½A

2- ;h’kq us nk[kjl fi;k¼eRrh 11%18&19( ywdk 7%33&34( 22%17ls½A

3- irjl ij isUrdqLr ds fnu **u’ks** esa gksus dk vkjksi yx;k x;k¼iszfjrksa

2%13½A

4- e|lkj dks nok ds rkSj ij iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS¼ejdql 15%23( ywdk

10%34( 1 rheq-5%23½A

5- vxqoksa dks e|lkj dk nq:i;ksx ugha djuk gSA bldk vFkZ iwjh rjg ls

mlls nwj jguk ugha gS¼1 rheq-3%3]8( rhrql 1%7(2%3( 1 irjl 4%3½A

6- nk[kjl dk iz;ksx ;qxkarfo|k ds lanHkZ esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS¼eRrh 22%1ls(

izdk’k-19%9½A

7- u’ks esa jgus ij [ksn izdV fd;k x;k gS¼eRrh 24%49( ywdk 11%45( 21%34( 1

dqfj-5%11&13( 6%10( xykfr;ksa 5%21( 1 irjl 4%3( jksfe;ksa 13%13&14½A

3- /keZoSKkfud varnZ`f”V

d- }a}kRed ruko

1- nk[kjl ijes’oj dk ojnku gSaA

2- u’kk ,d eq[; leL;k gSaA

3- dqN laLd`fr;ksa ds fo’okfl;ksa dks vius Lora=rk ij lqlekpkj ds dkj.k

lhek yxkuh pkfg, ¼eRrh 15%1&20( ejdql 7%1&23( 1 dqfj-8&10( jksfe;ksa

14½A

[k- fn, x, lhekvksa ds ikj tkus dh izo`frA

1- ijes’oj lHkh Hkys oLrqvksa dk Jksr gSaA

2- ikiiw.kZ ekuotkr us ijes’oj ds fn, x, ojnkuksa dk mUgsa ijes’oj ds fn,

x, lhekvksa ls ckgj ys tkdj nq:i;ksx fd;k gSA

x- nq:i;ksx gekjs Hkhrj gSa] oLrqvksa esa ughaA ‘kkjhfjd l`f”V esa dksbZ cqjkbZ

ugha gS¼ejdql 7%18&23( jksfe-14%14]20( 1dqfj-10%25&26( 1 rheq- 4%4( rhrql

1%15½A

4-igyh ‘krkCnh ;gwnh laLd`fr vkSj [kehj mBuk

d- [kehj dk mBuk tYnh gh izkjaHk gks tkrk gS] yxHkx vaxwj ds ihls

tkus ds 6 ?kaVs cknA

[k- ;gwnh ijaijk dgrh gS fd tc lrg ij FkksMk lk Hkh >kx fn[kus

yxrk gS¼[kehj mBus dk fpUg½] rc

nk[kjl dk nlokal nsuk v/khu gSa¼ek ,slsjksFk 1%7½A bls **u;k

nk[kjl** ;k **ehVk nk[kjl** Hkh dgk

81

tkrk FkkA

x- ,d lIrkg ds ckn izkFkfed rkSj ij rsth ls [kehj dk mBuk lekIr

gks tkrk FkkA

?k- blds nwljs pj.k ds fy, yxHkx 40 fnu yxrs Fks bl fLFkfr ij bls

**iqjkuk nk[kjl** ekuk tkrk

Fkk vkSj bls osnh ij p<+k;k tk ldrk Fkk¼b/kq¸;ksr 6%1½A

M+- nk[kjl tks vius ryNV ij vk x;k gks¼iqjkuk nk[kjl½ vPNk ekuk

tkrk Fkk ijUrq iz;ksx ls igys

mls vPNh rjg rkuuk i<+rk FkkA

p- nk[kjl dks iwjh rjg iqjkuk [kehj mBus ds ,d o”kZ ds ckn ekuk

tkrk FkkA rhu o”kZ lcls yEck le;

Fkk tc rd nk[kjl dks lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk FkkA bls iqjkuk

nk[kjl dgk tkrk Fkk vkSj bls ikuh

ds lkFk feykuk gksrk FkkA

N- dsoy ihNys 100 o”kksZa esa gh oa/; okrkoj.k vkSj jklk;fud inkrksZa ds

dkj.k gh [kehj mBus dks

LFkfxr fd;k tk ldk gSaA izkphu nqfu;k [kehj mBk;s tkus dh

izkd`frd izfØ;k dks jksd ugha ldh

FkhA

4-vafre dFku

d- bl ckr dk /;ku nsa fd vkidk vuqHko] /keZfoKku] vkSj

ckbcyh; O;k[;k ;h’kq dks vkSj igyh ‘krkCnh

;gwnh@elhgh laLd`fr dks uhpk u djsa! os fuf’pr rkSj ij bl

izdkj dh lHkh oLrqvksa ls nwj jgusokys

ugha Fks

[k- eSa nk[kjl ds lkekftd iz;ksx dks c<+kok ugha ns jgk gw¡A fQj

Hkh] vf/kdka’k yksxksa us bl fo”k; ij

ckbcy dh ckr dks vf/kd p<+kdj dgk gSa vkSj ,d

lkaLd`frd@lkEiznk;h i{kikr ds vk/kkj ij izeq[k

/kkfeZdrk dk nkok djrs gSaA

x- esjs fy,] jksfe;ksa 14 vkSj 1 dqfj-8&10 us izse ds vk/kkj ij vkSj

lafx&fo’okfl;ksa dk vknj djus vkSj

82

gekjh laLd`fr;ksa esa lqlekpkj ds QSyko ds vk/kkj ij] O;fDrxr

Lora=rk ;k U;k; djus dh vkykspuk

ds vk/kkj ij ugha] varj&n`f”V vkSj funsZ’k iznku fd;k gSA ;fn

dsoy ckbcy gh gekjs fo’okl vkSj

O;ogkj dk ,dek= vk/kkj gSa] fQj ‘kk;n ge lHkh dks bl

fo”k; ij iqujfopkj djuk gksxkA

?k- ;fn ge lEiw.kZ oLrqvksa ls nwj jguk ijes’oj dh bPNk djds

etcwju ekursa gSa] rc ge ;h’kq ds ckjs

esa] lkFk gh mu vk/kqfud laLd`fr;ksa ds ckjs esa tks fu;fer rkSj

ij e|lkj iz;ksx djrs gS¼mnkgj.k]

;wjksi] blzk,y] vtZuVhuk½D;k vFkZ fudkyrsa gSa\

?k- nlokal dbZ ckj bl izdkj crk;k tkrk gS fd ;g 1½ O;fDrxr

/ku ikus dk ,d ek/e gSa] ijUrq dsoy

mUgh laLd`fr;ksa esa tgk¡ /ku laHko gSa ;k 2½ ijes’oj ds U;k; ls

nwj jguk dk ,d ekxZ gSaA

fo’ks”k fo”k;% nlokal

nlokal ds ckjs esa u, fu;e esa dsoy eRrh 23%23 vkSj ywdk 11%42 esa gh

ikrsa gSaA eSa ;g fo’okl ugha djrk gw¡ fd u;k fu;e nlokal nsus ds ckjs esa

fl[kkrh gSa D;ksafd ;g lEiw.kZ lanHkZ ;gwnh O;oLFkkokn vkSj vkRe&/kkfeZdrk

ds fo:) gSaA eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd fu;fer rkSj ij nsus ds ckjs esa¼;fn

dqN bl izdkj gSa½ u, fu;e ds funsZ’k 2 dqfj-8 vkSj 9 esa ik;k tkrk gS]

tks nlokal nsus ds Hkh vf/kd xgjs vFkZ dks j[krh gSaA ;fn ,d ;gwnh ek=

iqjkus fu;e ds tkudkjh ds lkFk gh nl ;k rhl izfr’kr nsus ds ckjs

vkns’k fd;k x;k gS¼ iqjkus fu;e esa nsus ds fy, dsoy nks] ;k laHkfor rkSj

ij rhu nlokal gSa½] fQj elhgksa dks vkSj vf/kd nsuk pkfg, vkSj nlokal

ds ckjs esa foospku djus esa le; O;FkZ ugha djuk pkfg,!

u, fu;e ds fo’okfl;ksa dks /;ku nsuk gS fd os elhgr dks O;koLFkk dk

ikyu djus dh fu;e¼elhgh rkyewn½ ds :i esa ifjofrZr ugha dj nsuk

pkfg,A ijes’oj dks izlUu djus dh edln ls thus dh bPNk mUgsa thou

ds gj igyw ds fy, fu;e [kkstus ds fy, etcwj djrh gSA fQj Hkh]

83

/keZoSKkfud rkSj ij iqjkus okps dh fu;eksa dks fudkyuk tks u, fu;e esa

iqu% fuf’pr ugha fd, x, gSa vkSj mUgsa fl)kafrd ;ksX;rk cuk nsuk]

fo’ks”kdj tc mudk nkok ladV dk dkj.k gksus ;k mUufr izkIr djus dk

dkj.k gksus fd;k tkrk gS¼vk/kqfud izpkjd ds }kjk½[krjukd gSa¼rqyuk djsa]

eykfd 3½A

;gk¡ ij Ýsad LVsx ds }kjk] U;w VsLVsesaV fFk;ksykWth] i`”B la[;k

292&293] ,d vPNh m)`fr gSaA

**u;k fu;e nlokal dk ifjp; ,d gh ckj esa nsus ds vuqxzg esa

ugha djrh gSA u, fu;e esa dsoy rhu ckj gh nlokal dk o.kZu gSa% 1½

Qjhfl;ksa dk U;k;] n;k] vkSj fo’okl ij /;ku u nsus tcfd ;gk¡ rd

cxhps ds Qly dk Hkh nlokal nsus esa /;kuiwoZd jgus ds fy, mudk

fujh{k.k djrs gq,¼eRrh 23%23( ywdk 11%42½( 2½ ml Qjhlh dk [kqyklk

djrs gq, ftlus *vius fy, izkFkZuk dh]* ?ke.M djrs gq, fd mlus gj

lIrkg nks ckj miokl j[kk vkSj viuh lkjh lEifÙk esa ls nlokal

fn;k¼ywdk 18%12½( vkSj 3½ ysoh ij efyfdlfnd dh izeq[krk ds fy, rdZ

djrs gq,] vkSj bl izdkj elhg dh¼bczk-7%6&9½A

;g Li”V gSa fd ;h’kq us lkfcr fd;k fd nlokal nsuk eafnj dh iz.kkyh

dk ,d Hkkx gSa] ftl izdkj fu;e vkSj O;kogkfjd rkSj ij mlus eafnj ds

vkSj ;gwnh vkjk/kuky;ksa ds lkekU; dk;ksZa dks lgefr nhA ijUrq bl ckr

dk dksbZ ladsr ugha gS fd mlus vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks eafnj dh

iwtki)fr;ksa dk ikyu djus dks dgk¡ nlokal izeq[k yksxksa }kjk fn;k

tkrk Fkk] ftls igys tks nlokal ns jgk gS mlds }kjk [kk;k tkrk Fkk]

vkSj fQj ckn esa ;ktdksa }kjk [kk;k tkrk FkkA iqjkus fu;e esa crk, x,

nlokal dk ikyu dsoy ,d ,slh /kkfeZd iz.kkyh esa fd;k tk ldrk Fkk

tks iq’k cfynku ds iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij jfpr gSaA

vf/kdka’k elhg yksx ikrsa gSa fd nlokal *nsus* ds fy, ,d lgh vkSj

;ksX; ;kstuk gSaA tc rd bls ,d etcwj djusokyh ;k O;ofLFkr iz.kkyh

cuk ugha fn;k tkrk] ;g ,d vPNh ;kstuk lkfcr gks ldrh gSaA fQj Hkh]

dksbZ Hkh fuf’pr rkSj ij nkok ugha dj ldrk gS fd u, fu;e esa nlokal

fl[kk;k x;k gSA ;g ;gwnh ijaijk ds fy, lgh igpkuh xbZ gS¼eRrh

23%23( ywdk 11%42½] ijUrq bls elhgksa ij Fkksik ugha x;k gSA okLro esa]

vkt ds le; esa ;gwfn;ksa ;k elhgksa dks iqjkus fu;e ds vk/kkj ij nlokal

84

nsuk vlaHko gSaA vkt ds le; esa nlokal ;gwnh cfynku iz.kkyh ls

lacaf/kr izkphu jhokt dh izFkk dks cgqr de izfrfcafcr djrh gSA

ikWy LVsx us laf{kIr fd;k gS%

**tcfd fdlh ds nku nsus ds fy, nlokal dks ,d Lrj ds rkSj ij

miukuk vkSj bls elhgh vko’;drk ds rkSj ij nwljksa ij fcuk l[r ds

ykxw djus ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN dgk tk ldrk gS] ,slh izFkk dks viukus

esa ;g Li”V gSa fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr iqjkus fu;e dh izFkk dk ikyu ugha

dj jgk gSA lcls vf/kd og dqN ,slk gh dj jgk gS tks iqjkus fu;e dh

nlokal dh izFkk ls cgqr gh de feyrh&>qyrh gSa] tks eafnj vkSj

;ktfd; iz.kkyh] ,d lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd iz.kkyh ftldk vHkh vfLrRo

ugha gS] dks laHkkyus ds fy, dj FkkA 70 bZa esa eafnj ds fouk’k ds igys

rd ;gwnh /keZ esa nlokal ,d dj ds rkSj ij t+:jh Fkk] ijUrq os mlh

izdkj elhgksa ij Hkh ykxw ugha gksrs gSaA

;g nlokal nsus dks uhpk djus ds fy, ugha gS] ijUrq ;g u, fu;e ds

lkFk blds laca/k dks Li”V djus ds fy, gSaA ;g bl ckr dk budkj

djus ds fy, gSa fd u;k fu;e etcwjh] O;oLFkkokn] ykHk ikus dk mn~ns’;]

vkSj lkSnk djus tSlh ckrksa dk budkj djrh gS tks vkt ds le; dh

nlokal esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ,d Lo&bPNk iz.kkyh ds rkSj ij] nlokal vf/kd

dqN iznku djrh gS( ijUrq ;fn bls elhgh gksuk gS rc bls vuqxzg ls

NqVdkjk fnykuk gSaA ,slk crkuk fd ;g **dke djrk gS** dsoy lalkj ds

O;Lr ifj{kkvksa dks viukuk gSaA tks elhgh ugha gS og vf/kd **dke djrh

gS**A nlokal dks] ;fn bls u, fu;e dh /keZfoKku ds vuqdwy gksuk gS]

ijes’oj dk vuqxzg vkSj mlds izse esa cuk jguk gksxkA

III. D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\

bl iz’u dh lwph cgqr yEch gks ldrh gSaA fuf’pr rkSj ij] ;g

crkuk gksxk fd ;s O;fDrRo dh ckrsa lkekU; rkSj ij ckgjh {ks=ksa dks gh

izHkkfor djrh gSA ge esa ls gj ,d ds fy, ;g ifj{k.k djuk] ftls ge

elhgh fo’okl ds vifjorZfu; ckrsa ekursa lgk;d] gksxkA gj ;qx vkSj gj

laLd`fr esa dyhfl;k dh eq[; vk/kkjokyh ckrsa D;k gSa\ ;g ,d ljy iz’u

ugha gS] ijUrq eSa le>rk gw¡ fd ;g ,d vko’;d iz’u gSaA gesa ,sfrgkfld

85

elhgr ds egRoiw.kZ ckrksa ds izfr lefiZr gksuk gS] ijUrq tks ckrsa egRoiw.kZ

ugha gS muesa gekjh lkaLd`frd vkSj O;fDrxr fHkUurkvksa ij foospu izse

lfgr djuk gksxk¼rqyuk djsa jksfe;ksa 14%1&15%13( 1 dqfj-8&10½A ftruk

vf/kd eSa vius vkidks vkSj ckbcy dks le>rk gw¡] mruh gh de esjh

vifjorZfu; ckrsa gks xbZa gSaA izkFkfed rkSj ij] esjs fy,] blesa f=,d

ijes’oj dk O;fDrRo vkSj dk;Z lEefyr gSa vkSj fdl izdkj dksbZ O;fDr

mlds lkFk laxfr esa vkrk gSaA bu izeq[k ckrksa dh izdk’k esa lHkh vU; ckrsa

de egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA ifjiDdrk gesa de fl)kafrd vkSj U;k;h cukus

dh izo`fr j[krh gSa!

ge lHkh ds ikl iwoZ&/kkj.kk;sa gSa] ijUrq ge esa ls cgqr de us gh budh

ifjHkk”kk nh gSa] ifj{k.k fd;k gS ;k Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk gSaA fQj Hkh] gesa budh

mifLFkfr dks eglwl djuk gSA ge lHkh ,d izdkj ;k fofHkUu izdkjksa ds

plesa igursa gSaA ftl iqLrd us esjh ifo=’kkL= esa of.kZr vuUrdkyhu

vkSj lkaLd`frd igywvksa ds chp varj djus esa lgk;rk dh gSa og ;g gSa

xksMZu Qh vkSj MkWx LVwoVZ] gkÅ Vw jhM+ n ckbcy Qksj vkWy bZV~l oFkZ]

fo’ks”kdj v/;k; 4 vkSj 5A ckbcy esa dqN ckrsa gSa ftls og leFkZu ugha

nsrh gS!

IV. O;k[;kdkj dh ft+Eesnkjh Åij dh xbZ ppkZ ds izdk’k esa] bl O;k[;kdkj ds rkSj ij gekjh

ft+Eesnkjh gSa\ blesa ;s ckrsa lEefyr gSaA

1- elhgh yksx Lo;a ds fy, ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, O;fDrxr rkSj

ij ft+Eesnkj gSaA bls dbZ ckj fo’okfl;ksa dk ;ktdksa dk lkekt gksuk

crk;k x;k gSA ;g okD;&[k.M ckbcy esa dHkh Hkh ,dopu esa ugha ik;k

x;k gS] ijUrq ges’kk gh cgqopu esa gSa¼rqyuk djsa] fuxZ-19%5(1 irjl 2%5]9(

izdk’k-1%6½A O;k[;k djuk fo’okl dh leqnk; dk ,d dk;Z gSaA if’peh

O;fDrxrokn ij vf/kd egRo nsus ls lko/kku jgsaA ge bl ft+Eesnkjh dks

nwljs O;fDr dks nsus ls lko/kku jgsa¼1 dqfj-12%7½A

86

2- ckbcy ,d ,slh iqLrd gS tks O;k[;k dh ek¡x djrh gS¼mnkgj.k] eRrh

5%29&30½A bls bl izdkj ugha i<+k tk ldrk fd ;g ,d izkr%lekpkj

i= gSaA blds lR; ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij vuqdwfyr gSa] ftl izdkj ge gSaA

gesa **rc** vkSj **vc** ds chp dh njkj dks tksM+uk gSaA

3- pkgs ge us gekjh O;k[;kvksa esa viuk mÙke fn;k gksxk blesa fQj Hkh dqN

gn rd dfe;k¡ gksxhaA gesa vius ikl tks T;ksfr gSa mlesa pyuk gSaA gesa

nwljs fo’okfl;ksa ls izse djuk gS vkSj vknj djuk gS ftudh le> ge ls

vyx gSa¼vFkkZr] jksfe;ksa 14%1&15%13( 1 dqfj-8&10½A

4- **esgur gesa fl) curk gSa**A ;g O;k[;k ds {ks= esa lgh gSaA izkFkZuk vkSj

esgur ,d dh O;k[;k djus dh {kerk dks csgrj cuk,xhA

5- ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar fdlh dks ;g Bhd ls ugha crk ldrh gSa fd gj

ikB dk D;k vFkZ gSa] ijUrq ;g fn[kk ldrh gSa fd bldk mFkZ D;k ugha

gS!

87

ckbcyh; O;k[;k dh lkanfHkZd fof/k

I. bfrgkl vkSj fodkl

A- ;gwnh O;k[;k

ckbcy ds v/;;u ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkusokyh lcls fLFkj fof/k ftls

,sfrgkfld&O;kdj.kh;&’kCndks”k fof/k dgk tkrk gS¼bl ikB~; iqLrd esa

ftls izlafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k crk;k x;k gS½ varkfd;k]lhfj;k esa

izkjaHk gqvk] rhljh ‘krkCnh esa] :idoknh fof/k dh izfrfØ;k ds :i esa] tks

dbZ lkS o”kksZa igys fldanfj;k] felz esa fodflr gqvk FkkA fldanfj;kbZ

fof/k fQyks dh fof/k dk viukuk Fkk] tks ,d ;gwnh O;k[;kdkj Fkk vkSj

ftldk thou 20 bZ-iw ls 55 bZa rd FkkA fQyks fladnfj;k esa jgk FkkA

og] ,d izoklh ;gwnh gksus ds dkj.k] jfCc;ksa ds chp bruk izfl) ugha Fkk]

ijUrq fldanfj;k] tks ml le; dk f’k{kk dk cM+k dsUnz Fkk] ds ;wukuhoknh

cqf)ekuksa ds e/; esa bldk cM+k izHkko FkkA fQyks jfCc;ksa ls lkFk lger

Fkk fd iqjkuk fu;e ijes’oj }kjk fn;k x;k gSA mlus fo’okl fd;k fd

ijes’oj us fo’ks”k rkSj ij bczkuh ifo=’kkL= vkSj ;wukuh nk’kZfudksa ds }kjk

ckr fd;k gS] fo’ks”kdj IysVks ds }kjkA bl dkj.k ikB ds gj igyw esa vFkZ

Fkk&gj okD;]okD;&lewg] ‘kCn] v{kj] vkSj ikB dk lcls NksVk vyadj.k

;k pfj= HkhA

jfCc;ksa dh O;k[;k dh igpku muds **fdl izdkj** ij ds /;ku ls

dh tk ldrh gSa] fo’ks”kdj ewlk dh O;oLFkk ds laca/k esaA fQyks] ;|fi

mlh izdkj dk O;kdj.k vkSj mPpkj.k dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ikB esa u,

vFkksZa dks ikrk gSa D;ksafd ;s IysVksokn ls lacaf/kr Fks jCch yksx ewlk dh

O;oLFkk dks izfrfnu ds thou esa ykxw djus esa :ph j[krs Fks] tcfd fQyks

blzk,y dh bfrgkl dks IysVks dh laklfjd n`f”Vdks.k ds izdk’k esa

iquj&O;k[;k djuk pkgrk FkkA ,slk djus ds fy, mls iqjkus fu;e dks

mlds ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ls iwjh rjg ls fudkyuk FkkA

88

**mlds eu esa ;gwnh /keZ dk vf/kdka’k varj&Kku] lgh rkSj ij

le>us ls] ;wukuh n’kZu’kkL= dh loksZPp varj&Kku ls fHkUUk ugha gS

ijes’oj us vius vki dks blzk,y ds pqus gq, yksxksa dks izxV fd;k ijUrq

mlus vius vkidks fdlh fcydqy vyx rjhds ls izxV ugha fd;k gS

ftl izdkj og vius vki dks ;wukuh;ksa dks izxV djrk gS**¼xzsaV vkSj Vªslh

1984] 53&54½ A

mldh ewy fof/k ikB dk :idoknh O;k[;k djuk Fkk ;fn%

1- ikB us ,slk dqN dgk tks ijes’oj ds ;ksX; ugha gS¼ijes’oj dh ‘kkjhfjdRrk

ds ckjs esa½A

2- ikB esa dqN vfLFkj ckrsa fn[kkbZ nhA

3- ikB esa dqN fn[kkbZ nsusokyh ,sfrgkfld leL;k;sa lEefyr gSaA

4- ikB dks mlds nk’kZfud lkalkfjd n`f”Vdks.k ds lkFk viuk;k tk lds¼xzsaV

vkSj Vªslh 1984] 53½A

B- fldanfj;kbZ Ldwy

fQyks dh O;k[;k dh fof/k dh ekSfyd ckrksa dks elhgh O;k[;k

dh Ldwy esa tkjh j[kk x;k Fkk] tks blh uxj ls fodflr gqbZ FkhA blds

igys vxqoksa esa ls ,d fldanfj;k dk DysesaV¼150&215 bZa½ FkkA mlus

fo’okl fd;k fd ckbcy esa vFkksZa ds fHkUu Lrj gSa rkfd ifo=’kkL= dks

fHkUu izdkj ds yksxksa] laLd`fr;ksa] vkSj le;dky ds fy, vFkZiw.kZ cuk ldsA

;g Lrj bl izdkj Fks%

1- ,sfrgkfld] lkfgfR;d vFkZ

2- fl)kafrd vFkZ

3- Hkfo”;}k.kh ;k izk:ikRed vFkZ

4- nk’kZfud vFkZ

5- jgL;e; ;k :idkRed vFkZ¼xszaV vkSj Vªslh 1984] 55&56½

89

bl ewy fof/k dks vkWfjxu }kjk tkjh j[kk x;k¼185&254

bZa½] tks laHkkfor rkSj ij izkphu dyhfl;k dk lcls egku cqf)eku

Fkk¼flYok 1987] 36&37½A og igyk ewyikB vkykspd] /keZeaMudÙkkZ]

Vhdkdkj] vkSj O;ofLFkr /keZoSKkfud FkkA mldh fof/k dh ,d lgh

mnkgj.k dks uhfropu 22%20&21 ij mldh O;k[;k ls irk yx;k tk

ldrk gSA og bls 1 fFkLl-5%23 ls tksM+rk gSaA bl izdkj ls ckbcy ds

gj in esa rhu Lrj dh O;k[;k,a gSaA

1- ,d **’kkjhfjd** ;k lkfgfR;d vFkZ

2- ,d **izkf.kd** ;k uSfrd vFkZ

3- ,d **vkfRed** ;k :idoknh@jgL;e; vFkZ¼ xszaV vkSj Vªslh 1984] 59½

izksVsLVsaV /keZlq/kkj ds le; rd O;k[;k ds {ks= esa

fldanfj;k dh ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar us vf/kdka’k dyhfl;kvksa ij vf/kdkj

j[kkA vxfLVu¼354&430 bZa½ ds }kjk mlds fodflr izdkj esa mldh

O;k[;k ds pkj Lrj esa bls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

1- lkfgfR;d& ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk dks fl[kkrh gSaA

2- :idoknh&vkidks D;k fo’okl djuk gS fl[kkrh gSaA

3- uSfrd&vkidks D;k djuk gS fl[kkrh gSaA

4- jgL;e;&vkidks D;k vk’kk djuk gS fl[kkrh gSaA

lEiw.kZ dyhfl;k ds fy,] vlkfgfR;d¼la[;k 2]3]4½ esa lcls ifo=

vkfRed vraj&Kku lEefyr FkkA fQj Hkh] v,sfrgkfld] vO;kdjf.kd fof/k

ds nq:i;ksx ds dkj.k O;k[;k ds nwljs Ldwy dh jpuk gwbZA lhfj;k dh

varkfd;k dh ,sfrgkfld&O;kdjf.kd&ikB ij dsfUnzr Ldwy us :idoknh

fof/k ij ;g vkjksi yxk;k

1- ikB ij ckgj dk vFkZ Mkyuk

2- gj ikB esa ,d fNis g, vFkZ dks foo’k djuk

3- ekSth izdkj dh vkSj vFkZ ls nwj jg jgh O;k[;k dks Mkyuk

90

4- ‘kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa dks muds Li”V] lkekU; vFkZ u crkus nsuk¼lk;j

1980]107½

5- ewy ys[kd ds lk/kkj.k lans’k ij ekuo ds O;fDrxr fopkjksa dks iz/kku

djus nsuk

tc :id dk iz;ksx ,d vPNs izf’kf{kr] HkfDriw.kZ&O;k[;kdkj ds }kjk

fd;k tk,] rc bldk egku eqY; gksxkA ;g Li”V gSa fd ;h’kq¼eRrh

13%18&23½ vkSj ikSyql¼1 dqfj-9%9&10(10%1&4( xykfr;ksa 4%21&31½nksuksa us

bl fof/k dk ,d felky is’k fd;kA fQj Hkh] tc bldk iz;ksx fdlh ds

ikyrq /keZoSKkfud fl)kar dks lkfcr djus ;k fdlh ds xyr dk;ksZa dk

cpko djus ds fy, ,d ;a= ds :i esa gksrk gS] ;g ,d cM+h :dkoV dk

dkj.k cu tkrh gSA lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gSa fd Lo;a ewyikB ls vFkZ dks

izekf.kr djus dk dksbZ ek/;e ugha gS¼flYok 1987] 74½A ekuork ds ikfiu

LoHkko us bl fof/k dks¼vkSj lHkh fof/k dks dqN gn rd½ yxHkx fdlh Hkh

pht dks lkfcr djus vkSj fQj mls ckbcyh; iqdkjus dk ,d ek/;e cuk

fn;k gSA

**;gk¡ ij ges’kk gh vkbZlhftfll dk [krjk gksrk gS] ckbcy dh

ckrksa esa mu fopkjksa dks Mkyuk ftUgsa geus dgha vkSj ls izkIr fd;k gS vkSj

fQj mu gj ,d dks ml vf/kdkj ds lkFk izkIr djuk ftlds lkFk ge

ml

iqLrd ds ikl vk;sa gSa**¼oj~YM dkmafly vkWQ ppZl~ flEiksfl;e vkWu

fccfydy vFkksfjVh Qksj VqM+s] vksDlQksMZ] 1949½A

**vkWfjxu vkSj mlds lkFk ds vf/kdka’k yksxksa us] ifo=’kkL= dks lrkus ds

bl ekSds dk gj laHko rjhds ls]bdls okLrfod vFkZ ls nwj] tCr fy;kA

mudk fu”d”kZ Fkk fd lkfgfR;d vFkZ vf/kd uhpk gSa vkSj nqcZy gSa] vkSj

;g fd] v{kjksa ds ihNs xgjs jgL; fNis gq, gSa] ftUgsa :idksa ds vykok

vkSj fdls ds }kjk fudkyk ugha tk ldrk gSA bls iwjk djus esa mUgsa

fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dfBukbZ eglwl ugha gqbZ( D;ksafd ifjdYiuk tks mÙke

fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ges’kk gh ilUn dh tkrh gS] vkSj mls lalkj }kjk lVhd

fl)kar ds cnys esa ges’kk gh Hkfo”; esa Hkh ilUn dh tkbZxh---vuqeksnu ds

lkFk ;g dkeqd iz.kkyh fu;fer rkSj ij ,slh Å¡pkbZ ij igw¡p xbZ] fd

91

ftlus Hkh viuh gh YkkHk ds fy, ifo=’kkL= dk iz;ksx fd;k og u dsoy

n.M+&jfgr x;k] ijUrq vf/kd izlUUklk Hkh ik;kA dbZ ‘krkfCn;ksa rd dksbZ

Hkh O;fDr mÙke ugha ekuk x;k] ftlds ikl ijes’oj ds ifo= opu dks

fHkUu izdkj ds :phdj vkdkjksa esa ifjofrZr djus dh fuiq.krk vkSj t+:jr

dk lkgl ugha FkkA ;g vlansg rkSj ij ‘kSrku dk ,d mik; Fkk fd og

ifo=’kkL= ds vf/kdkj dks uhpk djsa] vkSj mlds i<+s tkus ls mlds

okLrfod ykHk dks fudky MkysaA ijes’oj us bl izdkj dh v/keZ dk lgh

U;k; fd;k] tc mlus ifo=’kkL= ds lgh vFkZ dks >wBh O;k[;kvksa ds uhps

xkM+ fn;kA os dgrs gSa fd ifo=’kkL= mitkÅ gSa] vkSj ;g vusd izdkj ds

vFkksZa dks mxkrk gSaA eSa vaxhdkj djrk gw¡ fd ifo=’kkL= lHkh Kku dh

Hkjiwj vkSj vuUr Jksr gSa( ijUrq eSa ;g budkj djrk gw¡ fd bldh

mitkÅiu bu vusd izdkj ds vFkksZa esa lEefyr gSa ftls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr]

viuh bPNkuqlkj O;Dr djrk gksA rc ge ;g tkuysa] fd ifo=’kkL= dk

lgh vFkZ bldk LoHkkfod vkSj Li”V vFkZ gSa( vkSj ge bls Lohdkj dj ysa

vkSj mlh ds vuqlkj pyus dh BkuysaA ge mu fn[kkok djusokyh

O;k[;kvksa dk u dsoy lansg lfgr frjLdkj djsa ] ijUrq ?kkrd Hkz”Vkpkj

ds rkSj ij mUgsa nwj j[ksa] tks gesa mu LoHkkfod vFkksZ ls nwj ys tkrs

gSa**¼tkWu U;wikVZ dk fuca/k] ,u-Mh-]16&17½A

C- varkfd;kbZ Ldwy

;g fuf’pr gSa fd fldanj;kbZ Ldwy vius ij yxk;s x,

vkjksi ds izfr [kqyk Fkk fd mldh O;k[;k,a ewy izsfjr ys[kd ds mn~ns’;

ls vf/kd O;k[;kdkj dh prqjkbZ ij vf/kd fuHkZj gSaA dksbZ Hkh bl fof/k ds

iz;ksx ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh O;k[;k dj ldrk Fkk vkSj mls **lkfcr** Hkh

dj ldrk FkkA varkfd;kbZ fof/k ifo=’kkL= dh ewyikB ds Li”V vFkZ ij

/;ku nsrh gS¼dksy 1964] 87½A bldk ewy dsUnz ewy ys[kd ds lans’k dks

le>uk gSaA bl dkj.k gh bls ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dh

,sfrgkfld&O;kdjf.kd fof/k dgk tkrk gSA varkfd;k us ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ

vkSj ekuo Hkk”kk ds lkekU; iz;ksx nksuksa ij egRo fn;kA blus Hkk”kk ds

vyadkjksa] Hkfo”;}kuh] ;k fpUgksa dks gVk ugha fn;k] ijUrq bUgsa ikB ds

mn~ns’;] ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ] vkSj ewy ys[kd dh ‘kSyh] ewy ys[kd ds

lkfgfR;d izdkj ds pquko ds lkFk tksM+ fn;kA

92

**varkfd;k ds Ldwy us ckbcyh; izdk’ku ds ,sfrgkfld

okLrfodrk ij egRo fn;kA os bUgsa fpUgksa vkSj ijNkbZ;ksa ds lalkj esa

[kksuk ugha pkgrs Fks os IysVksuhoknh ls vf/kd vfjLrksVsY;uoknh Fks**¼xzsaV

vkSj Vªslh 1984] 66½A

O;k[;k ds bl Ldwy ds dqN izkjafHkd vxqos% ywlh;su] rjlql dk

fn;ksnksjl] esIlqfLr;k dk fFk;ksM+ksj] vkSj tkWu fØlksLre Fks ;g Ldwy ;h’kq

dh ekuo LoHkko ij vf/kd egRo nsus yxsA bls usLVksfj;u >wBh f’k{kk dk

uke fn;k x;k gS¼;h’kq ds nks LoHkko Fks] ,d fnO; vkSj ,d ekuo½& vkSj

;g ,d >wBh f’k{kk Fkh¼rqyuk djsa] 1 ;wgUuk 4%1&3½A

bl dkj.k bl Ldwy us viuk izHkko vkSj vius vusd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh

[kks fn;kA bldk dk;kZy; lhfj;k ls ikjl dks pyk x;k rkfd jkseh

dyhfl;k dh vuq’kklu ls nwj jg ldsA

D- varkfd;kbZ Ldwy ds ewy fl)kar

;|fi varkfd;k Ldwy ds ewy fl)kar ,dkar LFkkuksa esa tkjh j[ks

x,] ;s ekfVZu ywFkj vkSj tkWu dsyfou esa fQj ls QwV mBk] D;ksafd ;g

fyjk ds fu[kksykl esa igys ,d vadqj ds leku FkkA ;g lkekU; rkSj

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dk ;gh ,sfrgkfld vkSj ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k gSa

ftldk ;g ikB~; iqLrd ifjp; nsus dh dksf’k’k dj jgh gSaA ykxwdj.k ij

egRo nsus ds lkFk] tks vksfjxu dh ,d rkdr Fkh] varkfd;k dh fof/k us

Li”V rkSj ij Hkk”;&O;k[;k vkSj ykxwdj.k ds chp varj fd;k¼flYok

1987] 101½A D;ksafd ;g ikB~; iqLrd izkFkfed rkSj ij /keZoSKkfud

izf’k{k.k izkIr fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, ugha gS] ;g fof/kra= ewy Hkk”kkvksa ds

ctk; ifo=’kkL= ds ikB ds vuqokn ij dsfUnzr gksxhA v/;;u dh

lgk;rkvksa dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xk vkSj mudk lykg fy;k tkuk pkfg,]

ijUrq ewy ys[kd ds Li”V mn~ns’; dks] vf/kdka’k mnkgj.kksa esa] fcuk fdlh

ckgjh lgk;rk ds le>k tk ldrk gSA HkfDriw.kZ] ifjJe djusokys fo}kuksa

ds dk;Z gekjh lanHkZ dh ckrsa] dfBu in~;ka’k] vkSj lEiw.kZ fp= dks ns[kus esa

lgk;rk djsxh] ijUrq igys gesa Lo;a ifo=’kkL= ds LoHkkfod vFkZ ds lkFk

la?k”kZ djuk gSA ;g gekjk lkSHkkX;] gekjh ft+Eesnkjh] vkSj gekjh lqj{kk gSaA

ckbcy] vkRek] vkSj vki izkFkfed gks! gekjs Hkhrj jgusokyh ifo=kRek dh

lkeFkZ ds lkFk] vkSj ,d vrduhdh rjhds ls fdl izdkj ekuo Hkk”kk dk

93

ifj{k.k djsa] ;g nksuksa bl izlafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k dh nks izeq[k

ckrsa gSaA Lo;a ds fy, ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, Lora= jgus dh

vkidh {kerk bl ikB~; iqLrd dk izkFkfed y{; gSaA tsEl MCy;w-lk;j

viuh iqLrd fLØIpj fV~fofLVax esa nks vPNh ckrksa dks crkrs gSaA

**izdk’ku ijes’oj ds yksxksa ds eu esa vkrh gS&dsoy vkfRed Js”B

yksxksa ds ikl ughaA ckbcyh; eghlr esa dksbZ xq: dh Js.kh ugha gS] dksbZ

izcq) ugha] dksbZ yksx ugha ftuds }kjk lHkh lgh O;k[;k vkuh pkfg,A

vkSj] fQj] tcfd ifo=kRek Kku] cqf)] vkSj vkfRed le> dh fo’ks”k

ojnkuksa dks nsrh gS] og dsoy bu ojnku ik, gq, elhgksa dks gh vius

opu dh O;k[;k djus dk vf/kdkjh gksus dks fu;qDr ugha djrh gSA ;g

mlds gj ,d tu ds fy, gSa fd os ckbcy ds }kjk lh[ksa] U;k; djsa] vkSj

le>sa tks mu ij vf/kdkj dks j[krh gSa ftUkdks ijes’oj us fo’ks”k {kerk;sa

nh gSaA**

**la{ksi esa] bl lEiw.kZ iqLrd esa eSa ;g /kkj.kk j[krk gw¡ fd

ckbcy lEiw.kZ ekuotkr ds fy, ijes’oj dk okLrfod izdk’ku gSa] ftu

fo”k;ksa ds ckjs esa ;g ckr djrh gS mu lch ckrksa ij ;g vafre vf/kdkj

dks j[krh gSa] fd ;g ,d lEiw.kZ jgL; ugha gS ijUrq bls gj laLd`fr esa

lk/kkj.k yksxksa }kjk i;kZIr rkSj ij le>k tk ldrk gS**¼i`”B la[;k

17&18½A

ge ifo=’kkL= dh O;k[;k djus dks vU; fdlh O;fDr ;k lkEiznk; ij

Hkjkslk djus dh /kS;Z Hkh u djsa] tks u dsoy bl thou dks izHkkfor djrh

gS] ijUrq vkusokys thou dks HkhA bl ikB~liqLrd dk nwljk y{; nwljksa

dh O;k[;k dk ifj{k.k djus dh ;ksX;rk dks izkIr djuk gSA ;g ikB~;

iqLrd O;fDrxr fo’oklh dks O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u ds fy, ,d fof/k

dks izca/k djus vkSj nwljksa dh O;k[;k ds fo:) ,d cpko dks nsus dh

bPNk dks j[krh gSaA fo}kuksa dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSa] ijUrq lgh ifj{k.k

vkSj ikB ds nLrkost+ fd;k fcuk Lohdkjk ugha tkuk pkfg,A

94

II. O;k[;k djus ds iz’u

,d ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij tkudkjh j[kh gqbZ vkSj ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k dh

gekjh ppkZ lkr O;k[;k djus ds iz’uksa ij /;ku nsxh ftUgsa gesa ifo=’kkL=

dh gj lanHkZ dh v/;;u ds le; iwNuk pkfg,A

1. ewy ys[kd us D;k dgk\¼ewyikB vkykspuk½

2. ewy ys[kd dk D;k vFkZ Fkk\¼Hkk”;&O;k[;k½

3. blh fo”k; ij ewy ys[kd us vkSj dgha D;k dgk gSa\¼lekuarj

in~;ka’k½

4. nwljs ckbcyh; ys[kd blh fo”k; ij D;k dgrs gSa\¼lekuarj

in~;ka’k½

5. fdl izdkj ewy ikBdksa us lans’k dks lquk vkSj izfrfØ;k

nh\¼,sfrgkfld iz;ksfxdj.k½

6. fdl izdkj ;g lR; esjs le; ds fy, ykxw gksrk gS\¼vkt ds le;

ds fy, ykxwdj.k½

7. fdl izdkj ;g lR; esjs thou ds fy, ykxw gksrk gS\¼O;fDrxr

ykxwdj.k½

A- O;[;k djus dk igyk iz’u

1- ifo=’kkL= dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, bczkuh vkSj ;wukuh dks i<+us dh

vko’;drkA

igyk dne ewy ikB dks LFkkfir djuk gSA ;gk¡ ij gekjk izkphu bczkuh]

vkjkeh] vkSj ‘kkL=h; ;wukuh ewy Hkk”kkvksa ds fo”k; ds lkFk lkeuk gksrk

gSA D;k fdlh dks i;kZIr rkSj ij ifo=’kkL= dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, bu

Hkk”kkvksa] vkSj muds lHkh ikB~; fHkUUk izdkjksa dks tkuus dh vko’;drk gSa\

eq>s ckbcy ds ckj esa fQj ls esjh iqoZ/kkj.kkvksa dks ck¡Vus dh dksf’k’k djus

nsaA

d- ijes’oj pkgrk gSa fd ekuotkr mls tkus¼l`f”V dk

,dek= mn~ns’;] mRi-1%26&27½A

[k- mlus viuh LoHkko] mn~ns’; vkSj dk;ksZa dh fyf[kr o.kZu dks gesa iznku

fd;k gSA

x- mlus viuk loksZRre izdk’ku gesa fn;k gS] viuk iq=] ukljr dk ;h’kqA

u;k fu;e mldh f’k{kkvksa

95

vkSj thou dks j[krh gSa lkFk gh mudh O;k[;kvksa dks Hkh j[krh gSaA

?k- ijes’oj lk/kkj.k O;fDr ls ckr djrk gSA og pkgrk gSa fd lHkh euq”;

cpk, tk;s¼;gst-18%23]32(

;wgUuk 3%16( 1rheq-2%4( 2 irjl 3%9½A

M+- lalkj ds vf/kdka’k yksx vuqokn ds vykok ijes’oj ds izdk’ku dks dHkh

Hkh tku ugha

ik,xsa¼LVsjsV~V 1973] 28½A

p- gesa fo}kuksa dks xyrh u djusokys O;k[;kdkjksa ds rkSj ij ns[kuk ugha

pkfg,A ;gk¡ rd dh

fo}kuksa dks Hkh nwljs fo}kuksa ij fuHkZj jguk gksrk gSA ;gk¡ rd dh ,d

leku dk;Z{ks= ds fo}ku

Hkh vkil esa lger ugha gksrs gSa¼Vªk;suk 1985] 9½A

N- fo}ku yksx gekjh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA elhgh fo}ku yksx

dyhfl;k dks fn, x, ijes’oj ds

ojnku gSa¼1dqfj-12%28(bfQ-4%11½A fQj Hkh] mudh lgk;rk ds fcuk Hkh

fo’oklh yksx ifo=’kkL= ds

lk/kkj.k] Li”V lR; dks tku ldrs gSaA os lEiw.kZ Kku dks ik ugha

ik,xsaA os ,d ckbcyh; fo}ku

ds leku lHkh fooj.kksa ds Hk.Mkj dks ns[k ugha ik,axsa] ijUrq fo’oklh

yksx fo’okl vkSj O;ogkj

ds fy, i;kZIr tku ysxsaA

2- vk/kqfud vuqoknksa dk iz;ksx

vk/kqfud vuqokn fo}kokuh [kkst ds ifj.kke gSaA os vuqokn esa fHkUUk izdkj

ds n’kZu’kkL= dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA dqN yksx ‘kCnksa¼’kCn ds fy, ‘kCn½ ;k

okD;&lewg¼lfØ; lekuarj½ ds vuqokn djus ds cnys esa fo”k;ksa ds

vuqokn djus esa Lora= gSaA [kkst vkSj iz;kl ds bl Hk.Mkj ds dkj.k]

fo’oklh yksx] bu vuqoknksa dh rqyuk djds] fHkUu izdkj dh rduhdh

tkudkjh dks ik ldrs gSa] ;|fi fo’oklh yksx buds ihNs dh rduhdh

izfØ;k ;k fl)karksa dks le> ugha ikrsa gSaA

vk/kqfud vuqoknksa dh rqyuk djds os ewy ys[kd ds lans’k dks vf/kd iwjh

rjg ls le> ldrs gSaA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ;gk¡ ij [krjk ugha gS

96

**tks O;fDr ckbcy dks dsoy vaxzth Hkk”kk esa gh i<+rk gSa og vuqoknd

;k vuqokndksa dh n;k ij gSa] vkSj vuqokndksa dks dbZ ckj pquko djus gksrs

gSa fd ewy bczkuh ;k ;wukuh Hkk”kk esa bldk okLro esa D;k vFkZ gSa**¼Qh vkSj

LVwoVZ 1982] 29½A

**ckbcy dk fo|kFkhZ bl viax¼ewy Hkk”kk dks u tkuuk vkSj vuqoknksa

dk iz;ksx djuk½ ij fot; izkIr dj ldrk gS mÙke Vhdkvksa dk f’kf{kr

iz;ksx ds }kjkA lcls vf/kd] lHkh dks [krjksa ls lko/kku jguk gksxkA

fo|kFkhZ dks tc og in~;ka’k dks i<+rk gSa vuqoknksa dk rqyuk djuk gS] vkSj

mu esa ls ,d dks Hkh gyds esa ugha ysuk gSa**¼vkslckWuZ vkSj oqMokMZ 1979]

53½A

eSa vk’kk djrk gw¡ fd vki vaxzsth Hkk”kk esa vuqoknksa ds vi;kZIrk ds ckjs esa

dh ppkZ ls mRlkfgr gq, gksxsaA eSa ;g lyg nsrk gw¡ fd ckbcy v/;;u

ds mn~ns’; ds fy, vki de ls de nks fHkUu izdkj ds vuqoknksa dk iz;ksx

djsa tks vuqokn ds fu;e esa varj j[krsa gksaA izkFkfed rkSj ij vki ,d

,slk iz;ksx djuk pkgsaxsa tks vf/kd lkfgfR;d gSa¼vFkkZr] ’kCn ds fy, ‘kCn½

vkSj mldh rqyuk ,d eqgkojs okyh vuqokn¼lfØ; rkSj ij lekuarj½ ds

lax djsaA bu nks izdkj ds vuqoknksa dh rqyuk djus ds ckn] ‘kCn vFkZ]

okD; jpuk] vksj ewy ikB izdkj esa dh leL;k;sa Li”V gks tkbZaxhA tc

cM+h fHkUurk vkrh gS] rduhdh Vhdkvksa vkSj [kkst ;a=ksa dk iz;ksx djsaA

3- bczkuh vkSj ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa ds fHkUu izdkj

**ewy ys[kd us D;k dgk gSa** ds {ks= esa nwljh dk¡Vsnkj leL;k ftldk gesa

lkeuk djuk gS og ewy gLrfyfi;ksa ls lacaf/kr gSaA gekjs ikl ckbcyh;

ys[kdksa dh ewy ys[k ugha gS¼Lok{kj½A okLro esa] ge mu ewy ys[kksa¼Lok{kj½

ls ge lkS o”kksZa ls Hkh vf/kd dh nwjh ij gSaA 1947 esa e`r lkxj dqaMy i=

dh [kkst rd] gekjs ikl lcls iqjkuh iqjkus fu;e dh gLrfyih 9oha

‘krkCnh dh Fkh ftls ge eslksjsfr ewyikB dgrs gSaA eslksjsfr ;gwnh fo}kuksa

dk ,d lewg Fkk ftUgksaus O;atukRed bczkuh ewyikB esa Lojksa dks Mkyk

FkkA ;g dk;Z 9oha ‘krkCnh bZa rd iwjk ugha gqvk FkkA e`r lkxj dqaMy i=

gekjh lgk;rk djrh gS fd ge bl bczkuh ewyikB dks bZ-iw ;wx esa tk¡p

ldsA ;s eslksjsfr ewyikB ij vk/kkfjr gekjs iqjkus fu;e dh ifj’kq)rk dks

fuf’pr djrs gSaA ;s fo}kuksa dh lgk;rk djrh gS fd os bczkuh gLrfyfi;ksa

97

dh rqyuk vius ;wukuh vuqoknksa ds lkFk djsa% lsiRokfxark] vkSj vdfDoYyk]

flEek[kql] vkSj fFk;ksMksf’;u ds vuqokn HkhA bls dgus dk ;g vFkZ gSa fd

bu lHkh dkWfi;ksa esa vius fHkUurk;sa gSaA

u, fu;e Hkh blh izdkj dh dfBukbZ esa ‘kkfey gSaA gekjs ikl izsfjrksa

ds ys[k ugha gS] okLro esa] gekjh fyfi;k¡ muds le; ls dbZ lkS o”kksZa ds

ckn dh gSaA ;wukuh u, fu;e dh lcls iqjkuh fyfi tks gekjs ikl gSa og

iVsj i= ij fy[kh xbZ dqN iqLrdksa ds VqdM+s gSaA ;g fyfi;k¡ nwljh vkSj

rhljh ‘krkCnh bZa dh gSa vkSj fdlh esa Hkh lEiw.kZ u;k fu;e ugha gS ;wukuh

gLrfify;ksa dh nwljh lcls iqjkuh pkSFkh ‘krkCnh ls ysdj NVoha ‘krkCnh

rd dh gSaA

os lHkh cM+s v{kjksa esa fy[ksa x, gSa vkSj muesa dksbZ Hkh fojke fpUg ;k

in~;ka’k dk foHkktu ugha gS blds ckn ckn dh ‘krkfCn;ksa ls gtkjksa

gLrfyfi;k¡ izkIr gksrh gS] vf/kdka’k 12oha&16oha bZa ‘krkCnh ls gSa¼tks NksVh

v{kjksa esa fy[kh xbZ gS½A buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vkil esa lgefr ugha fn[kkrh

gSaA fQj Hkh] bls crkuk t+:jh gSa fd budh fHkUurk;sa izeq[; elhgh

ekSfyd fl)karksa dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gS¼czwl 1969] 19&20½A

;gk¡ ij ewyikB vkykspuk dk foKku dk;Z ij vkrk gSaA bl {ks= ds dqN

fo}kuksa us bu fHkUu ewyikBksa dk ifj{k.k fd;k gS vkSj bUgsa **ifjokjksa** esa

ck¡Vk gSa] ftUgsa dqN fo’ks”k lkekU; xyfr;ksa ;k tksM+s x, Hkkxksa ls igpkuk

tkrk gSA ;fn vki bl fo”k; ij vf/kd tkudkjh dks pkgrsa gSa rks bu

iqLrdksa dks i<sa%

d- ,Q-,Q-czwl ds }kjk n cqDl ,.M+ n ikNZesaVl~ A

[k- **VsDV~l ,.M+ esuqfLØIVl~ vkWQ n vksYM+ VsLVesaV]** t+ksaMjoul~

fiDVksfj;y bulkbZDyksfifM+;k

vkWQ n ckbcy] iqLrd la[;k 5] i`”B la[;k 683 ls A

x- **VsDV~l ,.M+ esuqfLØIVl~ vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV]** t+ksaMjoul~

fiDVksfj;y bulkbZDyksfifM+;k

vkWQ n ckbcy] iqLrd la[;k 5] i`”B la[;k 697 ls A

?k- ts-,p-xzhuyh }kjk baVªksMD’ku Vw n U;w VsLVesaV VsDlwvy fØfVflLe

A

ewyikB vkykspuk dh leL;k dk lek/kku vHkh ugha gqvk gS] ijUrq vHkh

rd ds dk;Z us bl {ks= ls tqM+h my>u dks t+:j Li”V fd;k gSA

98

**ewyikB vkykspd dh esgur dks cgqr de gh dksbZ fQj

nksgjk,xk] tc rd lk/kkj.k

rkSj ij iz;ksx dh tkus okyh vuqoknksa esa i<+us ds fy, uhps ,d

ifjf’k”V esa nwljk dksbZ

fodYi fn;k gks**¼fyQYM 1984] 41½A

eSa us ik;k gSa fd gLrfyfi;ksa dh bu leL;kvksa dk gekjh v/kqfud v/;;u

ckbcyksa esa uhps nh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa dks ns[kdj irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

fjokbZLM+ LVsaMsMZ ojlu vkSj n U;w baxfy’k ckbcy gesa vusd :phdj nwljs

vuqokn Hkh nsrs gSaA lHkh vk/kqfud vuqokn dqN gn rd nwljs vuqoknksa dks

nsrs gSaA bl {ks= esa nwljh lgk;d iqfLrdk dfVZl okW?ku dh] ,s ,e th

izdk’kdksa ds }kjk izdkf’kr dh xbZ] ubZ V~okafV&flDl VªkaLys’ul~ vkWQ n

ckbcy gSaA rhu iqLrdksa dk ;g lewg fdax tsEl~ ojlu dks eksVs v{kjksa esa

Nkirh gSa vkSj NCchl vuqoknksa ds lewg esa ls rhu ls ikap vuqoknksa dks

izca/k djrh gSA ;g ;a= rqjUr ewyikB dh fHkUuk dks fn[kk nsrk gSA bu

fHkUurkvksa dks ckn esa fVdkvksa ;k nwljs [kkst ;a=ksa esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA

4- ekuo&Hkk”kk dh lhek;sa

bl iz’u **ewy ys[kd us D;k dgk Fkk\** esa fQj nwljh ckr ekuo Hkk”kk dh

lafnX/krk gSaA tc ekuo&Hkk”kk dks] tks ewy rkSj ij ‘kCnksa vkSj fopkjksa ds

chp dk ln`’k laca/k gSa] ijes’oj vkSj vkfRed ckrksa dks le>kus ij etcwj

fd;k tkrk gS] cM+h leL;k;sa iSnk gksrh gSA gekjh lhfeRrk] gekjs iki]

gekjh ‘kkjhfjd LoHkko] vkSj le; ds lkFk gekjk

vuqHko¼Hkwrdky]orZeku]Hkfo”;½ lHkh gekjh Hkk”kk dks izHkkfor djrh gS ftl

izdkj ge vkykSfdd ckrksa dks O;Dr djus dh dksf’k djrs gSaA ge bu ckrksa

dks ekuoh; Jsf.k;ksa esa O;Dr djus ds fy, etcwj gSa¼Qjxwlu 1937]100½A

bl izdkj dh :idkRed Jsf.k;ksa dk ,d izdkj ekuoxq.k&vkjksi.k

gSa¼euq”;&izdkj½A ;g Jsf.k;k¡ ,d dkj.k Fkk fd D;ksa jfCc;ksa] fQyks vkSj

vksfjxu¼flYok 1987] 61½ us :idksa dk iz;ksx djuk izkjaHk fd;kA

okLro esa ijes’oj vkSj vkykSfdd ckrksa dh gekjk fooj.k vkSj gekjh le>

dsoy ln`’k gSa¼vFkkZr] udkjkRed] ln`’k] vkSj :id½A ;g dHkh Hkh lEiw.kZ

99

;k iwjk ugha gks ldrk gSA ;g iwoZ/kkjf.kd gSa] ijUrq fo’okl ds }kjk elhgh

yksx fo’okl djrs gSa fd ;g i;kZIr gSaA

ekuo&Hkk”kk dh ;g leL;k vkSj vf/kd tfVy gks tkrh gS tc bls

fyf[kr izdkj esa yk;k tkrk gSA dbZ ckj vokt+ ;k dqN ‘kkjhfjd ps”Vk

dk :ikUrj.k ekuo laizs{k.k dh tfVyrk dks le>us esa lgk;d gksrs gSa]

ijUrq ;g fyf[kr ikB esa ugha gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh] bu Li”V lhekvksa ds lkFk

Hkh] ge blds vf/kdka’k Hkkx dks le> ik jgsa gSaA ckbcy dk gekjk

v/;;u bu lafnX/krkvksa }kjk lhfer gSa] lkFk gh bu rhu fHkUu

Hkk”kkvksa¼bczkuh]vkjkeh] vkSj ‘kkL=h; ;wukuh½ dk vuqokn djus dh nwljh

leL;kA ge fuf’pr rkSj ij gj in dk lEiw.kZ vFkZ dks le> ugha ik,xsaA

bl {ks= esa ,d vPNh iqLrd ;wthu fuM+k dh xksM~l oMZ bu esu~l ysaXost

gSaA ifo=kRek ds }kjk ge vf/kdka’k opu ds Li”V vFkZ dks le> ik,xsaA

,slk gks ldrk gS fd ;g lafnX/krk gesa uez djus ds fy, gSa vkSj gesa

ijes’oj dh n;k ij fuHkZj djkus ds fy, Hkh gSaA

B. O;k[;k djus dk nwljk iz’u¼Hkk”;&O;k[;k dh fof/k;ksa dh i`”B ds

fy, ns[ksa i`”B la[;k 96 vkSj 97½

1- lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ;ksa dh :ijs[kk nsaA

,d fyf[kr nLrkost+ dks le>us dk ,d ekxZ] laHkor% lcls mÙke ekxZ]

ys[kd ds mn~ns’; dh vkSj mlds izLrqfrdj.k esa dh izeq[k foHkktuksa¼vFkkZr]

lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ½ dh igpku djuk gSA ge eu esa ,d mn~ns’; vkSj y{;

ls fy[krsa gSaA blh izdkj] ckbcyh; ys[kdksa us HkhA bl mn~ns’; vkSj mlds

izeq[k foHkktuksa dh igpku djus dh gekjh {kerk bldh NksVh

bZdkbZ;ks¼in~;ka’k vkSj ‘kCn½ dks le>us dh gekjh lgk;rk djsxhA bl

izdkj dh fu”d”kZ fudkyus dh fof/k¼vkslcksuZ vkSj oqM+oMZ 1979] 21½ dh

,d dqath :ijs[kk nsuk¼VsUuh 1950] 52½ gSaA bl ls igys dh dksbZ ,d

ckbcyh; iqLrd ds Hkhrj dh ,d in dh O;k[;k djus dh dksf’k’k djrk

gS] mls ml lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ ds mn~ns’; dks tkuuk gSa tks mlds ikl dh

in~;ka’kksa vkSj lEiw.kZ iqLrd dh <+k¡ps dh izdk’k esa ,d Hkkx gSaA eSa tkurk

gw¡ fd ;g izfØ;k igys tfVy yxsxh] tgak rd bldk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx

dk loky gSa] ijUrq tgk¡ rd O;k[;k dk loky gSa ;g egRoiw.kZ gSaA

100

**ckbcy ;k lkfgR; dh n`f”Vdks.k ls] i<+us esa ,d NksVh lh

xyrh Hkh opu ;k in dh fudfV; lnaHkZ dks le>us dh vlQyrk

gSa**¼lkbZ;j 1980]52½A

**izlafxd O;k[;k dk fl)kar] de ls de lS)kafrd rkSj ij]

‘kkL=&O;k[;k fl)kar ds fu;eksa dk lalkj Hkj esa xzg.k ;ksX; lcls de

fl)karksa esa ls ,d gSa] ;|fi bu fu;eksa dk fLFkjrk ls iz;ksfxdj.k ,d

dfBu dk;Z gSa**¼flYok 1983] 138½A

**lanHkZ gesa dsoy blds vFkZ dks le>us esa lgk;rk ugha

djrk&;g okLrfod esa vFkZ cukrk gSa**¼flYok 1983] 139½A

** Hkk”;&O;k[;k esa lkfgfR;d lanHkZ ds fy, vf/kd :ph ;s ckrsa

j[krh gSa% bl izdkj ;g in blesa lgh cSBrk gSa&lEiw.kZ iqLrd dh fopkj

esa ;g D;k egRo dks j[krh gSa vkSj iqLrd dh <+k¡pk blesa D;k egRo dks

j[krh gSa**¼LVwoVZ 1980] 54½A

bl dk;Z dks cgqr gh ljy rjhds ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d O;fDr

,d gh ckj esa O;k[;k ds vusd dneksa dks dj ldrk gSA ;g Li”V gSa fd

;fn dksbZ ewy ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ds izdk’k esa ,d in dh O;k[;k djuk

pkgrk gSa] mls lEiw.kZ iqLrd dks i<+uk gksxk vkSj ys[kd ds lEiw.kZ lans’k

ls ifjfpr gksuk gksxkA ftl izdkj dksbZ ml ckbcyh; iqLrd dks

ckj&ckj i<+rk gSa rkfd og mlds fo”k; ls ifjfpr gks tk,] mls vius

voyksdu dks fy[k ysuk gksxkA igyh ckj i<+rs le;

iqLrd ds izeq[k mn~ns’; vkSj mlds lkfgR; izdkj dks ns[ksaA nwljh ckjh

esa vius in ls lacaf/kr cM+h bZdkbZ ij /;ku nsa] ftls ge lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ

dgrs gSaA jkfe;ksa dh iqLrd dk ;g mnkgj.k mlds izeq[k fo”k;ksa dks

fn[kkrh gSa%

d- laf{ki ifjp; vkSj fo”k;¼1%1&17½

[k- euq”;ksa dk [kks tkuk¼1%18&3%21½

x- /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk ,d ojnku gSa¼4%1&5%21½

?k- /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk gekjs thou dks izHkkfor djrk gS¼6%1&8%39½

M+- /kehZ Bgjk;s tkus ds lkFk ;gwfn;ksa dk laca/k¼9%1&11%36½

101

p- /kehZ Bgjk;s tkus dk izfrfnu ds thou esa ykxw djus dk

O;kogkfjd va’k¼12%1&15%37½

N- ueLdkj] vafre ‘kCn] vkSj psrkouh¼16%1&27½

**,d ,slh :ijs[kk dks cukus dh dksf’k’k djsa tks tkudkjh ds eq[; bZdkbZ

dks izLrqr djrh gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa] :ijs[kk dks LoHkkfod gksuk gS] in dk

udyh] ;k in ls ckgj ugha gksuk pkfg,A /;ku nsa fd gj fo”k; esa dkSu

ls vax lEefyr fd, x, gSa¼ifj.kkRed½ vkSj mu vaxksa dh xgurk ;k

egRork ij Hkh /;ku nsaA in dks vius vki ls ckr djus nsaA tc vki

,d u;h fo”k;] lwph] eqn~nk] fopkj] ;k bl izdkj dk dqN ns[krsa gSa]

vkidks viuh :ijs[kk ds fy, ,d u;k fo”k; ‘kq: djuk gksxkA eq[;

foHkktuksa dh :ijs[kk nsus ds ckn NksVs foHkktuksa ij dk;Z djsa ftl izdkj

okD;] okD;&lewg vkSj okD;&[k.MA :ijs[kk dks mruk foLr`r gksuk

ftruk vki mls cuk ldrs gSa rkfd og udyh ;k ncko ls cukbZ xbZ u

yxsa**¼LVwoVZ 1980] 32&33½A

in~;ka’k ds Lrj rd :ijs[kk dk cukuk¼vkSj ml ls vf/kd½ ewy

ys[kd dks le>us dh dqath gSaA ;g gekjh lgk;rk djrk gS fd ge NksVh

xyfr;ksa dks cM+h u cuk nsa ;k ge ekxZ ls HkVd u tk,A vkids }kjk

cukbZ xbZ :ijs[kk dh fQj ,d v/;;u ckbcy ls rqyuk dh tk ldrh

gSa] ftl izdkj n ,u vkbZ oh LVsM+h ckbcy ;k ,u ,s ,l ch LVsM+h

ckbcy] ,d ckbcy bulkbZDyksfifM;k] ;k ,d Vhdk] ijUrq ;g rHkh djsa

tc vkius ml ckbcyh; iqLrd dks vusd ckj i<+k gSa vkSj viuh gh ,d

vLFkkbZ :ijs[kk cukbZ gSaA

**;g Hkk”;&O;k[;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSa] vkSj lkSHkkX; rkSj ij ;g

dqN ,slk gSa ftls ge fcuk fdlh *fo’ks”kK* dh lyg ls dj ldrs gSa**¼fQ

vkSj LVwoVZ 1980] 24½A

,d ckj ;fn mu cM+h lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ;ksa dks vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS]

rc NksVh bZdkbZ;ksa dh igpku dh tk ldrh gSa vkSj mUgsa laf{ki fd;k tk

ldrk gSA fopkjks dh ;g NksVh bZdkbZ;k¡ vusd inksa dh ;k ,d v/;k; dh

;k mlds vf/kd dh gks ldrh gSaA vf/kdka’k lkfgfR;d izdkjksa esa in dh

102

O;k[;k dh dqath gSa¼ysQYM 1984]90½A gesa ,d in ls de dh O;k[;k

djus dh dksf’k’k ugha djuh pkfg,A

D;ksafd ,d okD; ‘kCnksa dk lanHkZ curk gSa] in okD;ksa dk lanHkZ cursa gSaA

mn~ns’;iw.kZ ys[k dh ewy bZdkbZ in gSaA gekjh mPPk Ldwyksa esa gesa fl[kk;k

x;k Fkk fd fdl izdkj ,d in ds fo”k;iwoZd okD; dks vyx djuk gSA

;gh fu;e gekjh ckbcyh; O;k[;k esa lgk;rk djsxhA ys[kd dh lR; dh

lEiw.kZ izLrqfrdj.k esa gj in dk ,d izeq[k mn~ns’; gSaA ;fn ge bl

mn~ns’; dks vyx dj ldrs gSa vkSj mlds lR; dks ,d ljy okD;

esa]?kks”k.kkRed okD; esa] laf{kIr dj ldrs gSa] rc ge ys[kd ds <+k¡ps dh

gekjh :ijs[kk dks iwjk dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gekjh O;k[;k ewy ys[kd ds

mn~ns’; ;k egRo ls fHkUu gSa] rc ge ckbcy dk nq:i;ksx dj jgsa gSa vkSj

gekjs ikl dksbZ ckbcyh; vf/kdkj ugha gS!

**v/;k; vkSj opu ds foHkktuksa ij Hkjkslk u djsaA os vlyh ugha gS

vkSj dbZ ckj os iwjh rjg ls xyr gSa**¼LVwoVZ 1980]23½A

in fuekZ.k dk fu.kZ; dbZ ckj HkkokRed gSa] vkSj vki ;g ik,xsa fd

fo”k;ksa dh fofHkUUk laikndksa ds lewg vkil esa lger ugha gS ijUrq ;fn

vki vius in dks ogk¡ ls izkjaHk djuk pkgrsa gSa tgk¡ ij fdlh laiknd us

izkjaHk ugha fd;k ;k ogk¡ ij var djuk pkgrsa gSa tgk¡ ij fdlh laiknd us

var ugha fd;k] rc ;g vkidh ft+Eesnkjh gSa fd vki vius fu.kZ; dks iwjk

le>k;sa**¼LVwoVZ 1980]45½A

2- ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLd`frd lanHkZ ij /;ku nsaA

Åij crk, x, lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ;ksa ij ppkZ veqY; gSa] u dsoy igys iz’u

ds fy, **ewy ys[kd us D;k dgk gSa**¼ewyikB vkykspuk½] ijUrq nwljs iz’u

ds fy, Hkh] **ewy ys[kd dk D;k vFkZ Fkk\¼Hkk”;&O;k[;k½A ;s iz’u lacaf/kr

gSa] ijUrq fHkUUk gSaA igyk iz’u ewy ys[kd ds ‘kCnksa ij /;ku nsrh gS¼ewyikB

vkykspuk½A nwljk iz’u O;k[;k ds rhu vfr egRoiw.kZ igywvksa ij /;ku

nsrh gS tks vFkZ ds lkFk lacaf/kr gSaA

d- ys[kd vkSj@;k iqLrd dh ?kVukvksa dk ,sfrgkfld lanHkZA

[k- lkfgfR;d izdkj dk izdkj ftlesa lans’k dks fn;k x;k gSA

103

x- ewy ikB ds ekSfyd O;kdj.k vkSj Hkk”kk ds igywA

:id dk ,d LoHkko ;g gSa fd og ikB dh O;k[;k dks mlds ,sfrgkfld

lanHkZ ls iwjh rjg ls gVk nsrh gSA ;g izlafxd@ikB ij dsfUnzr fof/k ;k

varkfd;kbZ fof/k dk izeq[k fu;e gSa fd vki ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ dks LFkkfir

djsaA bl fu;e dks ekfVZu ywFkj }kjk iquj egRo fn;k x;k FkkA O;k[;k

esa i`”BHkwfe lkexzh ij egRo dks]cM+s vFkZ esa] **mPPkrj vkykspuk** dgk x;k

gS% tcfd ewy ikB ds ckjs esa dh tkudkjh dks **uhprj vkykspuk** dgk

x;k gSA mPprj vkykspuk esa ge Hkhrjh¼ckbcyh; iqLrd esa ls gh½ vkSj

ckgjh¼laklkfjd bfrgkl] iqjkrRofoKku] bR;kfn½ nkuksa ckrksa ls bu fo”k;

dks le>us dh dksf’k’k djrs gSaA

d- ys[kd ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

[k- fy[kus dh frfFk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

x- ys[k dh ikBdksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

?k- fy[kus dh lanHkZ ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

M+- Lo;a ys[k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

1½ fujarj ik, tkusokys ;k fo’ks”k ‘kCn

2½ fujarj ik, tkusokys ;k fo’ks”k fopkj

3½ ewy lans’k

4½ og lkfgfR;d izdkj ftlesa lans’k izdV gksrk gS

**lalkfjd n`f”Vdks.k vy>u---rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc dHkh ifo=’kkL=

dk ,d ikBd ckbcy dh O;k[;k dks ckbcy dh Lo;a dh ckSf)d vkSj

lkaLd`frd n`f”Vdks.k ls djus esa vlQy gksrk gS] ijUrq blds foijhr esa

ckgjh n`f”Vdks.k dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ;g ftl lkekU; rjhds ls izdV

gksrk gS og opu ds okD;ksa] dgkfu;k¡] vkKk;sa ;k fpUgksa ds fy, gSa ftudk

ckbcyh; n`f”Vdks.k esa ,d fo’ks”k vFkZ ;k lacaf/kr vFkksZa dk lewg gksrk gS

rkfd og mBk;k tk, gSa vkSj nwljh n`f”Vdks.k esa j[kk tk,A bldk

ifj.kke ;g gSa fd ewy mn~nsf’r vFkZ [kks x;k gS ;k ifjofrZr gks x;k gS

vkSj ,d u;k vkSj fcydqy vyx vFkZ ns fn;k x;k gS**¼lkbZ;j 1980]

128½A

104

bl izdkj dh tkudkjh dbZ ckj¼ges’kk ugha½ ys[k dh O;k[;k djus esa

lgk;d gSaA O;k[;k dh ,sfrgkfld igyw] ftl izdkj :ijs[kk cukuk] dqN

gn rd **fo’ks”kKksa** dh lgk;rk ds fcuk gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftl

izdkj vki ckbcyh; iqLrd dks i<+rsa gSa] ckbcy Lo;a esa ls blds

,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe dks fy[k ysa vkSj ftl ek=k esa vkius tkudkjh ,d=

fd;k gS ;g vkidks pfdr dj nsxkA okLro esa] bl tkudkjh dk

vf/kdka’k Hkkx ckbcyh; iqLrd esa gh miyC/k gSa¼lkekU; rkSj ij igys ds

dqN opu½A Vhdkvksa esa dbZ ckj vusd izdkj ds fl)kar O;Dr fd, x,

gksxsa tks okLro esa iqoZ/kkj.kk;sa gSa ftudk de gh ckbcyh; ;k ,sfrgkfld

izek.k gksrk gSA ,d ckj tc vkius ckbcyh; iqLrd ls vkidks Li”V

yxusokyh tkudkjh dks ,d= dj fy;k gS] ;g vkids Kku dks foLr`r

djus dk le; gSa buesa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh [kkst lgk;rkvksa ds lkFk%

d- ifjp;kRed iqLrdsa tks lkekU; rkSj ij iqjkus vkSj u, fu;eksa esa

foHkkftr gSaA

[k- ckbcy bulkbZDyksfifM+;k] ‘kCndks”kksa] ;k lgk;d&iqLrdksa esa ys[k]

tks lkekU; rkSj ij

ckbcyh; iqLrd ds uke ds Hkhrj gSaA

x- Vhdkvksa esa ik;k tkusokyk ifjp;

?k- v/;;u ckbcyksa esa ik;k tkusokyk ifjp;

bl izdkj ds [kkst ;a= vkidks laf{kIr le; esa ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ dks nsus

ds fy, gSaA vf/kdka’k le; ;s lkefxz;k¡ la{ksi :i esa gksrh gS D;ksafd gekjs

ikl izkphu bfrgkl ds ckjs esa dh vusd igywvksa ds ckjs esa vf/kd

tkudkjh ugha gS vkSj] bl izdkj dh ckrsa lkekU; rkSj ij vrduhdh Hkk”kk

esa fy[kh tk;sxhA fQj] ftl izdkj ;g vkidks Li”V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS]

O;k[;k djus dk esjk ekSfyd rjhdk igys cM+sa rLohj dks ns[kuk gS vkSj

fQj NksVs Hkkxksa dk cM+s fooj.k ds lkFk ifj{k.k djuk gSA

3- lkfgfR;d izdkj

O;k[;k dk vxyk {ks= tks ewy ys[kd ds vFkZ ls lacaf/kr gSa ;g

lkfgfR;d tsUjs ¼izdkj½ gSaA ;g ,d Ýkalh ‘kCn gSa ftldk vFkZ lkfgR; dh

fo’ks”k Js.kh gSa tks ‘kSyh]izdkj] ;k fo”k; ls igpkuh tkrh gSA

105

;g egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd ftl ‘kSyh esa dksbZ fy[kus dh pqurk gSa izHkkfor

djrh gS fd ge fdl izdkj mls le>rsa gSaA dbZ ckj Hkfo”;}k.kh ;k

dkO; lkfgR; dh gkL;kizn O;k[;k nh tkrh ftls dksbZ O;k[;k djus dk

**lkfgfR;d** rjhdk ckrkrk gSaA fQj Hkh] varkfd;k dh **lkfgfR;d** fof/k

dk vFkZ gSa fd ge ekuo&Hkk”kk dh O;k[;k dks mlds lkekU; vFkZ esa djsaA

;fn ;g izdk’kukRed lkfgR; gSa] rc bldh O;k[;k lkfgfR;d rkSj ij

djus ds fy, ugha gS ;g dkO;] eqgkojs] vkSj Hkk”kkdkj okyh lkfgR; ds

fy, Hkh lR; gSaA

fopkj dh ewy bZdkbZ] tks x|ka’k esa lkekU; rkSj ij in gSa] lkfgfR;d

izdkj ds }kjk :i&ifjofrZr gSaA O;k[;k dh mn~ns’;ksa ds fy, fopkj dh

dksf”kr bZdkbZ;ksa dh igpku esa bl egRoiw.kZ ckr ds dqN mnkgj.k bl

izdkj gSaA

d- dkO;kRed lkfgR; ds fy, ewy bZdkbZ NUn ;k cUn gSa] tks ,d

izfrekfur bZdkbZ ds rkSj ij ,d

lkFk Øec) dh xbZ js[kkvksa dh Ja[kyk gS¼ns[ksa ifjf’k”V la[;k Nsa½A

[k- uhfropu lkfgR; izdkj dh ewy bZdkbZ ml opu dk dsfUnz; ;k

laf{kIr fo”k; gSa tks blh fo”k;

ls lacaf/kr blh iqLrd ds Hkhrj ikbZ tkrh gS] blh ys[kd ds }kjk

nwljh iqLrd esa] ;k nwljh

cqf) lkfgR; esaA ;gk¡ ij] fo”k;] ,d vyx dh xbZ uhfropu ls

vf/kd] O;k[;k dh dqath gSaA u

dsoy i;kZ;okph fo”k;¼,d leku½] ijUrq foijhrkRed fo”k; Hkh ;k

mlh fo”k; dh la’ys”k.kkRed

fodkl¼vkSj vf/kd tkudkjh½ bczkuh cqf) lkfgR; dh lgh O;k[;k

ds fy, xaHkhj gSa¼ns[ksa

ifjf’k”V la[;k lkr½A

x- Hkfo”;}k.kh ds fy, ewy bZdkbZ lEiw.kZ Hkfo”;}k.kh gSaA ;g ,d in]

,d v/;k;] vusd v/;k;] ls

ysdj ,d iwjs iqLrd rd fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA fQj] ewy fo”k; vkSj

‘kSyh Hkfo”;}k.kh dh bZdkbZ

dks vyx djsxh¼ns[ksa ifjf’k”V la[;k pkj vkSj ikap½A

?k- lqlekpkj lekuarj ds fy, ewy bZdkbZ blesa dh lkfgfR;d izdkj ls

lacaf/kr gksxhA lkekU; rkSj

106

ij ;g bZdkbZ ,d ?kVuk ls] ,d f’k{kk ls] ,d fo”k;] bR;knh ls

lacaf/kr gksxhA blesa ,d ?kVuk

;k ?kVukvksa dh Ja[kyk] n`”Vkar ;k n`”Vkarksa dh Ja[kyk] ,d

Hkfo”;}k.kh ;k Hkfo”;}kf.k;ksa dh

Ja[kyk lEesfyr gks ldrh gSa] ijUr lHkh ,d gh eq[; fo”k; ij

dsfUnzr gksxsaA ;g lkekU; rkSj

ij csgrj gksrk gS fd ge nwljs lqlekpkj dh iqLrdksa esa lekuarj inksa

esa tkus dh ctk; gj

lqlekpkj dh iqLrd dh lkfgfR;d fopkj ij /;ku nsaA

M+- if=;ksa vkSj ,sfrgkfld ys[kksa ds fy, ewy bZdkbZ lkekU; rkSj ij in

gSaA fQj Hkh] vusd in~;ka’k

lk/kkj.krk ls cMh lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ;k¡ cukrh gSaA budh ,d lEiw.kZ

lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ ds rkSj ij

igpku dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj Jsf.kr dh tkuh pkfg, bl ls igys dh

NksVs Hkkxksa dh lgh O;k[;k

dh tk,A cM+s lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaA

1½ eRrh 5&7¼igkM+h mins’k½

2½ jksfe;ksa 9&11¼vfo’oklh blzk,y ds ckjs esa D;k½

3½ 1 dqfj- 12&14¼vkfRed ojnku½ ;k¿1 dqfj-11&14 lkoZtfud

vkjk/kuk ds fy, funsZ’kÀ

4½ izdk’k-2&3¼dyhfl;kvksa ds fy, i=h½ ;k 4&5¼LoxZ½

lkfgfR;d izdkj dk ifj{k.k lgh O;k[;k ds dfy, egRoiw.kZ

gSa¼fQ vkSj LVwoVZ 1982]105½A ftl izdkj :ijs[kk esa] vkSj dqN gn rd]

,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa] bl dk;Z dks ,d lk/kkj.k ikBd ds }kjk ,d vuqokn

ds }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS

tks dkO; vkSj in dh igpku djrh gS¼Qh vkSj LVwoVZ 1982]24½A

lkfgfR;d izdkj dk Øec) bruk vfuok;Z blfy, gS D;ksafd O;k[;k

djus ds lk/kkj.k fu;eksa ds lkFk] gj lkfgfR;d izdkj dh viuh fo’ks”k

vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;g dsoy rdkZRed gSaA ;fn gj ,d izdkj ekuo

lEizs{k.k dh fHkUu ek/;e dks izLrqr djrh gS] rc ;g Li”V gSa fd ys[kd

107

ds mn~ns’; ij igw¡pus ds fy, fo’ks”k dk;Z gSaA ;g ys[kd ds mn~ns’; esa

viuk dqN tksM+us ls mruk gh fuUnk ds ;ksX; gSa ftruk mlesa ls gVkuk

gSaA

4- lkfgfR;d izdkj ls lacaf/kr O;k[;k dh fo’ks”k izfØ;kA

bl fo”ks; lkfgfR;d izdkj esa lEefyr dqN fo’ks”k funsZ’kksa dks laf{kIr esa

crkÅ¡xkA

d- dkO;

1½ <k¡pk egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA izkphu bczkuh Hkk”kk us viuh dkO;kRed

<+k¡ps ;k izfreku dk fodkl

fopkj ds vk/kkj ij¼,d js[kk ij rky ds vk/kkj ij O;Dr fd;k

x;k½ fd;k Fkk] dfork ds

vk/kkj ij ughaA

d½ i;kZ;okph¼,d leku fopkj½

[k½foijhrkRed¼,d foijhr fopkj½

x½ la’ys”k.kkRed¼fopkj dk fodkl½

2½ dkO; lkekU; rkSj ij izrhdkRed gSa] lkfgfR;d ughaA ;g gekjs

lkekU; ekuo bPNk;sa vkSj

vuqHkoksa ls ckr djus dh dksf’k’k djrs gSaA vyadkjksa dks igpkuus

dh dksf’k’k djsa vkSj muds

dk;Z ;k mn~ns’; dks le>us dh dksf’k’k djsa¼LVsfjV~V 1973]

93&100½A

3½ lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ ds lEiw.kZ fp= dks ikus dh dksf’k’k djsa vkSj

fooj.kksa vyadkjksa dks lS)kafrd

fuekZ.kksa ds fy, etcwj u djsaA

[k- uhfropu

1½ D;ksafd os izfrfnu ds thou ds lkFk is’k vkrs gSa] O;kogkfjd

iz;ksfxdj.kA

2½ ;gk¡ ij izlafxd ;k ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ls vf/kd lekuarj in

vf/kd lgk;d gksxsaA blh izdkj

dh O;kogkfjdrk dh uhfropuksa dh lwph cukus dh dksf’k’k djsa]

lkFk gh nwljs in tks bl ,d

leku] foijhr] ;k fodflr lR; dks cnyrs gSa ;k vkSj vf/kd

fodflr djrs gSaA

108

3½ vyadkjksa dks vyx djus dh dksf’k’k djsa vkSj uhfropu esa muds

mn~ns’; dks igpku us

dksf’k’k djsaA

4½ /;ku nsa fd vki uhfropuksa dh O;k[;k ,d fo’ks”kkRed rjhds ls

u djsa] ijUrq lkekU; lR;

ds vFkZ esaA

x-Hkfo”;}k.kh

1½ bl izdkj dh lkfgfR;d izdkj dks mlds ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ds

izdk’k esa ns[kuk pkfg,A ;g

izkFkfed rkSj ij vius gh le; vkSj ml le; ds fudfV;

bfrgkl ls lacaf/kr gSaA bl

lkfgfR;d izdkj esa ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSaA

2½ ,d dks dsfUnz; lR; ij /;ku nsuk gSA dsoy dqN gh ckrksa ij

/;ku nsuk tks gekjs le; ds

fy, ;k vafre le; ds fy, lgh gSa vkSj lEiw.kZ Hkfo”;}k.kh ds

lans’k dk budkj djuk ,d

lkekU; xyrh gSaA

3½ dbZ ckj Hkfo”;}Drk Hkfo”; dh lanHkZ ds ckjsa esa ckr djrs gSa]

laHkor% vusd lanHkksZa ds ckjs

esaA Hkfo”;}k.kh ds nq:i;ksx ds dkj.k eSa ;g mÙke eglwl djrk

gw¡ fd iqjkus fu;e dh

Hkfo”;}k.kh dh O;k[;k dks u, fu;e esa of.kZr dqN fo’ks”k ?kVukvksa

rd lhfer d:¡A

u, fu;e dh Hkfo”;}k.kh dks bu ckrksa ds izdk’k esa O;k[;k djuh

pkfg,%

d½ bldh iqjkus fu;e esa iz;ksx ;k ladsr ds vk/kkj ijA

[k½ ;h’kq dh f’k{kk dh

x½ nwljs u, fu;e ds lekuarj in~;ka’kksa

?k½ bldh viuh izlafxd lanHkZ

4½ Lej.k j[ksa fd vf/kdka’k ckbcyh; Hkfo”;}k.kh dh] fo’ks”kdj iqjkus

fu;e dh elhgk dh

109

Hkfo”;}k.kh] nks dsUnz gSa% nsg/kkj.k vkSj iqujkxeu¼flYok

1987]104&108½A

?k- pkj lqlkekpkj

1½ ;|fi gekjs ikl pkj lqlekpkj gSa vkSj ge mudh rqyuk dj

ldrs gSa] ;g ges’kk gh ,d

fo’ks”k lqlekpkj dh iqLrd ds ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ;k vFkZ dks le>us

dk mÙke rjhdk ugha gS

gesa ns[kuk gS fd fdl izdkj og vius fopkjksa dk iz;ksx dj jgk gS]

u dh fdl izdkj nwljs

lqlekpkj ds ys[kd bldk iz;ksx djrs gSa ;k bls fodflr djrs gSaA

rqyuk djuk lgk;d gSa]

ijUrq dsoy rHkh tc vkius ml fo’ks”k ys[kd ds vFkZ dks fuf’pr

fd;k gSA

2½ lqlekpkj dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, lkfgfR;d ;k ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ

egRoiw.kZ gSaA foospu dh tk

jgh lkekU; fo”k; dh lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ dh igpku djus dh dksf’k’k

djsa vkSj blds vyx fd,

x, Hkkxksa dh ughaA bl fo”k; dks igyh ‘krkCnh dh if’yfruh ;gwnh

/keZ ds izdk’k esa ns[kus dh

dksf’k’k djsaA

3½ ;g Lej.k j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gSa fd lqlekpkj dh iqLrdsa ;h’kq dh ‘kCnksa

vkSj dk;ksZa dks crkrh gSa]

ijUrq ;g if=;k¡ gSa tks budh O;k[;k fdlh fo’ks”k dyhfl;k ds lanHkZ

esa djrh gSA if=;ksa esa

lekuarj inksa dks ns[ksaA

4½ ;h’kq us dqN lafnX/k vkSj dfBu ckrsa dgh gSa] ftUgsa ge lEiw.kZrk ls

ugha le> ik,xsa tc rd

ge mls ns[k ugha ysrs gSaA mlus Li”V vkSj lk/kkj.k ckrsa Hkh dgh

gSa&ogk¡ ls izkjaHk djsaA vki

ftls tkurs gSa ogk¡ ls izkjaHk djsa vkSj nwljh ckrsa vkids fy, Li”V gks

tkbZaxhA ;fn ugha] rks

lans’k laHkkfor rkSj ij gekjs fy, ugha gS] gekjs le; ds fy,¼nkfu¸;sy

12%4½A

110

5½ n`”Vkarksa ds laca/k esa

d½ lanHkZ ds ckjs esa fuf’pr gks tk,A /;ku nsa 1½ ;h’kq us n`”Vkar

fdldks laHkksfnr fd;k( 2½

n`”Vkar dks crkus ds fy, ;h’kq dk mn~ns’; vkSj 3½ bl Ja[kyk esa

fdrus n`”Vkar crk, x,a gSaA

vkxs i<sa+ ;g ns[kus ds fy, fd ;fn og mldh O;k[;k djrk gS ;k

ughaA

[k½ fooj.kksa dks t+cjnLrh Mkyus dh dksf’k’k u djsaA mlds eq[; ckrksa

ij /;ku nsaA lkekU; rkSj

ij ,d n`”Vkar ;k eq[; pfj= dk ,d dsfUnz; lR; gSaA

x½ n`”Vkarksa ij izeq[k fl)karksa dk fuekZ.k djus dh dksf’k’k u djsaA

fl)karksa dks foLr`r Li”V

f’k{kk fn, x, inksa ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A

?k½ if=;k¡ vkSj ,sfrgkfld o.kZu

1½ lkfgfR;d izdkj ds nwljs izdkjksa dh rqyuk esa budh O;k[;k

djuk vf/kd ljy gSaA

2½ izlafxdj.k lanHkZ] ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfR;d nksuksa] dqath gSaA

3½ lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ vkSj in izeq[k lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ gksxsaA

uhps nh xbZ vPNh iqLrdksa esa lkfgfR;d izdkjksa ls lacaf/kr bu fo’ks”k

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dk fooj.k fd;k x;k gSA

1- gkÅ Vw jhM+ n ckbcy Qksj vkWy bZV~l oFkZ xksMZu Qh vkSj MqXykWl LVwoVZ

ds }kjk

2- izksVsLVsaV fccfydy b.VjizVs’u cjukMZ jke ds }kjk

3- fyaX;wlfVDl ,.M+ fccfydy b.VjizVs’u ihVj dkWVjsy vkSj esDl VuZj ds

}kjk

4- fyVªkjh vIizksNl~ Vw fccfydy b.VjizVs’u VªEij yksaxesu frfFk; ds }kjk

5- ,sDltsfVdy QkWyklhl~ Mh-,s-dklZu ds }kjk

6- Iyks’ksj~l ,.M+ izwfuax gwDl~ Mh-czsaV lsaMh ds }kjk

7- ,s csfld xkbZM+ Vw b.VjizfVax n ckbcy jkscVZ ,p-LVsbZu ds }kjk

5- okD;foU;kl rFkk O;kdj.kkRed fo’ks”krk,¡

111

ys[kd ds vlyh rkRi;Z dks le>us ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldusokyk vxys

igyq dks okD;foU;kl ;k O;kdj.kkRed <k¡pk dgrs gSaA ckbcy dh Hkk”kk

esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k eqgkojk rFkk <+k¡pk vkSj gekjh ekr`Hkk”kk ds chp dk

vUrj bl ckr dks dbZ ckj dfBu dj nsrk gSA rFkkfi ;g dkQh

Qynk;d ckrsa gSa blfy, bldh dqN ckrksa ij xkSj djuk vko’;d gSA

vk/kqfud vuqokn rFkk O;kdj.k ds izfr vkidh cqfu;knh tkudkjh

dkQlgk;rd gks ldrh gSA

**O;kdj.k ges’kk gesa vlyh vFkZ dks ugha crkrk ijUrq gesa lEHkkfor vFkksZa

ds ckjs es ladsr djrk gSA bl ckr ds fojks/k esa gksusokys fdlh vFkZ dks

ge Lohdkj ugha dj ldrs gSaA ckbcy dks le>us ds fy, bl O;kdj.k

dh vko’;drk gSA ;g ,d foy{k.k ckr ugha gSA v/kkjHkwr:ik ls bldk

rkRi;Z gS fd ekuqf”kd Hkk”kk ds lkekU; fu;eksa ds rgr ge ckbcy dks

le>rs gSa**¼LVsjV 1973] 63½A

vke vkneh O;kdj.k dks izk;ksfxd mi;ksx esa tkurk gS u fd bldh

rduhdh ifjHkk”kkvksa esaA tc ge ckrsa djuk lh[krs gSa rc ge O;kdj.k Hkh

lh[krs gSaA ,d fopkj dks laapkfjr djus ds fy, O;kdj.k okD;ksa dks

cukrk gSA ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, gesa O;kdj.k esa fuiq.k gksus dh

vko’;drk ugha gSA fQj Hkh gesa vlyh ys[kd ds }kjk dgh x, ckrksa dks

mlh izdkj le>us ds fy, iz;kl djuk pkfg,A vDlj ,d okD; dk

<+k¡pk gesa crkrk gS fd ys[kd fdl fo”k; ij t+ksj ns jgk gSA bl ckr dks

ge dbZ izdkj ls tku ldrs gSaA

d- vki ,d vuqPNsn dks fofHkUu vaxszt+h vuqoknksa esa i<+saxs rks mlds ‘kCnksa

ds Øe ij /;u nsaA blds fy, bczk- 1%1 vPNk ,d mnkgj.k gSA fdax

tsEl vuqokn esa ml okD; dk drkZ] **ijes’oj** izFke vkrk gS] ijUrq

fjokbt+M+ LVkUMsZ vuqokn esa okD;ka’k **FkksM+k&FkksM+k djds** ls vkjEHk gksrk

gSA ;g dkQh izeq[k gS] D;ksafd ;g ys[kd ds vlyh rkRi;Z dks izxV

djrk gSA bl Hkkx esa egRoiw.kZ ckr D;k gS fd ijes’oj us ckrsa dha

112

¼izdk’ku½ ;k fQj fdl izdkj ckrsa dh ¼bZ’ojh; izsj.kk½\ ckn esa crk;k gqvk

lgh gS D;ksafd fjokbt+M+ LVkUMsZ vuqokn ;wukuh cksyh ds ‘kCnksa ds Øe dks

izxV djrk gSA lkFk esa ,d O;ogkfjd Vhdk Hkh gesa ‘kCnksa ds Øe rFkk

O;kdj.kkRed ekeyksa dks le>us esa gekjh lgk;rk djsxkA

[k- tSls vki fofHkUu vuqoknksa dks i<+rs gSa rks fØ;k ds vuqoknksa ij /;ku

nsaA O;k[;k esa fØ;k vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA 1;wg- 3%6]9 bl ds fy, ,d

vPNk mnkgj.k gSA vU; vuqoknksa dks fdax tsEl vuqokn ds lkFk rqyuk

djrs gSa rks mldk vUrj lkQ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ;g ,d orZeku le;

dky fØ;k gSA ;s vk;rsa ikijfgr thou ds ckjs esa ugha crkrh] ijUrq de

ikie; thou ds ckjs esa crkrh gSaA bl iqfLrdk ds milagkj esa bczkuh rFkk

;wukuh O;kdj.kkRed ‘kCnkofy;ksa ds ,d laf{kIr fooj.k dks Hkh mYysf[kr

fd;k gSA ¼fo”k;lwph dks ns[ksa½A

x- tSls vki fofHkUu vaxszt+h vuqoknksa dks i<+rs gSs rc fopkj/kkjkvksa ds

vkilh lEidZ ij xkSj djsaA vDlj bl esa ,d miokD; ds m|s’; ;k

okD; rFkk lanHkZ ds vkilh lEcU?k dks le>us esa gekjh lgk;rk djrk

gSA fuEufyf[kr lEcU/kksa ij /;ku djsa ¼Vªs;uk 1985] 42&43½A

¼1½ Øekuqlkj ;k vLFkkbZ lEcU/k

d- ckn esa ¼izdk’k- 11%11½

[k- tSls ¼izsfjr- 16%16½

x- igys ¼;wg- 8%58½

?k- vc¼ywdk- 16%25½

³- rc ¼1dqfj- 15%6½

p- rcrd ¼ej- 14%25½

N- dc ¼;wg- 11%31½

113

t- tcrd ¼ej- 14%43½

¼2½ LFkkuh; ;k HkkSxkfyd lEcU/k ¼dgk¡] bczk- 6%20½

¼3½ rdZlaxr lEcU/k

d- dkj.k

D;ksafd ¼jksfe- 1%25½

ds fy, ¼jksfe- 1%11½

ls ¼jksfe- 1%28½

[k- Qy

rkfd ¼jksfe- 9%16½

vr% ¼xy- 2%21½

blfy, ¼1dqfj- 10%12½

bl dkj.k ¼1dqfj- 8%12½

x- m|s’;

bl dkj.k ¼jksfe- 4%16½

blfy, ¼jksfe- 5%21½

?k- fojks/kkHkkl

;gk¡ rd fd ¼jksfe- 1%21½

ijUrq ¼jksfe- 2%8½

cgqrsjs ¼jksfe- 5%15½

114

ijUrq ¼1dqfj- 10%5½

rks fQj ¼1dqfj- 14%16½

rkSHkh ¼jksfe- 5%14½

³- rqyuk

Hkh ¼1dqfj- 1%11½

tSlk ¼jksfe- 9%25½

tSlk & oSlk ¼jksfe- 5%18½

ftl izdkj & mlh izdkj ¼jksfe- 11%30&31½

oSlk Hkh ¼jksfe- 1%27½

Hkh ¼jksfe- 4%6½

p- rF;ksa dh iz.kkyh

vkSj ¼jksfe- 2%19½

lcls igys ¼1 freq- 2%1½

vUr esa ¼1dqfj- 15%8½

;k ¼2dqfj- 6%15½

115

N- ‘krZ ¼mnk- **;fn** jksfe- 2%9½

¼4½ lqfuf’pr lEcU/k

¼d½ vo’; ¼jksfe- 9%25½

¼[k½ ,d ek= ¼1dqfj- 8%9½

bu fopkj lEcU/kks dks jksckWVZ , Vªk;uk ds esFkkWfMdy ckbcy LVMh ls

fy;k x;k gS ¼i`”V- 42&43½A gyk¡fd mlds vf/kdrj mnkgj.kksa ikSyql ds

ys[kksa esa ls fy;k x;k gS fo’ks”k:ik ls jskfe;ksa dh i=h esa lsA ;s gekjh

fopkj/kkjkvksa dks fdl izdkj ,d nwljs ls tksM+uk pkfg, mlds ckjs esa

mÙke mnkgj.k is’k djrk gSA iqjkus rFkk u, fu;e ds vk/kqfud vuqoknksa

dh rqyuk djus ds }kjk ;gk¡ ij izLrqr lEcU/k vksj Hkh Li”V gks tkrs gSaA

bl O;kdj.kkRed <+k¡ps ds ckjs esa iUuk- 63& 68 esa Vªk;us ds ikl ,d

mÙke laf{kIr gSA vki ,d lpsrd ckbcy ikBd cusa!

?k- tc vki ,d gh vuqPNsn ds fofHkUu vaxszt+h vuqoknksa dks i<+rs gS rc

nksgjk, gq, ‘kCn ;k ‘kCnkoyh ij /;ku nsaA okLrfod ys[kd ds }kjk lksps

gq, rkRi;Z dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa

%

¼1½ mRifÙk esa nksgjkbZ gqvk ‘kCnkoyh gS ** --- dk oa’kkoyh bl izdkj gS**

¼mR- 2%1( 5%1( 6%9( 10%1( 11%10]27( 25%12]19( 36%1]9( 37%2½A ;s ‘kCnoyh gesa

crkrh gS fd ys[kd us fdl izdkj bl iqLrd dks foHkkftr fd;k FkkA

¼2½ bczkfu;ksa 3 rFkk 4 esa **foJke** ‘kCn dk nksgjk;k tkukA bl ‘kCn dks

[kkl rhu vFkZ ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k x;k

d- mR- 1

vkSj nks esa ik;k tkusokys lCr foJkke

116

[k- ;gks’kw ds

}kjk ok;nk fd;k x;k ok;ns dk ns’k

x- LoxZ

;fn dksbZ bl izdkj ds <+k¡pk dks Hkwy tkrk gS rks ys[kd ds }kjk lksps

gq, vFkZ ls HkVd tk,axs rFkk lkspsaxs fd taxy esa ejs gq, yksx lkjs

vkfRed:ik ls [kks x, gSaA

eqgkojksa vkSj ‘kCnksa dk v/;;u

,d vuqPNsn dks fofHkUu vuqoknksa esa dbZ ckj i<s+a tSls fd ,u , ,l ch esa

vkSj ,u ,s oh esaA blh izdkj ,d O;fDr eqgkojksa dks [kkst djds fudky

ldsxkA Hkkoukvksa dks izxV djus ds izfr gj ,d Hkk”kk dk viuk gh ,d

rjhdk gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ ,d eqgkojs dks ‘kfCnd:ik ls vuqokn djs rks

mldh eq[; ckrksa ls og HkVd tkrk gSA **?k`.kk** ds fy, bczkuh Hkk”kk esa

iz;ksx fd;k x;k ‘kCn blds fy, ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA ;fn ge u,

fu;e esa bl ‘kCn ds mi;ksx dks ns[ksa rks] fo’ks”k:i ls jksfe- 9%13( ywdk-

14%26( ;wgUuk- 12%25 ,d O;fDr bl eqgkojs dks vklkuh ls xyr jhfr ls

le> ldrk gSA ijUrq mR- 29%31]33 ;k O;oLFkk- 21%15 esa blds iz;ksx dh

i`”BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij ns[kk tk, rks bldk vFkZ ?k`.kk ugha gS ijUrq ;g

dsoy ,d rqyuk dk eqgkojk gh gSA bl izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr esa rduhfd

Vhds dkQh en~nxkj gSaA bl izdkj ds Vhdksa ds nks vPNs mnkgj.k esa n

VhuMs;y desUVjh lhjhl rFkk n U;w bUVjuk’kuy desUVjh lhjhl vkrs gSaA

nwljs iz’u dk vfUre igyq **okLrfod ys[kd dk rkRi;Z D;k gS\** ‘kCn

v/;;u dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA eSaus bl Hkkx dks vUr esa blfy, fy;k

fd ‘kCn v/;;u dks xyr jhfr ls mi;ksx esa yk;k x;k gS! vDlj tc

dHkh Hkh ,d O;fDr ,d vuqPNsn dh O;k[;k djrk gS rc dsoy

O;qRifÙk’kkL= dk gh mi;ksx djrk gSA tsEl ckj dh ys[kfu;k¡] n

lsekufVDl vkWQ fccfydy ykUxqost+] Mh , dkjlu ds ,DlstsfVdy

Qkylhl~] ekWfll flYok ds fccfydy osMZl~ ,UM ns;j ehfuax us vk/kqfud

117

O;k[;kdrkZvksa dks viuh ‘kCn v/;;u dh rduhfd;ksa dks iqu%ewY;kdau

djus esa lgk;rk dh gSA ckbcy O;k[;kdrkZvksa dks ,d lewg ds :i esa

ns[kk tk, rks os vufxfur Hkk”kkoSKkfud HkzkfUr ds fy, vijk/kh gSaA

**Vhdkdkfjd HkzkfUr dk ,d fo’kky dkj.k ‘kk;n ;g gks ldrk gS fd

vf/kdrj izpkjdksa rFkk f’k{kdksa dks ;wukuh Hkk”kk dk mi;ksx dsoy

‘kCnkuqØef.kdk ns[kus rd gh tkurs gSA ;wukuh Hkk”kk ds izfr dksbZ yxko

ugha gS] blfy, ,slk ,d izyksHku vkrk gS fd ftruk geus lh[kk gS mruk

gh iznf’kZr dj ldrs gSaA**¼dkjlu 1984] 66½

bl ckr dks dMs+ :i ls dguk pkfg, fd vFkZ dks fu/kkZfjr djusokyH

vge ckr O;qRifÙk’kkL= ugha gS lanHkZ gS!

**:V QYyklh ,slk ,d iwokZuqeku djrk gS fd gj ,d ‘kCn dk vkdkj ;k

v{kjksa ds ihNs blds ,d vFkZ jgrk gSA bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj gesa

O;qRifÙk’kkL= vFkZ dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA**¼dkjlu 1984] 26½

**gesa bl Li”V ckr ij lger gksuk pkfg, fd ,d Hkk”kk ckyusokyksa dks

mlds fodkl ds ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha eywe gS( vkSj okLro esa ifo=’kkL=

ds ys[kd rFkk rRdkfyd ikBdksa dh Hkh fLFkfr oSlh gh FkhA gekjh vlyh

fnypLih ;g gS fd ckbcy ds ys[kdksa dh le> fdruh Fkh ;wukuh rFkk

bczkuh Hkk”kkvksa esa( bl ckr dks Li”V djus ds fy,

elhg ds le; dh cksyh ds izfr tks ,sfrgkfld lkspfopkj dh tk¡p

iM+rky vizklafxd gSA**¼flYok 1983] 38½

**mi;ksx dk egRo T;knk gksus ds dkj.k ,d O;k[;kdrkZ ds izfr lqjf{kr

fu;e ;g gS fd O;qRifÙk’kkL= dks fdlh ekfgj O;fDr;ksa ds gkFkksa ij lkSai

nsa vkSj Lo;a dks lanHkZ vkSj mi;ksx dks ykxw djus ds fy, iz;Ru djsaA**

¼eSdylsu 1963] 121&122½

118

gesa vlyh mi;ksx ds ckjs esa tkuuk gS] nwljs ‘kCnksa esa dgsa rks ys[kd ds

}kjk lkspk rFkk le>k gqvk vFkZ vkSj rRdkfyd ikBdksa ds }kjk le>h gqbZ

ckrsaA ckbcyh; ‘kCnksa dk fofHkUu mi;ksx gS ¼lsekfUVdy QhYM½A bl

eqdke esa Mh , dkjlu ds ,DlstsfVdy Qkylhl~ i`”B- 25&66 dkQh

ennxkj gSa & nq%[k Hkjh gS] ijUrq lgk;fl) gSA bl ckr ds fooj.k ds

fy, /;ku djsa fd le; ds vuqlkj fdl izdkj vaxszt+h ‘kCnksa dk vFkZ

cnyk gSA

d- fdax tsEl osjlu esa] 1fFkLl- 4%15 bl izdkj mYys[k djrk gS] lks,

gq, mudks dHkh u jksdsaxsA vesfjdu LVkUMZ osjlu esa bl ‘kCn dks vkxs

ugha c<saxs fy[kk gSA /;ku djsa fd jksdsaxs dk vFkZ fdl izdkj cnyk gSA

[k- fdax tsEl osjlu esa] bfQ- 4%22] bl izdkj mYys[k djrk gS] fd rqe

vxys pkypyu ds iqjkus euq";Ro dks tks Hkjekusokyh vfHkyk"kkvksa ds

vuqlkj Hkz"V gksrk tkrk gS] mrkj MkyksA , ,l oh esa bls thou ds

vkpj.k ds :i esa vuqokn fd;k x;k gSA ns[ksa fd fdl izdkj pypkyu

ds vFkZ vkpj.k esa cnyk gSA

x- fdax tsEl osjlu esa] 1dqfj- 11%29] bl izdkj mYys[k djrk gS] D;skafd

tks [kkrs&ihrs le; izHkq dh nsg dks u ifgpkus] og bl [kkus vkSj ihus ls

vius Åij {kfr ykrk gSA , ,l oh esa bls n.M ds :i esa vuqokn fd;k

x;k gSA ns[ksa fd fdl izdkj {kfr ds vFkZ n.M esa cnyk gSA

ge ls vf/kdrj yksxksa ds Hkhrj ;g Hkkouk jgrh gS fd viuh gh le>

rFkk laLFkk dh i`f”BHkwfe esa jgdj vius gh /keZ’kkL=h; Kku ds vuqlkj

ckbcy ds ‘kCnksa dk vuqokn djsaA bl izdkj ds joS;s ds lkFk nks ijs’kkfu;k¡

gSaA

d- gesa vlyh ys[kd dh ifjHkk”kk dks mi;ksx djus esa lrZd jguk gS u

fd fdlh laLFkk ds ;k fdlh lkaLd`frd i`”BHkwfe;ksa dhA

119

[k- gekjh /kkfeZd rduhfd ifjHkk”kkvksa dks Fkksius dk iz;kl ugha djuk

pkfg, tgk¡ dgha og ‘kCn vkrk gSA vDlj ,d gh ys[kd ,d gh ‘kCn dks

fofHkUu vFkZ ds lkFk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

x- bl ds fy, dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa

1- ;wgUuk ds }kjk **txr** dk mi;ksx

d- HkkSfrd xzg ¼;wg- 3%16( 1;wg- 4%1]14½

[k- ijes’oj ds fcuk dk;kZjr jgusokyk ekuoh; lekt ¼1;wg- 2%15( 3%1(

5%4&5½A

2- ikSyql ds }kjk **nsg** dk mi;ksx

d- HkkSfrd ‘kjhj & jksfe- 1%3

[k- iki dk LoHkko & jksfe- 8%3&4

3- ikSyql ds }kjk **efUnj** dk mi;ksx

d- leLr dyhfl;k & 1dqfj- %16&17

[k- izR;sd fo’oklh & 1dqfj- 6%19

4- ;kdwc ds }kjk **m)kj** dk mi;ksx

d- vkfRed m)kj & 1%21( 2%14

[k- ‘kkjhfjd NqVdkjk & 5%15]20

,d ‘kCn ds vFkZ dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk rjhdk gS fd fofHkUu vuqoknksa ij

ut+j Mkysa vkSj vUrj dks fy[kdj j[ksaaA vkSj dudksMZu~l esa ml ‘kCn dk

iz;ksx dks ns[ksaA vkSj mlh iqLrd esa mi;ksx fd, x, vU; ‘kCnksa dks Hkh

/;ku esa j[ksaA mlh ys[kd ds }kjk mi;ksx fd, x, vU; iz;ksxksa dks Hkh

/;ku djsA mlh fu;e ds vU; mi;ksxksa dks Hkh ,df=r djus dk iz;kl

djsaA , yseku~l xbZM Vw bUVjizsfVax n ckbcy esa okyVj gsUjhd~lu ds

}kjk fn, x, bu dneksa dks /;ku djsaA

d- ys[kd ds }kjk ml ‘kCn dk mi;ksx

[k- rRdky lanHkZ ds lkFk ml ‘kCn dk lEcU/k

x- fy[kus ds le; esa ml ‘kCn dk izpkhu mi;ksx

120

?k- ml ‘kCn dk ewy vFkZ

nwljs fu;e esa mi;ksx esa yk, x, ewyHkwr vFkZ dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk

iz;kl djsa ¼lej.k djsa fd u, fu;e ds ys[kd bczh Fks vkSj ;wukuh cksyh

ds lgkjs fy[k jgs Fks½A vc ,d /keZoSKkfud iqLrd dh vksj tkus dk

le; gS tgk¡ ij ‘kCnksa dk foU;kl fd;k x;k gS ;g ,d ckbcy ‘kCndks’k]

Vhdk gks ldrk gSA iUuk- 98 esa eSa us u, fu;e ds ‘kCnksa ds v/;;u ds

izfr ,d uewuk izLrqr fd;k gS vkSj blds }kjk bl ckr dks izLrqr djus

dk iz;kl fd;k fd ;g fdruk eq’fdy gS fd ,d fof’k”V lanHkZ eas ml

‘kCn ds vFkZ dks fu/kkZfjr djukA

C-D- rhljs vkSj pkSFks O;k[;kRed iz’u

O;k[;kdrkZ ds }kjk mÙkj nsus gsrq lkeuk djusokys iz’u gksaxs **mlh ys[kd

ds }kjk ml fo”k; ds ckjs esa og vkSj D;k dgrk gS\** ;g pkSFks iz’u ds

lkFk fcydqy djhc ls tqM+k gqvk gS] **vU; izsj.kk izkIr ys[k fdl fo”k;

ds ckjs esa D;k dgrs gSa\** bu nksuksa iz’uksa dks ,d leku vuqPNsnksa ds

o.kZukRed ifjdYiukvksa ds lkFk feykdj ns[k ldrs gSaA ge ;g crkus dk

iz;kl dj jgs gSa fd ,d izsj.kk izkIr ys[kd ds }kjk ,d ‘kCn ;k

/keZoSKkfud ifjdYiuk dks dgha vkSj fdl izdkj iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

O;k[;k ds bl fl)kUr dks **ifo=’kkL= dk lkE;kuqeku** dgrs gSaA

**ifo=’kkl= dh O;k[;k dk vVwV fu;e ifo=’kkL= Lo;a gS( vkSj blfy,

tc fdlh ifo=’kkL= ds opu ds izfr lgh vkSj iwjs vFkZ ¼dbZ ugha ,d

ek= vFkZ½ ds ckjs esa dksbZ iz’u mBs rks mldk fuiVkjk bl fo”k; esa vU;

txgksa esa Li”V:i ls crk;k x;k gS mlds lgkjs ls djuk pkfg,A**

¼osLVfefuLVj duQ’ku v/;k;- 9½

;g rhu vuqekuksa ij fu/kkZfjr gS

Ø fd leLr ifo=’kkL= ijes’oj dk izsj.kk izkIr gS ¼1freq- 3%15&17 Qh vkSj

LVqvVZ dh rqyuk djsa 1982] 209½

Ø fd ifo=’kkL= ,d nwljs dk fojks/k ugha djrk gS

121

Ø fd ifo=’kkL= ds mÙke O;k[;kdkj ifo=’kkL= Lo;a gS ¼flYok 1987]

68]93]94½

;fn ;g lgh gS rks ,d vuqPNsn dks le>us dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gS fd

mls izsj.kk izkIr ys[kksa dk lanHkkZRed foU;klA

1- ,d gh rRdky lanHkZ ,d gh ‘kh”kZd ;k ‘kCn ¼[k.M ;k lkfgR;d bdkbZ½

2- ,d gh ckbcyh; iqLrd esa ,d gh ‘kh”kZd ;k ‘kCn

3- mlh ys[kd ds }kjk ,d gh ‘kh”kZd ;k ‘kCn dk iz;ksx

4- ,d gh le; dky esa] ’kSyh esa ;k fu;e esa ,d gh ‘kh”kZd ;k ‘kCn dk

iz;ksx

5- iwjs ckbcy esa ,d gh ‘kh”kZd ;k ‘kCn dk iz;ksx

ge ftrus vf/kd ,d fof’k”V vuqPNsn ftldh vuqokn djuk pkgrs gSa] ls

dqN vksj vkxs c<+rs gSa mruk vf/kd og O;k[;k izHkko’kkyh curh gSA

**fo’kky lanHkZ dh vksj c<+us ls igys rRdky lanHkZ dh O;k[;k djsaA

Interpret according to the n arro w context

before the wider. It i s commonly agreed th at

Scripture s hould interpret Scripture. Ho wever,

it needs to be under stood th at a term or p a s s a ge

mu st be interpreted fir st in it s immedi ate

context before it i s studied in light of it s

bro ader applic ation to the Bible a s a w hole”

( O sborne and Wood w ard 1979, 154).

Thi s are a of interpretation c an be very helpful in

seeing ho w our p a s s a ge rel ate s to the w hole of revel ation

(McQuilkin 1983, 43; Silv a 1987, 83; Sterrett 1973,

86). B a sic ally we are moving from

1. exege si s (number 1 above) to

122

2. biblic al theology (number s 2, 3, and 4 above) to

3. sy stem atic doctrine (number 5 above)

We are moving from the m agnifying gl a s s to the

tele scope. We mu st fir st be rel atively sure of the

me aning of our foc al p a s s a ge before we move to

sy stem ati zed doctrine. Thi s i s one, though not the

only, purpo se of sy stem atic theology book s “ see li st IX

Theologie s p. 105). The move i s nece s s a ry, but

d angerou s. Our b ac kground s, prejudice s, and

denomin ation al indoctrin ation s are al w ay s re ady and able

to intrude. I f we u se p ar allel p a s s a ge s ( and we mu st) we

mu st be cert ain th at they are true p ar allel s, not ju st

the s ame term or phr a se.

It i s often true th at p ar allel p a s s a ge s bring an over all

b al ance to our interpret ation. It h a s been my

experience in interpreting th at the Bible i s o ften

written in p ar adoxic al or di alectic al p air s (e a stern

mind set). One mu st recogni ze the biblic al ten sion

bet ween subject s without removing it for the purpo se

of m a king simpli stic st atement s, attempting to

c ategori ze truth, or protecting cheri s hed

theologic al po sition s. One in spired text c annot be

u sed to neg ate or depreci ate another in spired text!

Here are some ex ample s of the ten sion bet ween biblic al

truth s .

1. prede stin ation ver su s hum an free will

2. s ecurity of the believer ver su s the need for

per sever ance

3. origin al sin ver su s volition al sin

123

4. Je su s a s God ver su s Je su s a s m an

5. Je su s a s e qu al with the F ather ver su s Je su s a s sub servient

to the F ather

6. Bible a s God’ s W ord ver su s hum an author s hip

7. s inle s sne s s ver su s sinning le s s

8. initi al in st ant aneou s ju stific ation and

s anctific ation ver su s progre s sive s anctific ation

9. ju stific ation by f aith ( Rom an s 4) ver su s ju stific ation

confirmed by work s (c f. J ame s 2:14 -26)

10. C hri sti an freedom (cf. Rom. 14:1-23; I Cor. 8:1-13;

10:23-33) ver su s C hri sti an re spon sibility (cf. G al.

5:16-21; Eph. 4:1)

11. God’ s tr an scendence ver su s Hi s imm anence

12. God a s ultim ately unkno w a ble ver su s kno w a ble in

Scripture and C hri st

13. P aul’ s m any met aphor s for s alv ation

a. adoption

b. s a nctific ation

c. ju stific ation

d. redemption

e. glorific ation

f. prede stin ation

g. reconcili ation

124

14. the kingdom of God a s pre sent ver su s a future

con summ ation

15. repent ance a s a gift of God ver su s repent ance a s a

m and ated re spon se for s alv ation

16. the OT i s perm anent ver su s the OT h a s p a s s ed a w ay and i s

null and void (cf. M att. 3:17-19 v s. 5:21-48;

Rom an s 7 v s. G al ati an s 3)

17. believer s are serv ant s / sl ave s or children/heir s

Moi se s Silv a h a s been very helpful in li sting the

ten sion s w hich exi st in our under st anding Scripture.

1. The Bible i s divine, yet it h a s come to u s in

hum an form.

2. The comm and s of God are ab solute, yet the

hi storic al context of the writing s appe ar s to

rel ativi ze cert ain element s.

3. The divine me s s a ge mu st be cle ar, yet m any p a s s a ge s

seem ambiguou s.

4. W e are dependent only on the Spirit for

in struction, yet sc hol ar s hip i s surely nece s s a ry.

5. The Scripture s seem to pre suppo se a liter al and

hi storic al re ading, yet we are al so confronted by

the figur ative and nonhi storic al (e.g., the

p ar able s).

6. Proper interpret ation re quire s the

interpreter’ s per son al freedom, yet some degree

of extern al, corpor ate authority appe ar s

imper ative.

7. The objectivity of the biblic al me s s a ge i s

125

e s senti al, yet our pre suppo sition s seem to

inject a degree of subjectivity into the

interpretive proce s s ( S ilv a 1987, 36 -38).

W hich side of the se p ar adoxe s are true? To all of the se I

would an s wer “ye s,” bec au se they are all true. Both side s

are biblic al. Our t a s k a s an interpreter i s to see the

big picture and integr ate all of it s p art s, not ju st

our f avorite, or mo st f amili ar, one s. T he an s wer s to

interpret ation problem s are not found in removing

the ten sion so a s to a f firm only one side of the

di alectic ( Silv a 1987, 38). Thi s b al ance c an be obt ained

from the proper u se of a concord ance or from sy stem atic

theology book s . Be c areful not to con sult only

sy stem atic theologie s from the denomin ation al

per spective from w hich you come or with w hich you agree.

Let the Bible ch allenge you, ro ar at you—not ju st

w himper. It will un settle your cheri s hed notion s.

It i s true th at the attempt to sy stem ati ze doctrine,

or rel ate seemingly contr adictory biblic al

m ateri al, i s pre suppo sition al and u su ally conform s to a

doctrin al po sition. Thi s s hould be le s s true for

biblic al theology w hich i s prim arily de scriptive. Thi s

method (biblic al theology) of study t a ke s a sm all slice

of the biblic al m ateri al. It limit s it self to an

author, a period, or a genre. It trie s to dr a w it s

theologic al c ategorie s only from a re stricted

biblic al fr ame of reference. O ften, in the act of

limiting the biblic al m ateri al, we are forced to t a ke

seriou sly the dif ficult st atement s of Scripture

without expl aining a w ay their me aning by allu sion to

other ver se s . It force s u s to t a ke seriou sly w h at an author

s a id. It i s not looking for a b al ance, but for the

126

vibr ant, cle ar st atement of the biblic al author. It i s a

p ainful struggle to a f firm both pole s of biblic al

p ar adoxe s. We con sult all three of the se concentric

circle s of p ar allel p a s s a ge s . One hope s to move through

e ac h st age in every context.

1. W h at did the author s ay and me an? (exege si s)

2. W h at did he s ay el se w here on the s ame subject? W h at did

other s of the s ame period s ay? (biblic al theology)

3. W h at doe s the Bible a s a w hole s ay on thi s and rel ated

subject s? ( sy stem atic doctrine) Another

potenti al problem in the u se of p ar allel p a s s a ge s i s

c alled “the f all acy of

coll ap sing context s.”

“ W hen t wo or more unrel ated text s are tre ated a s i f

they belonged together, we h ave the f all acy of

coll ap sing context s. Thi s re ading error c an be

e speci ally knotty bec au se it i s the corruption of a

perfectly good principle of re ading: to comp are

Scripture with Scripture. We are re spon sible a s good

re ader s of the Bible to m a ke u se of every text be aring

on the subject we wi s h to under st and” ( Sire 1980, 140).

“ W h at give s interpreter s the right to link cert ain

ver se s together and not other s ? T he point i s th at all

such linking eventu ally produce s a grid th at ef fect s

the interpret ation of the other text s” ( C ar son 1984,

140).

A good ex ample of thi s problem h a s alre ady been

alluded to in thi s Textbook—Origen’ s linking of a p a s s a ge

in Proverb s with an unrel ated text in the book of I

127

The s s aloni an s .

E. Ho w did the origin al he arer s under st and the me s s a ge and

re spond to it? Thi s i s the fourth interpret ative

que stion. It rel ate s to only cert ain kind s of genre s

(i.e., hi storic al n arr ative s, Go spel s, and the book of

Act s). It i s very helpful if the inform ation i s

av ail able bec au se thi s i s our go al a s an interpreter, “he ar

a s it w a s he ard.”

F. -G The Fifth and Sixth Interpretive Que stion s

1. Applic ation

Up until thi s point we h ave been looking at the

interpret ative que stion s w hich rel ate to the origin al

author’ s intent. No w we mu st turn to the e qu ally

signific ant focu s concerning it s me aning to my d ay and

to my life. No interpret ation i s complete unle s s

thi s st age i s re ac hed and ade qu ately incorpor ated. The

go al of Bible study i s not kno wledge alone, but d aily

C hri stlikene s s . T he go al of the Bible i s a deeper, clo ser

rel ation s hip with the Triune God. Theology mu st be

pr actic al.

“According to Kierkeg a ard the gr amm atic al, lexic al,

and hi storic al study of the Bible w a s nece s s a ry but

prelimin ary to the true re ading of the Bible. ‘To

re ad the Bible a s God’ s word one mu st re ad it with hi s

he art in hi s mouth, on tip-toe, with e ager expect ancy,

in conver s ation with God. To re ad the Bible

thoughtle s sly or c arele s sly or ac ademic ally or

profe s s ion ally i s not to re ad the Bible a s God’ s Word. A s

one re ad s it a s a love letter i s re ad, then one re ad s

it a s the Word of God’” ( from Prote st ant Biblic al

128

Interpret ation by R amm, p. 75).

Applic ation i s not an option ( O sborne and Wood w ard 1979,

150). Ho wever, applic ation i s le s s structured th an

interpret ation (thi s i s w here the cre ativity and life

experience s of the interpreter and procl aimer come

into focu s). Ide ally there i s but one origin al

intent in Scripture. Thi s could be exp anded to t wo

(multiple prophecy fulfillment or extended

p ar able s). O ften the origin al author’ s intent w a s true,

but not exh au stive of the Spirit’ s intent.

Applic ation i s o ften determined by one’ s per son al

a . need

b. s itu ation

c. level of m aturity

d. de sire to kno w and follo w God

e. cultur al and denomin ation al tr adition s

f. current hi storic al situ ation

It i s obviou s th at the le ap from the “then” to the

“no w” i s ambiguou s. There are m any f actor s w hic h c annot be

identified or controlled. One re a son for the

development of the allegoric al method w a s the de sire

to apply the Bible to current need s. Some would s ay

th at allegory i s nece s s a ry for applic ation ( Silv a 1987,

63,65), but I would deny thi s. T he Spirit i s our

m and atory guide in applic ation a s He i s in

interpret ation. Applic ation mu st be integr ally

rel ated to the intended me aning of the origin al

in spired author!

129

2. Some Helpful Guideline s

a . Be sure to apply the m ajor intent of the biblic al

author, not ju st minor det ail s of the p a s s a ge.

b. Do not look for every a spect of our current

situ ation to be addre s sed in det ail. O ften

biblic al “principle s” are our only guide.

Ho wever, our formul ation of the se are one more

level removed from in spir ation. Al so, their

applic ation i s o ften very pre suppo sition al. Some

interpreter s find biblic al principle s in every

text. It i s s a fer to limit one’ s principle s to

extended te ac hing p a s s a ge s or el se principle s c an

become proof -text s.

c. Not all truth i s me ant for immedi ate or per son al

applic ation. The Bible often record s th at w hich it

doe s not advoc ate. Al so, not all biblic al truth

i s applic able to every age, every situ ation, and

every believer.

d. Applic ation s hould never seem contr ary to other

cle ar Bible p a s s a ge s .

e. Applic ation s hould never seem contr ary to

C hri stlike conduct. Extreme s in applic ation are a s

d angerou s a s they are in interpret ation.

f. S ome b a s ic applic ation que stion s to a s k o f every

biblic al p a s s a ge h ave been sugge sted by Rich ard

M ayhue in Ho w To Interpret the Bible for

Your self, 1986, p. 64

. ( 1) Are there ex ample s to follo w?

. ( 2) Are there comm and s to obey?

. ( 3) Are there error s to avoid?

130

. ( 4) Are there sin s to for s a ke?

. ( 5) Are there promi se s to cl aim?

. ( 6) Are there ne w thought s about God?

. ( 7) Are there principle s by w hich to live?

H. The Interpreter’ s Re spon sibility At thi s point it

will be helpful to di scu s s the individu al

interpreter’ s re spon sibility in

rel ation to appropri ate applic ation of the Bible’ s

etern al, relev ant truth s. It h a s alre ady been st ated

th at thi s procedure i s ambiguou s and th at the Holy

Spirit mu st be our guide. For me a key ingredient

to thi s are a i s our motive and attitude. We mu st w al k in

the light we h ave. I am not re spon sible for your w al k of

f aith, nor you for mine. We c an s h are our per spective in

love and hopefully from our under st anding of specific

p a s s a ge s o f Scripture. We all mu st be willing to seek ne w

light from the Scripture, but we are only re spon sible

for w h at we do under st and. I f we w al k in f aith in the light

th at we h ave, more light will be given (Rom. 1:17). We

mu st al so be a w a re at thi s point to remember th at our

under st anding i s not al w ay s superior to the

under st anding of other s. Rom an s 14:1-15:13 i s so cruci al

in thi s are a, but I am al w ay s surpri sed th at we u su ally think

our group i s the stronger brother and everyone w ho

doe s not agree with u s i s a member of the we a ker group and

in need of our help. We all need help. We all h ave are a s

o f strength s and are a s o f we a kne s s in our under st anding and

applic ation of spiritu al truth. I h ave he ard it s aid th at

the Bible comfort s the uncomfort able and di scomfort s

the comfort able. We mu st w al k do wn the ten sion - filled

131

ro ad of spiritu al gro wth. We are all a f fected by sin and we

will never arrive at complete m aturity thi s side of

he aven. W al k in the light you h ave— within the light of

the Bible. “ W al k in the light a s He i s in the light” ( I

John 1:7). Keep on w al king.

I. Here are some helpful book s

1. Applying the Bible by J ac k Kuh at sc he k

2. Under st anding and Applying the Bible by J.

Robert son McQuilkin

3. Living By the Book by Ho w ard G. Hendrick s

4. W hy C hri sti an s Fight Over the Bible by John Ne wport

132

O;k[;k esa Q¡lus dh dqN lEHkkfor

ckrsa

I.vuqokn esa rdZlaxr rFkk iqLrd esa dsfUær gksus dh vko’;drk

O;k[;k’kkL= lgh ek;us esa ,d foKku u gksus ds dkj.k O;k[;k ds

fl)kUrksa dks Hkh xyr rjhds ls mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA gekjh

O;k[;k esa ,d Li”V izfØ;k rFkk rdZlaxr dk mi;ksx gksuk vko’;d gSA

vkSj ;g dbZ lanHkkZRed rFkk iqLrd ls feyrk gS

A. vuqPNsn dk lkfgR;kRed lanHkZ

1- rRdky ¼[k.M½

2- ml [k.M ls lacU/k j[kusokys dbZ vksj [k.M

3- fo’kky lkfgR;d bdkbZ ¼fopkj/kkjk dh bdkbZ½

4- leLr ckbcyh; iqLrd

B. vuqPNsn dk ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ

1- ys[kd dh i`”BHkwfe

2- ikBd@Jksrk dh i`”BHkwfe

3- mudh laLd`fr dk <k¡pk

4- ml vuqPNsn esa crkbZ xbZ fdUgha leL;kvksa dk <k¡pk rFkk i`”BHkwfe

133

C. lkfgR;d ‘kSyh ¼fdl izdkj dk lkfgR; gS½

D. O;kdj.k

E. vlyh vFkZ vkSj ladsr fd;k x;k vFkZ ¼fdlh ‘kCn dk ifjHkk”kk½

1- lsekfUVd {ks=

2- ys[kd dk mi;ksx

3- mlh le; dky esa jgusokys vU; ys[kdksa dk mi;ksx

4- vU; ckbcyh; ys[kdks dk mi;ksx

F. lekukUrj vuqPNsnksa dk mi;qDr mi;ksx

1- ogh lkfgR;d bdkbZ

2- ogh iqLrd

3- ogh ys[kd

4- ogh le;dky

5- ogh fu;e 6- iwjh ckbcy ,d lkFk

,d ‘kCn vU; fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk fdl izdkj mi;ksx esa yk;k x;k gS

bl ckr dks ns[kus ds }kjk fdlh nwljs dk O;k[;k dk fo’kys”k.k ge dj

ldrs gSaA ogk¡ dqN vlgefr gks ldrh gS rks Hkh ;g ogh vuqNsn ls

fudyk gqvk gSA ge ijes’oj ds opu ds fofHkUu vuqokn ;k O;[;k dks

lqurs gSa vkSj blfy, ;g vko’;d ckr curh gS fd gesa mldk ewY;kadu

lgh ls djuk pkfg,A

gj izdkj ds ekuq”;d lapkj.k dks dbZ xyr rjhds ls le>k tk ldrk

gSA izkphu le; ds lkfgR; dh O;k[;k ds fy, O;k[;k’kkL= dk mi;ksx

gksus ds dkj.k muds xyr mi;ksx Hkh Li”V:Ik ls gksrk gSA ;fn gekjs gh

er dks ge nwj djrs gSa rks bl izdkj xyr mi;ksxksa ls cp ldrs gSA

II. Ex ample s of Abu se s of the Fir st Five

Interpretative Que stion s

134

A. Our presuppositions — often our personality, our

experience, our denomination, or our culture causes us

to interpret the Bible through glasses or filters. We

only allow it to say what we want it to say. This existential bias

affects all of us, but if we are aware of it we can compensate for

it by attempting to allow the Bible and its day to speak

before we attempt to apply the message to ourselves and

our culture. Some examples of this pitfall can be seen in

1. illiam Barclay’s interpretation of Matt. 15:37-39,

where the miraculous multiplication of food by Jesus

becomes simply the multitude sharing with one another what

they brought. Barclay’s philosophical filter of logical

positivism radically alters the obvious intent of Matthew.

Remember that there were seven baskets full of pieces of

bread left over (Matt. 16:37).

2.Accounts of women in ministry can be seen in Exod.

15:20; Jdgs. 4:4ff; II Kgs. 22:14; II Chr. 2:22; Isa. 8:3; Luke

2:36; Acts 21:9; Rom. 16:1; II Cor. 11:5; and I Tim. 3:11.

Modern evangelicals who are uneasy about this, either because

of preconceived views or the strong statements of I Cor.

14:34 and I Tim. 2:11-15, should not alter the proper and

obvious interpretation of these other passages.

Following is a Special Topic from my commentaries on this

subject.

135

fo ’ k s ” k ‘ k h” k Zd % ije s ’oj dh ;k stuk e s a

efgyk, a d- i qj kuk fu;e

1 ½ lk a Ld ` frd rk S j ij efgykvk s a dk s lEeiRrh le>k

tkrk Fk kA

¼d ½ lEifRr dh l wph e s a ‘ k k fey ¼ fux Z -20 %17 ½

¼[k ½ x qyke efgykvk s a d s lkF k O;ogkj ¼ fux Z -21 %7&11 ½

¼x ½ efgyk dh eUur s a lkek ftd :i l s mlds i z fr

ft + Ee sn kj i q:”k }kjk LFk k fir dh tkuh pk fg, ¼ fxu-30 ½

¼? k ½ efgyk, a ; q) e s a dh y wV ¼ O;o-20 %10&14(

21 %10&14 ½

2 ½ O;ogk fjd rk S j ij ijLij lgk;rk g S

¼d ½ L=h vk S j i q:”k ije s ’oj d s Lo:i e s a jp s x,

¼mRi-1 %26&27 ½

¼[k ½ firk vk S j ekrk dk vknj djk s ¼ fux Z -20 %12 ( O;o-

5 %16 ½

¼x ½ ekrk vk S j firk dk H k; ekuk s ¼yS O;-19 %3 ( 20 %9 ½

¼? k ½ i q:”k vk S j L=h nk su k s a gh ukt + hj gk s ldr s g S a ¼ fxu-

6 %1&2 ½

¼³½ c s fV;k s a dk lEifRr ij vf/ kdkj ¼ fxu-27 %1&11 ½

¼p ½ okpk d s yk sxk s a dk fgLlk ¼ O;o-29 %10&12 ½

¼N ½ ekrk vk S j firk dh f ’ k { k kvk s a ij dku yxk ¼uhfr-

1 %8 ( 6 %20 ½

¼t ½ g seku d s c sV vk S j c s fV;k ¡ ¼ysoh ifjokj ½ efUnj e s a

l axhr dh vx qokb Z djr s F k s ¼1bfr-25 %5&6 ½

¼> ½ c sV s vk S j c s fV;k ¡ u, ; qx e s a H k fo”;}k.k h dj s ax s

¼;k s, -2 %28&29 ½

3 ½ efgyk, a vx qok s a d s :i e s a

¼d ½ e wlk dh cgu] efj;e] dk s ufc;k dgk x;k ¼ fux Z -

15 %20&21 ½

¼[k ½ efgykvk s a dk s ije s ’oj u s rEc w dh lkex z h c quu s dk

ojnku fn;k ¼ fux Z -35 %25&26 ½

136

¼x ½ ,d efgyk ] nck s j k ] ufc;k ¼ U;k -4 %4 ½ bl z k,y d s

xk s=k s a dh vx qokb Z djrh Fk h a ¼ U;k -4 %4&5( 5 %7 ½

¼? k ½ g qYnk ufc;k Fk h a ftUg s a ;k s f ’ k ¸;kg jktk u s

^ ^ O;oLFk k dh i qLrd** tk s mUg s a feyh i< +u s vk S j vu qokn

dju s dk s dgk ¼2jktk -22 %14 ( 1bfr-34 %22&27 ½

¼³½ ,Lr sj jkuh ] H k fDru efgyk ftUgk s au s Qkjl e s a

;g w fn;k s a dk s cpk;k

[k - u;k fu;e

1 ½ lk a Ld ` frd rk S j ij ;g wnh / ke Z vk S j x z hd&jk seu

l alkj e s a efgyk, a f}rh; J s. k h ukxjhd Fk h cg qr gh de

vf/ kdkjk s a vk S j voljk s a d s lkF k ¼efdn q fu;k dk s

Nk sM +dj ½

2 ½ efgyk vx qok s a d s :i e s a

¼d ½ byhf ’ kck vk S j efj;e] H k fDru efgyk, a tk s ije s ’oj

d s fy, mifLFkr Fk h a ¼ywdk -1&2 ½

¼[k ½ gUuk ] H k fDru tk s efUnj e s a l so k djrh Fk h a ¼ywdk -

2 %36 ½

¼x ½ y q fn;k ] fo’oklh vk S j ? kj sy w dyhfl;k dh vx qok

¼i z s f jr -16 %14 ] 40 ½

¼? k ½ fQfyIi ql dh 4 d qok ¡ j h c s fV;k ¡ tk s ufc;k Fk h a

¼i z s f jr -21 %8&9 ½

¼³½ Qhc s ] fd a f[k ª; k dh l s fodk ¼jk s fe;k s a - 16 %1 ½

¼p ½ fi zldk ¼ fi zlfdYyk ½ ] ik Sy ql dh lgdeh Z vk S j

vi qYyk sl dh f ’ k f { kdk ¼i z s f jr -18 %26 ( jk s fe;k s a - 16 %3 ½

¼N ½ efj;e] = wQ Suk ] = wQk slk ] fijfll] ; w fy;k ] u s; Zl dh

cgu] vk S j H k h db Z ik Sy ql dh lgdeh Z efgyk, a ¼jk s fe;k s a -

16 %6&16 ½

¼t ½ ; w fu;kl ¼ds t s oh ½ ] lEH kor% efgyk i z s f jr

¼jk s fe;k s a - 16 %7 ½

¼> ½ ; wvk fn;k vk S j l q Ur q[ k s ] ik Sy ql d s lgdeh Z ¼ fQfy-

4 %2&3 ½

x- vk/ k q fud fo’oklh fdl i zdkj l s ckbcy d s fofH k Uu

mnkgj.k k s a dk i z;k sx djr s g S a \

137

1 ½ dk sb Z fdl i zdkj l s , s frgk fld vk Sj lk a Ld ` frd

lR;k s a dk Q Slyk dj ldrk g S ] tk s okLrfod l anH k Z e s a

ykx q gk sr s g S a ] vuUr lR; tk s dyhfl;kvk s a d s fy, lgh

g S a ] lHk h fo’ok fl;k s a d s fy, lHk h ; qxk s a e s a \

¼d ½ ge s a okLrfod y s[kd d s mn ~n s ’; dk s xEH k hjrk l s

y suk pk fg,A ckbcy ije s ’oj dk opu g S tk s fo’okl

vk S j O;ogk fjdrk d s fy, ,dek= Jk sr g SA

¼[k ½ ge s a fu’p; gh i z s j. k k i z k Ir e wyikBk s a d s lkF k

O;ogkj djuk gk sxk tk s , s frgk fld ifjfLF k fr g S a A

¼1 ½ bl z k,y d s / k k fe Zd fo’okl ¼i z s f jr -15 ( xyk -3 ½

¼2 ½ igyh lnh dk ;g wnh / ke Z

¼3 ½ 1d q fj - fu’p; gh ik Sy ql d s bfrgkl dh ifjfLF k fr

l s i z H k k for dFku g SA

¼ƒ ½ vU;tkfr; jk se dh dku wu O;oLFk k ¼1d q fj -6 ½

¼„ ½ nkl gh jguk ¼1d q fj -7 %20&24 ½

¼… ½ c zãpk; Z ¼1d q fj -7 %1&35 ½

¼† ½ d qok ¡ fj;k ¡ ¼1d q fj -36&38 ½

¼‡ ½ e w fr Z;k s a dk s p< + k;k g qvk H k k stu ¼1d q fj -10 %23&33 ½

¼ˆ ½ i z H k q H k k st e s a v;k s X; de Z ¼1d q fj -11 ½

¼x ½ ije s ’oj u s Lo; a dk s i w j h rjg l svk S j Li”V :i l s

,d fo’ k s ” k l aLd ` fr vk S j ,d fo’ k s ” k le; ij i zxV

fd;kA ge s a i zdk ’ ku dk s xEH k hjrk l s y suk pk fg, ij

, s frgk fld rk S j ij tk sM + s x, i z R; sd H k ko dk s ugh aA

ije s ’oj dk opu eu q”;k s a d s ‘ k Cnk s a e s a fy[k k x;k g S ]

,d fo’ k s ” k le; e s a ,d fo’ k s ” k l aLd ` fr dk s lEck s f / kr

fd;k x;kA

2 ½ ckbcyh; vu qokn e s a okLrfod y s[kd d s mn ~n s ’; dk s

tkuuk vko’;d g SA og viu s fnuk s a e s a D;k dg jg s F k s\

;g lgh vu qokn d s fy, vfr vko’;d vk Sj vk/ k kjH k wr

g SA ij fQj ge s a bl s vkt d s fnu O;ogkj e s a ykuk g SA

efgykvk s a dh vx qokb Z e s a ; s leL;k g S ¼okLrfod leL;k

g S ‘ k Cnk s a dh O;k[;k dju s e s a A D;k iklckuk s a ] tk s vx qok s a

138

ds :i e s a fn[k kb Z n sr s g S a ] d s bykok H k h vk S j dk sb Z

l sodkb Z g S\ D;k l s fodkvk s a vk S j

ufc;kvk s a dk s vx qok s a d s :i e s a n s[ k k tkrk g S\ ½ ;g

fcydqy Li”V g S fd ik Sy ql 1d q fj -14 %34&35 vk S j 1rhe q -

2 %9&15 e s a dgr s g S a fd efgykvk s a dk s lko Ztfud

vkjk/ kuk e s a vx qokb Z ugh a djuh pk fg,A ij vkt e S a bl s

d Sl s O;ogkj e s a yk ldrk g w ¡ \ e S a ugh a pkgrk fd

ik Sy ql dh l aLd ` fr ;k e sj h l aLd ` fr ije s ’oj d s opu

vk Sj bPNk dk s nck n sA lEH kor% ik Sy ql dk le; cg qr

ghlh fer Fk k ] vk S j ‘ k k;n e sj k le; cg qr gh [k qyk g qvk

g SA e S a , slk dgr s g q, cg qr gh dBhu egl wl djrk g w ¡

fd ik Sy ql d s ‘ k Cn vk S j f ’ k { k k, a ifj fLF k fr;k s a d s vk/ k kj

ij Fk h a ] igyh lnh dh LFk k fu; ifjfLF k fr; lR;A e S a

dk Su gk sr k g w ¡ fd e sj k eu ;k e sj h l aLd ` fr i z s j. k k ik,

g q, y s[kd dk s udkj s\

lk s e S a D;k d:¡ tc efgyk vx qok s a d s ckbcyh;

mnkgj.k g S a ¼;gk ¡ rd fd ik Sy ql d s y s[k k s a e s a H k h ]

j k s fe;k s a - 16 ½\ bldk ,d mRre mnkgj.k g S 1d q fj -11&14

e s a ik Sy ql }kjk lko Ztfud vkjk/ kuk d s ckj s e s a ppk ZA

11 %5 e s a og efgykvk s a dk s lko Ztfud vkjk/ kuk e s a lj

< +d dj i z k F k Zu k dju s vk S j i zpkj dju s dh vu qefr n sr s

g q, i zrhr gk sr s g S a vk S j fQj H k h 14 %34&35 e s a og mul s

‘ k k Ur jgu s dh ek ¡x djr s g S a A l s fodk, a ¼jk s fe;k s a - 16 %1 ½

vk S j ufc;k, a ¼i z s f jr -21 %9 ½ Fk h a A ;g fH k Uurk g S tk s e q> s

ik Sy ql dh ckrk s a dk sigpkuu s e s a Lor a=rk i znku djrh g S

¼efgykvk s a dk s lh fer j[ku s d s lEcU/ k e s a ½ fd og

igyh lnh d s d q fjUF k vk S j bQl ql rd lhfer Fk h a A

nk su k s a gh dyhfl;kvk s a e s a efgykvk s a }kj k i z k Ir dh xb Z

ub Z Lor a=rk dk s i z;k sx e s a yku s dh leL;k Fk h ¼c z wl

foUVj] d q fjUF k vk¶Vj ik Wy y S¶V ½ ] ftlu s elhg d s

fy, lekt rd ig q ¡pu s e s a leL;k [kM + h dj nhA mudh

Lor a=rk dk s lh fer j[kuk vko’;d Fk k rk fd l qlekpkj

i z H k ko’ k kyh gk s ld sA

139

e sj s fnu ik Sy ql d s fnuk s a d s Bhd foijhr g S a A e sj s fnuk s a

e s a l qlekpkj lhfer gk s tk,xk ;fn i z f ’ k f { kr vk S j Li”V

efgykvk s a dk s l qlekpkj l quku s ugh a fn;k x;k rk s ;g

mUg s a vx qokb Z dju s ugh a fn;k x;kA lko Ztfud vkjk/ kuk

dk vfUre y{; D;k g S\ D;k ;g l qlekpkj i zpkj vk S j

f ’ k”;rk ugh a g S\ D;k ije s ’oj efgyk vx qok s a l s i zlUu

gk s ax s vk S j cM + kb Z ik, ax s\ ckbcy dgrh g S ^ ^g k ¡ * *A

e S a ik Sy ql dh vk s j > qduk pkgrk g w ¡ ( e sj h / ke Z f ’ k { k k

ik Sy ql d s vu qlkj g SA e S a efgykokn l s vR;f/ kd

i z H k k for gk su k ugh a pkgrkA ij e S a dguk pkgrk g w ¡ fd

dyhfl;k ckbcy d s lR; dk i z frmRrj n su s e s a < + hyh

g S ] t Sl s nklRo] tkfrokn] / kek Z U / krk ] fyx a H k sn bR;k fn

dh vu qi; qDrrk d s ckj s e s a A vk/ k q fud l alkj e s a ;g

efgykvk s a ij vR;kpkj d s i z fr dk; Z dju s e s a H k h ;g

/k heh g SA elhg e s a ije s ’oj u s nklk s a vk S j efgykvk s a dk s

Lor a= fd;k g SA e S a bl ckr dh fgEer ugh a dj ldrk

dh l aLd ` fr e s a cU/ k k e wyikB dk s fQj l s cU/ ku e s a

Mky sA

,d vk Sj ckr % ,d vu qoknd d s :i e s a e S a tkurk g w ¡

fd d q fjUF k dh dyhfl;k cg qr gh viekfur dyhfl;k

Fk hA cM + s fnu d s rk sgQk s a dk e wY; yxk;k tkrk Fk k vk S j

mudh feF;k i z ’ k alk dh tkrh Fk hA ‘ k k;n efgyk, a bl

e s a Q al xb Z F k h a A e S a fo’okl djrk g w ¡ fd bQlql Hk h

> wB s f ’ k { kdk s a dh f ’ k { k kvk s a }kj k i z H k k for g qvk tk s bu

efgykvk s a dk s viuh f ’ k { k kvk s a dk s bQl ql dh ?kj sy q

dyhfl;kvk s a e s a ig q ¡p ku s d s fy, i z;k sx djr s F k s A

3 ½ vkx s d s v/;;u d s fy, d qN l q>ko

gkm V w j hM n ckbcy Qk Wj vk Wy bV ~l oFk Z ] xk sM Zu Qh

,.M Mk smx LV ª wvV Z ¼i `”B-61&77 ½

xk W Liy ,.M LihjhV % bl wl bu U; w V SLVke S UV

gjfeU; w fVDl] xk WM Zu Qh

gkM Z l sbUxl vk WQ n ckbcy] ok W YVj lh - d Slj] ihVj

,p- M so hMl] ,Q- ,Q- c z wl ,.M e SuÝ S M Vh -c z k Up ¼i `”B-

140

613&616( 665&667 ½

pkj v/;;u dkypØ tks fd vuqokn ds dk;Z ij izdk’k M+kyus ds fy,

jps x, gSaA

3. Roman Catholicism, in the desire to support an episcopal

system of polity, uses the text of John 21:15-17 From the text itself it is inappropriate to use the terms

“lamb” and “sheep” in relation to bishops and priests and

their assigned task of ministry.

B. Our abuse of context — this refers both to the

historical context and the literary context of a passage.

This may be the most common abuse of Scripture in our day.

By removing a passage from the author’s day and the author’s

intended purpose, one can make the Bible say anything. If

it were not so common and deadly, the examples of this

pitfall would be ludicrous.

1.A preacher of days past preached against the selling of dogs

based on Deut. 23:18 The historical and literary settings

were ignored. The term “dog” was transferred from male,

cultic prostitution (Deuteronomy) to an animal

(today).

2. When the modern legalist uses Col. 2:21 to outlaw

certain activities without even realizing that this

verse is Paul’s quote of the false teachers’ message, the

problem becomes evident.

3. The modern use by soul winners of Rev. 3:20 as the closing

appeal of “the plan of salvation,” not even realizing that

141

it is in the context of Christian churches (Revelation 2-

3). This text is not addressing initial salvation, but

the recommitment of a church, beginning with the

individuals of that congregation.

4. The modern cult of Mormonism quotes I Cor. 15:29 aproof for “baptism for the dead.” There are no parallel passages

for this verse. The immediate context is the validity

of the resurrection and this verse is one of several

examples used to confirm this truth.

5. C. I. Scofield’s quote of II Tim. 2:15, “rightly

dividing the Word of truth,” is used as Scriptural

support for dividing the Bible into seven distinct

covenants.

6. Use of John 6:52ff by Roman Catholicism to support the

doctrine of transubstantiation (that the elements of

the Eucharist actually become the body and blood of

Christ) is another example of this pitfall. John does not

record the Lord’s Supper itself, but only the

dialogue of the upper room experience (John 13-17).

This passage is in the context of the feeding of the five

thousand, not the Eucharist.

7. Preaching on sanctification from Gal. 2:20, not realizing

that the focus of the context is on the complete

effectiveness of justification.

C. Our abuse of the literary genre — this involves the

misunderstanding of the original author’s message because

of our failure to identify the literary form in

which he spoke. Each literary form has some unique elements

of interpretation. Some examples of this abuse follow.

1. Some literalists attempt to turn the poetry of Ps.

114:3-6 into historical narrative—often judging others

by their literalistic interpretation.

142

2. Some try to interpret the apocalyptic sections of

Revelation 12 and 13 as literal persons and animals.

3. Some try to describe “hell” from the parable of Luke

16:19-31. This is the fifth in a series of five parables, which are

related to one central intent of Jesus in addressing the

religious leaders (Pharisees) in Luke 15:1-2 Also, the term

used is Hades and not Gehenna.

D. D. Our abuse of figures of speech or cultural idioms is

another pitfall. We all speak in symbolic language. Yet,

because those who hear us live in the same culture, they

understand our idiomatic phrases. How unusual our idioms and

figures of speech must be to those from other cultures. I

recall an Indian pastor who told me that he was so sorry that “I was

tickled to death.” It is good for us to reflect on our

own colorful phrases, such as “that was awfully good”; “I am all ears”;

“that just kills me”; or “cross my heart and hope to die.”

1. The Bible has idioms also.

The word “hate” in Luke 14:26; John 12:25; Rom. 9:13,

and Mal. 1:2- is a Hebrew idiom of comparison, as can be

seen in Gen. 29:31,33 and Deut. 21:15, but if we do

not know this it can cause much misunderstanding.

a. The phrases, “cut off your limbs” and “pluck out your

eyes,” in Matt. 5:29-30 are Oriental overstatements,

not literal commands.

b. The Holy Spirit is in the form of a dove in Mark 1:10;

however, the Scriptures say, “like a dove” or “as a

dove,” cf. Luke 3:22

143

E. Our abuse by oversimplification. We say that the gospel is

simple and by this we mean that it is easy to understand,

however, many simple summaries of the gospel are faulty

because they are not complete.

1. God is love, but this omits the concept of God’s wrath

(Rom. 1:18-2-16)

2. We are saved by grace alone, but this omits the concept

that individuals must repent and believe (Mark 1:15; Acts

20:21).

3. Salvation is free (Eph. 2:8-9), but this completely

omits the idea that it demands a lifestyle change Eph. 2:10)

4. Jesus is God, but this omits the concept that He is

truly human I.John 4:2

F. Our abuse by selectivity — this is similar to over

simplification and proof-texting. We often select or

combine only those Scriptures which support our theology.

1.An example is seen in John 14:13- 15-17 15:7,16 16:23, in the

phrase “whatever you ask for in prayer, you will receive.”

For the proper balance one must assert the other biblical

criteria concerning this subject.

a. “keep on asking, seeking, knocking,” Matt. 7:7-8

b. b) “according to God’s will,” I John 5:14-15 , which is really what “in Jesus’ name” implies

c.c) “without doubt,” James 1:6

144

d. d) “without selfish goals,” James 4:1-3

2. Using the text of I Cor. 11:6 to criticize men who wear

long hair without noting Num. 6:5; Lev. 19:27, and the

culture of Jesus’ day, is inappropriate.

3. Disallowing women to speak or teach in church based on I

Cor. 14:34 without consideration of I Cor. 11:5, which is in

the same literary unit, is an overstatement.

4. Disallowing or depreciating tongues, often based on I

Cor. 13:8 (I Corinthians 13 asserts that everything but love

will pass away), without noting the teaching of I Cor.

14:5,18,39, is inappropriate.

5. Emphasizing the food laws of Leviticus 11 without noting

Matt. 15:11 and, in an oblique way, Acts 10:10-16, is

inappropriate.

G. Our abuse of majoring on minors — often we miss the

original author’s intent because we get involved in an

interesting, but not central, issue. This can be seen in

the following.

1. Whom did Cain marry? Gen. 4:17

2. Many are concerned about the recipients of Jesus

preaching while He was in Hades. I Peter 3:19

3. Another question concerns how God is going to

destroy the earth. II Peter 3:10

H. Our abuse of the Bible as history — the Bible often

records what it does not advocate (Fee and Stuart 1982, 85).

145

We must focus on clear teaching passages, not just historical

accounts, for our theology and ethics.

I. Our abuse of the relationship between the Old and New

Testament, Israel and the Church, Law and Grace.

Presuppositionally, Christ is Lord of Scripture (Grant and

Tracy 1984, 95). All Scripture must ultimately point

to Him. He is the fulfillment of God’s plan for humanity

(Col. 1:15-23). This means that although the Old Testament

must stand on its own feet, it points toward Christ

(Sterrett 1973, 157-171). I think we must interpret the OT

through the new revelation of the NT. Old Testament emphases

have changed and been universalized. The New Covenant has

superceded the Mosaic Covenant (cf. the book of Hebrews and

Galatians 3) The examples of each of these pitfalls are legion.

However, just because some over- interpret and some under-

interpret and some falsely-interpret, does not mean

there should be no interpretation. If we stay with the

original author’s major intent expressed in a context and

if we come to the Bible prayerfully and humbly we can

avoid the vast majority of these pitfalls. “Why is it that

people so often find things in the Bible narratives, that

are not really there—read into the Bible their own

notions rather than read out of the Bible what God wants them

to know?

1 they are desperate, desperate for information that will

apply to their own situation

2. they are impatient; they want their answers now, from this

book, from this chapter

3. they wrongly expect that everything in the Bible

applies directly as instruction for their own

146

individual lives” (Fee and Stuart 1980, 84).

O;k[;k gsrq O;ogkfjd izfØ;k

I. vkfREkd igyq

ckbcy v/;;u ijes’oj us vkidks nh gqbZ {kerk vkSj ifo=kRek ij fuHkZj

jguk bu nksuksa ckrksa dk ,d lfeJ.k gSA ckbcy v/;;u ds vkfRed igyq

ds ckjs esa fopkj&foe’kZ djuk vklku dk;Z ugha gSA geus ppkZ dh fd

O;k[;k ’kkL= ,d dyk gS] vkSj ,d dkS’ky gS ftldk iz;ksx vkSj rS;kjh

gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ml ckr dks eu esa j[krs gq,] ge O;k[;k’kkL= dh rS;kjh

ds rjhds dks tk¡pus dk iz;kl djsaxsA lgh rS;kjh mruh izeq[k gS ftruh

O;k[;k’kkL= Lo;aA ifo=kRek mu lc ds fy, miyC/k gS tks O;k[;k’kkL= dk

dke djrs gSaA vki opu ds vFkZ dh O;k[;k djus dk iz;kl djrs le;]

,d lzksr ds leku ifo=kRek dh miyC/krk dks tkusaA fuEufyf[kr ckrsa ,d

O;k[;kdrkZ ds vkfRed joS;s dh dqN egRoiw.kZ ckrsa gSaA

A. O;k[;k vkSj O;ogkj esa izkFkZuk dh vge Hkwfedk gSA ifo=kRek

O;k[;k’kkL= dh ,ot ugh gSA og opu dk iz;ksx cukus esa gekjh lgk;rk

djrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd gekjh bPNk vkSj izo`fr ds fojks/k esa HkhA ge opu dks

le> ldrs gSaa] ij dbZ ckj ge opu dks ilUn ugha djrs gSa] mlh txg

ij ifo=kRek gLr{ksi djrk gSA dSyfou dh ekusa rks ,d O;fDr tks ijes’oj

ls lgk;rk izkIr ugha gS rks og vkfRed lR; dks ugha tku ldrs gSaa

¼dSfYou½A ijes’oj ds opu dks le>us ds fy, gesa ifo=kRek miyC/k djk;k

x;k gS ¼;wg- 14%26( 16%13&14( 1dqfj- 2%10&16½A

B. O;fDrxr ‘kqf)dj.k Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA vaxhdkj u fd;k gqvk iki ijes’oj

ds lkFk gekjs lEcU/k dks rksM+rk gSA ckbcy dks le>us ds fy, ijes’oj

gels ikijfgr thou dh vis{kk ugha djrk gS] ijUrq ckbcy vkfRed lR; gS

vkSj iki ml lR; ds fy, ,d ck/kk gSA ftu iki dk Kkr gesa gS mlls

Ik’pkrki gesa djuk gS ¼1;wg- 1%9½ vkSj gesa tk¡pus ds fy, ijes’oj dks volj

147

nks ¼Hktu- 139%1]23]24½A muds vf/kdrj ok;ns gekjs fo’okl ds izR;qÙkj dh

‘krZ ds lkFk gSaA

C. ijes’oj vkSj muds opuksa dks tkuus dh ,d bPNk gekjs Hkhrj gksuh

pkfg, ¼Hktu- 97%14] 42%1( 119%1&½A tc ge ijes’oj ds izfr xEHkhj gks

tkrs gSa rc oks gekjs lehi vkrs gSa vkSj gekjs thou ds izfr mudh ;kstukvksa

dks izxV djrs gSa¼td- 1%3&4( ;kdq- 4%8½A

D. gesa opu ls izkIr ckrksa dks vius thou esa rqjUr ykxw djuk gSA gels

vf/kdrj yksx ftruk tkurs gSa mruk vius thou esa ykxw ugha djrs gSa

¼1;wg- 1%7½A vkids ikl tks T;ksfr gS mlesa pysa rks vkidks vkSj Hkh T;ksfr

fn[k tk,xh ¼jksfe- 1%17½A

** ckbcy ges’kk lq{e ugha gS bl dFku ds }kjk ge ;g crkus dk

iz;kl dj jgs gSa fd ckbcyh; ys[kdksa us ges’kk oSKkfud Hkk”kk ;k

oSKkfud lq{erk ds lkFk ckbcy ugha fy[khA vkids eu dks esgurh

v/;;u fy, vuq’kkflr djas] lkFk&lkFk vkids ân; dks ijes’oj vkSj

muds opu ij Hkjkslk djus rFkk izse djus ds fy, vuq’kkflr djsaA

,p ,p jksoyh ¼i`-19½**

II. rdZlaxr izfØ;k

ckbcy i<+saA ;fn dksbZ ;g D;k dgrh gS djds ugha tkurk gS rks ml esa

dgh gqbZ ckrksa ds vFkZ dks Hkh ugha le> ldrk gSA fo’ys”k.k v/;;u bl ds

fy, izeq[k ckr gSA bl esa v/;;u dkypØ ds dkQh pØ ‘kkfey gSaA

A. dbZ vuqoknksa dks i<+saA fofHkUu izdkj ds rjhds ls vuqoknksa dks i<+saA

1- lkekU; lapkfjr] tSls fd

d- fdax tsEl osjlu

[k- nh vesfjdu LVkUMZ osjlu

x- n U;w vesfjdu LVkUMZ osjlu

?k- n fjokt+bZM lVkUMZ osjlu

2- lfØ; lekukUrj] tSls fd

d- U;w bUVjus’uy osjlu

[k- n U;w vesfjdu ckbcy

x- xqM U;wt+ QWj eksMZu esu~

148

?k-n ts:’kyse ckbcy

p- n U;w baxyh’k ckbcy

N- fofYy;el~

3- ifjdYiuk ds fy, ifjdYiuk vuqokn] tSls fd

d- nh ,EifyQbZM ckbcy

[k- fQfyi~l

x- n fyfoax ckcby

vkidk O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u oxZ 1;k 2 ls gksuk pkfg,A bl ds fy, vki

fofHkUu vuqoknksa dks ,d lkFk iz;ksx dh xbZ ckbcy Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaaA

B. ,d gh ckj esa iwjh iqLrd ;k lkfgR;d bdkbZ dks i<+saA

1- lkfgR;d O;k[;k ,d ikB ds ,d ek= vFkZ dh vksj ladsr djrh gS]

bldk ,d ek= rkRi;Z gSA gyk¡fd bl ,dek= vFkZ dks nks izdkj ls

n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gS % lk/kkj.k ,oa vyad`r lkfgR;d rjhdkA ;s nkuksa

lkfgR;d gSaA blds fy, i;kZIr le; dk mi;ksx djsaA

2- ,d xSj rdfudh rjhdk gS fd ckj&ckj i<saA ;g vkidks ml ikB ds

lkFk lqifjfpr djk nsxkA bl iqLrd dk O;ogkfjd Vhdk bu izfØ;kvksa

ds bnZ&fxnZ esa gSA

d- O;k[;k ds 7 iz’u

[k- v/;;u ds pkj dkypØ

x- xos”k.k ds lkefxz;ksa dks vfpr LFkkuksa ij mi;ksx djsaA

C. vkids

fujh{k.kksa dks fy[k MkysaA

vkius tks i<+k gS mlesa ls tks le> esa vkrk gS mls fy[k MkysaA ;g vkidks

cks> nsus ds fy, ughaA nwljs O;k[;kdrkZvksa dh ckrksa ij vf/kd fuHkZj u jgsaA

O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u esa izkFkZuk] le;] izf’k{k.k vkSj /kS;Z dk gksuk

vko’;d gSA

;g ,d vklku lk dk;Z ugha gS ijUrq blls feyusokyk Qk;nk ljkguh; gSA

1- ckbcy ds ys[kdksa esa muds }kjk pqus x, ‘kCnksa dk ,d bPNk;qDr vFkZ gS

vkSj mUgksaus lkekU; vFkZ dks iz;ksx fd;k gS rkfd os ijes’oj ds lUns’k dks

149

Li”V:i ls nwljksa rd igq¡pk ldsaA ;fn ys[kd ml lkekU; vFkZ ls gV

tkrk gS rks mldk lkQ lqjkx Hkh ge ns[krs gSaA

le; yxkdj mls i<+us ds ckn mls vius ’kCnksa esa fy[k MkysaA vkSj lkFk esa

dsUæh; fo”k;] dqath vk;r vkSj dqath v/;k; dks vyx djus dk iz;kl djsaA

bl ckr dks lej.k djsa fd m|s’; dh ‘kSyh tks mi;ksx dh xbZ gS mlls

izxV dj j[kk gksxkA ¼gkÅ Vq jhM ckbcy QWj bV~l~ oFkZ Qh vkSj LVqVZ½A

2- mlh vuqqokn esa mls nksckjk i<saA bl le; esa ys[kd dh fopkj/kkjk ds izeq[k

foHkktuksa dks ns[ksaA bls fo”k;] le;] ‘kh”kZd] /ouh] LFkku] ‘kSyh ij vk/kkfjr

gksdj dj ldrs gSaaA vkids ckbcy esa fn, x, foHkktu dk ihNk u djsaA

og vlyh ugha gS dbZ ckj os yksxksa dks xyr jkg ij ys tkrk gSA vkids

foHkktu dks laf{kIr okD;ksa esa fooj.k djsaA tc ,d ckj vki foHkktu djrs

gSa rc vki muls tqM+s gqbZ vU; ‘kh”kZdksa vuqPNsnksa ds ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSaaA

blh ds }kjk ge ;g iz;kl djrs gSa fd tks tqM+s ugha gS djds lkspus;ksX;

vuqPNsnksa dks vkil esa tksMs+aA ;g lkfgR;d bdkbZ;k¡ okLrfod ys[kd ds

}kjk izrhfr fd, x, vFkZ dh vksj gesa ys tkrk gSA

D. bl eqdke dk vki viuh :ijs[kk dks nwljs fo’okfl;ksa dh :ijs[kkvksa ds

lkFk rqyuk dj ldrs gSaA

**tc vkidh O;fDrxr O;k[;k ijes’oj ds nkl yksxksa ls fHkUu O;k[;k

gS tks lfn;ksa ls djrs vk jgs gSa rc vkids eu esa ,d [krjs dk

?k.Vh ctuh pkfg,A** ¼gsfUjdlu~ 1973] 38½

**ewyikB dk v/;;u vkidk gh cukus ds fy, vkSj nwljksa dk u gksus

ds fy, bl eqdke ls igys gh vkidks Lo;a lkspdj vius gh ,d

fu”d”kZ eas igq¡puk pkfg,A** ¼LVqVZ 1980] 39½

yxkrkj ifo=’kkL= ls gesa feyh gqbZ ckrksa dks fuEufyf[krksa ds lkFk

rqyuk djsa %

1- iklcku

2- laxh elhfg;ksa ds lkFk

3- ijEijkxr elhfg;ksa ds er ds lkFk ¼lSj 1980] 15½

vdlj gekjs ckbcy v/;;u ds vkjEHk esa :ijs[kk nh tkrh gSA dbZ

ckj gj ,d v/;k; ds vkjEHk esa fo”k; dk foHkktu fd;k tkrk gSA

150

tc rd vkidk viuk le; Lo;a ugha fy[kk tkrk rc rd ml ij

/;ku u djsaA

u dsoy ckbcy v/;;u esa oju~

1- Vhdk]

2- iqjkus rFkk u, fu;eksa ds losZ{k.k dh iqLrdksa esa

3- vkSj ckbcy ,ulkbZdykWihfM;k rFkk ‘kCndks’kksa esa :ijs[kk ikbZ

tkrh gSA

E. ml ckbcyh; iqLrd dks fQj ls i<+sa

1- nwljs ,d iUus esa mls tks vkius igys foHkktu dj j[ks gSa fy[k MkysaA

okLrfod ys[kd dh ckrksa dks le>us dks :ijs[kk dgk tkrk gSA

tSls&tSls vki lkfgR;d bdkbZ;ksa dks vyx djrs tkrs gSa oSls&oSls vki

muds lanHkZ dks ,d okD; esa fy[kdj j[ksaA bl izdkj ds dk;Z NksVh&lh

ckrksa ij vf/kd t+ksj nsus esa vkidh lgk;rk djsaxsA

bl eqdke rd vki bl dk;Z dks ,d gh vuqokn ls djrs jgsaA vc

vkids foHkktuksa dh rqyuk vU; vuqoknksa ds lkFk djsaA

d- czgr bdkbZ

[k- [k.M foHkktu

tgk¡ mi&foHkktu dh t+:jr gS ogk¡ mldk mi;ksx djsa

d- fo”k; foHkktu

[k- [k.M foHkktu

x- ‘kCnksa dk pquko

?k- okD;ksa dk foU;kl

p- ekftZu esa fn, x, uksV~l~ ¼tks fd gLrys[kksa esa ik, tkrs gSa½

2- bl eqdke esa fuEufyf[kr iz’uksa dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, vk;rksa dk p;u

djsaA

d- bl vuqPNsn dk ys[kd dkSu gS\

[k- ;g vuqPNsn fdldks lEcksf/kr dj jgk gS\

x- ;g fdlfy, fy[kk x;k\

?k- dc fy[kk x;k\

p- bl esa dkSu dkSu&lh ,sfrgkfld ckrsa lfEefyr gSa\

151

blds mÙkj iqLrd ls gh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA gj ,d ,sfrgkfld ckrsa tks

gesa t+:jh gSa og iqLrd ds Hkhrj gh feyrh gSA dbZ ckj ge bl eqdke

esa fdlh vU; VhdkdrkZ dh lgk;rk ysus ds fy, rRij gks tkrs gSaA bl

izyksHku dk lkeuk djsaA ,slk djus ls vkidh [kq’kh c<+ tk,xh vkSj Lo;a

ij Hkjkslk djuk vkjEHk djsaxs ¼vkslcksu rFkk oqMokMZ 1979] 139( tsulu

1963] 20½A vkidks lgk;rk nsus;ksX; iz’u fy[k Mkysa] tSls fd D;k ogk¡

ij dksbZ ‘kCn ;k okD; dks nksgjk;k x;k gS\ D;k ogk¡ ij dksbZ /;ku nsus

gsrq <+k¡pk gS\ D;k ogk¡ ij dksbZ lkekukUrj vuqPNsn fdlh vksj iqLrd esa

ls ik;k tk ldrk gS\ bu iz’uksa ds lkFk ml iqLrd dks vki ckj&ckj

i<+saA bu iz’u ds lkFk lEcU/k j[kusokyh dksbZ ckr vki dks ut+j vk, rks

mls vki fy[ksaA

F. vkids fujh{k.kksa dks tk¡psA

ijes’oj dk Hk; ekuusokys vU; yksxksa ds lkFk feydj vkids fujh{k.kksa

dks tk¡pus dk le; vk x;k gS] pkgs os Hkwrdky ;k orZekudky ds D;ksa

u gksA

**O;k[;k djuk ,d lkekftd ckr gSA euksa ds lg;ksx ds }kjk ,d

vPNs fu.kZ; ij ge igq¡p ldrs gSaA;g dsoy fo}kuksa ;k dyhfl;k ds

vxqoksa ds fy, gh ,d fof/k ugha gS] ijUrq ewy ikBdksa ds ikl tkus

dk ,d ek/;e gSA bu ewy ikBdksa us lans’k dks vius gh okLrfod

lanHkZ vkSj lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k esa le>k gksxkA le;] Hkk”kk] vkSj

laLd`fr ds dkj.k ewy lanHkZ vkSj lans’k dks le>us dk dk;Z dfBu

gksrk tkrk gS ¼Mkuk 1946] 237½A**

**pkyZl LitZu --- tks yksx dgrs gSa fd ;g mUgsa ifo=kRek us crk;k

gS mUgsa pkfg, fd ;g lkspsa fd ifo=kRek us ml fo”k; esa nwljksa dks

D;k izxV fd;k gS** ¼gsfUjdlu~ 1973] 41½

ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus esa lcls cM+h leL;k dk tks ge lkeuk

djrs gSa] crk, x, nwljs dkj.kksa ds lkFk] gekjk ikiiw.kZ LoHkko gSA

gekjh t+:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ge lc dqN dks ifjofrZr@Hkz”V

dj nsrs gSaA gekjs ikl ijes’oj dk] vius lalkj dk] ;k vius vki

dk ,d okLrfod] vizHkkfor n`f”Vdks.k ugha gS fQj Hkh] bu lHkh

ck/kkvksa ds ckn Hkh] ijes’oj fo’okl;ksX; gSaA ge ijes’oj dks vkSj

152

mlds opu dks tku ldrs gSaa D;ksafd og pkgrs gSa fd ge ,sls djsa¼

VªSuk 1985] 9½A**

,d eq[; dkj.k gekjk O;fDrRo izdkj gSA ;g fo’okfl;ksa ds chp esa vusd

my>u vkSj vlgefr dks mRiUu djrh gSA ge vis{kk djrs gSa fd gj dksbZ

gekjs leku lksps vkSj ifj{k.k djsA

dqN fo’oklh vius fopkj izfØ;kvksa esa rdZiwoZd vkSj lajpfur gSa] tcfd

nwljs vf/kd Hkkoqd gSa vkSj fooj.kksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa ds ckjs esa de fpafrr gSaA

fQj Hkh lHkh fo’oklh ckbcy dh O;k[;k djus ds vkSj mldh T;ksfr esa

pyus ds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSaA

G. lekuUrj vuqPNsnksa ij /;ku djsa

ge ifo=’kkL= dh O;k[;k djus dks vU; fdlh O;fDr ;k lkEiznk; ij

Hkjkslk djus dh /kS;Z Hkh u djsa] tks u dsoy bl thou dks izHkkfor djrh gS]

ijUrq vkusokys thou dks HkhA bl ikB~liqLrd dk nwljk y{; nwljksa dh

O;k[;k dk ifj{k.k djus dh ;ksX;rk dks izkIr djuk gSA ;g ikB~; iqLrd

O;fDrxr fo’oklh dks O;fDrxr ckbcy v/;;u ds fy, ,d fof/k dks izca/k

djus vkSj nwljksa dh O;k[;k ds fo:) ,d cpko dks nsus dh bPNk dks

j[krh gSaA fo}kuksa dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaa] ijUrq lgh ifj{k.k vkSj ikB ds

nLrkost+ fd;k fcuk Lohdkjk ugha tkuk pkfg,A

1- ,d fyf[kr nLrkost+ dks le>us dk ,d ekxZ] laHkor% lcls mÙke ekxZ]

ys[kd ds mn~ns’; dh vkSj mlds izLrqfrdj.k esa dh izeq[k foHkktuksa dh

igpku djuk gSA ge eu esa ,d mn~ns’; vkSj y{; ls fy[krsa gSaA blh

izdkj] ckbcyh; ys[kdksa us HkhA bl mn~ns’; vkSj mlds izeq[k foHkktuksa

dh igpku djus dh gekjh {kerk bldh NksVh bZdkbZ;ks dks le>us dh

gekjh lgk;rk djsxhA

2- mlh ys[kd ds }kjk fy[kh xbZ nwljha iqLrdks dh Hkh tk¡p djsaA tSls fd

,tz+k vkSj ugsE;kg( ejdql] 1irjl vkSj 2irjl( ywdk rFkk izfjrksa ds

dke( ;wgUuk vkSj 1;wgUuk( dqyqfLl;ksa vkSj bfQfl;ksa( xyfr;ksa vkSj

jksfe;ksaA

3- vxyk gS fofHkUu ys[kdA tc ge opu ds fy, =qfVghu rFkk vpwd ‘kCnksa

dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks mldk vFkZ gS ijes’oj dk opu fl) gSA ;g

xyrh ds fcuk rFkk laiw.kZ gSA efÙk- 24] ej- 13 vkSj ywdk- 21 ;g gesa

153

lkgl nsrk gS fd tks ge izpkj djrs gSa og ijes’oj dh vksj ls gS u fd

fdlh euq”; ds }kjk [kkst fd;k gqvk gSA

4- ckbcy izsj.kk izkIr gksus ds dkj.k ¼2freq- 3%16½ og ,d nwljs ds fojks/k esa

ugha gSA iqjkus fu;e vkSj u, fu;e esa ijes’oj dk opu iw.kZ gS] ewy ys[k

esa HkzkfUr jfgr gS] ijes’oj }kjk izsj.kk ik;k gqvk gS] Hkzejfgr ijes’oj dk

opu gSA ckbcy elhgh fo’okl vkSj thou ds fy, loZJs”B vf/kdkj

vkSj funsZ’ku gSA

H. iwoZ ns’k ds yksx fojks/kkHkkld rjhds ls lR; dks izxV djrs gSaA

bl ckr dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk fd O;k[;k ‘kkL= iklcku ds fy, ,d

cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ v/;;u {ks= gSA D;ksafd ijes’oj vkSj elhg ds ckjs esa ge

tks dqN Hkh tkurs gSa oks lc dqN gesa opu ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn vki

bls ugha le>rs] ;k ;fn vki bldh xyr O;k[;k djrs gSa] rks vki Lo;a

dks rFkk viuh dyhfl;k ds yksxksa dks xyr fn’kk dh vksj ys tk,saxsA ftl

laLd`fr esa vki iklckuh djrs gSa vkSj ftu laLd`fr;ksa esa ckbcy fy[kh xbZ

gS og fcYdqy gh vyx gS] blfy, ;g vkidh cqykgV gS fd vki vius fn,

x, lanHkZ esa bldh O;k[;k djsaA

I. Øec) bZ’ojh;’kkL=

,d O;fDr bZ’ojh;’kkL= dks fdl izdkj izLrqr dj ldrk gS\ ;g

ckbcyh; /keZKku ds leku gS ftlesa ifjdYiuk] dsUæfo”k;] vkSj ‘kCnksa

dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds lkFk gesa tksM+rk gSA

1- vU; rkyesy j[kusokys vuqPNsnksa ds lkFk

2- ml fo”k; ij Li”V:i ls fl[kkusokys vU; vuqPNsnksa dh vksj

3- mlh okLrfodrk ds vU; igyqvksa dh vksj

4- nksuksa fu;eksa esa blesa vk;k gqvk cnyko

ckbcy ges’kk lR; dks izxV djrh gS ijUrq gj le; fn, x, lanHkZ esa ml

fo”k; dh iwjk tkudkjh izxV ugha djrh gSA tks ckrsa vk¡[k us ugha ns[kha

vFkkZr~ foKku ds }kjk ge muds eu dks ugha tku ldrsA dku us ugha lquha]

vFkkZr~ gekjh ijEijk] gekjs iwoZtksa }kjk feys gq, Kku ls ge Hkh ge ijes’oj

ds fopkjksa dks ugha le> ldrsA tks ckrsa euq"; ds fpÙk esa ugha p<+ha vFkkZr~

154

loksZRre varKkZu Hkh ijes’oj dh ckrksa dks izxV ugha dj ik;kA ijes’oj ds

vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh ugha tkurk fd ijes’oj dSls gSa] mudh fo’ks”krk vkSj

;kstuk D;k gSA iwjs lR; dks le>us dk iz.kkyh fuEufyf[kr gS

1- ys[kd ds }kjk ml ‘kCn dk mi;ksx

2- [k- rRdky lanHkZ ds lkFk ml ‘kCn dk lEcU/k

3- x- fy[kus ds le; esa ml ‘kCn dk izpkhu mi;ksx

4- ?k- ml ‘kCn dk ewy vFkZ

5- leLr ckbcy

Øec) bZ’ojh; ‘kkL= elhgh lPpkbZ;ksa dks oxhZd`r djus dk iz;kl djrk

gSA dbZ ckj os vius laLFkk dh ckrksa dks bl esa tksM+ nsrk gSA blfy, dHkh

Hkh ,d gh ys[kd ;k iqLrd dk lgkjk u ysaA

J. lekukUrj vuqPNsnksa dk mi;ksx

;g dksbZ ek;us ugh j[krk fd vuqPNsn D;k dgrk gS ;k bls opu ds Hkhrj

dgk¡ ik;k tkrk gS] pkgs ;g ,sfrgkfld ;k i|~;ka’k gks] vki ges’kk mldh

O;k[;k lkfgR;d rkRi;Z ls dj ldrs gSaaA okLro esa ys[kd ds ,d ek= vFkZ

dks le>uk vkidk mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA ;g vkids fy, D;k vFkZ ykrk gS og

ughA tc vki ys[kd dks ut+jvankt+ djrs gSa rks vki vkf/kdkfjrk dks Hkh

ut+jvankt+ dj jgs gSaA vkidks ,d leku lR;ksa dks crkusokys vuqPNsnksa dks

<w¡<+uk pkfg,A

1- bfQfl;ksa dh iqLrd esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k **LoxhZ;** ‘kCnA lcls

igys gesa yxrk gS fd gekjh e`R;q ds ckn feyusokyh txg gS

ijUrq tc ge 5 opuksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj ns[krs gSa rc irk

yxrk gS fd ;g vdk’ke.My ds ckjs esa n’kkZ jgk gS ¼bfQ- 1%3]20(

2%6( 3%10( 6%12½A

2- bfQ- 5%8 esa ifo=kRek esa Hkjiwj dk mi;ksx ges’kk fookn dk fo”k;

cuk gSA dqyqfLl;ksa ds i=h esa Hkh dqN bl izdkj dh ckrsa ns[k

ldrs gSa dqy - 3%16A

ckbcy dh O;k[;k dbZ izdkj ls fd;s tkus ds dkj.k yksx fo’okl djrs gSa

fd O;k[;k ypdhyh gS ;k rks O;k[;k ,d ugha vusd gSassA bl ckr dks

155

tkuus ds dkj.k] opu ds v/;;u vkSj O;k[;k ds fy, ,d LFkkbZ rjhds dh

LFkkiuk djuk vko’; gSA bl rjhds dks lkfgR;d O;k[;k dgrs gSaA

lkfgR;d O;k[;k dk fl)kUr nks eq[; ckrksa ls la?kfVr gS % ikB dk lkekU; vFkZ &

ckbcy ds lkfgR;d O;k[;k dk vFkZ gS lk/kkj.k Hkk”kk ds iz;ksx ls blds vlyh

vFkZ dks O;Dr djukA ikB dk ,d vfHkizk;&opu dk ,d gh vfHkizk; gS] og gS

lkfgR;d vfHkizk;A og lkfgR;d vfHkizk; gj ,d ckr dh tM+ vkSj vk/kkj gS] vkSj

dHkh u foQy gksusokyk yaxj gS] ;fn vki mlesa fpid dj jgrs gS rks dksbZ xyrh

ugha djsaxs vkSj u ekxZ ls HkVdsaxA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa dgsa rks lkfgR;d vfHkizk; ds

foijhr esa i<+us dk vFkZ gS fd vki mls bl izdkj i<+ jgs gS ftl vFkZ ds ckjs esa

dHkh Hkh ys[kd us lkspk ugha gSA ge dsoy cksyh ds }kjk gh ugh fØ;k ds }kjk Hkh

fl[kkrs gS] blfy, gesa opu dh O;k[;k dk lgh uequk is’k djus esa lqfu’fpr jguk

pkfg,A lkfgR;d O;k[;k ,d ikB ds ,d ek= vFkZ dh vksj ladsr djrk gS] bldk

,d ek= rkRi;Z gSA gyk¡fd bl ,dek= vFkZ dks nks izdkj ls n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gS %

lk/kkj.k ,oa vyad`r lkfgR;d rjhdkA ;s nkuksa lkfgR;d gSA

1- lanHkZ

2- flUVDl

3- ,VhekWyth

4- lekukUrj vuqPNsn

5- vlyh ys[kd ds ,sfrgkfld rFkk lkaLd`frd <k¡pk

III. xos”k.k ds lkefxz;ksa ds mi;ksx ds

funsZ’kkRed rjhds

tSls igys dgk x;k] ;fn vki lgh O;k[;k djuk pkgrs gSa rks

vkidks izR;sd izdkj ds lkfgR; ds ckjs esa tkuuk vko’;d gSA

;fn vki ‘kSyh ds izfr vleaftl esa gSa rks lkfgR; O;k[;k lgh

ugh dj ik,axsA mnkgj.k ds fy, dYiuk djsa fd vki dSu vkSj

gkfcy dh dgkuh dks ,d nq[kn ckrksa ds ctk; ,d uk;d ds

o`rkUr ds :i esa i<+rs gSa] vkSj dSu mlesa uk;d gS rks dSu ds

infpUgksa ij gesa pyuk iM+sxk] ;fn ge bl dgkuh dks nq[kn ckr

156

ds leku i<+rs gSa rks mlds dk;ksZa dks iki vkSj xyr djds ge

bdjkj djsaxsA bl dkj.k gesa pkfg, fd O;k[;k djus ls igys

lkfgR; dks igpkuus esa ge l{ke cusaA ;g Kku vkidks lgh

le> dk ,d <k¡pk miyC/k djk,xk tks fd vkidh f’k{kkvksa dh

rFkk f’k”;rk dh j{kk djsxkA

d- ,sfrglfld i`”BHkwfe ds lkFk vkjEHk djsa

1- ckbcy dk ifjp;

2- ckbcy v/;;u dh lgk;rkeUn iqLrdks esa fn, x, ys[kksa

dh lgk;rk ls

3- Vhdksa ds ikzjfEHkd v/;k;ksa ls

[k- fofHkUu izdkj ds Vhdksa ds mi;ksx

1- y?kq Vhds

2- rduhfd Vhds

3- euu ;qDr Vhds

x- fo’ks”k ckrksa ds v/;;u dshlkefxz;k¡

1- ‘kCn v/;;u iqfLrdk

2- laLd`frd i`”BHkwfe dh iqLrdsa

3- Hkwxksy’kkL= dh iqLrdsa

4- iqjko’ks”k iqLrdsa

5- ekSf[kd j{kk’kkL= iqLrdsa

?k- vUr esa fo’kky fp= dks ikus dk iz;kl djsaA

vkids }kjk i<+usokyh ckrksa ds lkfgR; dks igpkuus dk iz;kl ftruk vf/kd

vki djrs gSa mruh vklkuh ls vki ys[kd ds bPNk;qDr vFkZ dh O;k[;k dj

ik,axs vkSj ifo=’kkL= ds ‘kkfCnd vFkZ dks Hkh vki fu/kkZfjr dj ik,axsA

157

uk sV fy[ku s dk lkekU; oxh Zdj.k

blds fy, gekjk lq>ko gS fd vki igyh ckj igys fy[ks gq, fdlh rjhds dk

uewuk ysaA ;g vkidks dqN fcUnqvksa ij /;ku dsfUær djus esa lgk;rk djsxkA vki

fofHkUu dk;ksZa ds fy, fofHkUu jax dh fl;kgh dk mi;ksx djasA uhps nh xbZ odZ’khV

,d uewuk gS tks esjs fy, dkQh en~nxkj gSA vki viuh ,d odZ’khV dk Hkh p;u

dj ldrs gSaA vkidh odZ’khV dh gj ,d ckrksa ds chp esa [kkyh LFkku vo’; NksM+as

rkfd vki ckrksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls fy[k ldsaA ;g uewuk v/;;u dkypØ ds

rkyesy esa gSA

uksV fy[kuk

I. v/;;u dkypØ

d- igyk v/;;u

1- bl iwjs iqLrd dk dsUæ fo”k;@m|s’; gS %¼laf{kIr fooj.k½

2- dsUæfo”k; dks bu esa ls fdlh esa o.kZu fd;k gS ¼,d dks pqusa½

d- vk;r

[k- [k.M

158

x- v/;k;

3- lkfgR;d ‘kSyh gS ---

[k- nwljk v/;;u

1- izeq[k lkfgR;d foHkktu gS

d-

[k-

x-

vkfn

2- ,d nwljs ds lEcU/k ds vuqlkj ,d&,d ckr dks laf{kIr djsa

3- vkidh :ijs[kk ds fy, mi;ksx djusokys txgksa dh lwph cuk,a

x- rhljk v/;;u

1- ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe ds ckjs esa Hkhrjh tkudjh ¼vk;r fy[ksa½

d- ys[kd

1-

2-

3-

[k- fy[kus dk le;dky

1-

2-

3-

x- izkIrdrkZ

1-

2-

3-

159

?k- fy[kus dk volj

2- vuqPNsnksa ds foHkktu ds }kjk vkidh :ijs[kk dks fy[ksaA fofHkUu vuqoknksa

ds lkFk rqyuk Hkh djasA mlds ckn vkids }kjk [kksth gqbZ :ijs[kk ds

izfrfyih cuk,aA

3- ,d dFku ds }kjk vius [k.M dk fupksM+ fy[ksaA

4- lEHkkfor O;ogkfjd ckrksa ds lwph cuk,aA

?k- pkSFkk v/;;u

1- lekukUrj vuqPNsnksa dks fy[ksa ¼ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed½A vkSj muds

fo’ks”krkvksa ij /;ku nsaA

d- ogh lkfgR;d bdkbZ

[k- ogh iqLrd

x- ogh ys[kd

?k- ogh le;dky

p- ogh fu;e

N- iwjh ckbcy ,d lkFk

2- bZ’ojh;’kkL= lEcU/kh iqLrdksa ij xkSj djsaA

3- <k¡ps dks le>us ds fy, fo’ks”k lwph dks fodflr djsaA

d- cMs+ rFkk NksVs ik= ds ckjs esa fy[ksa

[k- izeq[k ‘kCnkofy;ksa dh lwph cuk,a ¼/keZ’kkL=h;] nksgj;k gqvk rFkk

vlk/kkj.k½

x- izeq[k ?kVukvksa ds lwph cuk,a

160

?k- HkkSxkfyd pyu dks fy[ksaA

4- dfBu vuqPNsnksa dks Hkh mYys[k cuk,a

d- ewyikB lEcU/kh ijs’kkuh

1- vkidh vxszt+h ckbcy ls

2- vU; vuqoknksa dks ns[kus ds }kjk

[k- ,sfrgkfld ijs’kkfu;k¡ rFkk vuks[kkiu

x- vuks[ksiu dh /keZoSKkfud leL;k,¡

?k- vkidks vleaftl dj nsusokyh vk;rsa

p- O;ogkfjd

lPpkbZ;k¡

1- bl ‘khV dh ckbZa rjQ viuh fooj.kkkRed :ijs[kk fy[ksaA

2- nfgus rjQ lEHkkfor O;ogkfjd lPpkbZ;ksa dk mYys[k djsa

N- xos”k.k ds lkefxz;ksa ds mi;ksx

1- lgh Øe esa xos”k.k dh lkefxz;ksa dks i<+saA odZ ‘khV esa mYys[k djsa vkSj

fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij xkSj djsa

d- lgefr dk fcUnq

[k- vlgefr dk fcUnq

x- u, fopkj ;k O;ogkfjd ckrsa

?k- fo”ke vuqPNsnksa dh lEHkkfor O;k[;k

161

2- xos”k.k dh lkefxz;ksa ds Hkhrj ls O;ogkfjd ckrksa ds lkFk ,d fu.kkZ;d

:ijs[kk rS;kj djsaA ;g :ijs[kk vkidks ys[kd okLrfod m|s’; rFkk

<k¡ps dks le>us esa vkidh lgk;rk djsxhA

d- NksVh ckrksa ij T;knk le; u xok,¡

[k- lanHkZ dks u Hkwysa

x- okLrfod ys[kd us tks ckrsa lksph gSa ml ls vf/kd ;k de ckrksa dks

mlesa ‘kkfey u djsaA

?k- O;ogkfjd ckrksa dks rhu Lrj esa djuk gS

1- iwjh iqLrd dk dsUæh;fo”k; & igyk v/;;u

2- izeq[k lkfgR;d bdkbZ & nwljk v/;;u

3- [k.M & rhljk v/;;u

p- fu.kkZ;d pj.k esa vkidh O;k[;k dks Li”V djus ds fy, lekukUrj

vuqPNsnksa dh mi;ksx djsaA ;g ckbcy dks Lo;a dh O;k[;k djus esa

lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g gesa fo”ke vuqPNsnksa dks ut+jvankt+ djus dh

izfØ;k ls cpkdj j[krk gSA

t- /keZoSKkfud vUrZn`f”V

1- ckbcy ds lPpkbZ;ksa ds lkFk vkids vuqPNsn ds lEcU/k dks irk djus ds

fy, Øec) /keZoSKkfud iqLrdksa dk mi;ksx djsaA

2- vkids vuqPNsn esa of.kZr dh xbZ izeq[k lPpkbZ dks vius gh ‘kCnksa esa

fooj.k djsaA vkids izpkj ;k f’k{kk esa bl lPpkbZ dk mi;ksx li”V:Ik

ls gksuk gSA

II. ,DltsfVdy izfØ;k

d- vuqPNsn & de ls de ,d [k.M

1- vlyh vuqPNsn dks izLrqr djsa & fdlh gLrys[k dk lgkjk ysaA

162

2- vuqokn ds fodYi

d- ‘kCn ds fy, ‘kCn & dstsoh] ,,loh] ,u,,lch] vj,loh]

,uvkj,loh

[k- lfØ; lekurk ds vuqokn & ,u,soh] ,ubch] ts#’kyse ckbcy]

fofYy;e;~] Vhboh

x- vU; izkphu vuqokn & ,y,Dl,Dl] oYxsV] isf’krk

?k- bl Lrj esa dksbZ lekukUrj vuqoknksa dk mi;ksx ugha gSA

3- egRoiw.kZ ijhofrZuh; ckrksa ij xkSj djsa

d- ;wukuh gLrys[kksa ds leL;k

[k- dfBu ‘kCn

x- vuks[ks fuekZ.k

?k- /keZoSKkfud lPpkbZ;k¡

[k- lDltsfVdy pht+ksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky

1- rRdkfyd lanHkkZRed bdkbZ ds mYys[k djsa tSls fd vids vuqPNsn fdl

izdkj ,d lkfgR;d bdkbZ ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gSA

2- <k¡ps;qDr rRoksa dk mYys[k djsa

d- lekukUrj <k¡pk

[k- mn?k`r

x- vyadkj

?k- mnkgj.k

p- dfork@dhrZu@xhr

3- O;kdj.kkRed ckrksa dk mYys[k djsa

d- fØ;k &dky] /ouh] la[;k] fyax

[k- fo’ks”k <k¡pk

x- ‘kCn ;k okD;ka’k Øe

4- dqath ‘kCnksa dks mYys[k djsa

d- iw.kZ lsekfUVdy {ks= ds ckjs esa crk,a

[k- dkSu&lk vFkZ lnHkZ ds lkFk T;knk lgh gS

163

x- /keZoSKkfud vFkZ dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa lrZd jgasA

5- ‘kCnksa] fo”k;ksa ds izfr egRoiw.kZ ckbcyh; lekuhUrj dk mYys[k djsaA

d- ogh lanHkZ

[k- ogh iqLrd

x- ogh ys[kd

?k- ogh ‘kSyh

p- ogh le;dky

N- leLr ckbcy

x- ,sfrgkfld fupksM+

1- lR; ds dFku dks fy[kus ds fy, izsfjr dh gqbZ ckr us fdl izdkj

izHkkfor fd;k gSA

2- lR; ds dFku dks laLd`fr fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrh gSA

3- lR; ds dFku izkIrdrkZvksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSaA

?k- /keZoSKkfud fupksM+

1- /keZoSKkfud lPpkbZ;k¡

d- ys[kd dk /keZoSKkfud Lrj dh fooj.k djsa

1- fo’k”k ‘kCn

2- egRoiw.kZ ‘kCn ;k okD;ka’k

3- okD; dk dsUæh; lPpkbZ

[k- ml lkfgR;d bdkbZ ds lkFk ;g fdl izdkj lEcfU/kr gS\

x- ml iqLrd ds fo”k; ;k lPpkbZ ds lkFk ;g fdl izdkj lEcfU/kr

gS\

?k- ifo=’kkL= esa izxV dh xbZ lPpkbZ;ksa ds lkFk bldk D;k esy gS\

164

2- fnypLoh ds fo’ks”k fcUnq

3- O;fDrxr vUrZn`f”V

4- Vhdksa esa ls vUrZn`f”V

N- O;ogkfjd lPpkbZ;k¡

1- lkfgR;d bdkbZ dh O;ogkfjd lPpkbZ

2- [k.M ij v/kkfjr O;ogkfjd lPpkbZ

3- mlh vuqPNsn ds Hkhrj ikbZ tkusokyh O;ogkfjd lPpkbZ ds /keZoSKkfud

rRoA

III. u, fu;e ds ‘kCn v/;;u gsrq cqfu;knh

izfØ;k

d- lk sl kb ZV h vk WQ fccfydy fyVj spj ,.M Ldk syl Z i z sl i sV ]

M s fu,y- byh Z T; w fo ’ k g sje s U; w fVDl bu i s fyfLVu- felk Syk ] ,e Vh %

ik S ] g S j h ,y- vk S j ftEeh ,p-M s fol-lkbUl ,.m Q SF k -u s ’ k foy%

c z k SMe su

[k - ikbF k z sl ] ou Z ,l- lkbUl ,.M g sje s U; w fVDl- x z s aM j s fiM ~l %

,d sM se h cjukM Z - n fØfLV;u O; w vk WQ lkbUl ,.M fØIpj - x z s aM

j s fiM ~l %,n Ze s Ul

1 - cjukM Z - i z k sV s LV s aV fccfydy b aVji z sV s ’u - x z s aM j s fiM ~l % c sdl Z

2 - jkTLp] M sy - n c sVy vkQ fcfxfu a Xl - Mk Wul Z x z w o ( b aVjok fl ZV h

i z sl

x- n j sy soUl vk WQ n ckbcy l s UMh ] Mh -c z s UV vk S j j k suYM ,y-xhl]

t w fu;j] Ø s fd ax vk WYM V sLVe s aV dk sM ~l -u s ’ k foy%c z k sMe su

165

? k - n y s a Xo st vk WQ fccfydy i z k sQ slh ,.M ,ik sd s fyf IVd

jk suYM ,y-xhl] t w fu;j - Iyk s ’ k sl Z ,.M i z w fu ax g wDl%j h fF k a fdx a Mk Wul Z

x z w o ( b aVjok fl ZV h i z sl Ldk syj ] Mh -McY; w - , c s fld fccfy;k Wx z sQ h

xkb ZM Qk W j U; w V sLVe s aV ,Dlthfll- x z s aM j s fiM ~l % ,n Ze s Ul Ld wYt + ]

l se,y t s - vk S j ek s f jl , -b ap ] l ai knd] b aVji z s fV ax n oM Z vk WQ xk sM -

fldkxk s %e wM h

p- fccfydy oM Zl ~ ,.M Fk S j eh fu ax - x z s aM j s fiM ~l % t + k s aMjou c z wl ]

,Q-,Q- n b ax fy’ k ckbcy% , fgLV ª h vk WQ V ª k a Ly s ’ul ~ Ý k We n

vfy Z;LV ojlUl V q n U; w b ax fy’ k ckbcy-

N- n vk W jF k k sM k s Dl d Wj Ii ’u vk WQ fØIpj

t- Qx Z wlu] M adu ,l- fcyfydy gje s U; w fVDl- ,Vy s UV k % tk Wu

uk sDl i z sl

Ý k s b fyp] dky ZÝ kbM - fccfydy b aVji z sV s ’u bu n byh Z pp Z -

fQynfYQ;k % Qk sV Z ªl fxYcV Z ] tk st Z gk Wy h - b aVji z sV s ’u vk WQ n

ckbcy] , ‘ k k sV Z fgLV ª h - U; w ;k sd Z %e sdfeyu

x z s a V ]j k scV Z ,e - vk S j M s foM V ª sl h - ,d ‘ k k sV Z LVk s j h vk WQ n b aVji z sV s ’u

vk WQ n ckbcy] fQynfYQ;k % Qk sV Z ªl x z huyh ] t s -g s j k W YM - b aV ª k sMD’u

V q U; V sLVe s aV V sDl qvy fØfVflLe- x z s aM j s fiM ~l %,n Ze s Ul

g sbl] tk Wu ,p- vk S j dky Z vkj - gky sM s - fccfydy ,Dl sth fll-

,Vy s UV k % tk Wu uk sDl i z sl g s f UM ªDl] gk Wo kM Z th - fyfo ax cb n c wd

IV. O;k[;k ’ k kL= d s fl)kUr d s ,d l a f { k Ir

fooj.k d- ge s ’ k k i z k F k Zu k igy s dj s a A ifo=kRek t +:jh g SA ije s ’oj

pkgr s g S a fd vki ml ckr dk s le> s a A

[k - okLrfod vu qPN sn dk s lk fcr dj s a A

1- iwjh iqLrd dk dsUæh;fo”k;

2 - izeq[k lkfgR;d bdkbZ

x- vu qPN sn dk s le> s a

1- ckbcy izdk’ku dk Bksl ewrZ:i gSA u dsoy lUns’k vkSj ‘kCn izsfjr gSa]

cfYd elhg ds thou dh dgkfu;k¡ Hkh ,d izdkj dk izdk’ku gSaA

166

2- ;|fi ckbcy euq”;ksa }kjk fy[kh xbZ gS] ij blds ‘kCn Lo;a ijes’oj

ds ‘kCn gSaA

3- izsfjr ikSyql dbZ ckrsa dgrs gSa] ijUrq vius le; dh cqf) ls ughaA

ijUrq og ijes’oj ds Kku dks izfrfcfEHkr dj jgs gSa

4- okLro esa mRre ;g gksxk fd vkRek gekjs Hkhrj gks vkSj gekjk ekxZ

funsZ’ku djsA gesa ;h’kq dk O;fDrxr izdk’ku ikus dk ekSdk ugha feyk

gksxk] ijUrq gekjs ikl dqN mÙke ckr gS% mudh vkRekA

? k - ‘ k Cn k s a dk s le>uk

1- ;g ‘kCn vifjofrZr f’k{kk rFkk fl)kUrksa dh vksj ladsr djrk gS]

blfy, dbZ ckj ckbcy dks opu dk ^^dkukWu** dgk tkrk gSA

2- nwljs ‘kCnksa esa] ;g vifjofrZr] laiw.kZ f’k{kk dk lewg] iw.kZ dkukWu] iwjk

gks pqdk gSA blesa dqN Hkh tksM+us ds fy, ugha gSA

3- blls c<+dj vkSj dksbZ Li”V vuqPNsn ugha gSA bl opu ds vuqlkj

tks dksbZ Hkh opu esa ls dqN fudkys ;k mlesa dqN tksM+s izHkq mls ‘kki

nsrs gSaA

p- lekukUrj vuqPNsn

1- ifo=’kkL= dh dsoy ,d gh O;k[;k gS] blfy, ;s oSKkfud fu;e

vkSj fl)kUr elhfg;ksa rFkk >wBs f’k{kdksa dks opu dh xyr O;k[;k

djus ls jksdrs gSaA

2- ;kn j[ksa] tc ge opu dks bl izdkj iz;ksx esa ugha ykrs gSa rc ge

opu dh cnukeh djrs gSaA

3- vU;Fkk ge ftl izdkj pkgrs] ml izdkj opu dks cuk ldrs gSaaA

N- O;ogkj esa ykuk

1- O;k[;k’kkL= ds /;kuiwoZd mi;ksx ds QyLo:i ge lgh fl)kUr

vkSj lgh vuqHko dks fodflr djrs gSa%

2- opu ls tks fl)kUr ge cukrs gSa og O;k[;k’kkL= dh uhao ij

vk/kkfjr gSA

3- gekjk vuqHko fl)kUr ls c<+rk gSA ;g vuqHko ;k mi;ksx opu vkSj

fl)kUr ds lkFk esy [kkusokyk gksxkA

167

4- tc vki ,d iqLrd ds ewyikB esa O;k[;k’kkL= dks ykxw djrs gSa rc

vki ,d ckbcyh; bZ’ojh;’kkL= ds lkFk mHkj vkrs gSaA

oxhZd`r xos”k.k lkefxz;ksa dk ,d lwph

I. ckbcy

d- vuqokn dk izfØ;k dks le>uk

1- ts- chdeku ,.M ts- dkykW] VªUlysfVUx n osMZ vkWQ xkWM

2- b;qtsuk fuMk] xkWMl~ osMZ bu ekul~ ykWxst ¼fofYy;e dsfj] ,u Mh½

3- lkds dqckW ,.M okYVj LisdV] lks esuh osjlul~ ¼t+ksUMjou] 1983½

4- ,Q-,Q- czwl] n cqd ,.M ikjpesUVl~ ¼fjoy] 1963½

[k- vaxzt+h ckbcy dk bfrgkl

1- ,Q-,Q czwl] n bUxyh’k ckbcy % , fgLVjh vkWQ VªUlys’kul~ Qze nh

,jfy;LV Vq n U;w bUxyh’k ckbcy ¼vkWDlQksMZ]1970½

2- bjk ek;qfjl izSl nh ,uflLVjh vkWQ vkWj bUxyh’k ckbcy ¼gkjij] 1956½

II. xos”k.k fdl izdkj fd;k tk,a

d- okYVj ts DykdZ] gkÅ Vq ;wl U;w VsLVesUV xzhd LVMh ,M~l ¼yks;qlkDl

cznlZ] 1983½

[k- ,Q-MCy;w Mkdaj] eYVhijil~ VwYl QWj ckbcy LVMh ¼dudksfMZ;k] 1970½

168

x- vkj-Vh QZkUl , fcCyksxzkfQd xkbZM Vq U;w VsLVesUV jhlspZ ¼ts,lvkWVh

izSl] 1979½

?k- Mh MCy;w LdkWyj] , csfld fcCyksxzkfQd xkbZM QWj U;w VsLVesUV

,Dltsfll ¼,MZeku] 1973½

III. O;k[;k’kkL=

d- tsEl czkx] gkÅ Vw LVMh n ckbcy ¼eqYVuksek] 1982½

[k- xkMZu Qh ,.M Mxyl LVqMZ] gkÅ Vq jhM n ckbcy QWj vkWy bV~l oFkZ

¼t+ksUMZou] 1982½

x- fjpkMZ esgq,] gkÅ Vw bUVjizsV n ckbcy QWj ;qosZlsYQ ¼ewMh] 1986½

?k- ts jkscsVZlu efdfydu] vUMjLVkUMhax ,.M vIiykbZax n ckbcy ¼ewMh

1983½

p- , csjfdyh eSdylsu] bUVjisfVUx n ckbcy ¼,MZekul~ 1963½

N- tkWu edvkjFkj tsvj] jhfMLdofjax ,DlikWflVjh izhfpax ¼osMZ 1992½

t- czwl dksjys] LVho yeds ,.M xzkUM yotkW;] fcCyhdy gsjeU;wfVdl

¼czksMeku ,.M gksyeku] 1996½

>- jkscksVZ LVsbZu] , csfld xkbZM Vw bUVjizsfVax n ckbcy

IV. ckbcyh; iqLrdksa ds fy, cqfu;knh ifjp;

d- iqjkus fu;e

1- vkj ds gkfjlu] iqjkus fu;e dk ifjp; ¼,MZekul~ 1969½

2- fofy;e lkUQWMZ yklkj] MsfoM vyu gckMZ ,.M QsMfjd

MCy;w,e cq’k iqjkus fu;e dk losZ{k.k¼,MZeku] 1982½

3- ,MokMZ ts ;ax iqjkus fu;e dk ,d ifp; ¼,MZeku] 1949½

4- Vh vjuksYM ,.M czk;u bZ- cs;j] iqjkus fu;e ds lkFk eqykdkr

¼csdj] 1998½

5- ihVj lh ØbZxh] iqjkus fu;e dk i`”VHkwfe] fodkl rFkk lanHkZ

¼vfcaxVu] 1990½

[k- u, fu;e

1- MksukYM xqFkjh] u, fu;e dk ifjp; ¼,sfoih 1970½

2- czwl ,e esVlxj] u, fu;e dk i`”BHkwfe] fodkl rFkk lanHkZ ¼vfcaxVu]

1965½

169

3- Mh-, dkjlu] MxYl ts ew ,.M fy;ksu eksfjl u, fu;e ds fy, ,d

ifjp; ¼t+ksUVjou] 1992½

4- okYVj , ,yosy ,.M jkscVZ MCy;w ;kjcxZ u, fu;e ds lkFk eqykdkr

¼csdj 1998½

5- jkscVZ ,p gqUMªh u, fu;e dk losZ{k.k ¼t+ksUVjou 1994½

V. ckbcy ,UlkbZdykWihfM;k vkSj ‘kCndks’k

d- ,e VsUuh la- n tksUVjou fiDpjy ,ulkbdykWihfM;k 5 iq- ¼tksUvjou]

1976½

[k- th , cVfjd la nh bUVjizsVlZ fMD’kujh vkWQ n ckbcy ,.M

lIihfyesUV 5iq- ¼vfcaxVu] 1962&1977½

x- tsQjh MCy;w czkWfeys la n bUvjuk’uy LVkUMZZ ckbcy ,ulSdykWihfM;k

5iq- iq-la- ¼,MZekul] 1979&1987½

?k- tks,y ch xzhu LdkWV eduSV ,.M ts gksokMZ ekj’ky la fMD’kujh vkWQ

thll ,.M xksLiyl ¼,sfoih 1992½

p- tsjkYM gkoFkZu] jkYQ ih ekfVZu ,.M Mkfu;sy jsM la fMD’kujh vkWQ ikWy

,.M fgl ysVlZ~ ¼,sfoih 1993½

N- MsfoM uks,y QhMZeku la nh ,Udj fMD’kujh 6iq- ¼McyMs 1992½

VI. Vhdk lewg

d- iqjkus

fu;e

1- Mhts oSleku] la n VhuMs;y iqjkus fu;e dh Vhdk,a ¼bUVj okjflfV]

1970½

2- , LVMh xkbZM desUVjh lhjhl ¼tksUVjou] 1977½

3- vkj ds gkfjlu la] U;w bUVjuS’kuy desUVjh ¼,MZekul 1976½

4- QzkUd bZ xkbZcsfyu la nh ,DlikWflVZl~ ckbcy desUVjh ¼tksUVjou 1958½

5- ckWc ;wVys McY;w McY;w McY;w Qzh ckbcy desUVjh – vkWjth

[k- u, fu;e

170

1- vkj oh th Vkldj la n VhuMs;y u, fu;e dh Vhdk,a



4- ckWc ;wVys McY;w McY;w McY;w Qzh ckbcy desUVjh – vkWjth

5- U;w bUVjuS’kuy desUVjh ¼,MZekul 1976½

6-

VII. ‘kCnksa dk v/;;u

d- iqjkus

fu;e

1- jkscVZ ch- fxzMyLVksu] fluksfuel vkWQ iqjkus fu;e ¼,MZekul 1897½

2- vkjksu fid] iqjkus fu;e dh ‘kCnksa dk fMD’kujh ¼Øsxy- 1977½

3- vkj fy;kMZ gkfjl] Xyhlu ,y vkjdj tsvj ,.M czwl ds okYVds] iqjkus

fu; ds fFk;kWyftdy osMZcqd ¼ewMh- 1980½

4- fofy;e ,- tsesjsu la iqjkus fu;e ds fFk;kWyth vkSj ,Dlftll ds

fMD’kujh 5iq- ¼tksUVjou 1997½

[k- u, fu;e

1- , Vh jkscVZlu u, fu;e ds oMs fiDplZ ¼,MZeku 1930½

2- ,e vkj foUlUV ] u, fu;e ds ‘kCnksa dk v/;;u ¼edMksukYM 1888½

3- MCY;w bZ okbu okbul ,DlikWflVjh fMD’kujh vkWQ u;w VsLVesUV osMZl

¼fjoy 1968½

4- fofy;e ckjfdyh , u;w VsLVesUV oMZcqd ¼,l lh ,e 1955½

5- &&&&& eksj U;w VsLVesUV oMZl ¼gjij 1958½

6- lh czkÅu la n U;w fMD’kujh vkWQ U;w VsLVesUV fFk;kWyth 5iq ¼tksUVjou

1975&1979½

x- /keZoSKkfud

1- vyu fjpkMZlu la , fFk;kWyftdy oMZ cqd vkWQ n ckbcy

¼ekdfefy;u 1950½

2- ,oVZ ,Q gkfjlu la csdlZ fMD’kujh vkWQ fFk;kWyth ¼csdj 1975½

171

VIII. lkald`frd foU;kl

d- jhfrfjokt+

1- vMkWYQ MsbZleku ] ykbZV Qze ,uf’k;UV bZLV ¼csdj 1978½

2- jksukYM Mh okSDl ,ufl;UV blzk,y 2iq- ¼edxzks fgy 1961½

3- tsEl ,e Qheku] ekusZl ,.M dLVEl vkQ n ckbcy ¼ykxkWl 1972½

4- QzsM ,p jkbV ekusZl ,.M dLVEl vkQ n ckbcy ykUMl ¼ewMh 1953½

5- tsd fQuxsu ykbZV Qze ,uf’;UV ikLV 2iq- ¼fizUlVku ;wuhosflZfV izSl

1974½

6- foDVj ,p eSF;wl ekusZl ,.M dLVEl vkQ n ckbcy ¼gsUMªhdlu 1953½

[k- bfrgkl

1- tkWu czkbV , fgLVjh vkWQ blz,y ¼osLVfeuLVj 1981½

2- Mhts oSleku la- iqjkus fu;e ds yksx ¼vkWDlQkWMZ 1973½

3- ih vkj vdjksbM ,.M lh ,Q bokul~ la- n dsefczMt fgLVjh vkWQ n

ckbcy iq-1 ¼dsefczMt 1970½

x- u, fu;e

1- vMkWYQ MsbZleku ] ykbZV Qze ,uf’k;UV bZLV ¼csdj 1978½

2- jksukYM Mh okSDl ,ufl;UV blzk,y 2iq- ¼edxzks fgy 1969½

3- tsEl ,e Qheku] ekusZl ,.M dLVEl vkQ n ckbcy ¼ykxkWl 1981½

4- QzsM ,p jkbV ekusZl ,.M dLVEl vkQ n ckbcy ykUMl ¼ewMh 1971½


1963½

6- foDVj ,p eSF;wl ekusZl ,.M dLVEl vkQ n ckbcy ¼gsUMªhdlu 1939½

?k- iqjko’ks”k ‘kkL=


1974½

2- , Vh jkscVZlu u, fu;e ds oMs fiDplZ ¼,MZeku 1977½

3- ,e vkj foUlUV ] u, fu;e ds ‘kCnksa dk v/;;u ¼edMksukYM 1972½

4- MCY;w bZ okbu okbul ,DlikWflVjh fMD’kujh vkWQ u;w VsLVesUV osMZl

¼fjoy 1966½

172

5- fofy;e ckjfdyh , u;w VsLVesUV oMZcqd ¼,l lh ,e 1989½

p- HkkSxksfyd’kkL=

1- vkj oh th Vkldj la n VhuMs;y u, fu;e dh Vhdk,a



- IX. /keZoSKkfud

d- iqjkus

fu;e

1- , ch MsfoMlu] iqjkus fu;e dk fFk;kWyth] ¼DykdZ] 1904½

2- ,MeksUV tsdc iqjkus fu;e dk fFk;kWyth ¼gkij ,.M jkW 1958½

3- okYVj lh dsblj iqjkus fu;e ds fFk;kWyth dh vksj ¼t+ksUVjou 1978½

4- ikWy vkj gkÅl iqjkus fu;e dk fFk;kWyth ¼,sohih 1998½

[k- u, fu;e

1- MksukYM xqFkjh] uk fu;e dh fFk;kWyth ¼bUVjokjflfV 1981½

2- tkWtZ ,YMu ykM uk fu;e dh fFk;kWyth ¼,jMekul 1974½

3- QkUdZ LVkx u, fu;e dh fFk;kWyth ¼czksMeku 1962½

4- MksukYM th CykWLd ,lfU’k;y vkWQ bokUTfydy fFk;kWyth iq-2 ¼gkij

,.M jkW 1978½

x- leLr ckbcy

1- xhjgkMZl okWl fcfCydy fFk;kWyth ¼,MZekul 1948½

2- ,y csjdksQ flLVekfVd fFk;kWyth ¼,MZekul 1939½

3- ,p vkWVZu okbyh fØfLV;u fFk;kWyth ¼chdu fgy izsl 1940½

4- feykMZ ts ,fjdlu fØfLV;u fFk;kWyth nwljk Hkkx ¼csdj 1998½

?k- fl)kUr & ,sfrgkfld :I ls tks fodflr gq,

1- ,y csjdksQ n fgLVjh vkWQ fØfLV;u MkWDVfjul~ ¼csdj 1975½

173

2- tsLVkW ,y Xukst+ysl , fglVjh vkWQ fØfLV;u FkkWV iq-1 ¼vfcUxVu

1970½

X. ekSf[kdj{kk ‘kkL=

1- uksjeku xht+yj fØfLV;u vikWykWtsfVdl ¼csdj 1976½

2- csjukMZ jkke fofo/k elhgh j{kk ‘kkL= ¼csdj 1962½

3- ts fc fQfyil ;qvj xkWM bZt+ Vw LekWy ¼edfefy;u 1953½

4- lh ,l ywbZt+ vke elhfg;r ¼edfefy;u 1978½

5- dkWfyu czkÅu la- bfrgkl] vkykspuk rFkk fo’okl ¼bUVjokjflfV 1976½

6- ,Q ,Q czwl iz’uksa dk mÙkj ¼t+ksUVjou 1972½

7- okYVj lh dSlj ihVj ,p MsfoMl ,Q ,Q czwl rFkk ekuQMZ Vh ck#d

gkMZ lsbZaxl vkQ ckbcy ¼,sohih 1996½

8-

XI. ckbcy fMfQdYVhl

1- ,Q ,Q czwl iz’uksa dk mÙkj

2- tsQjh MCy;w czkWfeys la n bUvjuk’uy LVkUMZZ ckbcy ,ulSdykWihfM;k

5iq- iq-la-

3- ?k- tks,y ch xzhu LdkWV eduSV ,.M ts gksokMZ ekj’ky la fMD’kujh vkWQ

thll ,.M xksLiyl

4- p- tsjkYM gkoFkZu] jkYQ ih ekfVZu ,.M Mkfu;sy jsM la fMD’kujh vkWQ

ikWy ,.M fgl ysVlZ~ N- MsfoM uks,y QhMZeku la nh ,Udj fMD’kujh

XII. VsDlpq;y vykspuk

d- tsQjh MCy;w czkWfeys la n bUvjuk’uy LVkUMZZ ckbcy

?k- tks,y ch xzhu LdkWV eduSV ,.M ts gksokMZ ekj’ky la fMD’kujh vkWQ

thll ,.M xksLiyl

p- tsjkYM gkoFkZu] jkYQ ih ekfVZu ,.M Mkfu;sy jsM la fMD’kujh vkWQ ikWy

,.M fgl ysVlZ~

174

XIII. ysfDldul~

d- iqjkus

fu;e ¼bczkuh½

1- QzkfUll czÅu ,l vkj Mªoj ghczq ,.M bzxyh’k ysfDldu ¼DykjsuMu izSl

1951½

2- czwl bUlQkj bUMDl Vq czkÅu, Mªoj ghczq ysfDldul~

3- csUtfeu MsfoMlu vuyfVdy ghczq ,.M dYnh ysfDldu ¼edMksukYM½

4- yqMfox dksgysj ,.M okYVj ckexVZuj iqjkus fu;e ds ghczq ,.M vjkfed

ysfDldu iq-2

[k- u, fu;e

1- okYVj ckÅj] fofy;e ,Q vuZfVV foycqj ,.M QsfMjd , xzhd bzxyh’k

ysfDldu ¼;wfuosflZfV vkWQ fpdkxkW izSl 1979½

2- tksgkfu;ql ih ykÅ ,.M b;qxus , fuMk la xzhd bzxyh’k ysfDldu 2iq-

¼;wukbZVM ckbcy lkslkbZVhl 1989½

3- tsEl gksi eqYVu ,.M tktZ fefyxu ;qukuh fu;e ds inkoyh ¼,MZekul

1974½

4- fofy;e Mh ek¡ul nh vufyfVdy xzhd ysfDldu Vq n U;wVslVesUV

¼t+ksUVjou 1993½

XIV. iqLrd [kjhnus ds fy, mi;qDr osclkbZVl~

1- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- fØfLV;ucqDl-dkWe

2- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- gkQ-dkWe

3- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- vksojLVkWd-dkWe

4- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- ,yfcjhl-dkWe

5- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- vket+ksu-dkWe

6- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- csdjcqDljhVsu-dkWe

7- MCY;w MCY;w MCY;w- fØfLV;u;wlMcqDl-usV

175

ckb Zcy v/;;u d s fy, fn’ k k fun s Z ’ k %

i ze k f. kr dj ldu s oky s lR; dh Lo; a [k k st

djukA

D;k ge lp tku ldrs gSa\ ;g dgk¡ feyrk gS\ D;k bls ge rdkZuqlkj

bls izekf.kr dj ldrs gSaA D;k dksbZ vuUr ‘kfDr gS\ D;k ,slk dksbZ ije

lR; gSa tks gekjs thou vkSj lalkj dh vxqokbZ dj lds\ D;k thou dk

dksbZ vFkZ gS\ ge D;ksa ;gk¡ ij gSa\ ge dgk¡ tk jgs gSa\ ;s cqf)laEiUu

yksxksa }kjk ?k`.kk fd, x, oks loky gSa ftUgksaus ‘kq:okr ls gh cqf)eku

yksxksa dks Hk;Hkhr fd;k gqvk gS ¼lHkks- 1%13&18( 3%9&11½A eSa vius thou

ds e/; va’kksa dh O;fDrxr [kkst dks ;kn dj ldrk gw¡A vius gh ifjokj

176

ds eq[; lnL;ksa dh xokgh ds dkj.k eSa ;wok voLFkk esa gh elhgh fo’oklh

cu x;kA tc eSa toku gks x;k rks vius vkSj lalkj ds ckjs esa iz’u Hkh

cM+us yxsA lk/kkj.k laLd`fr vkSj /kkfeZd vuq”Bku og vFkZ ugha yk lds

tks eSaus i<+s vkSj vuqHko fd, FksA ;g bl vpsru vkSj dBksj lalkj esa esjs

nqfo/kk] [kkst] vfHkyk”kk vkSj vk’kkghurk ds vuqHko djus dk le; FkkA

cgqr ls yksx ;g nkok djrs gSas fd bu lokyksa dk muds ikl gS ij [kkst

vkSj euu ds ckn eSaus ik;k fd muds mRrj bu ckrksa ij vk/kkfjr Fks % 1½

O;fDrxr rRoKku] 2½ izkphu feF;k] 3½ O;fDrxr vuqHko vkSj 4½

eukoSKkfud izo`frA eq>s t:jr Fkh dqN izek.kksa] dqN lcwrksa] dqN rdkZ/kkj

ckrksa dh ftu ij eSa viuk lalkfjd n`f”Vdksa.k] va’kksa dk cuk esjk thou

vkSj esjs thus dk dkj.k vk/kkfjr dj ldawA

eSaus ;s lc dqN vius ckbZcy ds v/;;u esa ik;kA eSa bldh fo’okl;ksX;rk

ds izek.kksa dk [kkstus yxk] tks eq>s bu txgksa ij feys % 1½ iqjkrRo

foKku ds }kjk ckbZcy fo’oLr ,sfrgkfldrk dk izek.k] 2½ iwjkus fu;e dh

Hkfo”;ok.kh;ksa dh iw.kZrk] 3½ 1600 lky ds ckbZcy ds ys[ku dky esa Hkh

ckbZcy ds lans’k esa ,drk] 4½ mu yksxksa ds O;fDrxr thou dh xokgh

ftudk thoj ckbZcy ds lEidZ esa vkrs gh iwjh rjg ls cny x;kA

fo’okl vkSj er fopkj dk feJ.k gksus ds dkj.k elhgr esa oks dkcfy;r

gS fd og ekuo thou ds isaphnk lokyksa ds tokc ns ldrh gSA blus u

dsoy izekf.kd pkS[kV iznku dj vfirq ckbZcfy; fo’okl ds izk;ksfxd

pj.k dks Hkh izLrqr fd;k ftlus esjs vUnj HkkoukRed vkuUn vkSj n`<+rk

mRiUu dhA eSaus lkspk fd eSaus vius thou ds e/; va’k dks ik fy;k

gS&elhg] tSlk fd ifo= ‘kkL= ls le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d

fopkjkRed vuqHko vkSj HkokRed NqVdkjk gSA eSa vc Hkh mu /kDdksa vkSj

nnksZa dks ;kn djrk gw¡ tc ,d gh dyhfl;k vkSj ,d gh fopkj j[kus

okys fo/kky;ksa ls bl iqLrd ds vyx&vyx vuqoknksa dh odkyr djrs

177

FksA ckbZcy dh izsj.kk vkSj fo’oLrrk dks lkfcr djuk vUr ugha ijUrq

dsoy ‘kq:okr gSA eSa dSls ckbZcy dks vf/kdkj vkSj fo’oLr le>us okys

yksxksa }kjk ckbZcy ds dfBu Hkkxksa ds vkil esa Vdjkus okys vuqoknksa dks

xzg.k dj ldrk gw¡ ;k mudk frjLdkj dj ldrk gw¡\

;g dk;Z esjs thou dk y{; vkSj esjs fo’okl dk frFkZLFky cu x;kA eSa

tkurk Fkk fd elhg ij fo’okl djus ds dkj.k % 1½ esjs thou esa vxE;

‘kkfUr vkSj vkuUn FkkA esjh laLd`fr ds fcp esjk fnekx fdlh iw.kZrk dh

[kkst esa FkkA 2½ lalkfjd fooknkLin /keksZa dk gB/kehZ iu( vkSj 3½

tkrh; ?ke.M+A izkphu ys[k dh izekf.kd vuqokn dh fof/k;ksa dh ryk’k us

esjs vius ,sfrgkfld] lakLd`frd] tkrh; vkSj vuqHko ds i{kikr dks le>us

esa esjh ns[kjs[k dhA vf/kdrj eSa vius gh fopkjksa dks Fkksius ds fy,

ckbZcy i<+k djrk FkkA eSaus nwljksa ij izgkj djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx

gB/keZ ds lzksr ds :i fd;k vkSj lkFk gh viuh vlqj{kk vkSj vi;kZIrrk

dks izekf.kr fd;kA bls le>uk esjs fy, fdruk nnZukd gSA

eSa dHkh Hkh LFkwy ugha gks ldrk ijUrq dsoy ckbZcy dk ,d vPNk ikBd

cu ldrk gw¡A eSa vius i{kikr dks igpku dj vkSj muds vfLrRo dh

ekStqnxh dks le> dj mls lhfer dj ldrk gw¡A eSa muls Lora= ugha gw¡

ij eSus viuh det+ksjh dk lkeuk dj fy;k gSA vf/kdrj ,d vuqoknd

gh ckbZcy dk lcls cqjk ‘k=q gksrk gSA

eSa viuh iwoZ/kkj.kk dh lwph tks ckbZcy dks i<+us ds le; esjs eu esa Fkh

mls izLrqr djuk pkgrk gw¡ rkdh vki] ikBd] Lo;a dks tkap ldsaA

¼1 ½ i wo Z / k kj. k k

178

d½ eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd ckbZcy ,d lPps ijes’oj dh Lo;a dks izdV

djus ds fy, ,d Lo;a izdk’ku gSA blfy, bldk vuqokn blds okLrfod

bZ’ojh; ys[kd ¼ifo=kRek½ ds mn~ns’; ds izdk’k esa rFkk ekuo ys[kd

dh ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg,A

[k½ eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd ckbZcy lkekU; O;fDr ¼lHkh euq”;ksa½ ds fy,

fy[kh xbZ gSA ijes’oj us gels Li”V ckrsa djus ds fy, Lo;a

dks ,sfrgkfld vkSj lakLd`frd lanHkZ esa <+ky fy;kA ijes’oj dHkh Hkh lR;

ugha fNikrs ij pkgrs gSa fd ge mls tkusaA blfy, mls mlds fnu ds

izdk’k esa gh vuqokn djuk pkfg, u fd gekjsA ckbZcy dk gekjs fy, og

vFkZ ugha gksuk pkfg, tks mlds lcls igys i<+us vkSj lquus okyksa ds fy,

ugha FkkA bls lk/kkj.k ekuoh; fnekx }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g

lk/kkj.k euq”; dh Hkk”kk vkSj fof/k esa fy[kh xbZ gSA

x½ eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd ckbZcy esa ,d lans’k vkSj bldk ,d mn~ns’;

gSA ;g dHkh Hkh Lo;a dk fojks/k ugha djrh ;)fi blesa dfBu fyf[kr

Hkkx gSaA blfy, ckbZcy dk mRre vuqoknd ckbZcy Lo;a gSA

?k½ eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd Hkfo”;ok.kh;ksa dks NksM+ lHkh Hkkxksa dk ,d gh

vFkZ gS tks izsj.kk ik, gq, vkSj okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ij vk/kkfjr

gSA ge dHkh Hkh oLrfod ys[kd dh lEiw.kZ eulk dks ugha tku ldrs ij

ml vksj tkus ds dqN funsZ’k gSaA

179

1½ lans’k dks igq¡pkus ds fy, fdl rjg dh ys[ku fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k

x;k gSA

2½ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ;k fo’ks”k ?kVuk ftlus ys[k dks tUe fn;kA

3½ lEiw.kZ iqLrd vkSj fyf[kr lkfgR; Hkkx dk lkfgR; lEcU/kh lanHkZA

4½ ewyikB jpukra= tks lkfgR; Hkkx tks lEiw.kZ lans’k dk o.kZu djrk gSA

5½ lans’k igq¡pkus ds fy, fo’ks”k O;kdj.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

6½ lans’k dks izLrqr djus ds fy, fdu ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

7½ ln`’; ys[kA

bu lHkh ckrksa dk v/;;u djuk ys[k ds v/;;u djus dk lk/ku gSA

blls igys fd eSa viuh ckbZcy i<+us dh vPNh fof/k crkÅ¡] eSa vkt dy

iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh xyr fof/k;ksa dh ppkZ djuk pkgrk gw¡ ftUgksaus

vuqokn esa fHkUurk mRiUu dj nh gS vkSj bUgsa iz;ksx esa ugha ykuk pkfg,A

¼2 ½ xyr fof/ k;k ¡

1- ckbZcy ds lEiw.kZ lkfgR; lanHkZ dks NksM+ ,d okD;] okD;ka’k] ;k ‘kCn

dks lR; OkkD; ds :i esa iz;ksx djuk tks ys[kd vkSj iwjs lanHkZ dk mn~ns’;

u gksA bls ^^izekf.kr&ewyikB** dgrs gSaA

2- ckbZcy ds ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj dks NksM+ nsuk vkSj dkRifud bZfrgkl ftls

ewyikB ;k rks FkksM+k ;k fcydqy Hkh izekf.kr ugha djrkA

180

3- ckbZcy ds ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj dks NksM+ nsuk vkSj mls lqcg ds v[k+ckj

ds leku i<+uk tSls fd og izkFkfed :i ls u, t+ekus ds elhfg;ksa ds

fy, fy[kh xbZ gksA

4- ckbZcy ds ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj dks NksM+ nsuk vkSj :id dFkk }kjk

ewyikB dks rRoKku vkSj /keZf’k{kk ds :i esa lans’k dks izdV djuk tks

igys ikBd vkSj ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ls fcydqy esy u [kkrk gksA

5- okLrfod lans’k dks NksM+dj viuh gh /keZf’k{kk] fl)kUr vkSj

orZeku ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa fl[kuk tks okLrfod ys[kd vkSj fn, x, lans’k

ls esy u [kk,A ;g ckr rc gksrh gS tc oDrk vius vf/kdkj dks lkfcr

djus ds fy, ckbZcy i<+rk gSA bls ^^ikBd ds izfrmRrj** ds :i esa tkuk

tkrk gS ¼bl ewy ikB dk esjs fy, D;k vFkZ gS½A

izR;sd ekuo jphr ys[kksa esa rhu va’k ik, tkrs gSaA

okLrfod ys[kd

dk mn~ns’;

fyf[kr ewyikB

okLrfod izkIrdrkZ

181

fiNyh v/;;u iz.kkyh rhu esa ls ,d ckr ij dsUnzhr FkhA lgh :i ls

vrqY; izsj.kkRed ckbZcy dks izekf.kr d:¡ rks uohure js[kk fp= vf/kd

lgh gSA

ifo=kRek

gLrys[k

oxZHksn

ckn ds fo’oklh

okLrfod ys[kd

dk mn~ns’;

fyf[kr ewyikB

okLrfod izkIrdrkZ

lPpkbZ eas ;s rhuksa gh va’k vuqokn iz.kkyh esa ‘kkfey gksus pkfg,A

izekf.kdrk ds mn~ns’; ls esjs vuqokn ‘kq: ds nks va’kksa ij dsUnzhr gksrs gSa %

okLrfod ys[kd vkSj ewyikBA eSa mu nq:i;ksxksa dk fojk/k dj jgk gw¡

ftUgsa eSaus ns[kk gSA 1½ ewyikB dks :id dgkfu;ksa vkSj vkfRed ckrksa esa

cnyukA 2½ ikBd dk izfrmRrj ¼bl ewy ikB dk esjs fy, D;k vFkZ gS½A

nq:i;ksx fdlh Hkh Lrj ij gks ldrk gSA gesa ges’kk vius mn~ns’;] i{k]

rjhds vkSj O;ogkfjdrk dks tk¡puk pkfg,A bUgsa ge dSls tk¡psa vxj

vuqokn djus dh dksbZ lhek u gks\ okLrfod ys[kd vkSj ewyikB dk

mn~ns’; gh eq>s vuqokn dh lhek j[kus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA

bu xyr v/;;u fof/k;ksa ds izdk’k esa vPNs ckbZcy v/;;u vkSj vuqokn

ds dkSu ls rjhds gks ldrs gSa tks izekf.kdrk vkSj ,dtqVrk ykrs gSaA

182

III. vPN s ckb Zcy v/;;u d s lEH ko rjhd s

;gk¡ ij eSa fo’ks”k ckbZcy vuqokn ds ckjs esa ppkZ ugha dj jgk ij lkekU;

vuqokn fl)kUr ds ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gw¡ tks lHkh izdkj ds lkfgR; ds

vuqokn esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds ys[kksa dk vuqokn dSls

djuk gS blds fy, xkWM+Zu Qh vkSj M+xyl LVªkmV dh iqLrd ^^gkÅ Vw

jhM+ ckbZcy QWkj vkWy bV~l oFkZ** mRre gSA

esjk rjhdk ;g gS fd ‘kq:okr esa ifo=kRek dks dk;Z djus nsa fd og lkfgR;

ds pkj v/;;u Øeksa esa bls le>us esa vkidh lgk;rk djsA ;g ifo=kRek]

ewyikB vkSj ikBd dks izkFkfed cukrk gS u fd viz/kkuA ;g ikBd dh

Hkh lgk;rk djrk gS fd og iwjh rjg ls Vhdk ij vkJhr u gks tk,A

eSaus ,lk dgrs gq, lquk gS fd ^^ckbZcy Vhdk ij jks’kuh M+kyrh gSA**

bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd eSa v/;;u lgk;d lkexzh dh vkykspuk dj jgk

gw¡ ij eSa ;g fourh djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd mudk iz;ksx lgh le; ij djsaA

geesa vius vuqokn dks ewyikB ls izekf.kr djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A

ik¡p {ks= lhfer izekf.kdrk iznku djrs gSaA

1- okLrfod ys[kd dh

d½ ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkweh

[k½ lkfgR; lanHkZ

2- okLrfod ys[kd dk pquko

d½ O;kdj.k jpuk

183

[k½ ledkfyu dk;Z iz;ksx

x½ ys[ku fof/k

3- lgh dh gekjh igpku

d½ ln`’; lfgR;

geesa vius vuqokn ds fiNs ds dkj.k vkSj LoHkkfodrk dks izekf.kr djus

dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A fo’okl vkSj iz;ksx ds fy, gekjs ikl ckbZcy

gh ,d ek= lzksr gSA nq%[k dh ckr gS fd elhg yksx bldh f’k{kk vkSj

izekf.kdrk dk bUdkj djrs gSaA ;g Lo;a dks gh gjkus dh ckr gS fd

fo’oklh ckbZcy dks izsj.kk ik;k gqvk dgrs gSa ij bldh f’k{kkvksa vkSj

mldh ekax dk bUdkj djrs gSaA

pkj v/;;u dkypØ tks fd vuqokn ds dk;Z ij izdk’k M+kyus ds fy,

jps x, gSaA

A. igyk v/;;u dkypØ

d½ ,d gh ckj esa iqLrd dks i<+ukA fQj mls nqljs vuqokn esa i<+ukA

& gjsd ‘kCn dk vuqokn ¼,u ds ts oh] ,u , ,l ch] ,u vkj ,l oh½

& ‘kfDr;qDr lekurk ¼Vh b oh] ts ch½

& Hkkokuqokn ¼yhohxa ckbZcy] ,EiyhQkbM+ ckbZcy½

[k½ iwjs ys[k ds dsUnzh; mn~ns’; dh [kkst dhft,A dsUnzh; fo”k; dks

igpkfu,A

184

x½ lkfgR; Hkkx dks vyx dhft, tSls& v/;k;] vuqPNsn] okD; tks

Li”V :i ls dsUnzh; mn~ns’; ;k fo”k; dks izdV djrk gksA

?k½ fof’k”V lkfgR; ys[ku iz.kkyh dks igpkfu,A

& iwjkuk fu;e

¼1½ bczkuh o`RrkUr

¼2½ bczkuh dkO; ¼cqf) lkfgR;] Hktu lafgrk½

¼3½ bczkuh Hkfo”;ok.kh ¼x/;] dkO;½

¼4½ O;oLFkk fu;e

& u;k fu;e

¼1½ o` RrkUr

¼lqlekpkj] iszfjr½

¼2½ n`”VkUr ¼lqlekpkj½

¼3½ i=

¼4½ Hkfo”;lwpd lkfgR;

B. nwljk v/;;u dkypØ

185

d½ eq[; ‘kh”kZd ;k fo”k; dks igpkuus ds mn~ns’; ls iwjh iqLrd dks fQj

ls i<+saA

[k½ eq[; ‘kh”kZd dks fyf[k, vkSj mldh fyf[kr lkexzh dks lk/kkj.k okD;ksa

esa fyf[k,A

x½ vius mn~ns’; okD; dks tk¡ph, vkSj :ijs[kk dks cM+kbZ,A

C. rhljk v/;;u dkypØ

d½ iwjh iqLrd dks fQj ls if<+, vkSj mlds ,sfrgkfld i`”Bk/kkj vkSj

fy[kus ds ihNs dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks igpkuus dh dks’kh’k dhft,

[k½ ,sfrgkfld fptsa+ tks iqLrd esa fy[kh xbZ gSa mUgsa fyf[k,A

aaa& ys[kd

b& rkjh[k

c& izkIrdrkZ

d& fy[kus dk dkj.k

e& fy[kus ds mn~ns’; dk lkaLd`frd i`”Bk/kkjA

f& ,sfrgkfld yksxksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa ys[kA

x½ ftl iqLrd dk vki vuqokn djuk pkgrs gSa mldh :ijs[kk dks

vuqPNsn ds :i es foLrfjr dhft,A lkfgR; ys[k dks ges’kk igpkfu,A ;s

‘kk;n cgqr ls vuqPNsn vkSj v/;k; gks ldrk gSA ;g vkidh lgk;rk

186

djrk gS fd vki okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; vkSj ys[ku iz.kkyh dks le>

ldsaA

?k½ v/;;u lkexzh dh lgk;rk ls ,sfrgkfld i`”Bk/kkj dks tk¡fp,A

D. pkSFkk v/;;u dkypØ

d½ fofHkUu vuqoknksa esa lkfgR; Hkkx dks ckj ckj i<+saA

& gjsd ‘kCn dk vuqokn ¼,u ds ts oh] ,u , ,l ch] ,u vkj ,l oh½

& ‘kfDr;qDr lekurk ¼Vh b oh] ts ch½

& Hkkokuqokn ¼yhohxa ckbZcy] ,EiyhQkbM+ ckbZcy½

[k½ lkfgR; vkSj O;kdj.k dh lajpuk dks igpfu,A

& nksgjk, x, eqgkojs] bfQ-1%6] 12] 13

& nksgjk, x, O;kdj.k lajpuk] jksfe;ksa8%31

& lkekU; fopkj vo/kkj.kk esa fojks/kA

x½ fuEufyf[kr fpt+ksa dh lwph cukbZ,A

& vFkZiw.kZ ckrsa

& vlk/kkj.k ckrsa

& egRoiw.kZ O;kdj.k lajpuk

& [kkl rkSj ij dfBu ‘kCn] okD;ka’k vkSj okD;A

187

?k½ ln`’; ys[k dh [kkst dhft,

& fuEufyf[kr ds }kjk vius fo”k; ds Li”V f’k{kk nsus okys ys[k dh

[kkst dhft, %

¼1½ ^^;FkkØe /keZ’kkL=** dh iqLrdsa

¼2½ ijLij lEcU/k okyh ckbZcy

¼3½ vuqØef.kdk

& vius gh fo”k; esa fojk/kkHkk”kh tksM+s dks [kkst+saA cgqr ls ckbZcfy;

lR; }a}kRed tksM+s esa vkrs gSa] fofHkUu dyhfl;kbZ tkrh; fookn vk/ks

ckbZcfy; ijs’kkfu;ksa ds lkfgR; dks lkfcr djus ds dkj.k vkrs gSaA lEiw.kZ

ckbZcy izsj.kk }kjk jph xbZ gS gesa blds iw.kZ lans’k dks ryk’kuk gS rkdh

vuqokn esa opuksa dk rkSy cjkcj gksA

& ,d gh iqLrd] ys[kd vkSj ,d gh izdkj ds lkfgR; ys[k esa ln`’;rk

[kksth,] ckbZcy gh viuh lcls vPNh vuqoknd gS D;ksafd bldk ,d gh

ys[kd gS] ifo=kRekA

³½ viuh ,sfrgkfld vkSj ?kVuk Øe dh ij[k dks tk¡pus ds fy, v/;;u

ds fy, lgk;d lkexzh dks iz;ksx djsaA

& v/;;u lgk;d ckbZcy

& ckbZcy ds ‘kCndks’k] fo’o dks’k] xqfVdk

& ckbZcy dh Hkwehdk

& ckbZcy dh Vhdk ¼vius v/;;u ds bl fcUnq ij fo’okfl;ksa ds iqoZ vkSj

orZeku lewg dks vuqefr nsa fd og vkids O;fDrxr v/;;u dks fBd dj

ldsaA½

IV. ckb Zc fy; vu qo kn dk O;ogk fjdj.k

188

bl fcUnq ij ge O;ogkfjdj.k dh vksj eqM+rs gSaA vkius lkfgR; dks blds

okLrfod i`”Bk/kkj esa le>us ds fy, le; yxk;k gS vc bls vius thou

vkSj laLd`fr esa ykxq djus dh vko’;drk gSA eSa ckbZcy ds vf/kdkj dk

bl izdkj o.kZu djrk gw¡ ^^ckbZcy ds okLrfod ys[kd muds le; esa D;k

dguk pkgrs Fks mls le>uk vkSj ml lR; dks vius fnukas esa ykxq

djuk**A

le; vkSj rdZ ds vk/kkj ij okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; dks le>us ds

ckn fd, x, vuqokn ds ckn mls O;ogkj esa ykuk Hkh t:jh gSA ge

ckbZcy ds Hkkx dks rc rd vius fnuksa esa ykxq ugha dj ldrs tc rd

ge ;g ugha tkursa fd mlds okLrfod fnuksa esa mldk D;k vFkZ FkkA

ckbZcy ds Hkkx dk dHkh Hkh oks vFkZ ugha fudyuk pkfg, tks mldk vFkZ

dHkh ugha FkkA

vkidh foo.kkZRed :ijs[kk ls vuqPNsn rd dk Lrj ¼rhljk v/;;u

dkypØ½ vkidh vxqokbZ djsxkA O;ogkfjdj.k vuqPNsn Lrj ij gksuk

pkfg, u fd ‘kCn Lrj ijA ‘kCn] okD;ka’k vkSj okD; dk vFkZ dsoy lanHkZ

esa gSA vuqokn izfØ;k esa izsj.kk ik;k gqvk dsoy ,d gh O;fDr ‘kkfey gS

vkSj oks gS okLrfod ys[kdA ge ifo=kRek dh T;ksfr esa dsoy mudk

vuqlj.k djrs gSaA ;g T;ksft izsj.kk ugha gSA ^^;gksok ;w¡ dgrs gSa** dgus ds

fy, ges okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ds lkFk cus jguk iM+sxkA

O;ogkfjdrk dk iwjs ys[k ds lkekU; mn~ns’;] fo’ks”k ys[k lkfgR; Hkkx vkSj

vuqPNsn Lrj dh fopkj mUufr ds lkFk lEcU/k gksuk pkfg,A

189

gekjs izfrfnu dh ?kVuk,sa vuqokn u djsa ijUrq ckbZcy dks cksyus nsaA ;g

gels lkfgR; esa ls fl)kUr fudkyus dh ek¡x djsxkA ;g rHkh izekf.kr gS

tc lkfgR; fl)kUr dk leFkZu djrk gksA nqHkkZX;o’k vf/kdrj gekjs

fl)kUr gekjs fl)kUr gksrs gSa u fd lkfgR; ds fl)kUrA

tc ge ckbZcy dk O;ogkfjdrk esa ykrsa gSa rks ;g ;kn j[kuk cgqr gh

vko’;d gS fd Hkfo”;}k.kh dks NksM+ ckdh lHkh Hkkxksa dk dsoy ,dek=

vFkZ gksrk gSA vFkZ blds okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ls lEcfU/kr gS tc

mUgksaus ml le; dh t:jr vkSj eqflcrksa ds fy, fy[kk FkkA blds ,d

gh vFkZ ls dbZ O;ogkfjd ckrsa fudkyh tk ldrh gSaA O;ogkfjdrk yksxksa

dh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj gks ldrh gS ij okLrfod ys[kd ds vFkZ ls

lEcfU/kr gksuh pkfg,A

IV. vu qokn dk vk f Red Hk ko

vc rd eSa vuqokn vkSj O;ogkfjdrk ds rkfdZd vkSj lkfgR;hd izfØ;k

ds fo”k; es ppkZ dj jgk FkkA ij vc eSa FkksM+s ‘kCnksa esa vuqokn ds vkfRed

Hkko dh ppkZ djuk pkgrk gw¡A fuEufyf[kr tk¡p lwph esjs fy, lgk;d

fl) gqbZ %

1- ifo=kRek dh lgk;rk ikus ds fy, izkFkZuk djks ¼1dqfj-1%26&2%16½

2- O;fDrxr {kek ds fy, vkSj izdV ikiksa ds fy, izkFkZuk djks ¼1;wg-1%9½

3- ijes’oj dks tkuus ds fy, vR;f/kd bPNk ds fy, izkFkZuk djks ¼Hk-la-

19%7&14( 42%1---( 119%1---½

190

4- vxj dksbZ u;k izdk’k feyk gS rks rqjUr mls vius thou esa ykxq djksA

5- nhu vkSj f’k{kk ikus dks rS;kj jgksA

rdZ izfØ;k vkSj ifo=kRek dh vxqokbZ esa leku rkSy cuk, j[kuk cgqr

dfBu gSA fuEufyf[kr ys[kksa us blesa esjh dkQh lgk;rk dh gS %

d½ LØhipj VohLVhax ¼i`”B 17&18½ & tsel McY;w ljh

dsoy vkfRed rkSj ij mUur gh ugha ij ijes’oj ds ykxksa ds fnekx esa

Hkh T;ksfr vkrh gSA ckbZcfy; elhgr esa dksbZ xq: Lrj ;k izdk’k ik, gq,

ek= yksx ugha gSa ftuls fl) vuqokn feyrk gksA tc ifo=kRek cqf)]

Kku vkSj vkRek dh ij[k dk ojnku nsrh gS rks og bUgha ojnku ik, gq,

elhfg;ksa dks gh opu ds vf/kdkj ik, gq, ek= vuqoknd ds :i esa ugha

jgus nsrhA ;g ijes’oj ds yksxksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og ckbZcy tks dh

lokZf/kdkjh gS ls fl[ksa] tk¡psa vkSj ij[ksa vkSj lkFk gh muls Hkh ftUgsa fo’ks”k

ojnku feys gSaA ifjdYiuk dks iwjh iqLrd ds lkjk’ka ds rkSj ij eSa ;¡w

dgrk gw¡ fd ^^ckbZcy iwjh ekuo tkrh ds fy, ijes’oj dk lR; izdk’k gS]

ftl fdlh fo”k; ij ;s ckr djrh gS mu lHkh ij bldk lokZf/kdkj

gS] ;g iwjh rjg ls jgL; ugha gS rFkk gjsd laLd`fr ds lkekU; yksx bls

le> ldrs gSaA**

[k½ izksVsLVsUV fccfydy bUVjizVs’ku ¼i`”B 75½ %

191

dsfjxkM+Z ds vuqlkj ckbZcy dk O;kdj.k] ‘kCn&laxzg] vkSj ,sfrgkfld

v/;;u vko’;d gS ijUrq lcls igys lPpk ckbZcy v/;;u t:jh gSA

^^ckbZcy dks ijes’oj ds opu ds :i esa i<+us ds fy, O;fDr dks pkfg,

fd og vius g`n; dks eq¡g esa j[kdj i<+s] iw.kZ rS;kjh ds lkFk] ikus dh

vk’kk ls] vkSj ijes’oj ls ckr djus ds mn~ns’; ls i<+sA ckbZcy dks fcuk

fopkj] vlko/kkuh] i<+kbZ ds mn~ns’;] O;olk;hd rkSj ij i<+uk bls

ijes’oj ds opu ds :i esa i<+uk ugha gSA tc O;fDr bls izse i= ds :i

esa i<+rk gS rks og bls ijes’oj ds opu ds :i esa i<+rk gSA**

x½ ,p- ,p- jkSys dh n jSoys’ku vkWQ n ckbZcy ¼i`”B 19½ %

^^ckbZcy dks dsoy cqf)erk ls le>uk] pkgs og iwjk gh D;ksa u gks] blds

lEiw.kZ [kt+kuksa dks ugha le> dks lek ugha ldrkA ;g ,lh le> dks

frjLdkj ugha dj jgk D;ksafd iw.kZ le> gksuk t:jh gSA ;fn bls iwjk

gksuk gS rks ;s gesa ckbZcy ds vkfRed [kt+kus ds fy, vkfRed le> dh

vksj ys tkus okyk gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, cqf)erk dh tkx:drk ls

vf/kd vkfRed le> dh t:jr gSA vkfRed fpt+ks dks vkfRed :i ls gh

igpkuuk pkfg,] vkSj ckbZcy ds fo/kkFkhZ dks vkfRed xzg.k’khy gksuk

pkfg,] ijes’oj dks ikus ds fy, [kksth gksuk pkfg, rkdh og Lo;a dks

ijes’oj esa yhu dj lds] ;fn og viuh oSKkfud le> ls Åij bl

lcls egku iqLrd ds le`) mRrjkf/kdkj dks ikuk pkgrk gSA**

V. bl Vhdk dh fof/ k

192

v/;;u lgk;d Vhdk fuEufyf[kr rjg ls vuqokn dh izfØ;k esa vkidh

lgk;rk djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gS %

A. NksVh lh ,sfrgkfld :ijs[kk izR;sd iqLrd dh Hkwehdk ckU/krh gSA

^^v/;;u dk dkypØ rhu** iwjk djus ds ckn vki bl tkudkjh dks

tk¡ph,A

B. lanHkZ ij izdk’ku izR;sd v/;k; dh ‘kq:okr esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g

vkidh lgk;rk djsxk rkdh vki lkfgR; Hkkx dh cukoV ns[k ldsaA

C. gjsd v/;k; vkSj eq[; lkfgR; Hkkx dh ‘kq:okr esa vuqPNsn foHkktu

vkSj mudk O;k[;kRed ‘kh”kZd fofHkUu vuqoknksa ls fn;k x;k gS %

1. ;wukbZVsM+ ckbcy lkslkbZVh dk ;wukuh ewyikB pkSFkh izrh iqu% izdkf’kr

¼;w ch ,l½

2. U;w vesfjdu LVsUM+MZ ckbcy] 1995 esa iqu% mUur ¼,u , ,l ch½

3. U;w dhax tsEl oj’ku ¼,u ds ts oh½

4. U;w fjokbZLM+ LVsUM+M+Z oj’ku ¼,u vkj ,l oh½

5. VwM+sl bZaXyhl oj’ku ¼Vh b oh½

6. ;:’kyse ckbcy ¼ts ch½

vuqPNsn foHkktu izsj.kk ik;k gqvk ugha gSA budk fu’p; lanHkZ ls djuk

pkfg,A vyx vyx izdkj dh vuqokn iz.kkyh vkSj /kkfeZd fopkj dh

uohure vuqoknksa dh vkil esa rqyuk djus ds }kjk ge okLrfod ys[kd

ds fopkjksa ds M+k¡ps dks le> ldrs gSaA gjsd vuqPNsn dk ,d eq[; lp

gksrk gSA bls ^^’kh”kZd okD;** ;k ^^lkfgR; dk dsUnzh; fopkj** dgrs

gSaA ;s ,drk iw.kZ fopkj ,sfrgkfld] O;kdjkRed vuqokn dh dqtha gSA

vuqPNsn ls de esa fdlh dks Hkh izpkj ;k f’k{kk ugha nsuh pkfg,A ;g

193

Hkh ;kn j[ksa fd gjsd vuqPNsn vius vkl ikl ds vuqPNsnksa ls tqM+k gksrk

gSA blh fy, iwjh iqLrd dh vuqPNsn Lrj dh :ijs[kk bruh egRoiw.kZ gSA

gesa okLrfod ys[kd ds fo”k; dk vuqlj.k djuk t:jh gSA

D. D.ckWc ds ys[k izR;sd vk;r dk vuqokn gSA ;s ge ij nokc M+kyrk gS

fd ge okLrfod ys[kd ds fopkjksa dk vuqlj.k dj ldsaA ;s ys[k fofHkUu

{ks=ksa ls tkudkjh iznku djrk gS %

1½ lkfgR; lanHkZ

2½ ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd izdk’ku

3½ O;kdj.k dh tkudkjh

4½ ‘kCnksa dk v/;;u

5½ ln`’; lkfgR;

E. E.Vhdk ds fdlh fdlh Hkkx esa U;w vesfjdu LVsaM+MZ+ oj’ku dh txg

vU; vuqoknksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

1. U;w dhax tsEl oj’ku ¼,u ds ts oh½] ftlesa ^^VSDlVl fjlhRVl** ds

lkfgR;hd gLr ys[k dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA

2. U;w fjokbLM+ LVsaM+M+Z oj’ku¼,u vkj ,l oh½] tks us’kuy dkÅ¡fly vkWQ

ppZfpl ds fjokbLM+ LVsaM+M+Z oj’ku dk ‘kCn izfr ‘kCn vuqokn gSA

3. VwM+sl bZaXyhl oj’ku¼Vh b oh½] vesfjdu ckbcy lkslkbVh dk

‘kfDr;qDr lekurk vuqokn gSA

4. ;:’kyse ckbcy ¼ts ch½] ÝsUp dSFkksfyd ‘kfDr;qDr lekurk vuqokn

dk vaxszt+h vuqoknA

194

F. tks yksx ;wukuh ugha i<+ ldrs] vaxzst+h ds fofHkUu vuqoknksa dh rqyuk

mudh lgk;rk dj ldrh gS fd os lkfgR; dh leL;k dks igpku ldsaA

1. gLrfyf[kr vUrj

2. oSdfYid ‘kCnkFkZ

3. O;kdj.k rkSj ij dfBu lkfgR; vkSj M+kUpk

4. lafnX/k lkfgR;

;w¡ rks vaxzst+h vuqokn bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ugha dj ldrs] ij os mu

{ks=ksa ij y{; cukdj xgjh vkSj /;ku iwoZd v/;;u djus esa lgk;rk

djrs gSaA

G. gjsd v/;k; ds vUr esa ppkZ ds fy, lEcfU/kr iz’u fn, x, gS tks

fd v/;k; ds eq[; vuqokn ds fo”k; dks y{; cukdj iqNs x, gSaA

Brief definition s of Hebre w verb al

form s w hich imp act exege si s

I. Brief hi storic al development of Hebre w

Hebrew is part of the Shemitic (Semitic) family of southwest

Asian language. The name (given by modern scholars) comes from

195

Noah’s son, Shem (cf. Gen. 5:32; 6:10). Shem’s descendants are

listed in Gen. 10:21-31 as Arabs, Hebrews, Syrians, Arameans, and

Assyrians. In reality some Semitic languages are used by nations

listed in Ham’s line (cf. Gen. 10:6-14), Canaan, Phoenicia, and

Ethiopia.

Hebrew is part of the northwest group of these Semitic

languages. Modern scholars have samples of this ancient language

group from:

A. Amorite (Mari Tablets from 18th century B.C. in

Akkadian)

B. Canaanite (Ras Shamra Tablets from 15th century in Ugaritic)

C. Canaanite (Amarna Letters from 14th century in Canaanite

Akkadian)

D. Phoenician (Hebrew uses Phoenician alphabet)

E. Moabite (Mesha stone, 840 B.C.)

F. Aramaic (official language of the Persian Empire used in

Gen. 31:47 [2 words]; Jer. 10:11; Dan. 2:4-6; 7:28;

Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26 and spoken by Jews in the first

century in Palestine) The Hebrew language is called

“the lip of Canaan” in Isa. 19:18. It was first called

“Hebrew” in the prologue of Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of

Ben Sirah) about 180 B.C. (and some other early places,

cf. Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, pp. 205ff). It

is most closely related to Moabite and the language

used at Ugarit. Examples of ancient Hebrew found

outside the Bible are:

196

1. Gezer calendar , 925 bc (a school boy writing

2. the Siloam Inscription, 705 B.C. (tunnel writings)

3. Samaritan Ostraca, 770 B.C. (tax records on broken

pottery)

Lachish letters, 587 B.C. (war communications)

1. Maccabean coins and seals

2. some Dead Sea Scroll texts

3. numerous inscriptions (cf. “Languages [Hebrew],” ABD

4:203ff) It, like all Semitic languages, is

characterized by words made up of three consonants

(tri-

consonantal root). It is an inflexed language. The three-

root consonants carry the basic word meaning, while

prefixed, suffixed, or internal additions show the

syntactical function (later vowels, cf. Sue Green,

Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew, pp. 46-49). Hebrew

vocabulary demonstrates a difference between prose and

poetry. Word meanings are connected to folk etymologies

(not linguistic origins). Word plays and sound plays are

very common (paronomasia).

II. A spect s of Predic ation

A. VERBS The normal expected word order is VERB, PRONOUN,

SUBJECT (with modifiers), OBJECT (with modifiers). The basic non-

flagged VERB is the Qal, PERFECT, MASCULINE, SINGULAR form. It is

how Hebrew and Aramaic lexicons are arranged. VERBS are

197

inflected to show

1. number—SINGULAR, PLURAL, DUAL

2. gender—MASCULINE and FEMININE (no neuter)

3. MOOD—INDICA TIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERA TIVE (relation of the

action to reality)

4. TENSE (aspect)

a. PERFECT, which denotes completion, in the sense of the

beginning, continuing, and concluding of an

action. Usually this form was used of past action, the

thing has occurred. J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax

in the Hebrew Old Testament, says “The single whole

described by a perfect is also considered as

certain. An imperfect may picture a state as

possible or desired or expected, but a

perfect sees it as actual, real, and sure” (p. 36).

S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in

Hebrew, describes it as, “The PERFECT is employed to

indicate actions the accom-plishment of which lies

indeed in the future, but is regarded as

dependant upon such an unalterable

determination of the will that it may be spoken

of as having actually taken place: thus a

resolution, promise, or decree, especially of

Divine one, is frequently announced in the

perfect tense” (p. 17, e.g., the prophetic

perfect). Robert B. Chisholm, Jr. From Exegesis

to Exposition, defines this VERBAL form as “views a

situation from the outside, as a whole. As such it

expresses a simple fact, whether it be an action or

state (including state of being or mind). When

198

used of actions, it often views the action as

complete from the rhetorical standpoint of the

speaker or narrator (whether it is or is not

complete in fact or reality is not the

point). The perfect can pertain to an

action/state in the past, present or future. As

noted above, time frame, which influences how one

translates the perfect into a tense-oriented

language like English, must be determined from

the context” (p. 86).

b. IMPERFECT, which denotes an action in progress

(incomplete, repetitive, continual, or

contingent), often movement toward a goal.

Usually this form was used of Present and Future

action. J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew

Old Testament, says: “All IMPERFECTS represent

incomplete states. They are either repeated or

developing or contingent. In other words, or

partially developed, or partially assured. In

all cases they are partial in some sense, i.e.,

incomplete” (p. 55).

Robert B. Chisholm, Jr. From Exegesis to Exposition,

says: “It is difficult to reduce the essence of the

imperfect to a single concept, for it encompasses both

aspect and mood. Sometimes the imperfect is used in an

indicative manner and makes an objective statement. At

other times it views an action more subjectively, as

hypothetical, contingent, possible, and so on” (p. 89).

c. The added waw, which links the VERB to the action of the

previous VERB(s).

199

d. IMPERATIVE, which is based on the volition of the speaker

and potential action by the hearer.

e. In ancient Hebrew only the larger context can

determine the authorial-intended time

orientations.

B. The seven major inflected forms (STEMS) and their basic

meaning. In reality these forms work in conjunction with each

other in a context and must not be isolated.

1. Qal (Kal), the most common and basic of all the forms.

It denotes simple action or a state of being. There is

no causation or specification implied.

2. Niphal, the second most common form. It is usually

PASSIVE, but this form also functions as reciprocal and

reflexive. It also has no causation or specification

implied.

3. Piel, this form is active and expresses the bringing

about of an action into a state of being. The basic

meaning of the Qal stem is developed or extended

into a state of being.

4. Pual, this is the PASSIVE counterpart to the Piel. It is

often expressed by a PARTICIPLE.

5. Hithpael, which is the reflexive or reciprocal stem.

It expresses iterative or durative action to the

Piel stem. The rare PASSIVE form is called Hothpael.

6. Hiphil, the active form of the causative stem in

contrast to Piel. It can have a permissive aspect, but

usually refers to the cause of an event. Ernst Jenni, a

200

German Hebrew grammarian, believed that the Piel

denoted something coming into a state of being,

while Hiphil showed how it happened.

7. Hophal, the PASSIVE counterpart to the Hiphil. These last

two stems are the least used of the seven stems.

Much of this information comes from An Introduction to

Biblical Hebrew Syntax, by Bruce K. Walke and M. O’Connor,

pp. 343-452.

Agency and causation chart. One key in understanding the

Hebrew VERB system is to see it as a pattern of VOICE

relationships. Some stems are in contrast to other stems (i.e.,

Qal - Niphal; Piel - Hiphil)

Voice or Subject

ACTIVE MIDDLE PASSIVE

REFLEXIVE/ RECIPROCAL

No Second ary Agency

Qal Niphal Niphal

An Active Second ary Agency

Hiphil Hophal Hiphil

A P a s s ive Second ary Agency

The chart below tries to visualize the basic function of the

VERB stems as to causation.

Voice or Subject No secondary agency an

201

Activesecondary A Passive

Voice or

subject

No secondery

agency

An active

secondery

agency

Passive

secondery

agency

Aactive

Middle

passive

Reflexive/

reciprocal

Qal

Niphal

niphal

Hiphil

Hophal

hiphil

Piel

Pual

hithpael

This chart is taken from the excellent discussion of the

VERBAL system in light of new Akkadian research (cf. Bruce K.

Waltke, M. O’Conner, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew

Syntax, pp.354-359.

R. H. Kennett, A Short Account of the Hebrew Tenses, has

provided a needed warning: “I have commonly found in

teaching, that a student’s chief difficulty in the H

ebrew verbs is to grasp the meaning which they conveyed to

the minds of the

Hebrews themselves; that is to say, there is a tendency to

assign as equivalents to each of the Hebrew Tenses a certain number

202

of Latin or English forms by which that particular Tense may

commonly be translated. The result is a failure to

perceive many of these fine shades of meaning, which give such

life and vigor to the language of the Old Testament.

“The difficulty in the use of the Hebrew verbs lies solely

in the point of view, so absolutely different from our

own, from which the Hebrews regarded an action; the time, which

with us is the first consideration, as the very word, ‘tense’

shows, being to them a matter of secondary importance. It is,

therefore, essential that a student should clearly grasp,

not so much the Latin or English forms which may be used in

translating each of the Hebrew Tenses, but rather the aspect of

each action, as it presented itself to a Hebrew’s mind.

“The name ‘tenses’ as applied to Hebrew verbs is misleading. The

so-called Hebrew ‘tenses’ do not express the time but

merely the state of an action. Indeed were it not for the

confusion that would arise through the application of the

term ‘state’ to both nouns and verbs, ‘states’ would be a far

better designation than ‘tenses.’ It must always be borne in

mind that it is impossible to translate a Hebrew verb into

English without employing a limitation, which is entirely

absent in the Hebrew. The ancient Hebrews never thought of an

action as past, present, or future, but simply as perfect,

i.e., complete, or imperfect, i.e., as in course of

development. When we say that a certain Hebrew tense

corresponds to a Perfect, Pluperfect, or Future in

English, we do not mean that the Hebrews thought of it as

Perfect, Pluperfect, or Future, but merelythat it

203

must be so translated in English. The time of an action the

Hebrews did not attempt to express by any verbal form”

(preface and p. 1).

For a second good warning, Sue Groom, Linguistic Analysis of

Biblical Hebrew, reminds us,

“There is no way of knowing whether modern scholars’

reconstruction of semantic fields and sense relations in an

ancient dead language are merely a reflection of their own

intuition, or their own native language, or whether those

fields existed in Classical Hebrew” (p. 128).

C. MOODS (MODES)

1. It happened, is happening (INDICATIVE), usually uses PERFECT

tense or PARTICIPLES (all PARTICIPLES are INDICATIVE).

2. It will happen, could happen (SUBJUNCTIVE)

a. uses a marked IMPERFECT tense

. (1) COHORTATIVE (added h), FIRST PERSON IMPERFECT form

which normally expresses a wish, a request, or self-

encouragement (i.e., actions willed by the

speaker)

. (2) JUSSIVE (internal changes), THIRD PERSON IMPERFECT

(can be second person in negated sentences)

which normally expresses a request, a permission,

an admonition, or advice

b. uses a PERFECT tense with lu or lule These

constructions are similar to SECOND CLASS CONDITIONAL

204

sentences in Koine Greek. A false statement

(protasis) results in a false conclusion (apodosis).

c. uses an IMPERFECT tense and lu Context and lu, as well as a

future orientation, mark this SUBJUNCTIVE usage.

Some examples from J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in

the Hebrew Old Testament are Gen. 13:16; Deut.

1:12; I Kgs. 13:8; Ps. 24:3; Isa. 1:18 (cf. Pp. 76-

77).

D. Waw - Conversive/consecutive/relative. This uniquely

Hebrew (Canaanite) syntactical feature has caused great confusion

through the years. It is used in a variety of ways often based

on genre. The reason for the confusion is that early scholars

were European and tried to interpret in light of their

own native languages. When this proved difficult they

blamed the problem on Hebrew being a “supposed” ancient,

archaic language. European languages are TENSE (time) based VERBS.

Some of the variety and grammatical implications were

specified by the letter waw being added to the PERFECT or

IMPERFECT VERB stems. This altered the way the action was viewed.

1. In historical narrative the VERBS are linked together

in a chain with a standard pattern.

2. The waw prefix showed a specific relationship with the

previous VERB(s).

3. The larger context is always the key to understanding

the VERB chain. Semitic VERBS cannot be analyzed in

isolation.

J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament,

205

notes the distinctive of Hebrew in its use of the waw before

PERFECTS and IMPERFECTS (pp. 52-53). As the basic idea of the PERFECT

is past, the addition of waw often projects it into a future

time aspect. This is also true of the IMPERFECT whose basic idea is

present or future; the addition of waw places it into the

past. It is this unusual time shift which explains the waw’ s

addition, not a change in the basic meaning of the tense

itself. The waw PERFECTS work well with prophecy, while the waw

IMPERFECTS work well with narratives (pp. 54, 68). Watts continues

his definition

“As a fundamental distinction between waw conjunctive and waw

consecutive, the following interpretations are offered:

1. Waw conjunctive appears always to indicate a parallel.

2. Waw consecutive appears always to indicate a sequence. It is

the only form of waw used with consecutive imperfects.

The relation between the imperfects linked by it

may be temporal sequence, logical consequence, logical

cause, or logical contrast. In all cases there is a sequence”

(p. 103).

E. INFINITIVES - There are two kinds of INFINITIVES

1. INFINITIVE ABSOLUTES, which are “strong, independent,

striking expressions used for dramatic effect. . .as a

subject, it often has no written verb, the verb

‘to be’ being understood, of course, but the

word standing dramatically alone” J. Wash Watts, A

Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament” (p.

92).

206

2. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT, which are “related grammatically to

the sentence by prepositions, possessive pronouns,

and the construct relationship” (p. 91). J.

Weingreen, A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew,

describes the construct state as: “When two (or

more) words are so closely united that together

they constitute one compound idea, the

dependent word (or words) is (are) said to be in

the construct state” (p. 44).

F. INTERROGA TIVES

1. They always appear first in the sentence.

2. Interpretive significance

a. ha - does not expect a response

b. halo’ - the author expects a “yes” answer

G. NEGATIVES

1. They always appear before the words they negate.

2. Most common negation is lo’ .

3. The term ’al has a contingent connotation and is used

with COHORTATIVES and JUSSIVES.

4. The term lebhilit, meaning “in order that. .

.not,” is used with INFINITIVES.

5. The term ’en is used with PARTICIPLES.

H. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

207

1. There are four kinds of CONDITIONAL SENTENCES which basically

are paralleled in Koine Greek.

a. something assumed to be happening or thought of as

fulfilled (FIRST CLASS in Greek)

b. something contrary to fact whose fulfillment is

impossible (SECOND CLASS)

c. something which is possible or ever probable (THIRD CLASS)

d. something which is less probable, therefore, the

fulfillment is dubious (FOURTH CLASS)

2. GRAMMATICAL MARKERS

a. the assumed-to-be-true or real condition always uses an

INDICATIVE PERFECT or

PARTICIPLE and usually the protasis is introduced by:

(1) ) ’im

(2)) ki (or ’asher)

(3)) hin or hinneh

b. the contrary to fact condition always uses a PERFECT

aspect VERB or a

PARTICIPLE with introductory PARTICIPLE lu or

lule more probable condition always

used IMPERFECT VERB or PARTICIPLES in the protasis, usually

’im or ki are used as introductory

208

PARTICLES d. the less probable condition uses IMPERFECT

SUBJUNCTIVES in the protasis and always uses ’im as an

introductory PARTICLE

209

Definition s of greek gr amm atic al

form s w hich imp act exege si s

Koine Greek, often called Hellenistic Greek, was the common

language of the Mediterranean world beginning with Alexander the

Great’s (336-323 B.C.) conquest and lasting about eight hundred years

(300 B.C.- A.D. 500). It was not just a simplified, classical Greek, but

in many ways a newer form of Greek that became the second language of

the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean world.

The Greek of the New Testament was unique in some ways because its users,

except Luke and the author of Hebrews, probably used Aramaic as their

primary language. Therefore, their writing was influenced by the

idioms and structural forms of Aramaic. Also, they read and quoted

the Septuagint (Greek translation of the OT) which was also written in

Koine Greek. But the Septuagint was also written by Jewish scholars whose

mother tongue was not Greek.

This serves as a reminder that we cannot push the New Testament into a

tight grammatical structure. It is unique and yet has much in

common with (1) the Septuagint; (2) Jewish writings such as those of

Josephus; and (3) the papyri found in Egypt. How then do we approach

a grammatical analysis of the New Testament?

The grammatical features of Koine Greek and New Testament Koine

Greek are fluid. In many ways it was a time of simplification of grammar.

Context will be our major guide. Words only have meaning in a

larger context, therefore, grammatical structure can only be

understood in light of (1) a particular author’s style; and (2) a

particular context. No conclusive definitions of Greek forms

and structures are possible.

210

Koine Greek was primarily a VERBAL language. Often the key to

interpretation is the type and form of the VERBALS. In most main

clauses the VERB will occur first, showing its preeminence. In

analyzing the Greek VERB three pieces of information must be

noted: (1) the basic emphasis of the TENSE, VOICE and MOOD (accidence or

morphology); (2) the basic meaning of the particular VERB

(lexicography); and (3) the flow of the context (syntax).

I. TEN S E

A. TENSE or aspect involves the relationship of the VERBS to

completed action or incomplete action. This is often called

“perfective” and “imperfective.” 1. Perfective TENSES focus on

the occurrence of an action. No further information is given

except that something happened! Its start, continuation or

culmination is not addressed.

2. Imperfective TENSES focus on the continuing process of an action.

It can be described in terms of linear action, durative action,

progressive action, etc.

B. TENSES can be categorized by how the author sees the action as

progressing

1. It occurred = AORIST

2. It occurred and the results abide = PERFECT

3. It was occurring in the past and the results were abiding, but

not now = PLUPERFECT

4. It is occurring = PRESENT

5. It was occurring = IMPERFECT

211

6. It will occur = FUTURE

A concrete example of how these tenses help in interpretation

would be the term “save.” It was used in several different tenses to

show both its process and culmination: 1. AORIST - “saved” (cf. Rom.

8:24) 2. PERFECT - “have been saved and the result continues” (cf.

Eph. 2:5,8) 3. PRESENT - “being saved” (cf. I Cor. 1:18; 15:2) 4.

FUTURE - “shall be saved” (cf. Rom. 5:9, 10; 10:9)

C. In focusing on VERB TENSES, interpreters look for the reason the

original author chose to express himself in a certain tense. The

standard “no frills” tense was the AORIST. It was the regular “unspecific,”

“unmarked,” or “unflagged” VERB form. It can be used in a wide

variety of ways which the context must specify. It simply was stating

that something occurred. The past time aspect is only intended

in the INDICATIVE MOOD. If any other TENSE was used, something more

specific was being emphasized. But what?

1. PERFECT TENSE. This speaks of a completed action with abiding

results. In some ways it was a combination of the AORIST and PRESENT

TENSES. Usually the focus is on the abiding results or the

completion of an act. Example: Eph. 2:5 & 8, “you have been

and continue to be saved.”

2. PLUPERFECT TENSE. This was like the PERFECT except the abiding

results have ceased. Example: “Peter was standing at the door

outside” (John 18:16).

3. PRESENT TENSE. This speaks of an incomplete or imperfect action.

The focus is usually on the continuation of the event.

Example: “Everyone abiding in Him does not continue

sinning,” “everyone having been begotten of God does not

continue to commit sin” (I John 3:6, 9).

4. IMPERFECT TENSE. In this TENSE the relationship to the PRESENT TENSE

is analogous to the relationship between the PERFECT and the

PLUPERFECT. The IMPERFECT speaks of incomplete action that was

212

occurring, but has now ceased or the beginning of an action in

the past. Example: “Then all Jerusalem were continuing to

go out to him” or “then all Jerusalem began to go out to

him” (Matt. 3:5).

5. FUTURE TENSE. This speaks of an action that was usually projected into a

future time frame. It focused on the potential for an

occurrence rather than an actual occurrence. It often speaks of the

certainty of the event. Example: “Blessed are. . .they will. .

.” (Matt. 5:4-9).

II. VO I C E

A. VOICE describes the relationship between the action of the VERB

and its SUBJECT.

B. ACTIVE VOICE was the normal, expected, unemphasized way to assert

that the SUBJECT was performing the action of the VERB.

C. The PASSIVE VOICE means that the SUBJECT was receiving the action of the

VERB produced by an outside agent. The outside agent

producing the action was indicated in the Greek NT by the

following PREPOSITIONS and CASES:

1. a personal direct agent by hupo with the ABLATIVE CASE (cf.

Matt.1:22; Acts 22:30).

2. a personal intermediate agent by dia with the ABLATIVE CASE

(cf. Matt. 1:22).

3. an impersonal agent usually by en with the INSTRUMENTAL CASE.

4. sometimes either a personal or impersonal agent by the

INSTRUMENTAL CASE alone.

D. The MIDDLE VOICE means that the SUBJECT produces the action of

the VERB and is also directly involved in the action of

the VERB. It is often called the voice of heightened

213

personal interest. This construction emphasized the subject of

the clause or sentence in some way. This construction is not

found in English. It has a wide possibility of meanings and

translations in Greek. Some examples of the form are:

1. REFLEXIVE - the direct action of the SUBJECT on itself.

Example: “Hanged himself” (Matt. 27:5).

2. INTENSIVE - the SUBJECT produces the action for itself.

Example: “Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light” (II Cor.

11:14).

3. RECIPROCAL - the interplay of two SUBJECTS. Example: “They

counseled with one another” (Matt. 26:4).

III. MO OD (or “MODE”)

A. There are four MOODS in Koine Greek. They indicate the

relation of the VERB to reality, at least within the author’s own

mind. The MOODS are divided into two broad categories: that which

indicated reality (INDICA TIVE) and that which indicated

potentiality (SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERA TIVE AND OPTATIVE).

B. The INDICATIVE MOOD was the normal mood for expressing action that

had occurred or was occurring, at least in the author's mind.

It was the only Greek mood that expressed a definite time,

and even here this aspect was secondary.

C. The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD expressed probable future action. Something

had not yet happened, but the chances were likely that it

would. It had much in common with the FUTURE INDICATIVE. The

difference was that the SUBJUNCTIVE expresses some degree of

doubt. In English this is often expressed by the terms

“could,” “would,” “may,” or “might.”

D. The OPTATIVE MOOD expressed a wish which was theoretically possible.

It was considered one step further from reality than the

SUBJUNCTIVE. The OPTATIVE expressed possibility under certain

214

conditions. The OPTATIVE was rare in the New Testament. Its most

frequent usage is Paul’s famous phrase, “May it never be” (KJV,

“God forbid”), used fifteen times (cf. Rom. 3:4, 6, 31;

6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; I Cor. 6:15; Gal. 2:17;

3:21; 6:14). Other examples are found in Luke 1:38, 20:16,

Acts 8:20, and I Thess. 3:11.

E. The IMPERA TIVE MOOD emphasized a command which was possible, but the

emphasis was on the intent of the speaker. It asserted only

volitional possibility and was conditioned on the choices of

another. There was a special use of the IMPERATIVE in prayers and

3rd person requests. These commands were found only in the

PRESENT and AORIST TENSES in the NT.

F. Some grammars categorize PARTICIPLES as another type of MOOD. They

are very common in the Greek NT, usually defined as a VERBAL

ADJECTIVE. They are translated in conjunction with the main

VERB to which they relate. A wide variety was possible in

translating PARTICIPLES. It is best to consult several English

translations. The Bible in Twenty Six Translations published by

Baker is a great help here.

G. The AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE was the normal or “unmarked” way to

record an occurrence. Any other TENSE, VOICE, or MOOD had some

specific interpretive significance that the original author

wanted to communicate.

IV. For the per son not f amili ar with Greek the

follo wing study aid s will provide the needed

inform ation

A. Friberg, Barbara and Timothy. Analytical Greek New Testament.

Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988.

B. Marshall, Alfred. Interlinear Greek-English New Testament.

Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976.

C. Mounce, William D. The Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New

215

Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993.

D. Summers, Ray. Essentials of New Testament Greek. Nashville:

Broadman, 1950.

E. Academically accredited Koine Greek correspondence courses

are available through Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, IL.

V. NOUN S

A. Syntactically, nouns are classified by CASE. CASE was that inflected

form of a NOUN that showed its relationship to the VERB and

other parts of the sentence. In Koine Greek many of the CASE

functions were indicated by PREPOSITIONS. Since the CASE form was

able to identify several different relationships, the

PREPOSITIONS developed to give clearer separation to these

possible functions.

B. Greek CASES are categorized in the following eight ways:

1. The NOMINATIVE CASE was used for naming and it usually was the

SUBJECT of the sentence or clause. It was also used for

PREDICATE NOUNS and ADJECTIVES with the linking VERBS “to

be” or “become.”

2. The GENITIVE CASE was used for description and usually assigned an

attribute or quality to the word to which it was

related. It answered the question, “What kind?” It was often

expressed by the use of the English preposition “of.”

3. The ABLATIVE CASE used the same inflected form as the GENITIVE,

but it was used to describe separation. It usually

denoted separation from a point in time, space,

source, origin, or degree. It was often expressed by

the use of the English PREPOSITION “from.”

4. The DA TIVE CASE was used to describe personal interest. This

could denote a positive or negative aspect. Often

216

this was the INDIRECT OBJECT. It was often expressed by the

English PREPOSITION “to.”

5. The LOCATIVE CASE was the same inflected form as the DATIVE, but

it described position or location in space, time or

logical limits. It was often expressed by the English

PREPOSITIONS “in, on, at, among, during, by, upon, and

beside.”

6. The INSTRUMENT AL CASE was the same inflected form as the DA TIVE

and LOCA TIVE cases. It expressed means or association. It was

often expressed by the English PREPOSITIONS, “by” or

“with.”

7. The ACCUSATIVE CASE was used to describe the conclusion of an

action. It expressed limitation. Its main use was the

DIRECT OBJECT. It answered the question, “How far?” or “To what

extent?”

8. The VOCATIVE CASE was used for direct address.

VI. C ONJUNCTI ON S AND C ONNECTO R S

A. Greek is a very precise language because it has so many connectives.

They connect thoughts (clauses, sentences, and paragraphs). They are so

common that their absence (asyndeton) is often exegetically

significant. As a matter of fact, these conjunctions and connectors show

the direction of the author’s thought. They often are crucial in

determining what exactly he is trying to communicate.

B. Here is a list of some of the conjunctions and connectors and

their meanings (this information has been gleaned mostly from H. E.

Dana and Julius K. Mantey’s A Manual Grammar of the Greek New

Testament).

1. Time connectors

a. epei, epeid ‘, hopÇte, hÇs, hote, hotan (SUBJ.) - “when”

217

b. heos - “while”

c. hotan, epan (SUBJ.) - “whenever”

d. heÇs, achri, mechri (SUBJ.) - “until”

c. priv (INFIN.) - “before”

d. hÇs - “since,” “when,” “as”

2. Logical connectors

a. Purpose

. (1) hina (SUBJ.), hopÇs (SUBJ.), hÇs - “in order that,” “that”

. (2) hÇste (ARTICULAR ACCUSA TIVE INFINITIVE) - “that”

. (3) pros (ARTICULAR ACCUSA TIVE INFINITIVE) or eis (ARTICULAR ACCUSA

TIVE INFINITIVE) - “that”

b. Result (there is a close association between the grammatical forms

of purpose and result)

. (1) hoste (INFINITIVE, this is the most common) - “in order

that,” “thus”

. (2) hiva (SUBJ.) - “so that”

. (3) ara - “so”

c. Causal or reason

. (1) gar (cause/effect or reason/conclusion) - “for,” “because”

. (2) dioti, hotiy - “because”

. (3) epei, epeid‘, hÇs - “since”

218

. (4) dia (with ACCUSATIVE) and (with ARTICULAR INFINITIVE.) -

“because”

d. Inferential

. (1) ara, poinun, hÇste - “therefore”

. (2) dio (strongest INFERENTIAL CONJUNCTION) - “on which

account,” “wherefore,” “therefore”

. (3) oun - “therefore,” “so,” “then,” “consequently”

. (4) toinoun - “accordingly”

e. Adversative or contrast

. (1) alla (strong ADVERSA TIVE) - “but,” “except”

. (2) de - “but,” “however,” “yet,” “on the other hand”

. (3) kai - “but”

. (4) mentoi, oun - “however”

. (5) pl‘n - “never-the-less” (mostly in Luke)

. (6) oun - “however”

f. Comparison

. (1) hÇs, kathÇs (introduce comparative clauses)

. (2) kata (in compounds, katho, kathoti, kathÇsper, kathaper)

. (3) hosos (in Hebrews)

. (4) ‘ - “than”

g. Continuative or series

219

. (1) de - “and,” “now”

. (2) kai - “and”

. (3) tei - “and”

. (4) hina, oun - “that”

. (5) oun - “then” (in John)

3. Emphatic usages

a. alla - “certainty,” “yea,” “in fact”

b. ara - “indeed,” “certainly,” “really”

c. gar - “but really,” “certainly,” “indeed”

d. de - “indeed”

e. ean - “even”

f. kai - “even,” “indeed,” “really”

g. mentoi - “indeed”

h. oun - “really,” “by all means”

VII. C ONDIT I ONAL S ENTENCE S

A. A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE is one that contains one or more

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES. This grammatical structure aids

interpretation because it provides the conditions, reasons

or causes why the action of the main VERB does or does not

occur. There were four types of CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. They

move from that which was assumed to be true from the author’s

perspective or for his purpose to that which was only a wish.

B. The FIRST CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE expressed action or being which was

220

assumed to be true from the writer’s perspective or for his

purposes even though it was expressed with an “if.” In several

contexts it could be translated “since” (cf. Matt. 4:3;

Rom. 8:31). However, this does not mean to imply that all

FIRST CLASSES are true to reality. Often they were used to make a

point in an argument or to highlight a fallacy (cf. Matt.

12:27).

C. The SECOND CLASS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE is often called “contrary to

fact.” It states something that was untrue to reality to make a

point. Examples:

1. “If He were really a prophet, which He is not, He would know who

and of what character the woman is who is clinging to Him, but He

does not” (Luke 7:39).

2. “If you really believed Moses, which you do not, you would

believe me, which you do not” (John 5:46). Also see John

4:10; 8:19,39,42; 9:33,41; 11:21,32; 14:2,11,28; 15:19;

19:11.

3. “If I were still trying to be pleasing to men, which I am

not, I would not be a slave of Christ at all, which I am” (Gal.

1:10).

D. The THIRD CLASS speaks of possible future action. It often assumes the

probability of that action. It usually implies a

contingency. The action of the main VERB is contingent on

the action in the “it” clause. Examples from I John: 1:6-10;

2:4,6,9,15,20,21,24,29; 3:21; 4:20; 5:14,16.

E. The FOURTH CLASS is the farthest removed from possibility. It is rare

in the NT. As a matter of fact, there is no complete FOURTH CLASS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE in which both parts of the condition fit

the definition. An example of a partial FOURTH CLASS is the

opening clause in I Peter 3:14. An example of a partial FOURTH

CLASS in the concluding clause is Acts 8:31.

221

VIII. PR O H IB IT I ON S

A. The PRESENT IMPERATIVE with M� PARTICLE often (but not

exclusively) has the emphasis of stopping an act already in

process. Some examples: “stop storing up your riches on earth.

. .” (Matt. 6:19); “stop worrying about your life. . .”

(Matt. 6:25); “stop offering to sin the parts of your bodies

as instruments of wrongdoing. . .” (Rom. 6:13); “you must

stop offending the Holy Spirit of God. . .” (Eph. 4:30);

and “stop getting drunk on wine. . .” (5:18).

B. The AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE with M� PARTICLE has the emphasis of “do not

even begin or start an act.” Some examples: “Do not even

begin to suppose that. . .” (Matt. 5:17); “never start to

worry. . .” (Matt. 6:31); “you must never be ashamed. . .” (II

Tim. 1:8).

C. The DOUBLE NEGATIVE with the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is a very emphatic

negation. “Never, no never” or “not under any

circumstance.” Some examples: “he will never, no never

experience death” (John 8:51); “I will never, no, never.

. .” (I Cor. 8:13).

IX. THE ART I CLE

A. In Koine Greek the DEFINITE ARTICLE “the” had a use similar to

English. Its basic function was that of “a pointer,” a way to draw

attention to a word, name or phrase. The use varies from author

to author in the New Testament. The DEFINITE ARTICLE could also

function

1. as a contrasting device like a DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

2. as a sign to refer to a previously introduced SUBJECT or

person

3. as a way to identify the SUBJECT in a sentence with a LINKING

VERB. Examples: “God is Spirit” John 4:24; “God is

222

light” I John 1:5; “God is love” 4:8,16

B. Koine Greek did not have an INDEFINITE ARTICLE like the English

“a” or “an.” The absence of the DEFINITE ARTICLE could mean

1. a focus on the characteristics or quality of something

2. a focus on the category of something

C. The NT authors varied widely as to how the ARTICLE was employed.

X. AY S OF S H O W ING EMPHA S I S IN THE GREEK NE W TE STAMENT

A. The techniques for showing emphasis vary from author to author in

the New Testament. The most consistent and formal writers were

Luke and the author of Hebrews.

B. We have stated earlier that the AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE was standard

and unmarked for emphasis, but any other TENSE, VOICE, or MOOD had

interpretive significance. This is not to imply that the

AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE was not often used in a significant

grammatical sense. Example: Rom. 6:10 (twice).

C. W ord order in Koine Greek

1. Koine Greek was an inflected language which was not

dependent, like English, on word order. Therefore,

the author could vary the normal expected order

to show

a. what the author wanted to emphasize to the reader

b. what the author thought would be surprising to the

reader

c. what the author felt deeply about

2. The normal word order in Greek is still an unsettled

issue. However, the supposed normal order is:

223

a. for LINKING VERBS

(1) VERB

(2) SUBJECT

(3) COMPLEMENT

b. for (1) VERB

c. for (1) NOUN

TRANSITIVE VERBS

. (2) SUBJECT

. (3) OBJECT

. (4) INDIRECT OBJECT

. (5) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

NOUN PHRASES

(1) NOUN

. (2) MODIFIER

. (3) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

3. Word order can be an extremely important exegetical

point. Examples:

a. “right hand they gave to me and Barnabas of fellowship” (Gal. 2:9).

The phrase “right hand of fellowship” is split and fronted to show

its significance.

b. “with Christ” (Gal. 2:20), was placed first. His death was central.

c. “It was bit by bit and in many different ways” (Heb. 1:1), was

placed first. It was how God revealed Himself that was being

224

contrasted, not the fact of revelation.

D. Usually some degree of emphasis was shown by

1. The repetition of the PRONOUN which was already present in the

VERB’S inflected form. Example: “I, myself, will surely be

with you. . .” (Matt. 28:20).

2. The absence of an expected CONJUNCTION, or other connecting

device between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. This is

called an asyndeton (“not bound”). The connecting device

was expected, so its absence would draw attention. Examples: a.

The Beatitudes, Matt. 5:3ff (emphasized the list) b. John 14:1

(new topic) c. Romans 9:1 (new section) d. II Cor. 12:20

(emphasize the list)

3. The repetition of words or phrases present in a given

context. Examples: “to the praise of His glory” (Eph. 1:6,

12 & 14). This phrase was used to show the work of each person of the

Trinity.

4. The use of an idiom or word (sound) play between terms a.

euphemisms - substitute words for taboo subjects like “sleep”

for death (John 11:11- 14) or “feet” for male genitalia (Ruth

3:7-8; I Sam. 24:3). b. circumlocutions - substitute words

for God’s name, like “Kingdom of heaven” (Matt. 3:21) or “a

voice from heaven” (Matt. 3:17).

5. c. FIGURES OF SPEECH

(1) impossible exaggerations (Matt. 3:9; 5:29-30;

19:24).

(2) mild over-statements (Matt. 3:5; Acts 2:36).

(3) personifications (I Cor. 15:55).

(4) irony (Gal. 5:12)

225

(5) poetic passages (Phil. 2:6-11).

(6) sound plays between words

(a) “church”

i. “church” (Eph. 3:21)

ii. “calling” (Eph. 4:1,4)

iii. “called” (Eph. 4:1,4)

(b) “free”

i. “free woman” (Gal. 4:31)

ii. “freedom” (Gal. 5:1)

iii. “free” (Gal. 5:1)

d. idiomatic language - language which is usually cultural and

language specific:

(1) This was the figurative use of “food” (John 4:31-34).

(2) This was the figurative use of “Temple” (John 2:19; Matt.

26:61).

(3) This was a Hebrew idiom of compassion, “hate” (Gen. 29:31;

Deut. 21:15; Luke 14:36; John 12:25; Rom. 9:13).

(4) “All” versus “many.” Compare Isa. 53:6 (“all”) with 53:11 &

12 (“many”). The terms are synonymous as Rom. 5:18 and 19 show.

5. The use of a full linguistic phrase instead of a single word.

Example: “The Lord Jesus Christ.”

6. The special use of autos

. A. when with the ARTICLE (attributive position) it was

translated “same.”

226

. B. when without the ARTICLE (predicate position) it was

translated as an INTENSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN—“himself,”

“herself,” or “itself.

E. The non- Greek reading Bible Student can identify emphasis in

several ways.

1. The use of an analytical lexicon and interlinear Greek/English

text.

2. The comparison of English translations, particularly from the

differing theories of translations. Example: comparing a

“word-for-word” translation (KJV, NKJV, ASV, NASB, RSV, NRSV)

with a “dynamic equivalent” (Williams, NIV, NEB, REB, JB, NJB,

TEV). A good help here would be The Bible in Twenty-Six

Translations published by Baker.

3. The use of The Emphasized Bible by Joseph Bryant Rotherham

(Kregel, 1994).

4. The use of a very literal translation

a. The American Standard Version of 1901

b. Young’s Literal Translation of the Bible by Robert Young

(Guardian Press, 1976).

The study of grammar is tedious but necessary for proper

interpretation. These brief definitions, comments, and examples

are meant to encourage and equip non-Greek reading persons to use

grammatical notes provided in this volume. Surely these

definitions are oversimplified. They should not be used in a

dogmatic, inflexible manner, but as stepping stones toward a

greater understanding of New Testament syntax. Hopefully these

definitions will also enable readers to understand the comments of

other study aids such as technical commentaries on the New Testament.

227

We must be able to verify our interpretation based on items of

information found in the texts of the Bible. Grammar is one of

the most helpful of these items; other items would include

historical setting, literary context, contemporary word usage,

and parallel passages.

228

jksfe;ksa 1&3 dh ,d dk;Ziz.kkyh iUUks ds mnkgj.k

I. igyk v/;;u

d- lkekU; m|s’; % euq”; fdl izdkj ijes’oj ds lkFk lgh cu ldrk gS

izjafEHkd rFkk tkjh jgusokys Lrj esa\

[k- dqath fo”k; % 1%16&17

x- lkfgR;d ‘kSyh % i=

II. nwljk v/;;u

d- izeq[k lkfgfR;d bdkbZ

1- 1%1&17 2- 1%18&3%21 3- 4%1&5%21 4- 6%1&8%39 5- 9%1&11%36 6- 12%1&15%37 7- 16%1&27

[k- izeq[k lkfgfR;d bdkbZ dk la{ksi

1- ifjp; vkSj fo”k; 1%1&17

2- leLr ekuotkfr ds [kks;kiu 1%18&3%21

3- /kfeZ Bgjk;k tkuk ,d rksgQk gS 4%1&5%21

4- /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk ,d thou ‘kSyh gS 6%1&8%39

5- /kehZ Bgjk, tkus ds izfr ;gwfn;ksa dk lEcU/k 9%1&11%36

6- izfrfnu ds thou esa /kkfeZdrk esa dSls thou O;frr fd;k tk,

12%1&15%37

229

7- lekIrh vfHkoknu rFkk psrkouh 16%1&27

III. rhljk v/;;u

d- ,sfrgkfld <+k¡ps ds ckjs esa Hkhrjh tkudkjh

1- ys[kd %

d- ikSyql 1%1

[k- elhg ;h’kq ds nkl 1%1

x- ,d izsfjr 1%1]5

?k- vU;tkfr;ksa ds fy, 1%5]14

2- fnukad-

d- ikSyql dk eufQjko vkSj cqykgV ds ckn 1%1

[k- jksfe esa dyhfl;k ds jksi.k vkSj fodkl dh vksj mlds c<+rs dne ds

ckn 1%8

3- izkIrdrkZ

d- ifo= yksx 1%7

[k- tks jkse esa gaS 1%7

4- ifjfLFkfr d- mudk fo’okl izpfyr gS 1%8

[k- ikSyql muds fy, vDlj izkFkZuk fd;k djrk gS 1%9&10

x- ikSyql mUgsa O;fDrxr rkSj ls feyuk pkgrk gS 1%11

?k- ikSyql mudks vkfRed rksgQs nsuk pkgrk gS 1%11]15

p- mudk vkilh feyu ,d&nwljs dks mRlkfgr djsxk 1%12

N- ikSyql dks ogk¡ tkus ls jksdk x;k 1%13

5- ,sfrgkfld <+k¡pk

d- jksfe lkezkT; ds jkt/kkuh esa LFkkfir dyhfl;k ds fy, fy[kk x;k gS

[k- ikSyql ogk¡ ij dHkh Hkh ugha x;k gS 1%1&13

x- jksfe lkezkT; fo’ks”k:Ik ls jksfe vuSfrd rFkk ewfrZiwtd Fks 1%11 &

1- ewfrZ;k¡ 1%21&23 2- leySafxdrk 1%26&27

230

3- fucZqf) ân; 1%28&31

?k- ogk¡ ij ,d cMs >q.M ;gwnh jkse esa jgrs Fks] 2%17&2%31( 9&11 ¼ogk¡

ij fo’okl djusokys ;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr ds chp esa fdlh la?k”kZ dh

lEHkkouk FkhA½

[k- fofHkUu [k.Mksa dk foHkktu

, ,l oh

¼’kkfCnd½

ts#’kyse ckbcy

¼vkyadkfjd½

fofy;el~

¼vkyadkfjd½

igyh bdkbZ 1%1&17 igyh bdkbZ 1%1&17 igyh bdkbZ 1%1&17

1%1&7 1%1&2 1%1&7

1%8&15 1%3&7 1%8&15

1%16&17 1%8&15

nwljh bdkbZ 1%16&3%31 nwljh bdkbZ

nwljh bdkbZ 1%18&3%31 1%16&17 1%16&23

1%18&23 1%18&25

1%24&25 rhljh bdkbZ

1%26&27 1%26&27 1%24&32

1%28&32 1%28&32

2%1&16 2%1&11 pkSFkh bdkbZ

2%17&29 2%12&16 2%1&16

3%1&8 2%17&24 2%1&11

3%9&18 2%25&29 2%12&26

3%19&20 3%1&8

231

3%21&30 3%9&18 ik¡poh bdkbZ

3%31 3%19&20 2%17&29

3%21&26 2%17&24

3%27&31 2%25&29

NBoha bdkbZ

3%1&18

3%1&8

3%9&18

lkroha bdkbZ

3%19&31

3%19&20

3%21&26

3%27&31

x- fupksM+ ds lkFk fo”k;lwph dh :ijs[kk

1- ifjp; rFkk fo”k; 1%1&17 d- ys[kd dk ifjp; 1%1&2

[k- izkIrdrkZvksa dk ifjp; 1%3&7

x- ‘kq:okrh izkFkZuk 1%8&15

?k- fo”k; 1%16&17

2- leLr ekuotkfr dk [kks;kiu 1%18&3%21

d- xSj;gwfn;ksa dk [kks;kiu muds dke ls izxV gS 1%18&32

[k- ;gwfn;ksa dk [kks;kiu muds dke ls izxV gS 2%1&11

232

x- mudh jk”Vªh; vk’kk 2%12&3%8

1- mudh O;oLFkk mUgsa ugha NqM+k,xh 2%12&24

2- mudk [kruk mUgsa ugha NqM+k,xk 2%25&29

3- mudh fojklr mUgsa ugha NqM+k,xh

?k- leLr euq”; dk [kks;kiu 3%9&20

p- leLr ekuotkfr dh vk’kk 3%21&31

IV. pkSFkk v/;;udkypØ ¼uewuk 1%1&3%21] dsoy dsfUær vuqPNsn½

d- fo’ks”k

lwph

1- ¼gyk¡fd ;g uewuk 1%1&3%21 rd lhfer gS vkSj bl fo’ks”k lwph

esa ik, tkusokyk ,d fo’ks”k ‘kCn gS **blfy,** 2%1( 5%1( 8%1( 12%1

;g ikSyql dh fopj/kkjk dks laf{kIr djus dk ,d fo’ks”k rjhdk

gSA½

2- **lqlekpkj** ‘kCn dk mi;ksx

d- 1%1 ijes’oj ds lqlekpkj ds fy, vyx fd;k x;k

[k- 2%9 muds iq= dk lqlekpkj

x- 1%15 lqlekpkj dk izpkj djus ds fy,

?k- 1%16 eSa lqlekpkj ls ugha ytkrk

p- 2%16 esjs lqlekpkj ds vuqlkj

¼bl lwph vkSj lanHkZ ls lqlekpkj ds ckjs esa vf/kdrj ckrksa dks

ge pqu ldrs gSa½

3- ijes’oj ds Øks/k vkSj U;k; ds izfr dqN ladsr

d- 1%18 ijes’oj dk Øks/k

[k- 1%24]26]28 ijes’oj us mUgsa NksM+ fn;k

x- 2%1 ,slk dk;Z djusokyksa ij ijes’oj dk Øks/k HkM+d jgk gSA

?k- 2%3 ijes’oj dk U;k;

p- 2%5&6 nksuksa vk;rksa esa

233

N- 2%12 uk’k gksaxs

t- 2%16 ml fnu --- ijes’oj euq”; xqIr dh ckrksa dk U;k;

djsaxs

>- 3%6 ijes’oj lalkj dk U;k; djrs gSa

[k- dqath

‘kCn ;k ‘kCnkoyh

1- 1%1 izsfjr 2- 1%1 ijes’oj dk lqlekpkj

3- 1%4 ijes’oj dk iq=

4- 1%5 vuqxzg --- fo’okl

5- 1%6 cqyk;k gqvk

6- 1%7 lar

7- 1%11 vkfRed ojnku --- dqN Qy ¼vk;r- 13½

8- 1%16 m)kj

9- 1%17 /kkfeZdrk

10- 1%18 ijes’oj dk Øks/k --- ijes’oj dk U;k; ¼2%2½

11- 2%4 eufQjko

12- 2%7 vuSfrdrk] vuUr thou

13- 2%12 O;oLFkk

14- 2%15 foosd

15- 3%4 /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk

16- 3%24 NqVdkjk

17- 3%25 eksy pqdkuk

234

x- dfBu

vuqPNsn

1- VsDlpq;y ;k VªUlys’kuy

1%4 ifo=rkbZ dk vkRek

2- ;g D;k jksfe- 1%1&7 esa ik, tkusokyh ckr dk vuqokn gS bczk-

2%4 esa\

3- ,sfrgkfld 2%21&23 **rqe tks ml ckr dk izpkj djrs gks ---**

dc] dSls vkSj dgk¡ ;h’kq us bl izdkj dk dk;Z fd;k\

4- /keZoSKkfud

d- 1%4 **lkeFkZ ds lkFk ijes’oj dk iq= Bgjk gS** ¼;k ;h’kq nSoh;

cudj tUes\½

[k- 2%14&15 ¼2%27½ **vU;tkfr yksx ftu ds ikl O;oLFkk ugha]

LoHkko gh ls O;oLFkk dh ckrksa ij pyrs gSa]**¼mudk D;k gksxk

ftUgksaus dHkh Hkh O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa lquk gh ugha gS\½

x- 3%1 **lks ;gwnh dh D;k cM+kbZ \**

?k- fo’ks”k lekukUrj

1- ,d gh iqLrd ls & 1%18&3%21 ,d lkfgR;d bdkbZ gS

2- ,d gh ys[kd & xyfr;ksa dh i=h esa Hkh blh mins’k dk fooj.k gS

3- ,d gh le; & dksbZ Hkh lh/kk lekukUrj ugha gS

4- ,d gh fu;e ls & dksbZ Hkh lh/kk lekuUrj ugha gS

5- leLr ckbcy esa & ikSyql gc-1%4 dk mi;ksx djrk gS ¼iqjkus fu;e

ds yksxksa ds ckjs esa pkSFks v/;k; esa og o.kZu djrk gS½

p- /keZoSKkfud vuks[kkiu

1- LoHkkfod izdk’ku

d- l`f”V esa 1%18&23

[k- Hkhrjh uSfrd foosd 2%14&16

235

2- leLr ekuotkfr [kksbZ gqbZ voLFkk esa gS

V. O;ogkj esa ykuk ¼uewuk 1%1&3%21½

fo”k;kLind :iis[kk O;ogkfjd ckrsa

d- ifjp; vkSj fo”k; ¼1%1&17½

1- ys[kd dk ifjp; 1%1&2

2- izkIrdrkZvksa dk ifjp; 1%3&7

3- ‘kq#okrh izkFkZuk 1%8&15 4- dsfUæ; fo”k; 1%16&17

d- ikSyql vkSj jksfe nksuksa us elhg ds

}kjk ijes’oj ds vuqxzg dh cqykgV ij

fo’okl fd;k vkSj mls izkIr fd;kA ;g

cqykgV lc ds fy, gSA

[k- leLr ekuotkfr dk [kks;kiu

1%18&3%21

1- vU;tkfr;ksa dk [kks;kiu muds

dkeksa ds }kjk izxV gS 1%18&3%21

2- ;gwfn;ksa dk [kks;kiu muds dkeksa

ds }kjk izxV gS 2%1&11

3- mudh jk”Vªh; vk’kk 2%12&3%8

d- mudh O;oLFkk mUgsa ugha

NqM+k,xh 2%12&24

[k- mudk [kruk mUgsa ugha

NqM+k,xk 2%25&29

x- mudh fojklr mUgsa ugha

NqM+k,xh 3%1&8

4- leLr ekuotkfr dk [kks;kiu

3%9&20

5- leLr ekuo dh vk’kk 3%21&31

[k- gj ,d euq”; dks muds ckgjh /kkfeZd

thou ls ijs elhg ds }kjk iwjk fd;k

x;k ckrksa ds }kjk m)kj ikus ds fy, ml

ckr ij Hkjkslk djuk vko’;d gS] u fd

mudh viuh ckrksa ijA

1%18&3%31 ds eq[; vuqPNsn 3%21&30 gSA

236

II. rhr ql dh i qLrd ij ,d od Z ’ k hV

dk ue wuk I. igyk v/;;uA

bl ckbcyh; iqLrd dk m|s’; gS % LFkkuh; dyhfl;k jksi.k esa muds

vxqoksa dh fu;qfDr ds lkFk ‘kkL=lEerk ij fo’ks”k cy fn;k x;k gSA

[k- eq[; fo”k;

1- LFkkuh; dyhfl;k rFkk vxqoksa dk p;u 1%5

2- fuEufy[kr ckrksa ij fo’ks”k cy

d- ‘kkL=lEerk 1%9&11]14( 2%1

[k- loZlEerk 1%16( 3%8

x- ys[ku ‘kSyh & i=h

1- vkjEHk 1%1&4

2- vUr 3%12&15

II. n wljk v/;;u

d- izeq[k lkfgR;d foHkktu

1- 1%14&15( 2- 1%5&9 3- 1%10&16 4- 2%1&10 5- 2%10&15 6- 3%1&11 7- 3%12&15 [k- izeq[k lkfgR;d bZdkbZ ds dsUæfo”k; dk laf{kIr:i

1- bl i=h ds fy, ijEijkxr elhg ifjp; 1%1&4

2- vxqoksa ds fy, ekxZ&funsZ’ku 1%5&9

3- >wBh f’k{kk dks igpkuus dh dlkSVh 1%10&16

4- lkekU;:Ik ls fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, ,d ekxZ&funsZ’ku 2%1&10

5- mu dlkSfV;ks ds /keZoSKkfud vk/kkj 2%10&15

6- tks leL;k iSnk djrs gSa muds izfr ekxZ&funsZ’ku 3%1&11

7- ijEijkxr:Ik ls i=h dk vUr 3%12&15

III. rhljk v/;;u

237

d- ml i=h ds ,sfrgkfld <k¡ps ds ckjs esa Hkhrjh tkudkjh

1- ys[kd

d- ikSyql

[k- ijes’oj dk nkl

x- ;h’kq elhg dk izsfjr

2- fnukad

d- rhrql ds fy, fy[kk x;k 1%4

1- izfjrksa ds dke esa mlds ckjs esa dksbZ fooj.k ugha gSA

2- ikSyql dh fdlh lsodkbZ ;k=k ds nkSjku mldk

eufQjko gqvk vkSj ikSyql us mls vius lkFk ys

fy;k & xy- 2%1

3- og ,d [krukjfgr vU;tkfr O;fDr Fkk xy- 2%3

4- og ikSyql dh rjQ ls leL;kvksa dks gy djusokyk

O;fDr Fkk 2dqfj- 2%13( 2freq- 4%10( rhrql- 1%4

[k- ikSyql us mls Øsr esa NksM+ fn;k 1%5

1- iklckuh if=;ksa ds LoHkko ds dkj.k ;g izsfjrksa ds dke ds

le;dky ds Hkhrj ugha vkrk gS] bls ‘kk;n ikSyql dh

pkSFkh lsodkbZ ;k=k ds nkSjku fy[kk x;k gSA

2- ,slk fo’okl fd;k tkrk gS fd izsfjrksa ds dke dh iqLrd

ds fy[ks tkus ds ckn ikSyql dks fjgk dj fn;k x;k

gyk¡fd ckn esa mls cUnh cuk;k vkSj jksfe ‘kkld uhjkW ds

le; dky esa mls e`R;qn.M fn;k x;k ftldk vUr bZ0 68

esa gqvk FkkA

3- izkIrdrkZ % ikSyql dk fo’okl;ksX; lgdehZ] rhrqlA vkSj mls

LFkkuh; dyhfl;k esa i<+k tkuk pkfg, FkkA

4 - volj % Ø sr d s }hi e s a LF k kuh; dyhfl;kvk s a dk

jk si. k tc tkjh F k kA

d- vx qok s a dh fu; q fDr 1%5

[k - > wB s f ’ k { kdk s a dk lkeuk djuk 1 %9&11( 14&16(

3 %9&11

x- fo’okl;k s X;k s a dk s mRlkfgr dju s

[k - [k.M foH k ktu

238

‘ k k f Cnd lfØ;

,u ,l ch ,uvkj,loh t sch ,u, so h fofYy;e ~l ~

igyh

b Zdkb Z

igyh

b Zdkb Z

igyh

b Zdkb Z

igyh

b Zdkb Z

igyh

b Zdkb Z

1:1-4 1:1-3 1:1-4 1:1-4 1:1-4

1:4 1:5-9

1:10-16

n wljh

b Zdkb Z

n wljh

b Zdkb Z

n wljh

b Zdkb Z

n wljh

b Zdkb Z

n wljh

b Zdkb Z

1:5-9 1:5-9 1:5-9 1:5-9

1:10-16 1:10-16 1:10-16

rhljh

b Zdkb Z

1:10-16

1:15-16

rhljh

b Zdkb Z

rhljh

b Zdkb Z

pk S F k h

b Zdkb Z

rhljh

b Zdkb Z

n wljh

b Zdkb Z

2:1-14 2:1-2 2:1-10 2:1-2 2:1-10

2:1-15 2:3-5 2:3-5 2:11-14

2:6-8 2:6-8 2:15

2:9-10 ik ¡poh a

b Zdkb Z

2:9-10

2:11-14 2:11-14 2:11-14

239

2:15 2:15 2:15

pk S F k h

b Zdkb Z

pk S F k h

b Zdkb Z

NBoh a

b Zdkb Z

pk S F k h

b Zdkb Z

rhljh

b Zdkb Z

3:1-11 3:1-11 3:1-3 3:1-2 3:1-2

3:4-8a 3:3-8 3:3-7

lkroh a

b Zdkb Z

3:9-11 3:8-11

3:8-11 ik ¡poh a

b Zdkb Z

3:12

3:12-14 3:13-14

vkBoh a

b Zdkb Z

3:15 3:15

3:12-14 3:12-14 3:12-14

3:15 3:15 3:15

2- fofHkUu vuqoknksa esa ik, tkusokyh fo”k;oLrqvksa dk fupksM+

d- ts:’kyse

ckbcy

1- igyh bZdkbZ % vkfHkoknu 1%1&4

2- nwljh bZdkbZ % izkphuksa dh fu;qfDr 1%5&9

3- rhljh bZdkbZ % >wBs f’k{kdks dk lkeuk djuk

1%10&14]15]16

4- pkSFkh bZdkbZ % dqN fo’ks”k uSfrd dlkSfV;k¡ 2%1&10

5- ik¡poha bZdkbZ % elhgh uSfrd thou dk vk/kkj 2%11&14

240

6- NBoha bZdkbZ % fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, lkekU; funsZ’ku 3%1&3]

4&8

7- lkroha bZdkbZ % rhrql ds fy, O;fDrxr funsZ’ku 3%8&11

8- vkBoha bZdkbZ % O;ogkfjd vuqeksnu] ‘kHkdkeuk,¡

3%12&14]15

[k- ,u,soh

1- igyh bZdkbZ] vfHkoknu] 1%1&4

2- nwljh bZdkbZ] Øsr esa rhrql dk dk;Z 1%5&9] 10&16

3- rhljh bZdkbZ] fofHkUu >q.M dks D;k fl[kk;k tk,] 2%1&2]

3%5] 6&8] 9&10] 11&14] 15

4- pkSFkh bZdkbZ] tks Hkyk gS mls djsa 3%1&2] 3&8] 9&11

5- ik¡poh bZdkbZ] vfUre lq>ko 3%12&14]15

x- fofYy;e~l

1- igyh bZdkbZ] dk;ksZa ds }kjk ijes’oj ds yksxksa dh igpku 1:1-4, 5-9,

10-16

2- nwljh bZdkbZ] ijes’oj ds yksxksa dks /kkfeZdrk esa cqyk;k x;k gS 2:1-10,

11-14, 15

3- rhljh bZdkbZ] fo’okfl;ksa dks Hkys dke djuk gS

x- [k.M foHkktu dk fupksM+

241

1- bl i=h ds izfr ijEijkxr elhgh ifjp; 1%1&4

d- fdl ls 1%1

1- ikSyql ls

2- ijes’oj ds nkl

3- elhg ;h’kq ds izsfjr

[k- D;ksa 1%1&3

1- fo’okl dks rst+ djus ds fy,

2- iwjs Kku dh vksj mUgsa c<+kus ds fy,

3- ijes’oj ds }kjk izfrKk fd, x, ml vuUr thou

dh vk’kk esa

4- ijes’oj dh vkKk ls ikSyql dks lkSais gq, lUns’k ds

}kjk

x- fdlds fy, 1%4

1- rhrql ds fy,

2- lkekU; fo’okl esa tks esjk iq= gS

?k- izkFkZuk

1- vkfRed ojnkuksa ds fy,

2- ‘kkfUr 3- ls

4- ijes’oj gekjs firk ls

5- gekjs m)kjdrkZ elhg ;h’kq ls

242

2- izkphuksa ds fy, funsZ’ku 1%5&9

d- funksZ”k

1%6]7

[k- ,d

iRuh dk ifr

x- fo’oklh

yM+dsokys

?k- yqpiu

dk nks”k u gks

p-

vukKkdkfjrk dk vkjksi.k u gks

N- u gBh

t- u Øks/kh

>- u

fi;DdM

V- u

ekjihV djusokyk

B- u uhp

dekbZ dk yksHkh

243

M- igqukbZ

djusokyk

<- HkykbZ

dk pkgusokyk

.k- la;eh

r- U;k;h

Fk- ifo=

n- ftrsfUæ;

/k- fLFkj

u-

fo’okl;ksX; opu ij fLFkj jgusokyk

i- [kjh f’k{kk ls mins’k nsusokyk

Q- fookfn;ksa dk eq¡g Hkh cUn djsa

3- >wBh

f’k{kk dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk rjhdk 1%10&16

d- xSj

vuq’kklh

244

[k- vuqfpr

ckrsa fl[kkusokyk

x- /kks[kk

nsusokys

?k- ;gwnh

rRo

1- [kruk 1%10 2- ;gwfn;ksa dh dFkk dgkfu;k¡

3- fu”Qy ckrsa

4- O;oLFkk ds izfr O;FkZ ckrsa

p- tkdj ?kj ds ?kj fcxkM+ nsrs gSaA

N- uhp dekbZ ds fy,

t- muds eu vkSj foosd Hkz”V gSa

>- muds dk;Z ds }kjk mUgsa viekfur djrs gSa

V- ?k`f.kr

B- vukKkdkjh

M- fdlh vPNs dke ds ;ksX; ugha

245

4- fo’okfl;ksa

ds fy, lq>ko 2%1&10]12

d- cw<+ksa ds

fy,

1- lpsr

2- xEHkhj

3- la;eh

4- fo’okl esa n`<+

5- izse esa n`<+

6- /khjt

[k- cw<+h fL=;ksa ds fy,

1- pky pyu ifo= yksxksa lk gks]

2- u nks"k yxkusokyh

3- fi;DdM+ ugha(

4- vPNh ckrsa fl[kkusokyh gksaA

5- toku fL=;ksa dks fprkSuh nsusokyh gksa

x- toku fL=;ksa ds fy, 2%4&5

1- ifr;ksa ls izhfr j[kusokyh

2- cPpksa ls izhfr j[kusokyh

3- xEHkhj 4- ifo=

246

5- ?kj dk dkjckj djusokyh]

6- Hkyh

7- vius vius ifr ds vk/khu jgusokyh gksa]

?k- tokuksa ds fy, 2%6&8

1- la;eh

2- vPNs dke esa uewuk cus

3- ‘kq)rk

4- mins’k esa xEHkhj 5- [kjh f’k{kk 6- dksbZ mls cqjk u dgus ik,

p- fo’oklh nklksa ds izfr 2%9&10

1- vius vius Lokeh ds vk/khu jgsa]

2- vkSj lc ckrksa esa mUgsa izlUu j[ksa] vkSj myVdj tokc u

nsaA

3- pksjh pkykdh u djsa

5- bu lq>koksa ds fy, /keZoSKkfud vk/kkj 2%10&15( 3%4&7

d- tks dqN Hkh os djrs gSa mlesa ijes’oj gekjs m)kjdrkZ ds

mins’kksa dh ljkguk djus ds fy, 2%10

[k- leLr ekuotkfr ds fy, ijes’oj dk vuqxzg izxV gqvk

2%11

247

x- vkf’kf”kr vk’kk dh ckV tksgrs gSa & nwljk vkxeu 2%13

?k- ijes’oj dks izxV djus ds fy, ;h’kq us ,d turk dks

eksy fy;k gS 2%14

p- ijes’oj us viuk izse rFkk vuqxzg izxV fd;k gS 3%4

N- gekjs dkeksa ds vuqlkj ijes’oj us gesa ugha cpk;k 3%5

t- viuh d#.kk ds vuqlkj ijes’oj us gesa m)kj fn;k 3%5

1- u, tUe ds Luku ds }kjk

2- ifo=kRek ds }kjk u;k cuus ls

3- nksuksa elhg ds }kjk miyC/k djk, x,

4- vc ijes’oj ds lkFk lgh fj’rk gS

5- ge vuUr thou ds okfjl gSa

6- tks ijs’kku dj ldrs gSa muds izfr lrdZrk 3%1&11

d- mUgsa

vf/kdkj ds o’k esa jguk fl[kk,a 3%1&2

1- gj ,d vPNs dke ds fy;s rS;kj jgsa

2- fdlh dks cnuke u djsa

3- cM+h uezrk ds lkFk jgsa

4- dksey LoHkko ds gksa

[k- gj ,d euq”; ds izfr dksey jgsa D;ksafd] 3%3&8

248

1- fo’oklh igys %

d- fucqZf)]

[k- vkKk u ekuusokys]

x- Hkze esa iM+s gq,]

?k- jax jax dh vfHkyk"kkvksa vkSj lq[kfoykl ds nklRo esa Fks]

p- cSjHkko]

N- vkSj Mkg djus esa thou fuokZg djrs FksA

x- lpsr

jgsa] 3%9&11

1- ew[kZrk ds fooknksa]

2- vkSj oa'kkofy;ksa] vkSj cSj fojks/k]

3- vkSj mu >xM+ksa ls]

4- tks O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa gksa cpk jg(

5- tks euq”; HkVd x;k

d- prqj

[k- ikie;

x- Lo&nks”kh

7- i=h ds fy, ijEijkxr elhg milagkj 3%12&15

d- rhrql

dh cnyh gksusokyh gS] 3%12

1- ikl vjfrekl

249

2- ;k rqf[kdql

[k- rhrql uhdqiqfyl eas vkdj eq>s ls feys 3%12

x- ,d nwljs dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, fo’okfl;ksa dks mRlkfgr djsa

3%13&14

1- tsukl O;oLFkkid

2- vkSj viqYyksl

?k- vfUre ueLdkj vkSj milagkj 3%15

?k- ftl iqLrd dk vki vuqokn djuk pkgrs gSa mldh :ijs[kk dks

vuqPNsn ds :i es foLrfjr dhft,A lkfgR; ys[k dks ges’kk igpkfu,A ;s

‘kk;n cgqr ls vuqPNsn vkSj v/;k; gks ldrk gSA ;g vkidh lgk;rk

djrk gS fd vki okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; vkSj ys[ku iz.kkyh dks le>

ldsaA

IV. pk S F k k v/;;u

d- egRoiw.kZ lekurk,a ¼vU; iklckuh if=;k¡½

1- 1freqfFk;ql & fo’ks”k:Ik ls 3%1&13

2- 2freqfFk;ql

[k- egRoiw.kZ lwph

1- **m)kjdrkZ** ‘kh”kZd dk mi;ksx

d- ijes’oj gekjs m)kjdrkZ 1%3( 2%10( 3%4

250

[k- elhg gekjs m)kjdrkZ 1%4( 2%13( 3%6

2- elhg leku thou ds fy, lqlekpkj ds mins’kkRekd lR;ksa dk

mi;ksx

d- 2%10&14

[k- 3%4&7

3- izkphuksa dh ;ksX;rk dh lwph 1%7&9

4- >wBs f’k{kdksa dk LoHkko

d- 1%10&16

[k- 3%9&11

x- dfBu vuqPNsn

1- vuqPNsnkRed & 1%6 esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k ‘kCn izkphu ;k cPpksa dh

vksj bz’kkjk djrk gS\

d- izkphu & ,u,soh rFkk ,u,,lch

[k- cPps & ,u,soh rFkk fofYy;e~l

2- ,sfrgkfld & D;k ogk¡ ij pkSFkh lsodkbZ ;k=k dk dksbZ ckbcyh;

lcwr gS\

d- ckbcyh;

1- ikSyql Lisu tkuk pkgrk Fkk jksfe- 15%24]28

2- iklckuh if=;ksa esa crkbZ tkusokyh ckrsa izsfjrksa ds dke dh

lsodkbZ ;k=k ds lkFk rkyesy ugha j[krhA

[k- ,sfrgkfld

251

1- dyhfl;k ds bfrgkl 2%22%2&3 esa ;qlsfc;l mYys[k djrk gS

fd izfjrksa ds dke dh iqLrd dh jpuk ds ckn mls LorU= fd;k

x;k A

2- vU; izkjfEHkd dyhfl;k dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj ikSyql Hkwe/;

lkxj ds if’pe Hkkx dh vksj lqlekpkj ys x;kA

d- jkse ds DyseUn

[k- eqjkfjVu ÝkxesUV

3- /keZoSKkfud & 3%5 esa crk, x, u, tUe cifrLek ds mins’k dks

fl[kkrk gS\

4- vleaftl djusokyh vk;rsa& izkphu T;knk fi;DdM+ u gks 1%7A

2%3 esa cw<+h fL=;ksa ds fy, blh jhfr ls bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA

252

bQqfl;ksa 2

ik¡p vk/kqfud vaxzsth vuqoknksa ds foPNsn

;w ch ,l ,u ds ts oh ,u vkj ,l oh Vh b oh ,u ts ch

e`R;q ls

thou

vuqxzg ls

fo’okl ds

}kjk

elhg ds Qk;nsa e`R;q ls

thou

elhg esa

m)kj] ,d

eq¶r rksgQk

2%1&10 2%1&10 2%1&10 2%1&3 2%1&6

2%4&10

2%7&10

elhg esa ,d mlds ygw ds

}kjk lehi

yk;k x;k

elhg esa

,d

ijes’oj vkSj

vU;ksa ds lkFk

;gwnh vkSj

vU;tkfr;ksa

dk esyfeyki

2%11&13 2%11&13 2%11&22 2%11&12 2%11&18

elhg gekjs

‘kkfUr

2%13&18

2%14&22 2%14&22

2%19&22 2%19&22

253

v/;;u dkypØ rhu

vuqPNsn esa okLrfod ys[kd dh eulk dk vuqdj.k djukA

;g i<+us ds fy, ,d ekxZn’kZd Vhdk gS] ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ckbcy

dk vuqokn djus ds fy, vki Lo;a ft+Eesnkj gSaA ge esa ls gjsd dks ml

jks’kuh esa pyuk gS tks gekjs ikl gSA vuqokn esa vki] ckbcy vkSj ifo=

vkRek izeq[k gSaA vki bls Vhdk ys[kd ij ugha NksM ldrsA

ckbcy dh iwjh iqLrd dks ,d gh ckj esa if<+,A fo”k; dks igpkfu,A

vius foPNsn dh rqyuk u, ikap vuqoknksa ds foPNsn ls dhft,A vuqPNsn

izsj.kk ik;k gqvk ugha ij ;g okLrfod ys[kd ds mn~ns’; dks le>us esa

lgk;d gS tks fd vuqokn dk ân; gSA gj vuqPNsn dk dsoy ,d gh

vFkZ gksrk gSA

1½ igyk vuqPNsn

2½ nwljk vuqPNsn

3½ rhljk vuqPNsn

4½ bR;kfn

254

izklafxd vUrjn`f”V 2%1&22

d- m)kj esa euq”; ds dkeksa ij tksj nsusokys ;gwnh rFkk XukWfLVd ckrksa

dks ikSyql ds }kjk dgh xbZ fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds }kjk fuUnkRed dj nsrk

gS ¼1½ igys v/;k; esa ijes’oj dk pquko( ¼2½ 2%1&10 esa ijes’oj dk

izofrZr vuqxzg( rFkk ¼3½ 2%11&3%13 esa ;qxksa ls fNis gq, ijes’oj ds

NqVdkjs dh ;kstuk ¼;gwnh rFkk vU;tkrh vc elhg esa ,d gSa½A ikSyql

rhu ckrksa ij fo’ks”k /;ku nsrk gS ftl esa euq”; dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gS!

m)kj ijes’oj dh vksj ls gh gS ¼1%3&14( 2%4&7½( fdUrq euq”; dks

O;fDrxr :i ls izR;qÙkj nsuk gS ¼2%8&9½ rFkk mUgsa ubZ okpk dh ml

T;ksfr esa thou O;frr djuk gS ¼2%10½A

[k- vk;rsa 2&3 esa ifrr ekuotkfr ds rhu ‘k=qvksa dk fooj.k gS ¼;kdwc-

4%1]4]7½ % ¼1½ ifrr lalkfjd jhr] vk;r-2( ¼2½ LoxhZ;nwr ‘k=q] ‘kSrku

vklr-2 rFkk ¼3½ euq”; ds ifrr izd`fr ¼vkne dk LoHkko½] vk;r-3A

vk;rsa 1&3 esa ijes’oj ls nwj vkSj ijes’oj ds fojks/k esa ifrr euq”;tkfr

dh fu%lgk; rFkk vk’kkjfgr voLFkk dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA ¼jksfe-

1%18&2%16½A

x- vk;rssa 1&3 euq”; dh n;uh; voLFkk dk fooj.k djrk gSA vk;rsa

4&6 ifrr ekuotkfr ds izfr ijes’oj ds izse rFkk n;k ds /ku ds ckjs esa

fooj.k djrk gSA euq”; ds iki cqjs gSa] ijUrq ijes’oj dk izse rFkk n;k

egku gS¼jksfe- 5%20½!elhg ds fy, ijes’oj us tks fd;k ¼1%20½] vc elhg

us fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, fd;k gS ¼2%5&6½A

?k- ijes’oj ds eq¶r vuqxzg rFkk euq”; ds iz;kl ds chp esa u, fu;e ds

Hkhrj okLro esa ,d cM+k la?k”kZ gSA bl la?k”kZ dks fojks/kkHkkl tksM+ksa esa

n’kkZ;k x;k gS % lwpukRed ¼,d dFku½ vkSj vkns’kkRed ¼vkKk½( vuqxzg

rFkk fo’okl fo”k;ijd ¼lqlekpkj ds fo”k;oLrq½ vkSj O;fDrijd

¼lqlekpkj esa fdlh dk vuqHko½ gS( nkSM+ thruk ¼elhg esa½ vkSj nkSM+uk

¼elhg ds fy,½A bl la?k”kZ dks 2%8&9 esa Li”V:i ls ns[k ldrs gSa]

255

ftlesa vuqxzg ds fy, fo’ks”k egRo gS tcfd 2%10 Hkys dkeksa ds fy,

egRo nsrk gSA ;g ,d ugha rks nwljk ugha gS ijUrq nksuksa /keZ’kkL=h;

izLrkouk gSA gyk¡fd vuqxzg izFke vkrk gS vkSj ;g elhg leku

thou’kSyh dh uhao Hkh gSA vk;rsa 8&10 elhgh lqlekpkj ds fojks/kkHkkl ds

mRd`”B la{ksi gS & eq¶r gS] ijUrq blds ykxr esa gj pht+ ‘kkfey gSaA

fo’okl rFkk dke ¼;kdw- 2%14&26½!

³- 2%11&3%13 esa ,d ubZ fo”k; dks ifjfpr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d jgL;

gS] tks fd ijes’oj dh bPNk gS fd leLr ekuotkfr dks NqM+k;k tk,]

;gwnh ¼;gs- 18%23]32½ rFkk vU;tkfr;ksa ¼1freq- 2%4( 2ir- 3%9½ dks Hkh]

elhg dh izk;f’pr cyh esa O;fDrxr rkSj ls fo’okl djus ds }kjkA ;g

fo’oO;kih m)kj ds izLrko mR- 3%15 vkSj 12%3 esa gSaA ;g eq¶+r iki{kek

¼jksfe- 5%12&21½ ;gwfn;ksa rFkk /kkfeZd Js”Btuksa ¼XukWfLVd xq#tu] ;gwnh

/keZokfn;ksa½ rFkk vk/kqfud us deZ }kjk /kkfeZdrk oDrkvksa dks fgykdj j[k

fn;kA

‘kCn vkSj okD;ka’k v/;;u

2%1&10

1 vkSj ml us rqEgsa Hkh ftyk;k] tks vius vijk/kksa vkSj ikiksa ds dkj.k ejs

gq, FksA

2 ftu esa rqe ifgys bl lalkj dh jhfr ij] vkSj vkdk'k ds vf/kdkj ds

gkfde vFkkZr~ ml vkRek ds vuqlkj pyrs Fks] tks vc Hkh vkKk u

ekuusokyksa esa dk;Z djrk gSA

3 bu esa ge Hkh lc ds lc ifgys vius 'kjhj dh ykylkvksa esa fnu

fcrkrs Fks] vkSj 'kjhj] vkSj eu dh eulk,a iwjh djrs Fks] vkSj nwljs yksxksa

ds leku LoHkko gh ls Øks/k dh lUrku FksA

256

4 ijUrq ijes'oj us tks n;k ds /kuh gSa( vius ml cM+s izse ds dkj.k] ftl

ls mUgksaus ge ls izse fd;kA

5 tc ge vijk/kksa ds dkj.k ejs gq, Fks] rks gesa elhg ds lkFk ftyk;k(

¼vuqxzg gh ls rqEgkjk m)kj gqvk gSA½

6 vkSj elhg ;h'kq esa muds lkFk mBk;k] vkSj LoxhZ; LFkkuksa esa muds lkFk

cSBk;kA

7 fd og viuh ml d`ik ls tks elhg ;h'kq esa ge ij gS] vkusokys le;

esa vius vuqxzg dk vlhe /ku fn[kk,A

8 D;ksafd fo'okl ds }kjk vuqxzg gh ls rqEgkjk m)kj gqvk gS] vkSj ;g

rqEgkjh vksj ls ugha] cju ijes'oj dk nku gSA

9 vkSj u deksZa ds dkj.k] ,slk u gks fd dksbZ ?ke.M djsA

10 D;ksafd ge muds cuk, gq, gSa( vkSj elhg ;h'kq esa mu Hkys dkeksa ds

fy;s l`ts x, ftUgsa ijes'oj us ifgys ls gekjs djus ds fy;s rS;kj

fd;kAA

2%1 vk;r 5 dh eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk ;qukuh esa vk;rsa 1&7] ;k rks 1&10

,d gh okD; curk gSA ;g ,d nh?kZdkyhu cgl gSA ikSyql dh izLrqfr esa

¼1½ ekuotkfr ds fu%lgk;rk] vk’kkghurk vkSj vkfRed [kks;kiu] vk;rsa-

1&3( ¼2½ ijes’oj dk vuqxzg ftlds fy, ekuotkfr ;ksX; ugha Fkh] vk;rsa-

4&7( vkSj ¼3½ ekuotkfr dk izR;qÙkj] fo’okl vkSj thou dh vko’;drk]

vk;rsa- 8&10 ‘kkfey gSaA

**rqe** ;g dqyqfLl;ksa rFkk bfQfl;ksa dh if=;ksa esa vU;tkfr; fo’okfl;ksa

ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k cgqopuLo:i loZuke gS ¼1%13( 2%12½A

257

**ejs gq, Fks** ;g orZeku dky esa iwjh gqbZ ,d fØ;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS

**ej x;kA** ;g vkfRed e`R;q dks n’kkZrk gS ¼vk;r-5( jksfe- 5%12&21( dqyq-

2%13½A ckbcy e`R;q ds rhu Lrj ds ckjs esa crkrk gS % ¼1½ vkfRed e`R;q

¼mR- 2%17( 3( ;’kk-59%2( jksfe- 7%10&11( ;kdw- 1%15½( ¼2½ ‘kkjhfjd e`R;q ¼mR-

5½( rFkk ¼3½ vuUrdky dh e`R;q ftls nwljh e`R;q dgk tkrk gS ¼izdk’k-

2%11( 20%6]14( 21%8½A

**vijk/kksa esa** bl ;qukuh ‘kCn ¼ikjkIVkWek½ dk vFkZ gS **,d rjQ dh vksj

fxjuk**¼1%7½A **iki** ds fy, ;qukuh esa ftrus Hkh ‘kCn iz;ksx fd, x, gSa os

lc ijes’oj dh /kkfeZdrk ds Lrj ls nwj gks tkus dk bczkuh rkRi;Z dh

vksj ladsr djrs gSaA bczkuh Hkk”kk esa **/kehZ**] **[kjk** ‘kCn ,d izdkj ds

uki&rksy ds ekin.M dks crkrs gSaaA ekin.M ijes’oj Lo;a gSA leLr

ekuotkfr ml ekin.M ls HkVd xbZ gS ¼Hktu- 14%1&3( 5%9( 10%7( 36%1(

53%1&4( 140%3( ;’kk- 53%6( 59%7&8( jksfe- 3%9&23( 1ir- 2%25½A

**iki** ;qukuh ‘kCn ¼gekfVZ;k½ dk vFkZ gS y{; ls pwduk ¼4%26½A igyh

vk;r esa iki ds fy, iz;ksx fd, x, ;s nksuksa ‘kCn ekuotkfr dh ifrr

voLFkk dks fpf=r djus ds fy, i;kZ;okph ‘kCnksa dh rjg mi;ksx fd,

x, gSa ¼ jksfe- 3%9] 19] 23( 11%32( xy- 3%22½A

2%2 **ftlesa rqe igys pyrs FksA** thou’kSyh dks n’kkZus ds fy, ckbcy esa

**pyuk** ‘kCn dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ¼2%1]10( 4%1]17( 5%2]8]15½A

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh

**bl lalkj dh jhr ij**

Vh b oh **bl lalkj dh cqjh ckrksa dh ihNk

djrs gq,**

,u vkj ,l oh **bl lalkj ds vuqlkj**

258

,u ts ch **bl lalkj ds fl)kUrksa ij pyrs

gq,**

orZeku ¼vFkkZr~ bl le; ds½ ifrr lalkfjd rjhdksa dks ‘k=q ds :ik esa

n’kkZ;k x;k gS ¼xy- 1%4½A ijes’oj ds fcuk ifrr ekuotkfr viuh leLr

vko’;drkvksa dh iwrhZ djus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA ;wgUuk ds ys[kksa esa bls

**lalkj** dgk x;k gS¼1;wg- 2%2]15&17( 3%1]13]17( 4%1&17( 5%4]5]19½ ;k

csfcyksu ¼izdk’k- 14%8( 16%19( 17%5( 18%2]10]21½A gekjs u, rkSj rjhdksa esa

bls **ukfLrd ekuoh;okn** dgrs gSaA ns[ksa fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % dqyq- 1%6 esa

ikSyql ds }kjk dkWlekWl dk iz;ksxA

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts

oh

**vkdk'k ds vf/kdkj ds gkfde ds

vuqlkj**

Vh b oh **vkdk’k esa ik, tkusokys vkfRed

‘kkldksa dks ekurs gq,**

,u vkj ,l oh **vkdk’k ds gkfde ds fu;eksa dk ihNk

djds**

,u ts ch **vkdk’k ij fu;U=.k j[kusokyksa dh

vkKk ekurs gq,**

259

;g ifrr ekuotkfr dk nwljk ‘k=q gS] ‘kSrku] nks”k yxkusokykA euq”; ,d

O;fDrxr izyksHkudrkZ tks fd ,d nwr gS f?kjk gS ¼mR- 3( v;w- 1&2( t+d-

3½A mls bl nqfu;k dk gkfde ;k bZ’oj dgrs gSa ¼;wg- 12%31( 14%30(

16%11( 2dqfj- 4%4( 1;wg- 5%19½A

u, fu;e esa vkdk’k ‘kSrkfud ‘fDr;ksa ds vkokl LFkku dks n’kkZrk gSA

;wukuh yksx uhps Lrj ds vkdk’k dks vifo= rFkk nq”VkRekvksa dk

vkoklLFkku ekurs FksA dqN yksx bl ‘kCn ds iz;ksx dks vykSfdd Lrj dk

ladsr ekurs gSaA1fFkll- 4%17 ds yfruh vuqokn ls dyhfl;k mBk fy;k

tkus dk ifjdYiuk vk;k gSA elhgh yksx ‘kSrku ds jkT;] **cknyksa esa** ds

e/; esa izHkq ls feyus tk jgs gSa] mlds uk’k dks fn[kkus ds fy,!

fuEufyf[kr fo’ks”k’kh”kZd ns[ksaA

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % O;fDrxr cqjkbZ

cgqr ls dkj.kksa ls cgqr gh eqf’dy fo”k; gS %

d- iqjkuk fu;e HkykbZ ds fdlh Hkh ‘k=q dks izxV ugha djrk] ijUrq ;gksok

ds ,d nkl dks izxV djrk gS tks ekuotkfr dks ,d fodYi nsrk gS vkSj

v/kkfeZdrk ds fy, ekuotkfr ij nks”k yxkrk gSA

[k- ijes’oj ds lkFk O;fDrxr ‘k=qrk dk fopkj ckbcy ds le; ds

lkfgR;ksa ls tUek gS tks fd ijfl;k ds /keZ ds izHkko ds dkj.k gqvk gSA

blus jfCc;ksa dh f’k{kkvksa dks cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor fd;kA

x- u;k fu;e iqjkus fu;e ds dsUnzh; fo”k;ksa dks vk’p;Ztud dMs+ :i ls

260

fodflr djrk gS] ijUrq pquh gqbZ Js.kh esaA

;fn dksbZ ckbcy dh /keZ’kkL=h; f’k{kk ds fopkj vuqlkj cqjkbZ dk v/;;u

djrk gS rks cqjkbZ ds ckjs esa cgqr gh vyx n`f”Vdksa.k izxV gksaxsA

;fn dksbZ cqjkbZ dk v/;;u ckbcy ds ckgj ds fopkjksa ds vuqlkj djrk

gS rks fQj u, fu;e dk foLrkj ijlh;kbZ cgq/keZ vkSj ;wukuh&jkseh

vkRekvksa dh mikluk }kjk nck fn;k tk;sxkA

;fn dksbZ iwoZ/kkj.kk ls gh opu ds bZ’ojh; vf/kdkj ds fy, lefiZr gS rks

u, fu;e dk foLrkj mls izxfr’khy izdk’ku ds :i esa ut+j vk;sxkA

elhfg;ksa dh ;gwnh ijEijk vkSj if’peh lkfgR; }kjk ckbcy ds fopkjksa ds

o.kZu ls Lo;a dks cpkuk pkfg,A izdk’ku ds bl {ks= esa fu’p; gh jgL;

vkSj lansg gSaA ijes’oj us cqjkbZ ds lHkh igyqvksa dks izxV djus dk pquko

ugha fd;k] bldh ‘kq:okr] blds mn~ns’; ijUrq bldh gkj dks izxV fd;k

gSA

iqjkus fu;e esa ‘kSrku ;k nks”k yxkus okyk ‘kCn rhu vyx vyx lewgksa ls

lEcfU/kr gSa

1½ nks”k yxkus okys ekuo ¼1’kew-29%4( 2’kew-19%22( 1jktk-11%14] 23] 25( Hk-

la-109%6½

261

2½ nks”k yxkus okys nwr ¼fxu-22%22&23( td-3%1½

3½ nks”k yxkus okyh nq”VvkRek,sa ¼1bfr-21%1( 1jktk-22%21( td-13%2½

dsoy ckn esa gh u, vkSj iqjkus fu;e ds chp ds vUrjky esa mRi-3 dk

lk¡i ‘kSrku ds :i esa igpkuk x;k ¼cqf) dh iqLrd-2%23&24( 2guksd-31%3½]

vkSj rc rd bldk vf/kd iz;ksx ugha gqvk tc rd ;g jfCc;ksa dh f’k{kk

ugha cuk ¼lksV 9[k vkSj Lukg=29d½A 1guksd-54%6 esa mRi-6 ds ^^ijes’oj ds

iq=** LoxZnwr cu x,A eSaus bls /keZ’kkL=h; rkSj ij lgh lkfcr djus ds

fy, ugha fy[kk ij blds foLrkj dks izxV djus ds fy, fy[kk gSA u,

fu;e esa iqjkus fu;e dk ;g dk;Z nwrksa ls lEcfU/kr gS] tho/kkjh cqjkbZ

¼mnk-- ‘kSrku½ 2dqfj-11%3( izdk-12%9 esaA

iqjkus fu;e esa tho/kkjh cqjkbZ dh ‘kq:okr dks r; djuk dBhu vkSj

vlEHko gS ¼;g vkids n`f”Vdksa.k ij vk/kkfjr gS½A bldk ,d dkj.k gS

blzk,y dk dV~Vj ,d bZ’ojokn ¼1jktk-22%20&22( lHkks-7%14( ;’kk-45%7(

vkeks-3%6½A lHkh dk.kZRo ;gksok ds xq.kksa dks izxV djrs gSa rkfd mudh

vf}fr;rk vkSj Js”Brk dks O;Dr dj ldsa ¼;’kk-43%11( 44%6] 8] 24(

45%5&6] 14] 18] 21] 22½A

lEHkkfor tkudkjh dk Jksr bu ckrksa ij dsUnzhr gS ¼1½ v¸;wc- 1&2 tgk¡

ij ‘kSrku ^^ijes’oj ds iq=ksa** esa ls ,d gS ¼oks gSa LoxZnwr½ vkSj ¼2½ ;’kk-14(

;gs-28 tgk¡ ij ut+fndh iwohZ jktkvksa ¼ckcqy vkSj rhj½ dk ?ke.M ‘kSrku

ds ?ke.M dks izxV djrk gS ¼;gs-28%12&16½] ijUrq felz ds jktk dks Hkh

tSls Hkys vkSj cqjs ds Kku dk o`{k ¼;gs-31½A ;’kk-14] fo’ks”k dj 12&14

262

vk;r] LoxZnwrksa ds ?ke.M ds dkj.k fonzksg dks izxV djrs gq, izfrr gksrh

gSA ;fn ijes’oj gesa ‘kSrku dh ‘kq:okr vkSj mlds LoHkko ds ckjs esa crkuk

pkgrs gSa rks ;g fu’p; gh lgh txg gSA gesa Øe fl)kUr /keZ’kkL=h;

f’k{kk ds >qdko ls cpuk pkfg, tgk¡ og fofHkUu iqLrdksa] ys[kdksa] ys[kksa ds

uksV] lafnX/k Hkkxksa dks feykdj ,d bZ’ojh; jgL;e; xqRFkh cuk nsrs gSaA

,YQMZ ,Mj’khe ¼n ykbZQ ,.M VkbZel vkWQ thll n elhgk] Hkkx]2]

‘kCnkoyh 13 esa & i`”B-748&763 vkSj 16 & i`”B-770&776½ dgrs gSa fd

jCch; ;gwnh /keZ ijlh;u cgqnsookn vkSj nq”VkvkRek dh mikluk ls

vR;f/kd izHkkfor gqbZA jCch bl {ks= ds lR; ds fy, lgh Jksr ugha gSA

;h’kq us ekSfyd :i ls vkjk/kuky; dh f’k{kkvksa ls Lo;a dks vyx dj

fy;kA eSa ,slk lksprk gw¡ fd jfCc;ksa dk ;g fopkj fd LoxZnwr dh

e/;Lrrk vkSj ewlk dks lhuS ioZr ij O;oLFkk nsrs oDr LoxZnwr ds fojks/k

us ;gksok vkSj ekuo tkfr ds ‘k=q ds :i esa loZJs”B nsonwr ds fopkj ds

fy, }kj [kksy fn,A bZjku cgqnsookn ds nks mPp nsorkvksa] v[kheku vkSj

vksjekt+k] vPNs vkSj cqjs] vkSj bldh mUufr ;gwnk dh lhfer cgqnsookn

;gksok vkSj ‘kSrku esa gqbZA

fu’p; gh u, fu;e esa cqjkbZ ds ckjs esa izxfr’khy izdk’ku gS ijUrq tSls

jCch izLrqr djrs gSa oSlh ughaA bl fHkUurk dk mRre mnkgj.k gS ^^LoxZ esa

;q)**A ‘kSrku dk iru LoHkkfod gS ij mlds ckjs esa dksbZ fo’ks”k tkudkjh

ugha gSA tks fn;k x;k gS oks Hkfo”; esa gksus okyh ckr gS ¼izdk-12%4] 7]

12&13½A ;)fi ‘kSrku gkjk gqvk gS vkSj mls i`Foh ij ls fudky fn;k

x;k gS ij fQj Hkh og ;gksok ds nkl ds leku dk;Z djrk gS ¼eRrh-4%1(

ywdk-22%31&32( 1dqfj-5%5( 1rheq-1%20½A

263

bl {ks= esa gesa viuh foy{k.krk dks vojksf/kr djuk pkfg,A cqjkbZ vkSj

ijh{kk ds fy, ,d O;fDrxr rkdr gS] ijUrq fQj Hkh ,d gh ijes’oj gSa

vkSj ekuo tkfr vius pqukoksa ds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSA m)kj ls igys vkSj

ckn esa vkfRed ;q) gSA t;oUrrk dsoy f=,d ijes’oj }kjk fey ldrh

gS vkSj jg ldrh gSA cqjkbZ dks gjk fn;k x;k gS vkSj mls fudky fn;k

tk,xkA


oh

**vkKk u ekuusokyksa esa**

,u vkj ,l oh **vkKk u ekuusokyksa ds chp esa**

Vh b oh **tks yksx ijes’oj ds vukKkdkjh gS**

,u ts ch **foæksfg;ksa esa**

2%3 **bu esa ge Hkh fnu fcrkrs Fks** bfQfl;ksa dh i=h esa **ge**

;gwnh fo’okfl;ksa dks n’kkZrk gS] ijUrq ;gk¡ ikSyql vkSj mlds lkfFk;ksa dh

vksj b’kkjk djrk gSA vfUre okD;ka’k **vkSj vU; yksx** lEHkor% iqjkus

fu;e ds reke pqus gq, yksxksa] ;gwfn;ksa] dh vksj b’kkjk djrs gSaA ;g ,d

deZokpd fØ;k gSA bl izdkj dk deZokpd okD; bl ckrksa ij t+ksj nsrk

gS fd ifrr ekuotkfr ckgjh nq”VkRek ‘kfDr;ksa ds }kjk fcxkM+h xbZ gS tSls

fd ‘kSrku ;k vU; ‘kfDr ftldk mYys[k vk;r 2] 3%10] vkSj 6%12 esa gSA

264


oh

**’kjhj dh ykylkvksa esa**

,u vkj ,l oh **’kjhj dh dkeukvksa esa**

Vh b oh **’kjhj es okl djusokyh bPNkvksa ds

vuqlkj**

,u ts ch **dkeksÙkj thou esa**

;g ifrr ekuotkfr dk rhljk ‘k=q gSA gyk¡fd vk;r 2 esa crk, x,

‘k=qvksa ds lkFk bls lekuUrj esa ugha crk;k x;k rks Hkh /keZoSKkfud rkSj

ij ;g nwljksa ds lekuUrj esa gSA euq”; ds ifrr] Lo;a ij dsfUær ¼mR- 3(

xy- 5%19&21½ lcls cqjk ‘k=q gSA ;g ,d O;fDr ds fgr ds fy, gj ,d

dks >qdkrk rFkk fcxkM+rk gS ¼jksfe- 7%14&25½A

ikSyql ‘kCn **’kjhj** nks fofHkUu rjhds ls iz;ksx djrs gSaA dsoy lanHkZ ls gh

mldh igpku dj ldrs gSaA 2%11]14( 5%29]31( 6%5 rFkk 12 esa ;g O;fDr

dks n’kkZrk gS u fd ifrr ikie; LoHkko dksA

,u , ,l ch **’kjhj vkSj eu dh bPNkkvksa esa Mwc tkrs

265

gks**

,u ds ts oh **‘kjhj vkSj eu dh bPNk,¡ iwjh djrs gSa**

,u vkj ,l oh **’kjhj vkSj dkeukvksa dk ihNk djrs gSa**

Vh b oh **gekjs gh ‘kjhj vkSj eu dh bPNkkvksa ds

vuqlkj fd,**

,u ts ch **gekjs fopkjksa vkSj dYiukvksa ds vk/kkj

ij pyrs gq,**

;g ,d orZeku dky fØ;k gS tks fd yxkrkj tkjh jgusokys dk;Z dks

n’kkZrk gSA euq”; dk ‘kjhj rFkk eu vius esa gh cqjs ugha gSa] ijUrq os gh

izyksHku rFkk iki dh j.k Hkwfe gS ¼4%17&19( jksfe- 6 vkSj 7½A

**LoHkko ls gh** ;g euq”; ds ifrr vkSj vkne dh izo`fÙk dks n’kkZrk

gS ¼mR- 3( Hktu- 51%5( v;w- 14%4( jksfe- 5%12&21( 7%14&25½A ;g

vk’p;Zpfdr ckr gS fd jfCc;ksa us mRifÙk-3 esa euq”; ds iru ds ckjs esa

fo’ks”k egRo ugha fn;k Fkk bldh ctk; os dgrs Fks fd euq”; ds Hkhrj nks

izdkj ds bjkns gksrs gSa & tks fd ,d Hkyk nwljk cqjk gSA euq”; ij

mldk pquko fu;a=.k j[krk gSA jfCc;ksa dh ,d izfl) dgkor bl izdkj

gS **gj ,d euq”; ds ân; esa ,d lQ+sn rFkk dkyk dqÙkk jgrk gSA ftls

vf/kd Hkkstu vki nsaxs og vf/kd rxM+k gks tk,xkA** fQj Hkh u;k fu;e

euq”; ds iki dk fofHkUu /keZ’kkL=h; dkj.k is’k djrk gS ¼1½ vkne ds

iru] ¼2½bPNk;qDr vKkurk] vkSj ¼3½ikie; pqukoA

**Øks/k ds lUrku** **----------------- ds lUkru** **----------------ds lUeku** ds

leku ,d izdkj dk bczkuh eqgkojk gS ftlds }kjk ,d O;fDr dh Noh

dks izLrqr djrk gSA ijes’oj viuh l`f”V esa iki vkSj foæksg ds fojks/k esa

266

gSaA ijes’oj dk Øks/k rRdky ¼mlh le; esa½ vkSj Hkfo”;kRed ¼vUr ds

le; esa½ nksuksa gSA

,u , ,l ch **vkSj vU;ksa ds leku**

,u ds ts oh **,d lkFk tksM+ fn,**

,u vkj ,l oh] Vh b oh **nwljksa ds leku**

,u ts ch **’ks”k nqfu;k ds leku**

;g leLr ekuotkfr] ;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr nksuksa] ds [kks,iu dks n’kkZrh gS

¼jksfe- 1%18&3%21½A ikSyql vDlj ‘kCn *vU;* dk iz;ksx [kks, gq, yksxksa dh

vksj b’kkjk djus ds fy, mi;ksx djrk gS ¼1fFkLl- 4%13( 5%6½A

2%4 **ijUrq ijes'oj us tks n;k dk /kuh gS( vius ml cM+s izse

ds dkj.k] ftl ls ml us ge ls izse fd;kA** ;gk¡ ij vk;rsa-

1&3 esa mYysf[kr vk’kkjfgr rFkk fu%lgk; voLFkk ls vk;rsa- 4&7 esa

mYysf[kr vn~Hkqr vuqxzg vkSj ijes’oj dh n;k dh vksj ,d ukVdh;

ifjorZu gSA

D;k gh egku lPpkbZ gS ;g! ijes’oj dh n;k vkSj izse m)kj dh dqath gSa

¼vk;r-7½A ;g mudk n;koUr LoHkko gS ¼1%7]18( 2%7( 3%8]16½ u fd euq”;

dk dksbZ dk;Z] ftlds }kjk og /kkfeZdrk izkIr dj ldrk gSA 1%7 esa /ku

ij fn, x, uksV ij /;ku djsaA

;g tkuuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd ijes’oj ds vuqxzg esa orZeku rFkk Hkwrdky

nksuksa dky lfEefyr gSaA vFkkZr~ ijes’oj us gesa Hkwrdky esa izse fd;k vkSj

vc Hkh dj jgs gSa ¼1;wg- 4%10½!

267

2%5 **tc ge vijk/kksa ds dkj.k ejs gq, Fks** ;g okD;ka’k vk;r-1[k ds lekuUrj esa gSA ikSyql viuh vfrfjDr fopkj/kkjk ds ckn

viuh vlyh fopkj/kkjk dh vksj okil vk jgk gS tks fd euq”; ds

[kks,iu ds ckjs esa gS¼vk;rsa- 1&3½A gekjh vko’;drkvksa ds e/; esa ijes’oj

us izse ls ifjiw.kZ gksdj dk;Z fd, ¼jksfe- 5%6]8½A

**gesa elhg ds lkFk ftyk;k** vk;r-1 ls vkjEHk gksusokys bl okD;

dh eq[; fØ;k ;gh gSA ;g ;qukuh iwoZlxZ flu ds lkFk iz;ksx djusokyh

rhu fefJr fØ;kvksa esa ls igyk gS ftldk vFkZ gS **lgHkkxh ds lkFkA**

1%20 esa ;h’kq eqnksZa esa ls th mBk vkSj mUgha ds }kjk fo’okfl;ksa dks vkfRed

thou esa feyk;k x;k ¼dqyq- 2%13½A okLro esa fo’oklhyksx elhg ds lkFk

thfor gSaA

2%5]8 **vuqxzg ls gh rqEgkjk m)kj gqvk gS** bls fo’ks”k egRo nsus

ds fy, vk;r- 8 esa nksgjk;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~ fo’oklh yksx Hkwrdky esa

LFkkbZ jgusokys Qyksa ds lkFk ,d ckgjh vfHkdrkZ ds }kjk cpk, x,(

**mudk m}kj ijes’oj ds }kjk gqvk vkSj oks mUgsa m)kj fnykrs jgsaxsA**

fo’ks”k egRo nsus ds fy, bl izdkj ds okD;foU;kl dks vk;r 8 esa

nksgj;k x;k gSA bfQ-1%7 ds fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd dks ns[ksaA

;g fo’oklh dh lqj{kk ds fl)kUr ds ckjs esa uhao Mkyusokys ckbcyh;

vuqPNsnksa esa ls ,d gS ¼;wg- 6%37]39( 10%28( 17%2]24( 18%9( jksfe- 8%31&39½A

vU; ckbcyh; fl)kUrksa dh rjg bls Hkh nwljh lPpkbZ rFkk vuqPNsn ds

lkFk rkyesy esa j[kuk vko’;d gSA

2%6 **gesa muds lkFk mBk;k** ;g flu ds lkFk dh nwljh fØ;k gSA

fo’oklh yksx elhg ds lkFk mB pqds gSaA cifrLek esa fo’oklh yksx elhg

ds lkFk xkM+s x, ¼dqyq- 2%12( jksfe- 6%3&11½ vkSj firk us ;h’kq ds lkFk

mUgsa ftyk;k gS ¼dqyq- 2%13( jksfe- 6%4&5½ ftUgksaus ;h’kq dks ftyk;k gS

¼jksfe- 8%11 esa vkRek ds }kjk ftyk;k x;k½A ;g NqVdkjs dh fo’ks”k ckrsa

268

gSaA ;h’kq ds thou dh eq[; ?kVukvksa esa fo’oklh yksx vkfRedrkSj ls

‘kkfey gksrs gSa % Øwlhdj.k] e`R;q] xkM+k tkuk] iqu#RFkku vkSj flagklu ij

fojkteku gksuk! fo’oklh ;h’kq ds thou vkSj Dys’kks ds lgHkkxh gksaxs ( vkSj

os efgek esa Hkh lgHkkxh gksaxs ¼jksfe- 8%17½A

,u , ,l ch] ,u vkj ,l

oh

**mlds lkFk cSBk;k**

,u ds ts oh **gesa mlds lkFk cSBk;k**

Vh b oh **mlds lkFk ‘kklu djus**

,u ts ch **mlds lkFk gesa txg nh xbZ**

;g flu ds lkFk dh rhljh fØ;k gSA ;h’kq esa gekjh in~oh orZeku rFkk

Hkfo”;kRed] fot; gS ¼jksfe- 8%37½! muds lkFk cSBus dk rkRi;Z gS muds

lkFk jkT; djukA firk ijes’oj ds flagklu ij cSBusokyk jktkvksa dk

jktk gS ;h’kq elhg] vkSj fo’oklh yksx vc muds lkFk jkT; djsaxs ¼eÙkh-

19%28( jksfe- 5%17( dqyq- 3%1( 2freq- 2%12( izdk’k- 22%5½A fuEufyf[kr fo’ks”k

‘kh”kZd ns[ksaA

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ijes’oj ds jkT; esa jkt djuk

elhg ds lkFk jkt djuk ^^ijes’oj dk jkT;** dh /keZ’kkL=h; f’k{kk {ks=

dk ,d Hkkx gSA ;g iqjkus fu;e ls fy;k x;k fopkj gS tgk¡ ijes’oj

269

blzk,y ds lPps jktk Fks ¼1’kew-8%7½A mUgksaus :id rkSj ij jkt fd;k

¼1’kew-8%7( 10%17&19½ ;gwnk xkS= ds oa’k }kjk ¼mRi-49%10½ vkSj f;’kS ds

ifjokj }kjk ¼2’kew-7½A

;h’kq iqjkus fu;e ds elhgk ds ckjs esa Hkfo”;}k.kh ds iwjd gSaA mUgksaus

cSryge esa vius tUe }kjk ijes’oj ds jkT; dh ‘kq:okr dhA ;h’kq ds

izpkj dk e/; LrEHk ijes’oj dk jkT; cu x;kA jkT; iwjh rjg ls mUgha

esa vk;k ¼eRrh-10%7( 11%12( 12%28( ejdql-1%15( ywdk-10%9] 11( 11%20(

16%16( 17%20&21½A

;g jkT; Hkfo”; Hkh gSA ;g orZeku gS ij iwjk ugha gqvk ¼eRrh-6%10( 8%11(

16%28( 22%1&14( 26%29( ywdk-9%27( 11%2( 13%29( 14%10&24( 22%16] 18½A

igys ;h’kq nq%[k mBkus okys nkl ds :i esa vk, ¼;’kk-52%13&53%12½( uez

gksdj vk, ¼td-9%9½ ij og jktkvksa ds jktk ds :i esa okil vk,saxs

¼eRrh-2%2( 21%5( 27%11&14½A ^^jkt djus** dk fopkj ^^jkT;** ds /keZ’kkL=h;

f’k{kk dk Hkkx gSA ijes’oj us jkT; ;h’kq ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks fn;k gS ¼nsf[k,

ywdk-12%32½A

elhg ds lkFk jkT; djus ds dbZ fopkj vkSj iz’u gSa%

1½ D;k ewyikB ;g lkfcr djrk gS fd ijes’oj us elhg esa fo’okfl;ksa dks

tks ^^jkT;** fn;k gS oks ^^jkt** djus dks izxV djrk gS ¼eRrh-5%3] 10(

ywdk-12%32½\

270

2½ D;k igyh lnh esa ;gwnh psyksa dks ;h’kq }kjk dgs x, ‘kCn fo’okfl;ksa

dks Hkh izLrqr djrs gSa ¼eRrh19%28( ywdk-22%28&30½\

3½ D;k ikSyql }kjk bl thou esa jkt djus ij t+ksj Åij ds ewyikB ds

foifjr gS ;k fQj mldh ljkguk djus okyk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%17( 1dqfj-4%8½\

4½ nq%[k mBkuk vkSj jkt djuk dSls lEcfU/kr gS ¼jksfe;ksa-8%17( 2rheq-

2%11&12( 1ir-4%13( izdk-1%9½\

5½ izdkf’krokD; dk ckj ckj nksgjk;k tkus okyk dsUnzh; fo”k; gS efgfer

elhg ds jkT; dks ck¡VukA

d- i`Foh dk] izdk-5%10

[k- 1000 o”kZ dk] izdk-20%5] 6

x- vuUr dk] izdk-2%26( 3%21( 22%5 vkSj nkfu-7%14] 18] 27

271

,u , ,l ch] ,u vkj ,l

oh] ,u ds ts oh

**LoxhZ; LFkkuksa esa**

Vh b oh **LoxZyksd esa**

,u ts ch **LoxZ esa**

bl izdkj ds fo’ks”k.k **LoxhZ; LFkkuksa esa** dsoy bfQfl;ksa dh i=h esa ikrs

gSa ¼1%20( 2%6( 3%10( 6%12½A bu reke mi;ksxksa ds lanHkZ dks ns[kk tk, rks

vc ;gk¡ ij fo’okfl;ksa ds vkfRed vkokl LFkku dh vksj b’kkjk djrk gS

u fd LoxZ dh vksjA

2%7 **vkusokys le;ksa esa** ;gwnh yksx nks ;qxksa ij fo’okl djrs gSaA

orZeku le; ds nq”V ;qx¼xy- 1%4½ vkSj vkusokys le; ds /kkfeZdrk ds

;qx¼ns[kas fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%21½A vkRek dh ‘kfDr esa elhg tc vk,axs rc bl

u, ;qx dk vkjEHk gksxkA 1%20 esa **le;** ,dopu gS vkSj ;gk¡ cgqopu gS

¼1dqfj- 2%7( bczk- 1%2( 11%3½A bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ¼1½ ogk¡ ij de ls

de nks ;qx gSa ;k ¼2½ vkusokys le; dh Js”Brk dks n’kkZus ds fy,

cgqopu dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS & ;g ;gwnh eqgkojk gS ftls **cgq izrki**

dgk tkrk gSA blh izdkj ds cgqopuksa dk iz;ksx chrs gq, le; ds ckjs esa

mYysf[kr djusokys vuqPNsnksa esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSa ¼jksfe- 10%25( 1dqfj-

10%11( 2freq- 1%9( rhrql- 1%2½A

vkejhfr ls cksyh tkusokyh ;qukuh Hkk”kk rFkk u, fu;e esa bl ‘kCn ds

iz;ksx dks e|sut+j j[krs gq, dqN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd ;g vuUrdky

ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k ,d :id gS ¼ywdk- 1%33] 55( ;wg- 12%34( jksfe-

9%5( xy- 1%5( 1freq- 1%17½A

272

**fn[kk,** ijes’oj Li”V:i ls vius gh LoHkko esa izxV gksrs

gS ¼1%5&7½A bl ‘kCn dk vFkZ gS **lkoZtfud rkSj ij izxV djuk**¼jksfe-

9%17]22½A ifrr ekuotkfr ds izfr ijes’oj dk vuqxzg vkSj m|s’; elhg

esa LoxZnwrksa ds fy, Li”V :i ls izxV gks x;k gS ¼3%10( 1dqfj- 4%9( 1ir-

1%12½A

**vlhe** gqijckysA ns[ksa fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % 1%19 esa ikSyql ds }kjk gwij

feJ.k ds mi;ksxA

2%8 **D;ksafd vuqxzg ls** m)kj ijes’oj ds vuqxzg ls gh gS¼bfQ-

1%3&14½A ijes’oj dk LoHkko muds vuqxzg ds }kjk izxV gqvk gS ¼vk;rsa-

4&6½A fo’oklh yksx muds izse ds ikfjrksf”kd gSA vuqxzg dh ifjHkk”kk bl

izdkj ns ldrs gSa fd ijes’oj dk ogh izse ftlds fy, ge ;ksX; ;k ik=

ugha FksA ftls izse fd;k x;k gS mldh dksbZ ;ksX;rk ns[ks fcuk ;g elhg

esa ijes’oj ds pfj= dk cgko gSA

**rqEgkjk m)kj gqvk gS** ;g vk;r 5 ds lekurk esa gSA ;g bl

ckr dks izxV djrk gS fd fo’okfl;ksa dk m)kj gks pqdk gS vkSj yxkrkj

ijes’oj dh vksj ls m)kj gksrk jgsxkA

iqjkus fu;e esa ‘kCn **m)kj** **’kkjhfjd NqVdkjs** dh vksj ladsr djrk gS

¼;kdw- 5%15½A u, fu;e esa bl ‘kCn ds vFkZ dks ,d vkfRed vk;ke esa

fy;k x;k gSA ijes’oj fo’okfl;ksa dks iki ds Qy ls cpkdj vuUrthou

iznku djrs gSaA

**fo’okl ds }kjk** elhg esa ijes’oj ds eq¶r rkssgQs dks fo’okl izkIr

djrk gS ¼jksfe- 3%22]25( 4%5( 9%30( xy- 2%16( 1ir- 1%5½A elhg esa iki{kek

vkSj vuqxzg ds izfr ijes’oj ds izLrkodh vksj ekuotkfr dks izfrfØ;k

trkuh pkfg, ¼;wg- 1%12( 3%16&17]36( 6%40( 11%25&26( jksfe- 10%9&13½A

,d okpk ds rgr ijes’oj ifrr ekuotkfr ds lkFk O;ogkj djrs gSaA

ijes’oj Lo;a ‘kq:okr djrs gSa ¼;wg- 6%44]65½ vkSj dk;Ziz.kkyh rFkk lhekvksa

dks cukrs gSa¼ej- 1%51( izsfjr- 3%16]19( 20%21½A ijes’oj ifrr ekuotkfr

dks muds m)kj ds dke esa lgHkkxh gksus ds fy, okpk ds izfr izR;qÙkj nsus

273

ds }kjk volj nsrs gSaA ‘kq:okrh rFkk tkjh jgusokys fo’okl] eufQjko]

vkKkdkfjrk] lsok] vkjk/kuk vkSj /khjt gSa vf/kos’kk/khu izR;qÙkjA

iqjkus fu;e esa n`<+rk iwoZd fLFkj jgus dh voLFkk dks n’kkZus ds fy, ‘kCn

fo’okl dks ,d :id ds rkSj ij iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;g bl ckr dks

mYysf[kr djrk gS fd og fu’p;] HkjkslseUn] vklzk j[kus;ksX; rFkk

fo’okl;ksX; gSA bu ckrksa ls fdlh us Hkh ifrr ekuotkfr dks ugha

NqM+k;kA ;g mijksDr ckrksa dks tks ekuotkfr dh rjQ ls gS mldh vksj

b’kkjk ugha djrk ij ijes’oj dh rjQ ls tks gS mldks n’kkZrk gSA ge

ijes’oj ds HkjkslseUn ok;nkvksa ij Hkjkslk djrs gSa] u fd gekjs! vkHkkjhiu

ls okpk ds izfr vkKkdkfjrk fudyrh gSA ;g ges’kk ijes’oj dh

fo’okl;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj gS u fd fo’okfl;ksa ds fo’okl ijA fo’okl fdlh

dks m)kj ugha fnyk ldrkA vuqxzg ls m)kj feyrk gS] ijUrq bls fo’okl

ds }kjk izkIr djuk gSA ;g dHkh Hkh fo’okl ds ifjek.k ij fuHkZj ugha

gksuk gS ¼eÙkh- 17%20½] ijUrq blds drkZ ¼;h’kq½ ij fuHkZj gksuk gSA

**vkSj og** ;qukuh Hkk”kk esa ;g ‘kCn ;h’kq elhg esa iwjs gq, m)kj dh

lkjs izfØ;k dh vksj b’kkjk djrk gSA

fQfy- 1%28 esa iz;ksx fd, x, bl izdkj ds O;kdj.kkRed <+k¡ps ds vuqlkj

vksj ,d ckr Hkh gks ldrh gSA ;fn ;g fØ;k fo’ks”k.k fo’okl ls

lEcfU/kr gS tks fd ijes’oj ds vuqxzg ls feyrk gS rks ;gk¡ ijes’oj ds

ijekf/kdkj rFkk euq”; dh Lora= bPNk dk ,d jgL; gSA

**rqEgkjh vksj ls ugha** ;g m)kj euq”; ds fdlh dk;Z ds rgr ugha

feyrk gS djds izxV djusokys rhu okD;ka’k esa ls izFke okD;ka’k gS % ¼1½

**rqEgkjh vksj ls ugh** vk;r- 8] ¼2½ **ijes’oj dk nku gS** vk;r-8] vkSj

¼3½ **deksZa ds dkj.k ugha** vk;r-9A

**ijes’oj dk nku gS** ;g ijes’oj ds vuqxzg dk fupksM+ gS & izse]

blesa vksj dksbZ tfVy ckrsa ‘kkfey ugha gSA m)kj ds fojks/kkHkkl] eq¶r

nku vkSj okpk ds izfr vf/kos’kk/khu izR;qÙkj] dks le>uk dfBu yxrk gSA

ijUrq ;s nksuksa ckrsa fcydqy lgh gSaA okLro esa m)kj eq¶r gS] fdUrq ;g

274

cgqewY; gSA vf/kdrj ckbcyh; fl)kUrksa dks lR; ds la?k”kkZRed tksM+ksa esa

izLrqr fd;k x;k gS ¼ lqj{kk cuke /khjt] deZ cuke fo’okl] ijes’oj dk

ijekf/kdkj cuke euq”; dh Lora=rk] igys ls pquuk cuke euq”; dk

izR;qÙkj] mPpre cuke varZHkqfr½A

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ,d O;fDr ds m)kj ds ckjs esa u,

fu;e esa izek.k

1½ ijes’oj ds pfj= ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼;wg-3%16½] iq= ds dk;Z ¼2dqfj-5%21½]

vkSj ifo= vkRek dh lsodkbZ ¼jksfe;ksa-8%14&16½ u fd euq”; ds dk;Z]

vkKkdkfjrk dh et+nwjh] vkSj oa’k ij

2½ ;g rksgQk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-3%24( 6%23( bfQ-2%5] 8&9½

3½ ;g u;k thou gS] lalkj ds izfr u;k n`f”Vdksa.k gS ¼;kdwc vkSj

1;wgUuk½

4½ ;g Kku gS ¼lqlekpkj½] laxfr gS ¼;h’kq elhg esa vkSj ds lkFk fo’okl½]

ubZ thou’kSyh ¼vkRek }kjk lapkfyr elhg dh lekurk½] rhuksa gh] dksbZ

275

,d vdsyk ughaA

2%9 **deksZa ds dkj.k ugha** fdlh ;ksX;rk ds dkj.k m)kj ugha feyrk

¼jksfe- 3%20]27&28( 9%11]16( xy- 2%16( fQfy- 3%9( 2freq- 1%9( rhrq- 3%5½A

;g >wBs f’k{kdksa ds lh/ks fojks/k esa gSA

**rkfd dksbZ ?ke.M ugha dj lds** m)kj ijes’oj ds vuqxzg ls gS]

fdlh ekuqf”kd deksZa ds dkj.k ugha gS] blfy, euq”; dks ?ke.M djus dk

dksbZ rqd gh ugha curk ¼jksfe- 3%27( 4%2½A ;fn fo’okfl;ksa dks ?ke.M

djuk gS rks elhg esa ?ke.M djsa¼1dqfj- 1%31 ftldk mYys[k ge f;ekZ-

9%23&24 esa ikrs gSa½A

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ?ke.M djuk

;wukuh ‘kCn dmpkvksek;] dmpsek vkSj dmpsfll dk iz;ksx ikSyql us

yxHkx 35 ckj fd;k gksxk tc fd ckdh dh u, fu;e dh iqLrdksa esa

bldk iz;ksx 2 ckj ¼;kdwc esa½ gqvk gSA bldk vf/kd iz;ksx 1 vkSj 2

dqfj- esa gqvk gSA

& dksbZ ‘kjhj ijes’oj ds lkeus ?ke.M ugha dj ldrk ¼1dqfj-1%29( bfQ-

2%9½

276

& fo’okfl;ksa dks ijes’oj ij ?ke.M djuk pkfg, ¼1dqfj-1%31( 2dqfj-10%17]

tks ,d dYiuk gS f;eZ-9%23&24 esa½A

blfy, lgh vkSj xyr ?ke.M gSaA

1½ lgh

d- efgek dh vk’kk esa ¼jksfe;ksa-4%2½

[k- ijes’oj esa izHkq ;h’kq ds }kjk ¼jksfe;ksa-5%11½

x- izHkq ;h’kq ds Øwl esa ¼ikSyql dk izeq[k dsUnzh; fo”k;] 1dqfj-1%17&18(

xyk-6%14½

?k- ikSyql ?ke.M djrk gS

¼1½ fcuk vkfFkZd ykHk ds lsodkbZ ¼1dqfj-9%15] 16( 2dqfj-10%12½

¼2½ elhg }kjk vius vf/kdkj ij ¼2dqfj-10%8] 12½

¼3½ nwljs euq”; dh esgur ij ?ke.M u djus ij ¼dqfjUFk esa dqN yksx]

2dqfj-10%15½

277

¼4½ vius tkfr; mÙkjkf/kdkj ij ¼tSlk fd dqfjUFk esa ckdh dj jgs Fks]

2dqfj-11%17( 12%1] 5] 6½

¼5½ viuh dyhfl;kvksa ij

& dqfjUFk ¼2dqfj-7%4] 14( 8%24( 9%2( 11%10½

& fFkLlyqfufd;k ¼2fFkLl-1%4½

¼6½ ijes’oj dh lkaRouk vkSj NqVdkjs ij muds Hkjksls ij ¼2dqfj-1%12½

2½ xyr

d- ;gwnh mRrjkf/kdkj esa ¼jksfe;ksa-2%17] 23( 3%27( xyk-6%13½

[k- dqfjUFk dh dyhfl;k esa dqN yksx ?ke.M djrs Fks

¼1½ euq”; ij ¼1dqfj-3%21½

¼2½ cqf) ij ¼1dqfj-4%7½

278

¼3½ Lora=rk ij ¼1dqfj-5%6½

x- >wBs f’k{kd dqfjUFk dh dyhfl;k esa ?ke.M djuk pkgrs Fks ¼2dqfj-11%12½

2%10 **ge muds cuk, gq, gSa** vaxzst+h ‘kCn ikW;e~ ¼dfork½ ;qukuh

‘kCn iks;,ek ls vk;k gSA u, fu;e esa bldk iz;ksx dsoy nks gh ckj

vk;k gS] ;gk¡ ij vkSj jksfe- 1%20 esa gSA ijes’oj ds vuqxzg esa fo’okfl;ksa ds

in~oh ;gh gSA fojks/kkHkklrkSj ij mlds iw.kZ dk;Z tks fd vHkh Hkh izfØ;k

dh vk/khurk esa gSa!

**elhg ;h’kq esa l`ts x, gSa** ijes’oj dh bPNk ls elhg ds lsodkbZ

ds }kjk ifo=kRek fo’okfl;ksa dks cukrs gSa ¼1%3&14½A mRifÙk dh iqLrd esa

izkjEHk esa l`tus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, x, ml ‘kCn dk gh iz;ksx ;gk¡ ij

bl ubZ vkfRed l`f”V ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k gS ¼mR- 3%9( dqyq- 1%16½A

**Hkys dkeksa ds fy,** elhg ds lkFk eqykdkr gksus ds ckn ds fo’oklh

dh thou’kSyh muds m)kj ds fy, ,d lcwr gS ¼;kdwc rFkk 1;wgUuk½A

Hkys dkeksa ds fy, mudk m)kj fo’okl ds }kjk vuqxzg ls gqvk gSA lsok

ds fy, mudk m)kj gqvk gS! deZ fcuk fo’okl ejk gqvk tSlk fd fo’okl

fcuk deZ ejk gqvk gS ¼eÙkh- 7%21&23( ;kdw- 2%14&26½A fo’okfl;ksa ds

pquus ds ihNs ijes’oj dk m|s’; ;g gS fd os **ifo= vkSj funksZ”k

gks**¼1%4½A

279

ikSyql ds mxz lqlekpkj ds dkj.k vDlj ml ij vkØe.k gksrk jgk

D;ksafd mlls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd og yksxksa dks ijes’oj fcuk thou ds

fy, mRlkfgr djrk gSA uSfrd thou ds lkFk lEcU/k u izrhr gksusokyk

lqlekpkj nqO;Zogkj dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ikSyql dk lqlekpkj ijes’oj ds

vuqxzg esa eq¶r gS] rksHkh mlds fy, ,d mi;qDr izR;qÙkj dh vko’;drk gS

u dsoy izkjfEHkd eufQjko] fdUrq tkjh jgusokys ,d eufQjko dh

vko’;drk gSA bldk ifj.kke ijes’oj ds Hk; esa thou O;frr djuk gS u

fd vO;ofLFkr thouA ijes’oj ds dk;Z m)kjk dh dksbZ ;U=&jpuk ugha

gS ijUrq ifj.kke gSA fcydqy eq¶r m)kj vkSj lc dqN ykxr yxkdj

izR;qÙkj nsuk nwljksa rd lapkfjr djuk dkQh dfBu gS] ijUrq bu nksuksa dks

rky&esy esa cSBkuk vko’;d gSA vesfjdk ds O;fDrokn us lqlekpkj dks

fcxkM+ fn;k gSA euq”; dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij ijes’oj us bruk izse ugha

fd;k fd mUgsa m)kj fnyk,] ijUrq mUgksaus ifrr ekuotkfr ls izse fd;k

gS] D;ksafd mudh l`f”V ijes’oj ds Lo:i esa gqbZ FkhA vf/kd O;fDr;ksa rd

lqlekpkj igq¡pkus ds fy, ijes’oj O;fDr;ksa dks m)kj nsrs gSa vkSj

ifjofrZr djrs gSaA izse dk vlyh dsUæ lkewfgd gS ¼;wg- 3%16½ ijUrq bls

O;fDrxr rkSj ij xzg.k djuk gS ¼;wg- 1%12( jksfe- 10%9&13( 1dqfj- 15%1½A

**ftUgsa ijes’oj us igys ls rS;kj fd;k gS** ;g ‘kCn ¼izkW gsVkWbekl

**igys ls rS;kj djuk**½ /keZoSKkfud ifjdYiuk **igys ls fu/kkZfjr** ds

lkFk lEcU/k j[krh gS ¼1%4&5]11½ vkSj bldk mi;ksx dsoy ;gk¡ ij vkSj

jksfe- 9%23 esa fd;k x;k gSA ijes’oj vius LoHkko dks izfrfcfEcr djus ds

fy, yksxksa dks pqurk gSA elhg ds }kjk ijes’oj us ifrr eokutkfr esa

vius Lo:i dks iqu%LFkkfir fd;k gS ¼mR- 1%26&27½A

2%11&22

11bl dkj.k Lej.k djks] fd rqe tks 'kkjhfjd jhfr ls

vU;tkfr gks] ¼vkSj tks yksx 'kjhj esa gkFk ds fd, gq, [krus

280

ls [krukokys dgykrs gSa] os rqe dks [krukjfgr dgrs gSa½A

12rqe yksx ml le; elhg ls vyx vkSj blzk,y dh iztk

ds in ls vyx fd, gq,] vkSj izfrKk dh okpkvksa ds Hkkxh u

Fks] vkSj vk'kkghu vkSj txr esa bZ'ojjfgr FksA

13ij vc rks elhg ;h'kq esa rqe tks ifgys nwj Fks] elhg ds

yksgw ds }kjk fudV gks x, gksA

14D;ksafd ogh gekjk esy gS] ftl us nksuksa dks ,d dj fy;k%

vkSj vyx djusoky nhokj dks tks chp esa Fkh] <k fn;kA

15vkSj vius 'kjhj esa cSj vFkkZr~ og O;oLFkk ftl dh vkKk,a

fof/k;ksa dh jhfr ij Fkha] feVk fn;k] fd nksuksa ls vius esa ,d

u;k euq"; mRiUu djds esy djk nsA

16vkSj Øwl ij cSj dks uk'k djds bl ds }kjk nksuksa dks ,d

nsg cukdj ijes'oj ls feyk,A

17vkSj ml us vkdj rqEgsa tks nwj Fks] vkSj mUgsa tks fudV Fks]

nkuksa dks esy&feyki dk lqlekpkj lquk;kA

18D;ksafd ml gh ds }kjk ge nkuksa dh ,d vkRek esa firk ds

ikl iagqp gksrh gSA

19blfy;s rqe vc fons'kh vkSj eqlkfQ+j ugha jgs] ijUrq ifo=

yksxksa ds laxh Lons'kh vkSj ijes'oj ds ?kjkus ds gks x,A

20vkSj izsfjrksa vkSj Hkfo";}Drkvksa dh uso ij ftl ds dksus

281

dk iRFkj elhg ;h'kq vki gh gS] cuk, x, gksA

21ftl esa lkjh jpuk ,d lkFk feydj izHkq esa ,d ifo=

efUnj curh tkrh gSA

22ftl esa rqe Hkh vkRek ds }kjk ijes'oj dk fuoklLFkku

gksus ds fy;s ,d lkFk cuk, tkrs gksAA

2%11 **bl dkj.k** ;g ¼1½ vk;rsa 1&11 dh vksj] ;k ¼2½ 1%3&2%10 dh

vksj b’kkjk dj jgs gSA ihNs crk;k gqvk ckrksa ij vk/kkfjr gksdj ,d ubZ

lPpkbZ ds ckrsa izxV djus ds fy, ikSyql vDlj bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx djrk

gSA ;g ikSyql dk mins’k dh Hkkx ds rhljk izeq[k fgLlk gS ¼v/;k;-

1&3½A igyk ijes’oj ds vuqxzg ds LoHkko ij vk/kkfjr vuknh dky dk

pquko gS] nwljk gs fd ifrr ekuotjfr ds vk’kkghurk] elhg ;h’kq ds }kjk

ijes’oj ds viqxzg ds ckj.k m)kj ik;k gS ftls izkIr djds fo’okl ls

thou O;frr djuk gSA vc rhljk gS fd ijes’oj dk ges’kk fd bPNk gS

fd lelr ekuotkfr] ;gwnh vkSj vU;tkfr nksuksa m)kj ik,a¼2%11&3%13½A

dksbZ ekuqf”kd Kku bl izxV fd;k x;k lR; dk tku ugha ik;kA

Lej.k djks & bu vU;tkfr;ksa dks vkns’k fn;k x;k fd os chrs gq, le;

es os dSls ijes’oj ls nwj FksA vk;rsa- 11&22

rqe tks ‘kkjhfjdjhfr ls vU;tkfr gks & ;g ns’kksa dh vksj ladsr

nsrk gSA ;g mu yksxksa dh vksj b’kkjk djrk gS tks ;kdqc dh oa’kkoyh ls

ugha gSA iqjkus fu;e esa bl izdkj ds mi;ksx ls xSj&;gwfn;ksaa dh vksj

b’kkjk djrs FksA

ftUgsa [kruk jfgr dgrs gSa & iqjkus fu;e esa Hkh ;g Hkhrjh fo’okl

dh ,d jLe Fkh ¼ySO;- 26%41&42( O;oLFkk- 10%16( f;ekZ- 4%4½

282

fo ’ k s ” k ‘ k h” k Zd % okpk i qj ku s fu;e d s ‘ k Cn c sj s F k ] okpk ] dk o.k Zu djuk bruk

vklku ugh a g SA bc z kuh e s a dk sb Z H k h leku fØ;k ‘ k Cn ugh a

g SA bl ‘ k Cn d s ‘ k Cn&lk/ ku dh ijhH k k” k k n su s d s fy, tk s

H k h i z;kl fd, x, o s i z H k koghu jg sA bl ‘ k Cn d s okLrfod

fopkj u s Kk fu;k s a dk s foo’ k fd;k fd o s bl s dk;k Z a for vFk Z

dk o.k Zu dju s dk i z;kl dj s a A

okpk og ek/;e g S ftlds }kjk ,d lPp s ije s ’oj viuh

jpuk ekuotkfr l s O;ogkj djr s g S a A ckbcyh; i zdk ’ ku dk s

le>u s d s fy, okpk vk S j lfU/ k dk fopkj cg qr gh egRoi w. k Z

g SA ije s ’oj dh J s”Brk vk S j eu q”;k s a dh Lor a=&bPNk d s

chp ruko okpk d s fopkj e s a Li”V :i l s n s[ k h tk ldrh

g SA d qN okpk, a ije s ’oj d s pfj=] dk;k s Z a vk S j mn ~n s ’;k s a ij

vk/ k k fjr g S a A

1 ½ Lo; a l ` f”V ¼mRi-1&2 ½

2 ½ bc z kg he dh c qykgV ¼mRi-12 ½

3 ½ bc z kg he d s lkF k okpk ¼mRi-15 ½

4 ½ u wg dk cpk;k tkuk vk S j okpk ¼mRi-6&9 ½

okpk dk LoHk ko i z frmRrj dh ek ¡x djrk g S

1 ½ fo’okl l s vkne dk s ije s ’oj dh vkKk dk ikyu djuk

Fk k vk S j vnu d s chp e s a yx s i sM + dk Qy ugh a [k kuk F k k

¼mRi-2 ½

2 ½ fo’okl l s bc z kg he dk s viu s ifjokj dk s Nk sM +u k F k k ]

ije s ’oj dk vu qlj.k djuk Fk k vk S j H k fo”; d s o a ’ k ij

fo’okl djuk Fk k ¼mRi-12 ] 15 ½

3 ½ fo’okl l s gh u wg dk s ikuh l s n wj ,d tgkt cukuk Fk k

vk S j tkuojk s a dk s bdV ~Bk djuk Fk k ¼mRi-6&9 ½

4 ½ fo’okl l s gh e wlk u s bl z k, fy;k s a dk s fel z l s N qM + k;k

vk S j / k k fe Zd vk S j lkek ftd thou d s fy, vk’ k h” k vk S j Jki

d s ok;n s d s lkF k fun s Z ’ k i z k Ir fd, ¼ O;o-27&28 ½

^ ^ub Z okpk * * e s a H k h ije s ’oj d s ekuotkfr d s lkF k lEcU/ k d s

283

ckj s e s a ruko ij ppk Z dh xb Z g SA ;g ruko Li”V jh fr l s

;g s -18 dh r qyuk ;g s -36 %27&37 d s lkF k fd, tku s ij n s[k k

tk ldrk g SA D;k okpk ije s ’oj d s vu qx zgi w. k Z dk; Z ij

vk/ k k fjr g S ;k eu q”;k s a d s vkKk d s i z fr i z frmRrj ij\;g

i qj kuh vk S j ub Z okpk dk rho z fo”k; g SA nk su k s a dk mn ~n s ’;

,d gh leku g S % ¼1 ½ mRi-3 e s a [k k s, g qvk s a d s lkF k l axfr

dk s i qu % LFk k fir djuk vk S j ¼2 ½ / keh Z yk sxk s a dh LFk kiuk

djuk tk s ije s ’oj d s pfj= dk s i zxV djr s gk s a A

f;e Z -31 %31&34 dh ub Z okpk ekuotkfr d s dk;k s Z a d s ek/;e

l s Lodk; Z i z k Ir dju s d s ruko dk lek/ k ku djrh g SA

ije s ’oj dh O;oLFk k vUn:uh bPNk cu xb Z g S ckgjh dk;k s Z a

dh txgA HkDr] / keh Z yk sxk s a dk y{; leku

gh g S ] d soy rjhdk cny x;k g SA ifrr ekuotkfr u s ;g

lkfcr dj fn;k fd o s ije s ’oj d s Lo:i dk s i zxV dju s e s a

vleFk Z g S ¼jk s fe;k s a - 3 %9&18 ½A leL;k okpk ugh a g S ij eu q”;

dk ikih vk S j det+ k s j gk su k g S ¼jk s fe;k s a - 7 ( xyk -3 ½A

i qj ku s fu;e dh ‘ kr Zj fgr vk S j ‘ kr Zlfgrokpk d s chp dk

leku ruko u, fu;e e s a H k h cjdjkj g SA m)kj elhg }kjk

i wj s fd, x, dk; Z e s a i w j h rjg l s e q¶r g S ] ij ;g fo’okl

vk S j i’pkrki dh ek ¡x djrk g S ¼nk su k s a ‘ k q: e s a vk S j

yxkrkj ½A ;g dku wuh ? k k s ” k. k k vk S j elhglekurk d s fy,

c qykgV nk su k s a g S a ] Lohdkj dju s d s fy, l ad sr i w. k Z okD;

vk S j ifo=rk dh vk s j i zxfr’ k hy dk; ZA fo’oklh viu s dk;k s Z a

}kj k ugh a cpk, x, ij vkKkikyu d s fy, cpk, x, g S a

¼bfQ-2 %8&10 ½A H k fDri w. k Z thou m)kj dk lc wr cu tkrk g S ]

m)kj dk ek/;e ugh aA

284

** elhg ds yksgw ds }kjk** ;g elhg dk gekjs cnys esa e`R;q lgus

dh vksj n’kkZrk gSA ¼1%7( jksfe- 3%25( 5%6&10( 2dqfj- 5%21( dqyq- 1%20( bczk-

9%14]28( 1ir- 1%19( izdk’k- 1%5½A ijes’oj ds ifjokj vc ls ykSfdd ugha

gS oju~ vkfRed gSA ¼jksfe- 2%28&29( 4%16&25½A ;h’kq ds ygw ¼ySO;-

1&2½elhg dk e`R;q ds izfr ,d izrhd FkkA ;h’kw ds ckjs esa ;wgUUkk

cifrLek nsusokys us bl izdkj dgk fd **ns[kks og ijes'oj dk esEuk gS]

tks txr ds iki mBk ys tkrk gSA** ¼;wg- 1%29½A ;h’kq e`R;q lgus ds fy,

vk, Fks ¼mR- 3%15( ;’kk- 53( ej- 15%53( 10%45½A

2%14 & bl vk;r esa rhu fØ;k gSaA igyh gS orZekudky dkA ;h’kq elhg

yxrkj gesa ‘kkfUr iznku djrs jgs vkSj djsaxsA nwljh gS Hkwrdky fØ;k &

;gwnh vkSj vU;tkrh; yksxksa dks ,drk esa ykus dk lkjh izfØ;k iwjk gks

pwdk gS & dyhfl;kA

2%11&3%13 rd ds eq[; fo”k; oLrq ;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr nksuksa ds chp dh

‘kkfUr gSA ;g chrs gq, le;ksa esa lqlekpkjksa esa fNih jgL;e; ckr FkhA

‘kCn **’kfUr** ¼1½ijes’oj vkSj euq”; ds chp ds ‘kkfUr¼;wg- 14%27( 16%33(

jksfe- 5%1&11( fQfy- 4%7&9½] rFkk ¼2½;gwnh rFkk vU;tkrh ds chp ds

‘kkfUr ¼xy- 3%28( dqyq- 3%11½ dh vksj b’kkjk djrh gSA

**os Lo;a gekjk esy gS** & **os Lo;a**¼vksVkWl½ ij fo’ks”k egRo fn;k

x;k gSA ‘kCn **esy** dk vFkZ gS **tks VwVk gS mls mlds iqjkus fLFkfr esa

okil ys vkuk** ¼esyfeyki½A ;h’kq elhg dks ‘kkfUr dk jktdqekj dgk

tkrk gS ¼;’kk- 9%6 rFkk t+dkZ- 6%12&13½A elhg esa ijes’oj ds esy dk dbZ

igyq gSA ns[ksa fo’ks”k f’k”kZd % ‘kkfUr vkSj elhgh yksx& dqyq- 1%20A

,u , ,l ch **mlus nksuksa i{k dks ,d cuk;k**

,u ds ts oh **mlus nksuksaa dks ,d dj fn;k**

,u vkj ,l oh] **mlus nksuksa xqV dks ,d dj fn;k**

Vh b oh **;gwnh vkSj vU;tkfr;ksa dks ,d

285

turk cukus ds }kjk**

,u ts ch **nksuksa dks ,d cuk fn;k**

fo’oklh yksx u ;gwnh vkSj u gh vu;tkfr gSa] oju~ elhgh gSa ¼1%15( 2%15(

4%4( xy- 3%28( dqyq- 3%11½A ;g ijes’oj ds Hksn dh ckrsa gSa ftls bfQfl;ksa

ds i=h esa izxV fd;k x;k gSA ;g ijes’oj dh gh i)fr Fkh ¼mR- 3%15½A

ijes’oj ,d tkfr dks ] ,d ns’k dks pquus ds fy, bckfge dks pqurs gSa

¼mR- 12%3( fuxZ- 19%5&6½A ;gh gS iqjkus rFkk u, fu;e dks ,d lkFk

tksM+usokyk eq[; fo”k;A

,u , ,l ch **vyx djusokyh nhokj dh lhek**

,u ds ts oh **vyx djusokyh nhokj dks tks chp

esa Fkh]**

,u vkj ,l oh] **mlus nksuksa xqV dks ,d dj fn;k**

Vh b oh **vyx djusokyh nhokj**

,u ts ch **nksuksa i{k dks nwj djusokyh nhokj**

;g okLro esa **foHkktu dk nhokj gS tks chp esa gSA** ;g vizpfyr ‘kCn

FkkA lanHkZ ewlk dh O;oLFkk dh vksj ladsr djrk gS ¼vk;r- 15½A dqN

fVIi.khdrkZvksa dk er gS fd ;g gsjksn ds }kjk cuk, gq, efUnj esa fL=;ksa

rFkk vU;tkfr;ksa dks vyx djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ ml fnokj dh vksj

b’kkjk djrk gS ftlls ;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr;ksa ds chp esa Hksn fd;k tkrk

FkkA bl leku rjhds dh nhokj dks gVk, tkus ds izrhd ds izn’kZu dks

286

ge efUnj dk ijnk Åij ls uhps rd QVus dh ml ckr esa Hkh ns[k

ldrs gSa ¼efÙk- 27%51½A ,drk vc lEHko gSA ,drk ijes’oj dh bPNk gS

¼4%1&10½A

uksfLVflle esa] ;g LoxZ vkSj i`Foh ds e/; ds chp dh ,d nhokj dh vksj

b’kkjk djrk gS ftlds ckjs esa bfQ- 4%8&10 esa ge ns[k ldrs gSaA

,u , ,l ch **feVk fn;k**

,u ds ts oh **feVk fn;k**

,u vkj ,l oh] **feVk fn;k**

Vh b oh **feVk fn;k**

,u ts ch **fouk'k dj fn;k**

‘kCn **feVk fn;k** ikSyql dk ,d izeq[k ‘kCn gS ¼jksfe- 3%31( 6%6( dqyq-

2%14½A bl dk ‘kkfCnd vFkZ gS **vFkZghu rFkk [kkyh djuk** ;k

**vizHkko’kkyh vkoLFkk esa igq¡pkukA** ;g ,d Hkwrdky fØ;k gSA ;h’kq us

iqjkus fu;e ds e`R;qn.M ds QSlys dks ijhiw.kZ:i ls fu”dkflr dj fn;k

gS ¼vk;r- 16( dqyq- 2%14( bczk- 8%13½A

bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd u, fu;e ds fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, iqjkuk fu;e

dksbZ ek;us ughaa j[krk gS ;k iqjkuk fu;e izsj.kk izkIr ugha gS ¼efÙk-

5%17&19½A bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh ugha gS fd ewlk dh O;oLFkk m)kj dk

tfj;k ugha gS ¼izsfjr- 15( jksfe- 4( xy- 3( bckz- ½ ubZ okpk ¼f;ekZ-

31%31&34( ;gst- 36%22&36½ u;k ân; vkSj ubZ vkRek ij fuHkZj gS u fd

,d dkuwuh ckr ij ekuqf”kd vuq”BkuA fo’okl djusokys ;gwnh rFkk

287

vU;tkfr dk Lrj ijes’oj ds lkeus ,d&lk gS & elhg ds }kjk nh xbZ

/kkfeZdrkA

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % vFkZghu vkSj [kkyh ¼dVkjxs;ks½

;g dVkjxs;ks ikSyql ds euilan ‘kCnksa esa ls ,d gSA mlus bldk iz;ksx

yxHkx 25 ckj fd;k ij ;g cgqvFkZ ‘kCn gSA

d- bldk vk/kkjHkqr O;qrfIr ewy vxzksl gS ftldk vFkZ gS

1½ fuf”Ø;

2½ vkyL;

3½ ftldk iz;ksx u gqvk gks

4½ csdkj

5½ fujFkZd

288

[k- dVk ds lkFk fefJr djus ij

1½ fuf”Ø;rk

2½ csdkj dk

3½ ftls [kkfjt dj fn;k x;k gks

4½ ftls NksM+ fn;k x;k gks

5½ tks iwjh rjg ls fujFkZd gks

x- ywdk esa ,d ckj bldk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS Qyjfgr isM+ dk o.kZu

djus ds fy,] blfy, csdkj isM+ ¼ywdk-13%7½

?k- ikSyql bldk iz;ksx :id rkSj ij nks izkFkfed rjg ls djrk gS

1½ ijes’oj fujFkZd oLrq,a cukrs gSa tks ekuo tkfr ds fo:) gSa

d½ ekuo tkfr dk ikie; LoHkko & jksfe;ksa-6%6

289

[k½ ewlk dh O;oLFkk tks ijes’oj ds ^^oa’k** ds ok;ns ls lEcfU/kr gS &

jksfe;ksa-4%14( xyk-3%17( 5%4] 11( bfQ-2%15

x½ vkfRed rkdrsa & 1dqfj-15%24

?k½ v/kehZ euq”; & 2fFkLl-2%8

³½ ‘kkjhfjd e`R;q & 1dqfj-15%26( 2rheq-1%16 ¼bczk-2%14½

2½ ijes’oj iqjkuh ¼okpk] ;qx½ dks ubZ esa cny jgs gSa

d½ oLrq,a tks ewlk dh O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr gSa & jksfe;ksa-3%3] 31( 4%14(

2dqfj-3%7] 11] 13] 14

[k½ fookg dh lekurk O;oLFkk ds fy, iz;ksx dh xbZ & jksfe;ksa-7%2] 6

x½ bl ;qx dh oLrq,a & 1dqfj-13%8] 10] 11

?k½ ;g ‘kjhj & 1dqfj-6%13

290

³½ bl ;qx ds vxqos & 1dqfj-1%28( 2%6

bl ‘kCn dk vuqokn cgqr rjg ls fd;k x;k gS ij bldk okLrfod vFkZ

gS csdkj] O;FkZ] [kkyh] fujFkZd] cyghu ij vko’;d ugha fd vfLrRoghu]

uk’k fd;k gqvk gksA

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh **muds ‘kjhj esa**

,u vkj ,l oh ¼2%14½ **’kjhj esa**

Vh b oh¼2%14½ **vius gh nsg esa**

,u ts ch¼2%14½ **vius gh esa**

;g ;h’kq dh ekuoh;rk ¼dqyq- 1%22½ rFkk mldh nSghd lsodkbZ ¼bfQ-

4%8&10½ ij fo’ks”k egRo nsrk gSA bu nksuksa ckrksa dks dqN >wBs f’k{kdksa ds

}kjk udkj fn;k gS D;ksafd os vkRek dks vPNk vkSj ‘kjhj dks cqjk le>rs

gSa ¼xy- 4%4( dqyq- 1%22½A

**cSj** cSjHkko vkns’kkRed fu;eksa ls Hkjh jLeksa esa lfEefyr FkkA iqjkus

fu;e us ek¡x dh fd **djks vkSj thvks**] vkSj ifrr ekuotkfr ds fy,

ewlk dh O;oLFkk dks ikyu djuk vlEHko FkkA ,d ckj rksM+s tkus ij

iqjkuk fu;e ,d ‘kzki cu tkrk Fkk ¼xy- 3%10½( tks iki djsxk og ejsxk

¼;gst- 18%4]20½A u, fu;e us euq”; dks ,d u;k ân; rFkk ubZ vkRek

291

¼f;ekZ- 31%31&34(;gst- 36%26&27 ½ nsus ds }kjk cSj dks [kRe fd;kA dke

djuk Qy gS u fd y{;A m)kj ,d rksgQk gS u fd fdlh dk;Z dk

izfrQyA

,u , ,l ch **og O;oLFkk ftl dh vkKk,a fof/k;ksa dh jhfr

ij Fkha**

,u ds ts oh **og O;oLFkk ftl dh vkKk,a fof/k;ksa dh jhfr

ij Fkha] pyrh jgh**

,u vkj ,l oh] **og O;oLFkk vkKk rFkk fof/k;ksa dh jhfr ds

lkFk Fkha**

Vh b oh **;gwnh O;oLFkk vkKk rFkk fof/k;ksa ds lkFk**

,u ts ch **O;oLFkk ds fu;e rFkk vkns’k**

;g m)kj ds ekxZ dh vksj b’kkjk djrs gS ftlds ckjs esa ,slk lkspk x;k

Fkk fd dsoy ewlk dh O;oLFkk ds ikyu ds }kjk gh bls izkIr dj ldrs

gSa ¼jksfe- 9%30&32( xy- 2%15&21½

fo'ks”k f’k”kZd % ewlk dh O;oLFkk rFkk elhgh

d- O;oLFkk ijes’oj dh izsj.kk izkIr ifo=’kkL= rFkk vfouk’kh gS¼efÙk-

5%17&19½a

[k- m)kj ds ekxZ ds :i esa ns[kk tk,a rks O;oLFkk vFkZghu gS vkSj euq”;

dks ;g fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS fd m)kj ds fy, mldk iz;kl vlQy gS ¼efÙk-

5%20]48( jksfe- 7%7&12( xy- 3%1&( ;kdw- 2%10½A

x- ijes’oj dh vksj dk ekxZ dsoy elhg dk lqlekpkj gh gS ¼;wg- 14%6(

292

jksfe- 3%21( xy- 2%15&21( bczk- 8%12½A

?k- lekt esa jgusokys euq”; ds izfr ijes’oj dh bPNk tkuus ds fy,

vkt Hkh iqjkuk fu;e ykHknk;d gSS u fd m)kj ds ekxZ ds :i esaA

blzk,fy;ksa dh jLesa ¼cfynku ds fu;e] ifo= fnusa] /kkfeZd rFkk lkekftd

fu;esa½ nwj dj fn;k x;k rksHkh vkt Hkh ijes’oj iqjkus fu;e ls ckrsa djrs

gSaA izsfjr 15%20 esa crkbZ xbZ ckrsa laxfr ds ;ksX; ckrsa gSa u fd m)kj dh

mi;qDr ckrsaA

**rkfd vius esa mRiUu djds** elhg ds dk;Z ds }kjk m)kj ¼mR-

3%15½ esa lc ekuotkfr;ksa dks tksM+us dh ijes’oj dh vukfndky dh

i)fr vkSj laxfr laiw.kZ gqbZA ;g dke ewlk dh O;oLFkk ds }kjk ugha gqvk

gSA

**,d u;k euq”;** ;qukuh ‘kCn **u;k** dk vFkZ gS izdkj u fd

le;A ijes’oj dk tu u dksbZ ;gwnh gS vkSj u dksbZ vU;tkfr oju~

elhgh gSA dyhfl;k ,d ubZ laLFkku gS] tks fd elhg ds fy, vkSj elhg

ds }kjk ¼jksfe- 11%36( dqy- 1%16( bczk- 2%10½A

**esy djk nsa** ;g ikSyql dk ilUnhyk ‘kCn gSA jksfe;ksa dh i=h esa bls

11 ckj vkSj bfQfl;ksa ds i=h esa 7 ckj iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ¼1%2(

2%14]15]17( 4%3( 6%15]23½A bls og rhu rjhds ls iz;ksx djrs gSa

1- ijes’oj vkSj euq”; ds chp esa esy &dqyq- 1%20

2- ;h’kq ds }kjk ijes’oj ds lkFk esy & ;wg-14%27( 16%33( fQfy- 4%27

3- yksxksa ds chp esa essy & bfQ- 2%11&3%13

tks fo’okl ds }kjk viuk izfrfØ;k trkusokys vkne ds ifrr lUrkuksa esa

elhg yxkrkj esy djkrs jgsaxsA elhg ds ‘kkfUr Lo&lapkfyr ugha gS]

ijUrq ;g lcds fy, miyC/k gS ¼jksfe- 5%12&21½A

2%16 **feyk,a** ;wukuh ‘kCn dk vFkZ gS fdlh ds ,d voLFkk dks ,d

csgrj Lrj dh vksj LFkkukrafjr djukA bl esa nks fojks/kh info;ksa ds

vknku&iznku gS ¼jksfe- 5%10&11( dqyq- 1%20]22( 2dqfj- 5%18]21½A ,d rjg

293

ls lkspk tk,a rks esy&feyki djkus dk vFkZ gS mRifÙk 3 dk lkziksa dks

[kRe dj nsukA bl thou esa] bl ifrr lalkj esa ijes’oj vkSj euq”; ds

?kfu”B laxfr dks iqu%LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ijes’oj ds lkFk bl esy

feyki nwljs euq”;ksa ds lkFk rFkk dqnjr ds lkFk Hkh ,d u, lEcU/k dks

izxV djrk gS ¼;’kk- 11%6&9( 65%25( jksfe- 8%18&23( izdk’k- 22%3½A gekjs

lalkj esa ijes’oj dk ,d leku dk;Z dk ,d csgrj mnkgj.k gS ;gwnh

vkSj vU;tkfr;ksa dk iqu%lekxeuA

**,d nsg esa** ikSyql ds ys[kksa esa dbZ txgksa esa bl :id iz;ksx dbZ

rjhdksa ls fd;k x;k gS ¼1½elhg dh ‘kkjhfjd nsg ¼dqyq- 1%22½] ;k elhg

dh nsg&dyhfl;k ¼dqyq- 1%23( 4%12( 5%23]30½] ¼2½;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr ds

u, euq”;Ro ¼bfQ- 2%16½] ;k ¼3½vkfRed ojnkuksa dh ,drk rFkk fofo/krk

dks n’kkZus dk ,d vyx <+ax ¼1dqfj- 12%12&13]27½A ijUrq ;s lc ,d

izdkj ls igys crkbZ gqbZ ckrksa esa lEcfU/kr gSA

**Øwl ds }kjk** ;gwnh vxqos elhg ds Øwl dks ,d lzki ds :i esa

ekurs gSa ¼O;oLFkk- 21%23½A ijes’oj us bls NqVdkjs ds ,d lk/ku ds :i

esa mi;ksx fd;k ¼;’kk- 53½A ;h’kq gekkjs fy, lzki cu x, ¼xy-3%13½!

fo’okfl;ksa dks ¼1½iqjkus fu;e ds lzki] ¼2½nq”V ‘kfDr;ksa] vkSj ¼3½;gwnh rFkk

vU;tkfr;ksa ds ‘k=qrk ij fot; nsus ds }kjk os mlds fy, fot; dk

flagklu cu x, ¼dqyq- 2%14&15½A

,u , ,l ch **vkSj Øwl ij cSj dks uk'k djds**

,u ds ts oh **vkSj Øwl ij cSj dks uk'k djus ds }kjk**

,u vkj ,l oh] ****vkSj Øwl ij nsjh dks uk'k djds**

Vh b oh **elhg us cSj dks uk’k djds**

,u ts ch **os Lo;a dks cSj esa ekjdj**

294

vFkkZr~ elhg us NqVdkjs ds vius dk;Z dks laiw.kZ fd;kA

2%17 ;g ;’kk- 57%19 ;k 52%17 dk lekurk esa gSA ;gwnh /kkfeZd xq:vksa

us ;’kk- 56%6 dh okil tkdj vU;tkfr ls ;gwnh /keZ esa vk, gq, yksxksa

dks n’kkZus ds fy, bl in dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA

2%18 bl iqLrd esa f=,drk ds dk;Z dks Li”V:i esa fooj.k

fd;k gS ¼1%3&14]17( 2%18( 4%4&6½A gyk¡fd ‘kCn **f=,drk** ckbcy esa

ugha ik, tkrs gSa rks Hkh ;g ifjdYiuk gesa ckbcy esa Li”V ut+j vkrh

gS¼efÙk- 3%16&17( 28%19( ;wg- 14%26( izsfjr- 2%33&34]38&39( jksfe- 1%4&5(

5%1]5( 8%9&10( 1dqfj- 12%4&6( 2dqfj-1%21&22( 13%14( xy- 4%4&6( bfQ-

1%3&14( 2%18( 3%14&17( 4%4&6( 1fFkLl- 1%2&5( 2fFkLl- 2%13( rhrql-

3%4&6( 1ir- 1%2( ;gwnk- 20]21½A ns[ksa fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd% 1%3A

**ge nksuksa dh igq¡p gS** vFkkZr~ gesa yxkrkj firk ds ikl igq¡p gSA

;g bl ifjdyiuk dks izxV djrk gS fd ;h’kq O;fDrxr :i ls

fo’okfl;ksa dks firk ijes’oj ds lEeq[k ykrs gSa vkSj muds fy, ,d

O;fDrxr ifjp; iznku djrs gSa ¼jksfe- 5%2A bls fg;kc ds :i esa iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gS bczk- 4%16( 10%19]35½A

**,d gh vkRek esa** bls bfQ- 4%4 esa mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gSSA >wBs

f’k{kd ,drk dks Hkax dj jgs Fks ijUrq ifo=kRek ,drk yk;k ¼lekurk

ugh!½A

2%19 tks vU;tkfr nwj Fkh og vc bl esa ‘kkfey gS bls lkekU; pkj

ckbcyh; :idksa ds }kjk izxV fd;k x;k gS % ¼1½laxh Lons’kh(

¼2½ifo=¼ijes’oj ds fy, vyx fd;k x;k ifo= ns’k½( ¼3½ ijes’oj ds

?kjkus¼ifjokj ds lnL;½( vkSj ,d vkfRed bZekjr¼efUnj] vk;rsa- 20&22½A

295

**ifo=** ns[ksa fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % dqyq- 1%2

2%20 **cuk, x, gksa** gekjs fo’okl dh uhao ifjiw.kZ:i ls] fu.kkZ;d:i

ls f=,d ijes’oj dh vksj Mky nh xbZ gSA ijes’oj ds ‘kqHk lUns’k dh

mn~?kks”k.kk izfjrksa vkSj Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds }kjk dh xbZ gS¼3%5½A

**izfjrksa vkSj Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dh uhao ij** ;h’kq us lqlekpkj dh

uhao Mkyh gS ¼1dqfj- 3%11½A iqjkus fu;e us vkusokys ijes’oj ds jkT; ds

ckjs esa Hkfo”;}kf.k;k¡ dhA ;h’kq dh ifo=kRek dh vxqokbZ ls thou] e`R;q

vkSj iqu#RFkku us bls iwjk fd;k] vkSj izfjrksa us bldh okLrfodrk dk

izpkj fd;kA ;gk¡ dk iz’u gS fd ‘kCn Hkfo”}Drk fdldks lqfpr djrk gS\

D;k os iqjkus fu;e dk Hkfo”;}Drk gS ;k u, fu;e dk ¼3%5( 4%1½\ ‘kCnksa

dk Øe u, fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dh vksj ladsr djrk gS ¼3%5( 4%11½]

ijUrq fljs dk iRFkj tks fd iqjkus fu;e ds elhg ladYi iqjkus fu;e ds

Hkfo”;}k.kh dh vksj bZ’kkjk djrk gSA

iqjkus rFkk u, fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds chp dk vyxrkbZ dk dkj.k gS

izdk’ku dk dlkSVhA iqjkus fu;e ds Hkfo”}Drkvksa us ifo=’kkL= fy[ksA os

ijes’oj ds izxVhdj.k ds izsj.kk izkIr ik= FksA Hkfo”}k.kh u, fu;e dk

tkjh jgusokyk ,d ojnku gS ¼1dqfj- 12%28( bfQ- 4%11½A D;k ifo=’kkL=

dh fy[kkbZ vHkh Hkh tkjh gS\ ;gk¡ ij iszj.kk ¼izsfjr rFkk iqjkus fu;e ds

Hkfo”;}drkvksa½ rFkk vUrZn`f”V vkSj vkfRedojnkuksa¼ojnku izkIr u, fu;e

ds fo’oklh yksx½ ds chp esa ,d varj ykuk vko’;d gSA

**fljs dk iRFkj** ;g iqjkus fu;e dk elhg :id gS ¼;’kk- 28%16(

Hktu- 118%22( 1ir- 2%4&8( ½A iqjkus fu;e esa ijes’oj dh lkeFkZ]

LFkkbZiu] /kS;Z **pV~Vku** uked f’k”kZd ds }kjk izxV fd, x, gSa ¼O;oLFkk-

32%4]15]18]30( Hktu- 18%2]31]46( 28%1( 33%3( 42%9( 71%3( 78%15½A

iRFkj ds :i esa ;h’kq ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k x;k :id

1- frjLd`r iRFkj & Hktu- 118%2

2- ,d edku dk iRFkj & Hktu- 118%22( ;’kk- 28516

3- Bksdj dk iRFkj & ;’kk- 28%16

4- thrusokyk rFkk vk/khu djusokyk iRFkj & nkfu- 2%45

5- ;h’kq us Lo;a dh vksj b’kkjk djus ds fy, bu vuqPNsnksa dks iz;ksx fd;k &

¼efÙk- 21%40( ej- 12%10( ywdk- 20%17½A

296

os iqjkus fu;e dh jLe rFkk fu;ekLind ckrksa ds }kjk vuns[ks fd, x,

fuekZ.k dk eq[; rF; gS ¼;’kk- 8%14½A

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % fljs dk iRFkj d- i qj ku s fu;e dk i z;k sx

1 ½ iRFkj dk fopkj tk s dBk s j vk S j yEc s le; rd jgu s

okyh oLr q g S vk S j tk s vPNh uh ao cukrk g S dk i z;k sx ;gk so k

dk o.k Zu dju s d s fy, fd;k x;k g S ¼ H k -l a -18 %1 ½A

2 ½ ckn e s a ;g elhg d s ‘ k h” k Zd d s :i e s a cny x;k ¼mRi-

49 %24 ( H k -l a -118 %22 ( ;’ k k -28 %16 ½A

3 ½ ;g elhg }kjk ;gk so k d s U;k; dk s i zLr qr dju s d s fy,

i z;k sx e s a yk;k x;k ¼;’k k -8 %14 ( nk fu -2 %34&35] 44&45 ½A

4 ½ ;g bekjr d s :id ds rk S j ij cny x;kA

¼d ½ uh ao dk iRF kj ] igy s j[k k x;k ] tk s l qj f{ kr gk sr k g S

vk S j ckdh dh bekjr d s fy, fn’ k k r S;kj djrk g S vk S j

^ ^ flj s dk iRF kj * * dgykrk g SA

¼[k ½ ;g vfUre iRFkj d s fy, Hk h i z;k sx fd;k tk ldrk g S

ftl txg ij j[k k x;k gk s ] tk s fnokjk s a dk s tk sM +r k g S

¼td-4%7 ( bfQ-2 %20 ] 21 ½ ftl s ^ ^pk sV h dk iRF kj * * dgk tkrk

g S tk s bc z kuh j’ k ¼pk sVh ½ l s vk;k g S A

¼x ½ ;g ^ ^i ze q[ k iRF kj * * dk s H k h i zxV dj ldrk g S tk s

ngyht + e sgjkc dk d s Un z g S vk S j i wj h nhokj dk H k kj

lEH k kyrk g SA

[k - u, fu;e dk i z;k sx

1 ½ ;h’ k q u s H k -l a -118 dk i z;k sx db Z ckj viu s lEcU/ k e s a

fd;k ¼eRrh -21 %41&46( ejd ql-12 %10&11( y wdk -20 %17

2 ½ ik Sy ql H k -l a -118 dk i z;k sx vfo’oklh vk S j fon z k sg h

bl z k,y d s ;gk so k }kjk R;kx d s lEcU/ k e s a djrk g S

¼jk s fe;k s a - 9 %33 ½

297

3 ½ ik Sy ql bfQ-2 %20&22 e s a elhg d s lEcU/ k e s a ^ ^pk sV h d s

iRF kj * * dk i z;k sx djrk g SA

4 ½ 1ir-2 %1&10 e s a irjl elhg d s lEcU/ k e s a bl fopkj dk

i z;k sx djrk g SA ;h ’ k q flj s dk iRF kj g S a vk S j fo’oklh thfor

iRFkj g S a ¼ fo’oklh efUnj d s :i e s a ] 1d q fj -6 %19 ½ ] tk s mu ij

cuk, x, g S a ¼elhg u, efUnj g S a ] ejd ql-14 %58 ( eRrh -12 %6 (

; wg -2 %19&20 ½A

;g w fn;k s a u s viuh vk’ k k d s uh ao dk s gh udkj fn;k tc

mUgk s au s ;h ’ k q dk s elhg d s :i e s a udkjkA

x- / ke Z ’ k kL=h; dFku

1 ½ ;gk so k u s nkÅn@lqy Seku dk s vu qefr nh efUnj cuku s d s

fy,A mUgk s au s mul s dgk fd ;fn o s okpk dk ikyu dj s ax s

rk s og mUg s a vk ’ k h” k n s ax s vk S j mud s lkF k jg s ax s ] ijUr q ;fn

mUgk s au s , slk ugh a fd;k rk s efUnj dk fouk ’ k gk s tk,xk

¼1jktk -9 %1&9 ½A

2 ½ jf Cc;k s a d s ;g wnh / ke Z dk d s Un z j h frfjokt + vk S j ijEijk, a

F k h a ij mUgk s au s O;fDrxr fo’okl d s i{k dk s Nk sM + fn;k ¼;g

vVy dFku ugh a g S ( H kDr jCch H k h F k s ½A ije s ’oj gj fnu]

O;fDrxr vk Sj H k fDri w. k Z lEcU/ k pkgr s g S a mu yk sxk s a d s lkF k

tk s mud s Lo:i e s a jp s x, g S a ¼mRi-1 %26&27 ½A y wdk -

20 %17&18 e s a Mjk n su s oky s U;k; d s ‘ k Cn g S a A

3 ½ ;h’ k q u s efUnj d s fopkj dk i z;k sx viu s ‘ kj hj dk s n’ k k Zu s

d s fy, fd;kA ;g O;fDrxr fopkj dk s c< + ko k n srk g SA ;h ’ k q

ij elhg d s :i e s a fo’okl ;gk so k d s lkF k lEcU/ k dh

d q Uth g SA

4 ½ m)kj eu q”; d s vUnj ije s ’oj d s Lo:i dk s i qu % LFk k fir

dju s d s fy, g S rk fd ije s ’oj d s lkF k l axfr lEH ko gk s

ld sA vHk h elhgr dk y{; elhglekurk g SA fo’ok fl;k s a dk s

elhg ¼u;k efUnj ½ d s vu qlkj dk thfor iRFkj cuuk

pk fg,A

5 ½ ;h’ k q ge fo’ok fl;k s a dh uh ao vk S j pk sV h dk iRF kj g S a

¼vYQk vk S j vk se sxk ½A fQj H k h B sl yxu s dk iRF kj vk S j

Bk sdj [k ku s dh pV ~Vku g S a A mUg s a [k k s n suk lcd qN [k k s n suk

298

g SA ;gk ¡ ij dk sb Z chp dk LFk ku ugh a g SA

2%21&22 & vk;r 19 esa ijes’oj ds tu dks lkewfgd:i ls n’kkZ;k x;k

gS vkSj 21 rFkk 22 esa bls cgqopu ds :i esa **ifo=yksx** mi;ksx fd;k

x;k gSA m)kj blfy, gksrk gS fd vki ,d ifjokj] edku] nsg vkSj

efUnj dk fgLlk cusaA

dyhfl;k dks efUnj dh ifjdYiuk esa 1dqfj- 3%16&17 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

;g dyhfl;k ds lkewfgd LoHkko dks n’kkZrk gSA O;fDrxr igyq@LoHkko

2dqfj- 6%16 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA nksuksa lgh gSaA

vk;rsa 21 rFkk 22 esa iz;ksx dh xbZ fØ;kvksa esa lewfgd rkRi;Z gSA ogk¡

fefJr flu gS ftldk vFkZ gS **,d nwljs ds lkFk tqM+rs gq,A** ijes’oj

yxkrkj viuh dyhfl;k dk fuekZ.k dj jgs gSa@ mlesa tksM+ jgss gSaA

;gk¡ ij **ifo= efUnj** ‘kCn ds lkFk ;qukuh gLrys[kksa ds lkFk FkksM+h&lh

ijs’kkuh gSSA D;k ikSyql ,d c`gr bZekjr dh vksj ladsr dj jgk gS ;k

fQj dbZ NksVs&NsVs edkuksa dh vksjA vkSj ;wfc,l4 dh ckrksa dks ekusa rks

og ,d gh bekjr dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA ;g ,d gh bZekjr gS ijUrq

ftldk fuekZ.k vc rd iwjk ugha gqvk gSA og izxfr dh izfØ;k esa gSaA ;g

ifo= fuoklLFkku vkfRed efUnj ¼ijes’oj ds yksx½ dh vksj n’kkZusokyk

,d :id gSA

299

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk ;k lq/kkjuk

‘kCn vksbdksMksesvks vkSj blds ckdh lekukFkksZa dk iz;ksx ikSyql }kjk vDlj

fd;k x;k gSA okLrfodrk esa bldk vFkZ gS ^^?kj cukuk** ¼eRrh-7%24½] ij

;g :id rkSj ij bu ckrksa ds fy, Hkh iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k %

d- elhg dh nsg] dyhfl;k] 1dqfj-3%9( bfQ-2%21( 4%16

[k- cukuk

¼1½ fucZy HkkbZ;ksa dks] jksfe;ksa-15%1

¼2½ iM+ksfl;ksa dks] jksfe;ksa-15%2

¼3½ ,d nwljs dks] bfQ-4%29( 1fFkLl-5%11

¼4½ larksa dks lsok ds fy,] bfQ-4%11

x- gesa cuk;k tkrk gS ;k lq/kkjk tkrk gS

300

¼1½ izse ls] 1dqfj-8%1( bfQ-4%16

¼2½ O;fDrxr Lora=rk dks lhfer j[kdj] 1dqfj-10%23&24

¼3½ ‘kadkvksa dks NksM+dj] 1rheq-1%4

¼4½ vkjk/kuk esa oDrkvksa dks lhfer djds ¼xk;dksa] f’k{kdksa] Hkfo”;}Drkvksa]

vU; Hkk”kk cksyus okyksa vkSj vuqokndksa½] 1dqfj-14%3&4] 12

?k- izR;sd oLrq vk/;kfRed fodkl vkSj lq/kkjus ds fy, gks

¼1½ ikSyql dk vf/kdkj] 2dqfj-10%8( 12%19( 13%10

¼2½ jksfe;ksa-14%19 vkSj 1dqfj-14%26 dk lkjka’k okD;

ppkZ ds fy, iz’u

;g ,d v/;;u lgk;d Vhdk gS] ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd vki vius

ckbcy vuqokn ds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSaA geesa ls gjsd dks ml izdk’k esa

301

pyuk gS tks gekjs ikl gSA vuqokn esa vki] ckbcy vkSj ifo=kRek

izkFkfed gSaA vki bls Vhdk ys[kd ij ugha Fkksi ldrsA

;g iz’u ppkZ ds fy, blfy, fn, x, gSa rkfd vki bl Hkkx dh eq[;

ckrksa ij fopkj dj ldsaA ;g fopkjksa dks tkx`r djus ds fy, gSa u fd

ifjHkk”kk izLrqr djus okykA

1- D;k leLr ekuotkfr ijes’oj ls nwj gS\

2- vius m)kj ds dk;Z esa ekuo dh dksbZ izeq[k Hkwfedk gS\

3- ;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr dh ,drk bruk egRoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\

4- ;h’kq us fdl izdkj O;oLFkk dks vFkZghu rFkk [kkyh cuk;k\

5- D;k ijes’oj dh O;oLFkk LFkkbZ gS\ ewlk ds O;oLFkk vkSj leLr iqjkus

fu;e ds lkFk elhfg;ksa dk lEcU/k D;k gS\

6- vk;rsa 19&23 esa ikSyql bekjr ds :id dks D;ksa mi;ksx dj jgk gS\

302

jksfe;ksa & 5


;w ch ,l ,u ds ts oh ,u vkj ,l oh Vh b oh ts ch

nks”keqfDr dk

ifj.kke

fo’okl

leL;kvksa ij

t;oUr gksrk

gS

nks”keqfDr ds

ifj.kke

ijes’oj ds

lkFk lgh

fo’okl

m)kj dh

tekur Gs

5%1&11 5%1&5 5%1&5 5%1&5 5%1&11

elhg gekjs

LFkku gSa

5%6&11 5%6&11 5%6&11

vkne vkSj

elhg

vkne esa

e`R;] elhg

esa thou

vkne vkSj

elhg] ladsr

vkSj foifjr

vkne vkSj

elhg

vkne vkSj

;h’kq elhg

5%12&14 5%12&21 5%12&14 5%12&14[k 5%12&14

5%14x&17

5%15&21 5%15&17 5%15&21

5%18&21 5%18&19

5%20&21

303

v/;;u dkypØ rhu










vFkZ gksrk gSA

1½ igyk vuqPNsn

2½ nwljk vuqPNsn

3½ rhljk vuqPNsn

4½ bR;kfn

304

izklafxd vUrjn`f”V

d- vk;r 1&11 ;wukuh esa ,d gh okD; gSA ;g ikSyql ds ^^fo’okl }kjk

/kehZ Bgjk, tkus ;k nks”keqfDr** ds fopkj dks izLrqr djrs gSaA

[k- 5%1&11 dh lEHko :ijs[kk

5%1&5 5%6&8 5%9&11

m)kj ds Qk;ns m)kj dk vk/kkj m)kj ds Hkfo”; dk

rF;

nks”keqfDr ds

O;fDrfu”B vuqHko

nks”keqfDr ds

fo”k;ijdrk rF;

nks”keqfDr ds Hkfo”;

dk rF;

nks”keqfDr izxfr’khy ‘kqf)dj.k Efgfer

ekuo’kkL= bZ’ojh;’kkL= vfUre le; v/;;u

x- vk;r 12&21 ;h’kq elhg dh nwljs vkne ds :i esa ppkZ gS ¼1dqfj-

15%21&22] 45&49( fQfy-2%6&8½A ;g /keZ’kkL=h; fopkj ij t+ksj Mkyrk gS

nksuksa O;fDrxr iki vkSj lk>k nks”kA ikSyql dk ekuo tkfr ¼lkjh l`f”V½

dk vkne esa iru ds ckjs esa ys[k jfCc;ksa ds ys[k ls fcydqy fHkUu gS

tcdh mudk lk>k fopkj muls feyrk tqyrk gSA ;g ikSyql dh ;ksX;rk

305

dks izxV djrk gS fd og izsj.kk ds vf/ku ;:’kyse esa xeyh,y ds vf/ku

ikbZ f’k{kk ds lR; dks fdl [kqch ls iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa ¼izsfjr-22%3½A

tkx`r okLrfod iki dh ‘kq:okr mRi-3 ls dk fl)kUr vxfLru vkSj

dSfYou us mUur fd;kA ;g vk/kkjHkwr :i ls crkrk gS fd euq”; tUe ls

gh ikih gSA vDlj iqjkus fu;e ds ewyikB Hk-la-51%5( 58%3( v¸;-15%14(

25%4 dk iz;ksx bls crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk isykX;qvl

vkSj vjehuh;l }kjk tfur /keZ’kkL=h; Lrj fd euq”; izxfr’khy :i ls

uSfrd vkSj vkfRed :i ls vius pquko vkSj vfUre xUrO; LFkku ds fy,

ft+Eesnkj gS Hkh iz;ksx esa vk;kA muds ut+fj, ds dqN lcwr O;o-1%39( ;’kk-

7%15( ;ksuk-4%11( ;wg-9%41( 15%22] 24( izsfjr-17%30( jksfe;ksa-4%15 esa ik,s tkrs

gSaA bl /keZfoKku dk t+ksj bl ckr ij gS fd cPpk uSfrd ft+Eesnkjh

mBkus dh mez rd funksZ”k gksrk gS ¼jfCc;ksa ds fy, ;g vk;q yM+dksa ds

fy, 13 vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 12 Fkh½A

,d chp dk Lrj gS ftlesa ‘kq: ls ikih vkSj uSfrd ft+Eesnkjh dh mez

nksuksa gh lgh gSaA cqjkbZ dsoy lk>h ugha gS ij ;g fdlh O;fDr ds iki

djus dh cqjkbZ dh izxfr gS ¼thou tks ijes’oj ls nwjh dh vksj izxfr dj

jgk gS½A ekuo tkfr dk iki ;gk¡ ij eqn~nk ugha gS ¼mRi-6%5] 11& 12] 13(

jksfe;ksa-3%9&18] 23½ ij ;g fd dc] tUe ds le; ;k ckn ds thou esa\

?k- vk;r 12 ds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa dbZ fopkj gSa %

1½ lHkh yksx ejrs gSa D;ksafd lcus iki djus dk pquko fd;k gS

¼isykX;qvl½

306

2½ vkne ds iki us lkjh l`f”V dks izHkkfor fd;k blfy, lHkh ejrs gSa

¼5%18&19] vxfLru½

3½ okLro esa ;g HkkSfrd iki vkSj bPNk ls lEcfU/kr iki dk feJ.k gSA

³- ikSyql dh rqyuk ^^tSls fd** vk;r 12 esa ‘kq: gksrh gS vkSj vk;r 18

rd jgrh gSA vk;r 13&17 fuf{kIr okD;ka’k dh jpuk djrs gSa tks ikSyql

ds ys[k dh [kqch gSA

p- ;kn jf[k, lqlekpkj dks izLrqr djus ds izfr ikSyql dk rdZ]

1%18&8%39 tks lkfcr fd;k gqvk rdZ gSA iwjs dk lgh vuqokn djuk

vko’;d gS vkSj Hkkxksa dh ljkguk dh tkuh pkfg,A

N- ekfVZu ywFkj us v/;k; 5 ds ckjs esa dgk gS] ^^iwjh ckbcy esa eqf’dy ls

dksbZ nwljk v/;k; gksxk tks bl fot;h ewyikB ds cjkcj gks**A

307


jksfe;ksa-5%1&5

1 vr% tc ge fo'okl ls /kehZ Bgjs] rks vius izHkq ;h'kq elhg ds }kjk

ijes'oj ds lkFk esy j[ksa

2 ftl ds }kjk fo'okl ds dkj.k ml vuqxzg rd] ftl esa ge cus gSa]

gekjh igqap Hkh gqbZ] vkSj ijes'oj dh efgek dh vk'kk ij ?ke.M djsaA

3 dsoy ;gh ugha] cju ge Dys'kksa esa Hkh ?ke.M djsa] ;gh tkudj fd

Dys'k ls /khjtA

4 vkSj /khjt ls [kjk fudyuk] vkSj [kjs fudyus ls vk'kk mRiUu gksrh gSA

5 vkSj vk'kk ls yTtk ugha gksrh] D;ksafd ifo=kRek tks gesa fn;k x;k gS

mlds }kjk ijes'oj dk izse gekjs eu esa Mkyk x;k gSA

^^vr%**

;g ‘kCn vDlj ladsr djrk gS ¼1½ bl fcUnq rd /keZ’kkL=h; rdZ dk

lkjka’k( ¼2½ bl /keZ’kkL=h; ds vk/kkj ij lkjka’k( vkSj ¼3½ u, fo’okl dk

izLrqfrdj.k ¼jksfe;ksa-5%1( 8%1( 12%1½A

308

^^/kehZ Bgjs**

ijes’oj us fo’okfl;ksa dks /kehZ Bgjk;k gSA t+ksj nsus ds fy, ;wukuh okD;

esa bldk iz;ksx igys ‘kCn ds :i esa fd;k x;k gS ¼5%1&2½A vk;r 1&11

esa le; dk Øe ut+j vkrk gS % ¼1½ 5%1&5] gekjk vHkh dk vuqxzg dk

vuqHko( ¼2½ 5%6&8] gekjh txg ij elhg dk iwjk fd;k gqvk dk;Z( vkSj

¼3½ 5^9&11] gekjh Hkfo”; vk’kk vkSj m)kj dh izekf.kdrkA nsf[k, :ijs[kk

^^[k** izklafxd vUrjn`f”V esaA

iqjkus fu;e ds ^^/kehZ Bgjk, tkus** ¼fMdk;ks½ dh i`”BHkwfe gS ^^lh/kk dksuk**

;k ^^ukius dk csUr**A ;g :id rkSj ij ijes’oj ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k

gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % /kkfeZdrk 1%17A ijes’oj dk pfj=] ifo=rk gh

U;k; dk Lrj gS ¼lSIVwvktSUV] ySO;-24%22( /keZ’kkL=h; rkSj ij eRrh-5%48½A

;h’kq elhg dh cnys esa cfynku e`R;q ds dkj.k fo’oklh ijes’oj ds lkeus

dkuwuh rkSj ij [kMs+ jg ldrs gSa ¼nsf[k, uksV 5%2½A ;g fo’oklh ds vUnj

nks”k dh deh gS ,slk ugha crkrk cfYd ;g crkrk gS fd os nks”k jfgr ds

:i esa ns[ks x,A fdlh nwljs us mudk n.M lg fy;k ¼2dqfj-5%21½A

fo’okfl;ksa dks {kek fd;k gqvk ?kksf”kr fd;k x;k gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%8] 10½A

^^fo’okl }kjk**

fo’okl og gkFk gS tks ijes’oj }kjk fn, x, rkSQs dks xzg.k djrk gS

¼jksfe;ksa-5%2( 4%1 ds ckn½A fo’okl ,d fo’oklh dh leL;k dk lek/kku

djus dh {kerk ds Lrj ij dsfUnzr ugha gS ij ijes’oj ds pfj= vkSj

ok;nksa ij dsUnzhr gS ¼bfQ-2%8&9½A iqjkus fu;e esa ^^fo’okl** ds fy, iz;ksx

fd, x, ‘kCn dk vFkZ gS n`<+rk ls [kM+k gksukA ;g :id ds rkSj ij

mlds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k tks oQ+knkj vkSj HkjkslseUn gksA fo’okl

309

gekjh fo’okl;ksXrk ;k HkjkslseUn gksus ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS ij ijes’oj ij

vk/kkfjr gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % fo’okl 4%5A

^^gekjk esy gS**

1&11 dk lanHkZ mRlkfgr djus ds fy, ugha gS ij ;g ?kks”k.kk gS fd ,d

fo’oklh elhg esa D;k gS vkSj mlds ikl elhg esa gksus ds dkj.k D;k gSA

;wukuh gLrys[kksa esa ,sls gksrs Fks fd ,d cksyrk Fkk vkSj mldh izrh;k¡

cukbZ tkrh FkhA blfy, ,d leku mPpkj.k fd, tkus okys ‘kCnksa dks

fy[krs le; vDlj /kks[kk gks tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ ij lanHkZ ;k ys[ku fof/k

}kjk iz;ksx fd, x, ‘kCn dk vFkZ ysuk pkfg, tks vuqokn dks ljy cuk

nsrk gSA

^^esy ;k ‘kkfUr**

nsf[k, fn;k x;k fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZdA

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % esy ;k ‘kkfUr

;wukuh ‘kCn dk okLrfod vFkZ gS ^^tks VwV x;k gS mls vkil esa tksM+uk**

¼;wg-14%27( 16%33( fQfy-4%7½A u;k fu;e rhu rjg ls esy ds ckjs esa

crkrk gS %

1½ elhg esa ijes’oj ds lkFk gekjs esy dk fo”k;ijdrk fopkj ¼dqyq-1%20½

310

2½ ijes’oj ds lkFk lgh gksus dk O;fDrfu”B fopkj ¼;wg-14%27( 16%33(

fQfy-4%7½

3½ ijes’oj us elhg }kjk ,d nsg esa tksM+k gS nksuksa fo’okl djus okys

;gwfn;ksa vkSj vU;tkfr;ksa dks ¼bfQ-2%14&17( dqyq-3%15½A ,d ckj gekjk

esy ijes’oj ds lkFk gks x;k rks ;g nwljksa ds lkFk esy dks tUe nsxkA

yEc:i f{kfrt lekukUrj esa ifjofrZr gksuk pkfg,A

U;weSu ,.M uhMk] , VªkUlysVjl gSUMcqd vkWu ikWyl ySVj Vq n jkseul]

i`”B-92 esa esy ds ckjs esa vPNk ys[k gSA

nksuksa iqjkus fu;e vkSj u, fu;e esa esy dk foLr`r vFkZ gSA okLrfod :i

ls ;g ,d O;fDr ds iw.kZ HkykbZ dk o.kZu djrk gS] bldk iz;ksx ;gwfn;ksa

}kjk nwljksa dks vfHkoknu djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA bl ‘kCn dk

vFkZ bruk lkeFkZ iw.kZ gS fd ;gwfn;ks }kjk bldk iz;ksx elhg }kjk izkIr

m)kj dk o.kZu djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl rF; ds dkj.k

dHkh dHkh bldk iz;ksx ^^ijes’oj ds lkFk lgh lEcU/k** dks O;Dr djus ds

fy, Hkh fd;k x;kA ;gk¡ ij ;g ‘kCn ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g ijes’oj

vkSj euq”; ds chp esy&feyki ds fj’rs dks O;Dr dj jgk gS tks ijes’oj

}kjk euq”; dks vius lkFk lgh djus ds dk;Z ij vk/kkfjr gSA

^^ijes’oj ds lkFk

311

gekjs izHkq ;h’kq elhg ds }kjk**

;h’kq og ,tsUlh gSa tks ijes’oj ds lkFk esy djkrs gSaA ;h’kq gh ,dek=

ekxZ gSa ijes’oj ds lkFk esy djus ds fy, ¼;wg-10%7&8( 14%6( izsfjr-4%12(

1rheq-2%5½A ;h’kq elhg ds fofHkUu uke ds ‘kh”kZdksa ds fy, nsf[k, uksV 1%4A

5%2^^ftl esa ge cus gSa**

;g Hkwrdky ds ckjs esa ckr djrk gS tks lekIr gks x;k tks gksus dks tUe

nsrk gSA ^^cus** ‘kCn dk okLrfod vFkZ gS ^^rd igq¡puk** ;k ^^izos’k gksuk**

¼izkslkxksxs] bfQ-2%18( 3%12½A ;g :id rkSj ij bu ckrksa ds fy, iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gS ¼1½ O;fDrxr rkSj ij jktdh; cuuk ;k ¼2½ lqj{kk ds lkFk

canjxkg rd igq¡pkukA

bl okD;ka’k esa ;wukuh gLrys[k ds fofHkUukFkZ gSaA dqN izkfpu gLrys[kksa esa

^^fo’okl }kjk** ‘kCn Hkh ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gS ¼lkFk gh iqjkus ySfVu] oyxsV]

fljh;kd vkSj dkWfIVd oj’ku esa Hkh½A ckdh gLrys[k Hkh ^^fo’okl }kjk**

vfHkO;fDr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ,slk izfrr gksrk gS fd ys[kd }kjk

5%1 vkSj 4%16 ¼nks ckj½] 19 vkSj 20 ds ln`’; dks Hkjus ds fy, iz;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA ^^fo’okl }kjk** ikSyql dk iqu% gksus okyk dsUnzh; fo”k; gSA

^^ml vuqxzg rd**

;g ‘kCn ijes’oj ds ftlds ge ;ksX; ugha] dksbZ /kkxs ugha tqM+s] n;k ls

fn, x, izse dks izxV djrk gS ¼bfQ-2%4&9½A ;g ikih ekuo tkfr ds

cnys ;h’kq dh e`R;q esa ut+j vkrk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%8½A

312

^^gekjh igq¡p Hkh gqbZ**

^^gekjh igq¡p vkSj yxkrkj igq¡p gSA** ;g elhg esa fo’oklh ds /keZ’kkL=h;

Lrj dks izxV djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh ijes’oj dh egkurk ds lkFk muds

fo’okl esa cus jgus dks izxV djrk gS ¼1dqfj-15%1½ vkSj euq”; dh Lora=

bPNk dks Hkh ¼bfQ-6%11] 13] 14½A

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % [kM+k ;k cus jguk ¼fglVseh½

bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx u, fu;e esa fofHkUu /keZ’kkL=h; fopkjksa dks izxV djus

ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA

d- lkfcr djuk

1½ iqjkus fu;e dh O;oLFkk] jksfe;ksa-3%31

2½ ,d O;fDr dh viuh /kkfeZdrk] jksfe;ksa-10%3

3½ ubZ okpk] bczk-10%9

313

4½ nks”k] 2dqfj-13%1

5½ ijes’oj dk lR;] 2rheq-2%19

[k- vkfRedrk dk R;kx

1½ ‘kSrku] bfQ-6%11

2½ U;k; dk fnu] izdk-6%17

x- ,d O;fDr ds [kMs gksus Lrj ds eap dk R;kx

1½ lSfud :id] bfQ-6%14

2½ lkekftd :id] jksfe;ksa-14%4

?k- lR; dk Lrj] ;wg-8%44

³- vuqxzg esa Lrj

314

1½ jksfe;ksa-5%2

2½ 1dqfj-15%1

3½ 1ir-5%12

p- fo’okl esa Lrj

1½ jksfe;ksa-11%20

2½ 1dqfj-7%37

3½ 1dqfj-15%1

4½ 2dqfj-1%24

N- vgadkj dk Lrj] 1dqfj-10%12

;g ‘kCn okpke; vuqxzg vkSj egku ijes’oj dh n;k vkSj ;g rF; fd

fo’okfl;ksa dks fo’okl ds lkFk bldk izfrmRrj nsuk gSA nksuksa gh ckbcfy;

315

lR; gSaA nksuksa dk lkFk esa jguk vko’;d gSA

^^ge Hkh ?ke.M djsa**

;g O;kdj.k :i ,sls le>k tk ldrk gS ¼1½ ge ?ke.M djsa ¼2½ vkvks

ge ?ke.M djsaA Kkuh bl pquko ds fy, fHkUu gSaA ;fn dksbZ vk;r 1 esa

^^gekjs ikl gS** ysrk gS rks ;g vk;r 3 rd jgsxkA

^^?ke.M** dk ewy ^^vagdkj** gS ¼,u vkj ,l oh] ts ch½A nsf[k, fo’ks”k

‘kh”kZd 2%17A fo’oklh Lo;a ij ?ke.M ugha dj ldrs ¼jksfe;ksa-3%27½] ij

ijes’oj us muds fy, fd;k ¼f;eZ-9%23&24½A ;g leku ;wukuh ‘kCn 3 vkSj

11 vk;r esa nksgjk;k x;k gSA

^^vk’kk esa**

ikSyql us bl ‘kCn dk fofHkUu rjg ls iz;ksx fd;k gS ij ,d gh fopkj

esaA nsf[k, fo’ks”k uksV 4%18A vDlj ;g fo’oklh ds fo’okl dh flf) ls

lEcfU/kr gSA bls efgek] vuUr thou] iw.kZ m)kj vkSj nwljs vkxeu ds

:i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fl)rk fuf’pr gS] ij le; Hkfo”;

dk gS vkSj vutku gSA ;g ^^fo’okl** vkSj ^^izse** ls lEcfU/kr gS ¼1dqfj-

13%13( xyk-5%5&6( bfQ-4%2&5( 1fFkLl-1%3( 5%8½A ikSyql ds iz;ksx dh lwph

gS%

316

1½ nwljk vkxeu] xyk-5%5( bfQ-1%18( rhr-2%13

2½ ;h’kq gekjh vk’kk gSa] 1rheq-151

3½ fo’oklh dks ijes’oj ds lkeus izLrqr djuk gS] dqyq-1%22&23( 1fFkLl-

2%19

4½ vk’kk mldh tks LoxZ esa gS] dqyq-1%5

5½ iw.kZ m)kj] 1fFkLl-4%13

6½ ijes’oj dh efgek] jksfe;ksa 5%2( 2dqfj-3%12( dqyq-1%27

7½ m)kj dh iqf”V] 1fFkLl-5%8&9

8½ vuUr thou] rhr-152( 3%7

9½ elhgh ifjiDork ds ifj.kke] jksfe;ksa-5%2&5

10½ lkjh l`f”V dk NqVdkjk] jksfe;ksa-8%20&22

317

11½ ijes’oj ds ‘kh”kZd] jksfe;ksa-15%13

12½ ysikydiu dh fl)rk] jksfe;ksa-8%23&25

13½ iqjkuk fu;e u, fu;e ds fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, ekxZ n’kZd] jksfe;ksa-15%4

^^ijes’oj dh efgek**

;g okD;ka’k ijes’oj dh O;fDrxr mifLFkfr ds fy, iqjkus fu;e dk

eqgkojk gSA ;g ;h’kq elhg ds iqu:RFkku }kjk fo’okfl;ksa dks ijes’oj ds

lkeus iznku dh xbZ fo’okl&/kkfeZdrk gS ¼2dqfj-5%21½A /keZ’kkL=h; ‘kCnksa esa

bls ^^efgehr** dgrs gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-5%9&10( 8%30½A fo’oklh elhg dh lekurk

ck¡Vsaxs ¼1;wg-3%2( 2ir-1%4½A nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % efgek 3%23A

5%3

,u , ,l ch ^^vkSj dsoy ;gh ugha] oju**

,u ds ts oh ^^vkSj flQZ oks gh ugh] oju**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^vkSj flQZ oks gh ugh] oju**

318

Vh b oh &NksfM,&

,u ts ch ^^dsoy ogh ugha**

ikSyql bu ‘kCnksa ds feJ.k dk iz;ksx dbZ ckj djrs gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-5%3] 11(

8%23( 9%10( 2dqfj-8%19½A

,u , ,l ch ^ ^ge viu s Dy s ’ k k s a e s a H k h ? ke.M

dj s a * *

,u d s t s oh ^ ^ge Dy s ’ k k s a e s a H k h ? ke.M djr s g S a * *

,u vkj ,l oh ^ ^ge viu s n q %[ k k s a e s a H k h ? ke.M

dj s a * *

Vh b oh ^ ^ge viuh e q f ’dyk s a e s a H k h ? ke.M dj s a * *

319

,u t s ch ^ ^vkb Z, ge ?ke.M dj s a ] e q f ’dyk s a e s a

H k h * *

;fn lalkj us ;h’kq ls uQjr dh rks muds vuq;kf;;ksa ls Hkh uQjr djsxk

¼eRrh-10%22( 24%9( ;wg-15%18&21½A ekuoh; ‘kCnksa esa dgq¡ rks ftu ckrksa dks

;h’kq us lgk gS mUgha ls og ifjiDo gq, ¼bczk-5%8½A nq%[k lguk /kkfeZdrk

ykrk gS] tks fd gjsd fo’oklh ds fy, ijes’oj dh ;kstuk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-

8%17&19( izsfjr-14%22( ;kd-1%2&4( 1ir-4%12&19½A

^^tkudj**

fo’okfl;ksa dh lqlekpkj ds lR; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dh mlesa Dys’k Hkh

‘kkfey gS mUgsa thou dk lkeuk vkuUn ls djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks

ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ekSgrkt ugha gksrk pkgs og Dys’k esa gh D;ksa u gks ¼fQfy-

4%4( 1fFkLl-5%16] 18½A

5%3^^lrko ;k Dys’k**

nsf[k, fn;k x;k fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZdA

320

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % lrko ;k Dys’k

ikSyql vkSj ;wgUuk }kjk bl ‘kCn ¼Fksyhilhl½ ds iz;ksx dh /keZ’kkL=h;

fHkUurk dks le>uk vko’;d gSA

1½ ikSyql ds iz;ksx ¼tks ;h’kq ds iz;ksx dks izxV djrk gS½

d- leL;k,sa] d”V] ifrr lalkj esa ‘kkfey cqjkbZ;k¡

¼1½ eRrh-13%21

¼2½ jksfe;ksa-5%3

¼3½ 1dqfj-7%28

¼4½ 2dqfj-7%4

¼5½ bfQ-3%13

[k- leL;k,sa] d”V] cqjkbZ;k¡ tks vfo’okfl;ksa }kjk ykbZ tkrh gSa

321

¼1½ jksfe;ksa-5%3( 8%35( 12%12

¼2½ 2dqfj-1%4] 8( 6%4( 7%4( 8%2] 13

¼3½ bfQ-3%13

¼4½ fQfy-4%14

¼5½ 1fFkLl-1%6

¼6½ 2fFkLl-1%4

x- leL;k,sa] d”V] vkSj vUr≤ dh cqjkbZ;k¡

¼1½ eRrh-24%21] 29

¼2½ ejdql-13%19] 24

¼3½ 2fFkLl-1%6

322

2½ ;wgUuk dk iz;ksx

d- ;wgUuk izdkf’krokD; esa Fksyhilhl vkSj vkWjts ;k Fkqeksl ¼Øks/k½ ds fcp

fuf’pr vUrj izxV djrs gSaA Fksyhilhl og gS tks vfo’oklh fo’okfl;ksa ds

lkFk djrs gS vkSj vkWjts og gS tks ijes’oj vfo’okfl;ksa ds lkFk djrs gSaA

¼1½ Fksyhilhl] izdk-1%9( 2%9&10] 22( 7%14

¼2½ vkWjts] izdk-6%16&17( 11%18( 16%19( 19%15

¼3½ Fkqeksl] izdk-12%12( 14%8] 10] 19( 15%2] 7( 16%1( 18%3

[k- ;wgUuk vius lqlekpkj esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx djrs gSa gjsd ;qx esa

fo’okfl;ksa }kjk lgs tkus okys Dys’k dks izxV djus ds fy,] ;wg-16%33

5%3] 4

^^/khjt**

323

bl ‘kCn dk vFkZ gS ^^LosPNk ls**] ^^dk;Z**] ^^rRij** vkSj ^^lgu’khyrk**A ;g

‘kCn yksxksa rFkk ifjfLFkfe ds lkFk /kS;Z dks izxV djrk gSA

5%4

,u , ,l ch ^^lkfcr fd;k gqvk pfj=**

,u ds ts oh] ,u vkj ,l oh ^^pfj=**

Vh b oh ^^ijes’oj }kjk izekf.kr**

,u ts ch ^^tk¡pk x;k pfj=**

lSIVwvktSUV ds mRi-23%16( 1jktk-10%18( 1bfr-28%18 esa ;g ‘kCn /kkrq dh

tk¡p ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ¼2dqfj-2%9( 8%2( 9%13( 13%3( fQfy-2%22(

2rheq-2%15( ;kd-1%12½A ijes’oj dh ijh{kk ges’kk lkeFkZ nsus ds fy, gksrh

gS ¼bczk-12%10&11½A nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ijh{kk 2%18A

5%5 ^^oju ijes’oj dk izse gekjs g`n;ksa esa maMsyk x;k gS**

ijes’oj dk izse maMsyk x;k gS vkSj yxkrkj maMsyk tk jgk gSA ;g fØ;k

vDlj ifo= vkRek ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gS ¼izsfjr-2%17] 18] 33( 10%45(

rhr-3%6½ tks ;ks,-2%28&29 dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA

324

^ijes’oj dk izse* fuEu ckrksa dh vksj ladsr djrk gS ¼1½ ijes’oj ds fy,

gekjk izse( ¼2½ gekjs fy, ijes’oj dk izse ¼2dqfj-5%14½A ^¼2½* lanHkZ ij

vk/kkfjr gSA

^^ifo= vkRek tks gesa nh xbZ gSa**

;g izxV djrk gS fd fo’okfl;ksa dks vkSj ifo= vkRek dh vko’;drk ugha

gSA ;k rks muds ikl ifo= vkRek gS ;k fQj oks elhgh ugha gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-

8%9½A ifo= vkRek dk fn;k tkuk u, ;qx ¼;ks,-2%28&29½] ubZ okpk ¼f;eZ-

31%31&34( ;gs-36%22&32½ dk fpUg gSA

bl vuqPNsn esa f=,d ds rhu O;fDrRo dh mifLFkfr ij /;ku nhft,A

1½ ijes’oj] 5%1] 2] 5] 8] 10

2½ ;h’kq] 5%1] 6] 8] 9] 10

3½ ifo= vkRek] 5%5

nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd f=,d 8%11A

325

jksfe;ksa-5%6&11

6 D;ksafd tc ge fucZy gh Fks] rks elhg Bhd le; ij HkfDrghuksa ds fy;s

ejkA

7 fdlh /kehZ tu ds fy;s dksbZ ejs] ;g rks nqyZHk gS] ijUrq D;k tkus fdlh

Hkys euq"; ds fy;s dksbZ ejus dk Hkh fg;ko djsA

8 ijUrq ijes'oj ge ij vius izse dh HkykbZ bl jhfr ls izxV djrk gS]

fd tc ge ikih gh Fks rHkh elhg gekjs fy;s ejkA

9 lks tc fd ge] vc mlds yksgwa ds dkj.k /kehZ Bgjs] rks mlds }kjk

Øks/k ls D;ksa u cpsaxs\

10 D;ksafd cSjh gksus dh n'kk esa rks mlds iq=k dh e`R;q ds }kjk gekjk esy

ijes'oj ds lkFk gqvk fQj esy gks tkus ij mlds thou ds dkj.k ge

m)kj D;ksa u ik,axs\

11 vkSj dsoy ;gh ugha] ijUrq ge vius izHkq ;h'kq elhg ds }kjk ftl ds

}kjk gekjk esy gqvk gS] ijes'oj ds fo"k; esa ?ke.M Hkh djrs gSaA

5%6

,u , ,l ch ^^D;ksafd tc ge fucZy gh Fks**

,u ds ts oh ^^D;ksafd tc ge fcuk cy ds Fks**

326

,u vkj ,l oh ^^D;ksafd tc ge det+ksj gh Fks**

Vh b oh ^^D;ksafd tc ge fucZy gh Fks**

,u ts ch ^^tc ge fucZy gh Fks**

;g ekuo tkfr ds ifrr vkne LoHkko dks izxV djrk gSA euq”; iki ds

fo:/k fucZy gSA ^ge* ‘kCn 5%6[k esa ^HkfDrghu*] 5%8 esa ^ikih;ksa* vkSj 5%10 esa

^’k=qvksa* dks izxV djrk gSA 6 vkSj 8 vk;r /keZ’kkL=h; :i ls ln`’; gSaA

,u , ,l ch] ,u vkj ,l oh ^^lgh le; ij**

,u ds ts oh ^^fu;r le; ij**

Vh b oh ^^ml le; ij ftls ijes’oj us pquk**

ts ch ^^muds }kjk Bgjk, x, le; esa**

,sfrgkfld rkSj ij ;g lEcksf/kr djrk gS ¼1½ jkse dh ‘kkfUr tks Lora=

;k=k dh btkt+r nsrh Fkh( ¼2½ ;wukuh Hkk”kk tks nwljh laLd`fr ls ckr

djus dh btkt+r nsrh Fkh( ¼3½ ;wukuh vkSj jkseh nsorkvksa dk nsgkUr ftlus

vkfRed :i ls Hkq[ks lalkj dks tUe fn;k ¼ejdql-1%15( xyk-4%4( bfQ-

327

1%10( rhr-1%3½A /keZ’kkL=h; rkSj ij vorj.k ;kstuk c) bZ’ojh; dk;Z gS

¼ywdk-22%22( izsfjr-2%23( 3%18( 4%28( bfQ-1%11½A

5%6] 8] 10

^^HkfDrghuksa ds fy, ejs**

;g ;h’kq elhg ds thou vkSj e`R;q dks leku ?kVuk ds :i esa izLrqr

djrk gSA ^^;h’kq us og dtZ pqdk;k tks muds Åij ugha Fkk vkSj tks dtZ

gekjs Åij gS ge mls pqdk ugha ldrs** ¼xyk-3%13( 1;wg-4%10½A

elhg dh e`R;q ikSyql ds ys[kksa esa ckj ckn nksgjk;k tkus okyk dsUnzh;

fo”k; gSA mUgksaus fofHkUu ‘kCnksa vkSj okD;ka’kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k ;h’kq ds cnys

esa fn, x, cfynku dks izxV djus ds fy,(

1½ ^^ygq** ¼jksfe;ksa-3%25( 5%9( 1dqfj-11%25] 27( bfQ-1%7( 2%13( dqyq-1%20½

2½ ^^vius vki dks ns fn;k** ¼bfQ-5%2] 25½

3½ ^^idM+ok, x,** ¼jksfe;ksa-4%25( 8%32½

4½ ^^cfynku** ¼1dqfj-5%7½

328

5½ ^^ej x,** ¼jksfe;ksa-5%6( 8%34( 14%9] 15( 1dqfj-8%11( 15%3( 2dqfj-5%15(

xyk-5%21( 1fFkLl-4%14( 5%10½

6½ ^^Øwl** ¼1dqfj-1%17&18( xyk-5%11( 6%12&14( bfQ-2%16( fQfy-2%8( dqyq-

1%20( 2%14½

7½ ^^Øwlhdj.k** ¼1dqfj-1%23( 2%2( 2dqfj-13%4( xyk-3%1½

foHkfDr ^gqij* bl lanHkZ esa D;k izxV djrk gS

1½ izLrqfrdj.k] ^^gekjs cnys**

2½ cnys esa] ^^gekjh txg**

lkekU; rkSj ij gqij ‘kCn lEcU/k lwpd foHkfDr ds lkFk ^^cnys esa** vFkZ

nsrk gS ¼ykSÅ vkSj uhMk½A ;g dqN ykHkksa dks izxV djrk gS tks O;fDr ds

lkFk tqM+s gSa ¼n U;w bUVjuS’uy fMDlujh vkWQ U;w VSLVkeSUV fFk;ksykSth]

Hkkx-3] i`”B-1196½A gqij ,UVh ds fopkj dks Hkh izxV djrk gS ^^dh txg

esa** blfy, /keZ’kkL=h; rkSj ij ;g cnys esa cfynku dks izxV djrk gS

¼ejdql-10%45( ;wg-11%50( 18%14( 2dqfj-5%14( 1rheq-2%6½A ,e- ts- gjhl ¼,u

vkbZ Mh ,u Vh Vh] Hkkx-3] i`”B-1197½ dgrk gS] ^^ikSyql D;ksa ugha dgrs

fd elhg ej x, ,UVh gseksu ¼1rheq-2%6 ds dkQh djhc og vkrs

gSa&,UVhfyVªksu gkbij iSUVksu½\ lEHko gS fd foHkfDr] gkbij] ,UVh ds

foifjr] lekuHkko ls izLrqfrdj.k vkSj cnys esa dks O;Dr djrk gSA**

329

,e- vkj- ohulsUV] oMZ LVMh] Hkkx-2 dgrk gS

^^;g cgqr gh rdZ dk fo”k; gS fd gqij] ds cnys esa] ,UVh] cnys esa

lekukFkZ gSa ;k ughaA Dykfldy ys[kdksa us ,slh ?kVukvksa dks izLrqr fd;k

tgk¡ vFkZ vkil esa cny tkrs gSa---bl okD;ka’k dk vFkZ Hkh bruk vLi”V gS

fd ;g ;w¡ gh lcwrksa ds vk/kkj ij izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA foHkfDr;ksa

dk ‘kk;n LFkkfu; vFkZ gks] e`rdksa ds Åij] ds fy,**A buesa ls dksbZ Hkh

ewyikB fu.kkZ;d :i esa ugha fy;k tk ldrkA lcls vf/kd ;g dgk tk

ldrk gS fd gqij ,UVh ds vFkZ dh ckgjh lhek gSA cnys esa dks lS)kfUrd

eap }kjk cgqr [kkstk tkrk gSA vf/kdrj ewyikBksa esa ;g fd txg ij ds

fopkj dks Li”V rkSj ij O;Dr djrk gSA lPph O;k[;k ,slh izfrr gksrh gS

fd] ewyikBksa esa lS)kfUrd loky esa] oks] ukeksa ls] ;gk¡ fd rjg elhg dh

e`R;q ls tqM+s gSa] xyk-3%13( jksfe;ksa-14%15( 1ir-3%18A ;gk¡ ij cnys esa vFkZ

Hkh ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gS ijUrq vLi”V :i ls** ¼i`”B-692½A

5%7

;g vk;r euq”; ds izse dks n’kkZrk gS tcdh vk;r 8 ijes’oj ds izse dks

n’kkZrk gSA

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh] Vh b oh ^^/kehZ euq”; ds fy,**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^/kehZ O;fDr ds fy,**

ts ch ^^Hkys euq”; ds fy,**

330

‘kCn mlh fopkj ls iz;ksx fd, x, gSa tSls uwg vkSj v¸;wc /kehZ vkSj

nks”kjfgr O;fDr FksA mUgksaus vius le; dh /kkfeZd ek¡xksa dk vuqlj.k

fd;kA ;g ikijfgr gksus dks ugha n’kkZrkA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%17A

5%8

^^ijes’oj vius gh izse dks izxV djrs gSa**

firk us vius iq= dks Hkstk ¼jksfe;ksa-8%] 32( 2dqfj-5%19½A ijes’oj dk izse

dsoy HkkoukRed ugha gS ij dk;Z ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼;wg-3%16( 1;wg-4%10½ vkSj

vpy gSA

5%9

^^tcdh ge**

;g ikSyql dk euilan O;Dr djus dk rjhdk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%10] 15] 17½A

;fn ijes’oj fo’okfl;ksa dks bruk izse dj ldrs gSa tc os ikih gh Fks] rks

vc og muls fdruk vf/kd izse djsaxs tc os mudh larku cu x, gSa

¼jksfe;ksa-5%10( 8%22½A

^^vc /kehZ Bgjs**

;g /kehZ Bgjk, tkus ds iw.kZ dk;Z dks izxV djrk gS tks ijes’oj us fd;k

gSA ikSyql vk;r 1 ds lR; dks iqu% nksgjk jgs gSaA ^^/kehZ Bgjk, tkus**

¼jksfe;ksa-5%9½ vkSj ^^fQj ls fj’rk dk;e djuk** ¼jksfe;ksa-5%10&11½ dh

lekurk dks /;ku esa jf[k,A

^^muds ygq ds }kjk**

331

;g ;h’kq elhg dh cfynkuiw.kZ e`R;q dks n’kkZrk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-3%5( ejdql-

10%45( 2dqfj-5%21½A ;g cfynku dk fopkj] nks”kh thou ds cnys esa

funksZ”k thou nsuk] okil ySO;-1&7 dh vksj ys tkrk gS vkSj lEHkor% fuxZ-

12 ¼Qlg dk eseuk½] vkSj /keZ’kkL=h; rkSj ij ;h’kq dks n’kkZrk gS ;’kk-

53%4&6 esaA bczkfu;ksa esa ;g elhghf’k{kk ds :i esa mUur fd;k x;k gSA

bczkfu;ksa ds dbZ Hkkxksa es iqjkus fu;e vkSj u, fu;e ds chp rqyuk dh xbZ

gSA

^^ge cpsaxs**

;g gekjs iw.kZ m)kj dks izxV djrk gS] ftls ^^efgfer** dgrs gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-

5%2( 8%30( 1;wg-3%2½A

u;k fu;e m)kj dks fØ;k okD;ksa esa O;k[;k djrk gS%

1½ iw.kZ dk;Z ¼izsfjr-15%11( jksfe;ksa-8%24( 2rheq-1%9( rhr-3%5½

2½ Hkwrdky ds dk;Z dk ifj.kke orZeku Lrj ¼bfQ-2%5] 8½

3½ izxfr’khy izfØ;k ¼1dqfj-1%18( 15%2( 2dqfj-2%15( 1fFkLl-4%14( 1ir-3%21½

4½ Hkfo”; iw.kZrk ¼jksfe;ksa-5%9] 10( 10%9½

nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 10%13A m)kj dh ‘kq:okr vkjfEHkd fu.kZ; ls gksrh gS

ijUrq ;g lEcU/k esa izxfr’khy gksrk gS vkSj ,d fnu iw.kZ gks tk,xkA ;g

332

fopkj rhu /keZ’kkL=h; ‘kCnksa ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS % nks”keqfDr] ftldk

vFkZ gS] ^îki ds n.M ls NqVdkjk** ( ‘kqf)dj.k vFkkZr ^îki ds lkeFkZ ls

NqVdkjk** vkSj efgfer vFkkZr ^îki dh mifLFkfr ls NqVdkjk**A

nks”keqfDr vkSj ‘kqf)dj.k nksuksa gh ijes’oj ds vuqxzg ds dk;Z gSa] tks

fo’oklh dks elhg ij fo’okl djus ds dkj.k fn, tkrs gSaA u;k fu;e

‘kqf)dj.k dks Hkh izxfr’khy dk;Z crkrk gS elhg dh lekurk dh vksjA

blfy, /keZ’kkL=h ^înoh; ‘kqf)dj.k** vkSj ^îzxfr’khy ‘kqf)dj.k** dh ckr

djrs gSaA ;g gS eq¶r m)kj dk jgL; gS tks HkfDriw.kZ thou ls tqM+k gqvk

gSA

^îjes’oj ds Øks/k ls**

;g Hkfo”; dk lanHkZ gSA ckbcy ijes’oj ds egku] ftlds ge ;ksX; ugha

,sls izse ds ckjs esa crkrh gS ij lkFk gh ;g iki vkSj fonzksg ds fo:/k

ijes’oj ds Lrj dks Hkh crkrh gSA ijes’oj us elhg ds }kjk m)kj vkSj

{kek dk ekxZ rS;kj fd;k gS ijUrq tks mudk R;kx djrs gSa os ijes’oj ds

Øks/k ds v/khu gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-1%18&3%20½A ;g vkLFkk dk okD;ka’k gS ij

okLrfodrk dks izxV djrk gSA ;g cgqr gh Hk;kud ckr gS fd ge

Øksf/kr ijes’oj ds gkFkksa esa iM+sa ¼bczk-10%31½A

5%10

^^;fn**

;g igys ntsZ dk ‘krZ okD; gS tks ys[kd ds ut+fj;s ls muds ys[k ds

fy, lR; gSA ekuork] ijes’oj dh egkure l`f”V] ‘k=q cu xbZA euq”;

333

¼mRi-3%5½ vkSj ‘kSrku ¼;’kk-14%14( ;gs-28%2[ 12&17½ dh ,d leku leL;k

Fkh] vf/kdkj dh bPNk vkSj ijes’oj ds rqY; cuus dh bPNkA

^^gekjk esy ijes’oj ds lkFk gqvk gS vkSj esy gksus ds

dkj.k**

fØ;k ^^esy** dk okLrfod vFkZ gS ^^vkil esa cnyuk**A ijes’oj us gekjs

vijk/kksa dks ;h’kq dh /kkfeZdrk ls cny fy;k gS ¼;’kk-53%4&6½A ‘kkfUr iqu%

LFkkfir dh xbZ ¼jksfe;ksa-5%1½A

^^muds iq= dh e`R;q ds }kjk**

{kek dk lqlekpkj vk/kkfjr gS ¼1½ ijes’oj ds izse( ¼2½ elhg ds dk;Z( ¼3½

ifo= vkRek ds }kjk tUe vkSj ¼4½ fo’okl vkSj i’pkrki ds izfrmRrj ijA

ijes’oj ds lkeus lgh gksus dk vkSj dksbZ ekxZ ugha gS ¼;wg-14%6½A m)kj

dh iq”Vh f=,d ijes’oj ds pfj= ij vk/kkfjr gS euq”;ksa ds dk;ksZa ij

ughaA lgh ckr ;g gS fd Hkys dke m)kj ikus ds ckn eq¶r m)kj dk

lcwr gS ¼;kdwc vkSj 1;wgUuk½A

^^ge cpk, tk,saxs**

u;k fu;e m)kj dks Hkwrdky] orZeku vkSj Hkfo”; dky ds :i esa izxV

djrk gSA Hkfo”; elhg ds nwljs vkxeu esa gekjs fl) vkSj iw.kZ m)kj dks

izxV djrk gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k uksV vk;r 9 vkSj fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 10%13A

^^muds thou ds }kjk**

334

thou ds fy, ;wukuh ‘kCn t+kvks gSA ;wgUuk ds ys[kksa esa ;g iqu:RFkku

thou] vuUr thou vkSj ijes’oj ds jkT; ds thou dks izxV djrk gSA

ikSyql us Hkh blh /keZ’kkL=h; fopkj esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bl lanHkZ

dh egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ijes’oj us fo’okfl;ksa dh {kek ds fy, Hkkjh

dher pqdkbZ gS og bls cjdjkj j[ksaxsA

^^thou** izxV djrk gS ¼1½ elhg dk iqu:RFkku ¼jksfe;ksa-8%34( 1dqfj-15½(

¼2½ ;h’kq dk e/;LFk dk dk;Z ¼jksfe;ksa-8%34( bczk-7%25( 1;wg-2%1½( vkSj ¼3½

ifo= vkRek gekjs vUnj elhg dks jp jgh gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-8%29( xyk-4%19½A

ikSyql izekf.kr djrs gSa fd ;h’kq elhg dk i`Foh dk thou vkSj e`R;q vkSj

lkFk gh mudk mBk;k tkuk gekjs esyfeyki dk vk/kkj gSaA

5%11 ^^dsoy ;gh ugha] ijUrq**

nsf[k, vk;r 3 dk uksVA

^^ge Hkh ?ke.M djsaxs**

nsf[k, uksV 5%2A ;g ^^?ke.M** dk bl lanHkZ esa rhljk iz;ksx gSA

1½ efgek dh vk’kk esa ?ke.M djuk] 5%2

2½ Dys’k esa ?ke.M djuk] 5%3

3½ esyfeyki esa ?ke.M djuk] 5%11

udkjkRed ?ke.M 2%17] 23 esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

335

^^gekjk esy gqvk gS**

;g iw.kZ dk;Z gSA fo’okfl;ksa ds esyfeyki ds ckjs esa jksfe;ksa-5%10 vkSj

2dqfj5%18&21( bfQ-2%16&22( dqyq-1%19&23 Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl lanHkZ

esa ^^esyfeyki**] ^^/kehZ Bgjk, tkus** dk /keZ’kkL=h; lekukFkZ gSA

jksfe;ksa-5%12&14

12 blfy;s tSlk ,d euq"; ds }kjk iki txr esa vk;k] vkSj iki ds }kjk

e`R;q vkbZ] vkSj bl jhfr ls e`R;q lc euq";ksa esa QSy xbZ] blfy;s fd lc

us iki fd;kA

13 D;ksafd O;oLFkk ds fn, tkus rd iki txr esa rks Fkk] ijUrq tgka

O;oLFkk ugha] ogka iki fxuk ugha tkrkA

14 rkSHkh vkne ls ysdj ewlk rd e`R;q us mu yksxksa ij Hkh jkT; fd;k]

ftUgksa us ml vkne ds vijk/k dh ukbZa tks ml vkusokys dk fpUg gS] iki

u fd;kA

5%11

^^blfy,**

336

jksfe;ksa esa blfy, dk iz;ksx cgqr gh j.kfufr ds lkFk fofHkUu LFkkuksa esa

fd;k x;k gS ¼5%1( 8%1( 12%1½A vuqokn dk iz’u ;g gS fd og fdlls tqM+s

gSaA ;g ‘kk;n ikSyql ds iwjs rdZ dks lEcksf/kr djus dk rjhdk gks ldrk

gSA fu’p; gS fd ;g mRifr dks lEcksf/kr djrk gS vkSj] blfy,] lEHkor%

jksfe;ksa-1%18&32 dksA

^^tSlk ,d euq"; ds }kjk iki txr esa vk;k**

vkne dk iru e`R;q yk;k ¼1dqfj-15%22½A ckbcy iki dh ‘kq:okr ij

vk/kkfjr ugha gSA iki LoxZnwrksa ds lalkj esa Hkh gqvk ¼mRi-3 vkSj izdk-

12%7&9½A dc vkSj dSls ;g vfuf’pr gS ¼;’kk-14%12&27( ;gs-28%12&19(

v¸;-4%18( eRrh-25%41( ywdk-10%18( ;wg-12%31( izdk-12%7&9½A

vkne ds iki esa nks ckrsa ‘kkfey Fkha ¼1½ fuf’pr vkKk dk mYya?ku ¼mRi-

2%16&17½] vkSj ¼2½ Lo;a ij vk/kkfjr ?ke.M ¼mRi-3%5&6½A ;g mRi-3 dh

vksj ladsr jksfe;ksa-1%18&32 esa ‘kq: gqvkA

;g iki dh /keZ’kkL=h; f’k{kk gh ikSyql dks jfCc;ksa dh f’k{kk ls vyx

djrh gSA jCch mRi-3 ij dsUnzhr ugha gksrs cYdh og dgrs gSa fd gjsd

euq”; esa nks ^^bPNk,sa** ¼dqRrs&;sVt+jl½ gksrh gSaA mudk lcls izfl) dFku

gS ^^gjsd euq”; ds g`n; esa dkyk vkSj lQsn dqRrk gksrk gSA ftls rqe

vf/kd f[kykrs gks ogh cyoku gks tkrk gS**A ikSyql us iki dks ifo=

ijes’oj vkSj mudh l`f”V ds chp iki dks izeq[k :dkoV ds :i esa ns[kkA

ikSyql Øekoj /keZ’kkL=h ugha Fks ¼tsEl LVhoMZ] , eSu bu ØkbLV½A mUgksaus

iki ds fofHkUu tud crk, ¼1½ vkne dk iru( ¼2½ ‘kSrkuh ijh{kk,sa vkSj

¼3½ euq”; dk izxfr’khy fonzksgA

337

/keZ’kkL=h; foifjr vkSj ln`’; vFkZ esa vkne vkSj ;h’kq ds e/; nks lEHko

ckrsa gSaA

1½ vkne okLrfod ,sfrgkfld O;fDr FksA

2½ ;h’kq okLrfod euq”; FksA

;g nksuksa lR; >wBh f’k{kkvksa ds chp ckbcy dks lkfcr djrs gSaA ^^,d

O;fDr** ;k ^^,d** ds ckj ckj iz;ksx ij /;ku nhft,A bl lanHkZ esa 11

ckj bu nks ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx ;h’kq vkSj vkne dks izLrqr djus ds fy, fd;k

x;k gSA

^^iki }kjk e`R;q**

ckbcy e`R;q ds rhu Lrjksa dks izxV djrh gS ¼1½ vkfRed e`R;q ¼mRi-2%17(

3%1&7( bfQ-2%1½( ¼2½ ‘kkjhfjd e`R;q ¼mRi-5½( vkSj ¼3½ vuUr e`R;q ¼izdk-

2%11( 20%6] 14( 21%8½A bl lanHkZ esa ftldks ft+Ø fd;k x;k gS og vkne

dh vkfRed e`R;q gS ¼mRi-3%14&19½ ftldk ifj.kke lkjh ekuo tkfr dh

‘kkjhfjd e`R;q gqvk ¼mRi-5½A

^^e`R;q lHkh euq”;ksa esa QSy xbZ**

bl vuqPNsn dk izeq[k fo”k; iki ¼jksfe;ksa-5%16&19( 1dqfj-15%22( xyk-1%10½

vkSj e`R;q dk lkoZHkkSfed gksuk gSA

^^D;ksafd lcus iki fd;k**

izR;sd euq”; us vkne dh lgHkkfxrk esa iki fd;k gS ¼ikie; Lrj vkSj

mRrjkf/kdkj½A blfy, gjsd euq”; O;fDrxr :i ls vkSj yxkrkj iki

338

djus dk pquko djrk gSA ckbcy cgqr gh Li”V gS fd izR;sd euq”;

lgHkkfxrk esa vkSj O;fDrxr :i esa ikih gS ¼1jktk-8%46( 2bfr-6%36( Hk-la-

14%1&2( 130%3( 143%2( uhfr-20%9( lHkks-7%20( ;’kk-9%17] 53%6( jksfe;ksa-3%9&18]

23( 5%18( 11%32( xyk-3%22( 1;wg-1%8&10½A

fQj Hkh ;g dgk tkuk pkfg, fd lanHkZ dk t+ksj ¼jksfe;ksa-5%15&19½ bl

ckr ij gS fd ,d dk;Z }kjk e`R;q vkbZ ¼vkne½ vkSj ,d dk;Z }kjk

thou vk;k ¼;h’kq½A fQj Hkh ijes’oj us euq”; ds lkFk lEcU/k dks bruk

Øekuqlkj cuk fn;k fd ^^[kks, iu** vkSj ^^/kehZ Bgjk, tkus** esa euq”; dk

izfrmRrj egRoiw.kZ gSA euq”; iwjh rjg ls vius Hkfo”; y{; ds fy,

ft+Eesnkj gSA og ;k rks yxkrkj iki djus dk pquko djrs gSa ;k fQj

elhg dk pquko djrs gSaA os bu nksuksa pqukoksa dks izHkkfor ugha dj ldrs

ij Li”V jhfr ls izxV djrs gSa fd og fdlesa ‘kkfey gSaA

^bl dkj.k* dk vuqokn lkekU; gS ij bldk vFkZ vDlj rdZ’khy gSA

ikSyql bQgks dk iz;ksx djrs gSa 2dqfj-5%4( fQfy-3%12( 4%10 esa ^^bl dkj.k**

ds fopkj esaA blfy, gjsd euq”; ijes’oj ds fo:/k iki vkSj fonzksg esa

O;fDrxr :i ls Hkkx ysrk gSA dqN fo’ks”k izdk’ku dks R;kxus ds }kjk ij

lHkh izkd`frd izdk’ku dks R;kxus ds }kjk ¼jksfe;ksa-1%18&3%20½A

5%13&14

;gh lR; jksfe;ksa-4%15 vkSj izfjr-17%30 esa Hkh fl[kk;k x;k gSA ijes’oj

U;k;h gSaA euq”; tks mlds fy, miyC/k gS mlds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSA ;g

vk;r fo’ks”k izdk’ku dh ckr dj jgk gS ¼iqjkuk fu;e] ;h’kq] u;k fu;e½]

izkd`frd izdk’ku ds ckjs esa ugha ¼jksfe;ksa-1%18&3%20½A

/;ku nhft, fd ,u ds ts oh vk;r 12 dh rqyuk dks yEcs in esa

foPNsn djrk gS ¼5%13&17½ dh mlds lkjka’k ds lkFk 5%18&20 esaA

339

5%14

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh] ts ch ^ê`R;q us jkT; fd;k**

,u vkj ,l oh ^ê`R;q us izHkqrk dh**

Vh b oh ^êqR;q dk jkT;**

e`R;q us jktk ds leku jkT; fd;k ¼jksfe;ksa-5%17] 21½A ;g iki vkSj e`R;q

dk O;fDr:i.k bl v/;k; vkSj v/;k; 6 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA lkjs

lalkj }kjk e`R;q dk vuqHko ekuo tkfr ds lkoZHkkSfed iki dks lkfcr

djrk gSA vk;r 17 vkSj 21 esa vuqxzg dks O;fDr:i fn;k x;k gSA vuqxzg

jkT; djrk gSA ekuo ds ikl pquko gS ¼iqjkus fu;e ds nks jkLrs½% e`R;q

vkSj thouA vkids thou esa dkSu jkT; djrk gS\

^^ftUgksaus ml vkne ds vijk/k dh ukbZ tks ml vkusokys dk

fpUg gS] iki u fd;k**

vkne us ijes’oj }kjk dgh xbZ vkKk dk mYya?ku fd;k ;gk¡ rd fd

gOok us Hkh ,slk iki ugha fd;kA mUgksaus vkne ls isM+ ds ckjs esa lquk Fkk

ijes’oj ls lh/ks ughaA ewlk rd vkne }kjk vk, euq”; vkne ds fonzksg

ls izHkkfor gq,A mUgksaus ijes’oj dh lh/kh vkKk dk mYya?ku ugha fd;k]

ijUrq 1%18&32] tks fd fu’p; gh bl /keZ’kkL=h; lanHkZ dk Hkkx gS] izxV

djrk gS fd mUgksaus ml T;ksfr dk mYya?ku fd;k tks muesa Fkh tks mUgsa

340

izd`fr ls feyh Fkh blfy, og fonzksg vkSj iki ds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSaA

vkne dk iki dk mRrjkf/kdkj mudh larku esa QSy x;kA

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh] ,u vkj ,l oh

^^tks mUgha ds leku gS tks vkus okys gSa**

Vh b oh ^^vkne mudk fpUg gSa tks vkus okys gSa**

ts ch ^^vkne mudk iwoZ fpUg gSa tks vkus okys gSa**

;g Li”V :i ls vkne&elhg ds :id dks O;Dr djrk gS ¼1dqfj-

15%21&22] 45&49( fQfy-2%6&8½A nksuksa gh tkfr ds ‘kq:okr ds :i esa ns[ks

tkrs gSa ¼1dqfj-15%45&49½A vkne iqjkus fu;e ls ,d ek= O;fDr gSa ftUgsa

u, fu;e }kjk ^^:id** dgk x;k gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % lkapk ¼Vwiksl½

6%17A

jksfe;ksa-5%15&17

15 ij tSlk vijk/k dh n'kk gS] oSlh vuqxzg ds cjnku dh ugha] D;ksafd

tc ,d euq"; ds vijk/k ls cgqr yksx ejs] rks ijes'oj dk vuqxzg vkSj

mldk tks nku ,d euq"; ds] vFkkZr~ ;h'kq elhg ds vuqxzg ls gqvk cgqrsjs

ykxksa ij vo'; gh vf/kdkbZ ls gqvkA

16 vkSj tSlk ,d euq"; ds iki djus dk Qy gqvk] oSlk gh nku dh n'kk

341

ugha] D;ksafd ,d gh ds dkj.k n.M dh vkKk dk QSlyk gqv] ijUrq cgqrsjs

vijk/kksa ls ,slk cjnku mRiUu gqvk] fd yksx /kehZ BgjsA

17 D;ksafd tc ,d euq"; ds vijk/k ds djk.k e`R;q us ml ,d gh ds

}kjk jkT; fd;k] rks tks yksx vuqxzg vkSj /keZ:eh cjnku cgqrk;r ls ikrs

gSa os ,d euq"; ds] vFkkZr~ ;h'kq elhg ds }kjk vo'; gh vuUr thou esa

jkT; djsaxsA

5%15&19

;g lkfcr fd;k gqvk rdZ gS ln`’; okD;ka’kksa dk iz;ksx djdsA ,u , ,l

ch] ,u vkj ,l oh vkSj Vh b oh vuqPNsn dks vk;r 18 esa ck¡V nsrs gSaA

tcdh ;w ch ,l] ,u ds ts oh vkSj ts ch bldk vuqokn ,d gh Hkkx ds

:i esa djrs gSaA ;kn jf[k, fd okLrfod ys[kd ds vFkZ dk vuqokn djus

dh dqUth gS ,d vuqPNsn esa ,d eq[; lR; gSA /;ku nhft, fd 15] 16

esa ^^dbZ** 12] 18 ds ^^lHkh** dk lekukFkZ gSA ;g ;’kk-53%11&12 vkSj

jksfe;ksa-5%6 esa Hkh lR; gSA bu ‘kCnksa dks vk/kkj cukdj dksbZ /keZ’kkL=h;

fHkUurk ugha cukuh pkfg, ¼dSYohu ds pqus gq, vkSj u&pqus gq,½A

5%15 ^^eq¶r ojnku**

§ bl lanHkZ esa ^ojnku* ds fy, nks vyx vyx ‘kCn gSa & dfj’ek]

5%15] 16 ¼6%23½ vkSj Mksjs;k@Mksjkek] 5%15] 16] 17 ¼nsf[k, uksV

3%24½ & ij ;s lekukFkZ gSaA;g m)kj ds ckjs esa ‘kqHk lekpkj gSA ;g

elhg ;h’kq }kjk ijes’oj dk eq¶r ojnku gS ¼jksfe;ksa-3%24( 6%23( bfQ-

2%8] 9½ mu lHkh ds fy, tks elhg ij fo’okl djrs gSaA

342

§ ^^;fn** ;g igys ntsZ dk ‘krZ okD; gS tks ys[kd ds ut+fj;s ls

muds ys[k ds fy, lR; gSA vkne dk iki lkjh ekuo tkfr ds

fy, e`R;q yk;kA ;g vk;r 17 ds ln`’; gSA

§ ^^vf/kdkbZ** nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 15%13A

5%16 ^^n.M---/kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk**

;g nksuksa dh dkuwuh ‘kCn gSaA vDlj iqjkuk fu;e Hkfo”;}rkvksa ds lans’k

dks U;k;ky; eap ij izxV djrk gSA ikSyql bl lkaps dk iz;ksx djrs gSa

¼jksfe;ksa-8%31&34½A

5%17 ^^;fn**


fy, lR; gSA vkne ds vkKk mYya?ku dk ifj.kke lkjs euq”;ksa dh e`R;q

gSA

§ ^^tks cgqr vf/kd ikrs gSa**

vk;r 18&19 /keZ’kkL=h; :i ls rkSy esa ugha gSaA ;g okD;ka’k jksfe;ksa-1&8

ds lanHkZ ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj lkoZHkkSe ds lcwr ewyikB ds

:i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼fd lHkh vUr esa cp tk,saxs½A euq”; dks

vko’;d gS fd og elhg esa ijes’oj ds ojnku dks xzg.k djs ¼jksfe;ksa-

5%17[k½A m)kj lc ds fy, ekStqn gS ij bls O;fDrxr :i ls xzg.k djuk

vko’;d gS ¼;wg-1%12( 3%16( jksfe;ksa-10%9&13½A

vkne ds fonzksg ds ,d dk;Z us lkjh ekuo tkfr ds fonzksg dks mRiUu

fd;kA iki dk ,d dk;Z cgqr c<+ x;kA ijUrq elhg esa ,d /kkfeZd

cfynku us c<+dj izR;sd O;fDr ds O;fDrxr ikiksa ds lkFk lkFk iki ds

lk>k izHkko dks <k¡i fn;kA ^^cgqr vf/kd** elhg ds dk;Z ij t+ksj fn;k

x;k gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%9] 10] 15] 17½A vuqxzg dh vf/kdkbZA

343

5%17] 18 ^^/kkfeZdrk dk ojnku thou esa jkT; djsxk--- thou

dk /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk**

;h’kq ijes’oj ds ojnku vkSj ifrr ekuo tkfr dh vkfRed t+:jr dks iwjk

djus ds fy, ijes’oj dk mik; gSa ¼1dqfj-1%30½A bu ln`’; okD;ka’kksa dk

vFkZ gks ldrk gS ¼1½ ikih ekuo tkfr dks ;h’kq elhg ds iw.kZ dk;Z ds }kjk

ijes’oj ds lkeus lgh LFkku feyk ftldk ifj.kke ^^HkfDriw.kZ thou** gS(

¼2½ ;g okD;ka’k ^^vuUr thou** dk lekukFkZ gSA lanHkZ igys Hkkx dks lgh

Bgjkrk gSA /kkfeZdrk ds fy, nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%17A

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ijes’oj ds jkT; esa jkt djuk

elhg ds lkFk jkt djuk ^^ijes’oj dk jkT;** ds /keZ’kkL=h; f’k{kk {ks= dk

,d Hkkx gSA ;g iqjkus fu;e ls fy;k x;k fopkj gS tgk¡ ijes’oj blzk,y

ds lPps jktk Fks ¼1’kew-8%7½A mUgksaus :id rkSj ij jkt fd;k ¼1’kew-8%7(

10%17&19½ ;gwnk xkS= ds oa’k }kjk ¼mRi-49%10½ vkSj f;’kS ds ifjokj }kjk

¼2’kew-7½A

;h’kq iqjkus fu;e dh elhgk ds ckjs esa Hkfo”;}k.kh ds iwjd gSaA mUgksaus

cSryge esa vius tUe }kjk ijes’oj ds jkT; dh ‘kq:okr dhA ;h’kq ds

izpkj dk e/; LrEHk ijes’oj dk jkT; cu x;kA jkT; iwjh rjg ls mUgha

esa vk;k ¼eRrh-10%7( 11%12( 12%28( ejdql-1%15( ywdk-10%9] 11( 11%20(

16%16( 17%20&21½A

;g jkT; Hkfo”; Hkh gSA ;g orZeku gS ij iwjk ugha gqvk ¼eRrh-6%10( 8%11(

344

16%28( 22%1&14( 26%29( ywdk-9%27( 11%2( 13%29( 14%10&24( 22%16] 18½A

igys ;h’kq nq%[k mBkus okys nkl ds :i esa vk, ¼;’kk-52%13&53%12½( uez

gksdj vk, ¼td-9%9½ ij og jktkvksa ds jktk ds :i esa okil vk,saxs

¼eRrh-2%2( 21%5( 27%11&14½A ^^jkt djus** dk fopkj ^^jkT;** ds /keZ’kkL=h;

f’k{kk dk Hkkx gSA ijes’oj us jkT; ;h’kq ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks fn;k gS ¼nsf[k,

ywdk-12%32½A

elhg ds lkFk jkT; djus ds dbZ fopkj vkSj iz’u gSa%

1½ D;k ewyikB ;g lkfcr djrk gS fd ijes’oj us elhg esa fo’okfl;ksa ds

tks ^^jkT;** fn;k gS oks ^^jkt** djus dks izxV djrk gS ¼eRrh-5%3] 10(

ywdk-12%32½\

2½ D;k igyh lnh esa ;gwnh psyksa dks ;h’kq }kjk dgs x, ‘kCn fo’okfl;ksa

dks Hkh izLrqr djrs gSa ¼eRrh19%28( ywdk-22%28&30½\

3½ D;k ikSyql }kjk bl thou esa jkt djus ij t+ksj Åij ds ewyikB ds

foifjr gS ;k fQj mldh ljkguk djus okyk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%17( 1dqfj-4%8½\

4½ nq%[k mBkuk vkSj jkt djuk dSls lEcfU/kr gS ¼jksfe;ksa-8%17( 2rheq-

2%11&12( 1ir-4%13( izdk-1%9½\

5½ izdkf’krokD; dk ckj ckj nksgjk;k tkus okyk dsUnzh; fo”k; gS efgfer

elhg ds jkR; dks ck¡VukA

d- i`Foh dk] izdk-5%10

[k- 1000 o”kZ dk] izdk-20%5] 6

x- vuUr dk] izdk-2%26( 3%21( 22%5 vkSj nkfu-7%14] 18] 27

345

jksfe;ksa-5%18&21

18 blfy;s tSlk ,d vijk/k lc euq";ksa ds fy;s n.M dh

vkKk dk dkj.k gqvk] oslk gh ,d /keZ dk dke Hkh lc

euq";ksa ds fy;s thou ds fufeÙk /kehZ Bgjk, tkus dk dkj.k

gqvkA 19 D;ksafd tSlk ,d euq"; ds vkKk u ekuus ls cgqr

yksx ikih Bgjs] oSls gh ,d euq"; ds vkKk ekuus ls cgqr

yksx /kehZ BgjsaxsA 20 vkSj O;oLFkk chp esa vk xbZ] fd

vijk/k cgqr gks] ijUrq tgka iki cgqr gqvk] ogka vuqxzg ml

ls Hkh dgha vf/kd gqvkA 21 fd tSlk iki us e`R;q QSykrs gq,

jkT; fd;k] oSlk gh gekjs izHkq ;h'kq elhg ds }kjk vuqxzg Hkh

vuUr thou ds fy;s /kehZ Bgjkrs gq, jkT; djsA

5%18

,u , ,l ch ^^oSls gh ,d /keZ dk dke Hkh lc euq";ksa ds

fy;s thou ds fufeÙk /kehZ Bgjk, tkus dk dkj.k gqvk**

,u ds ts oh ^^oSls gh ,d O;fDr ds /kkfeZd dk;Z ds }kjk

eq¶r ojnku lHkh euq”;ksa ds ikl vk;k**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^blfy, ,d O;fDr ds /kkfeZdrk ds dke

us lHkh dks /kehZ Bgjku dk dke fd;k**

346

Vh b oh ^^mlh rjg ,d O;fDr ds /kkfeZdrk dk dk;Z lHkh

euq”;ksa dks Lora= djrk gS vkSj mUgsa thou nsrk gS**

ts ch ^^blfy, ,d O;fDr ds Hkys dke lcds fy, thou

yk, vkSj mUgsa /kehZ Bgjk;k**

;g ,slk ugha dg jgk gS fd gjsd cp tk,sxkA bl vk;r dk vuqokn

jksfe;ksa ds lans’k vkSj blds ut+fndh lanHkZ ls vyx ugha fd;k tk

ldrkA ;g ;h’kq elhg ds thou] e`R;q vkSj iqu:RFkku ds }kjk ekuo

tkfr ds izHkko’kkyh m)kj dks lEcksf/kr djrk gSA ekuo tkfr dks fo’okl

vkSj i’pkrki ds }kjk lqlekpkj ds volj dk izfrmRrj nsuk gksxk

¼ejdql-1%15( izsfjr-3%16] 19( 20%21½A ijes’oj ges’kk igy djrs gSa ¼;wg-

6%44] 65½] ijUrq mUgksaus ;g Hkh pquko fd;k gS fd izR;sd O;fDr dks

O;fDrxr rkSj ij izfrmRrj nsuk gksxk ¼ejdql-1%15( ;wg-1%12( jksfe;ksa-

10%9&13½A mudk volj lcds fy, gS ¼1rheq-2%4] 6( 2ir-3%9( 1;wg-2%2½]

ij iki dk jgL; ;g gS fd cgqr ls ^^ugha** dgsaxsA

^/kkfeZdrk dk dk;Z* ;k rks ¼1½ ;h’kq dk vkKkdkfjrk dk iwjk thou vkSj

ijes’oj dk izdk’ku gS ;k ¼2½ fo’ks”k :i ls ikih ekuo tkfr ds cnys

mudh e`R;qA tSls ,d O;fDr ds thou us lcdks izHkkfor fd;k ¼lHkh

;gwfn;ksa dks] ;gks-7½ oSls gh ,d funksZ”k thou us Hkh lcdks izHkkfor fd;kA

;g nksuksa dk;Z ln`’; gS ij leku ughaA lHkh vkne ds iki ls izHkkfor

gq,] ijUrq lHkh dsoy lkeFkZ :i ls ;h’kq }kjk izHkkfor gq, ijUrq dsoy

fo’oklh gh /kehZ Bgjk, tk,saxsA ;h’kq dk dk;Z Hkh ekuo iki dks izHkkfor

djrk gS] mu yksxksa ds fy, tks fo’okl vkSj xzg.k djrs gSa] muds Hkwrdky]

orZeku vkSj Hkfo”;dky ds ikiksa ijA

347

5%18&19 ^^lHkh euq”;ksa ds fy, n.M---lHkh euq”;ksa dks thou

ds fy, /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk---cgqr ls ikih cuk, x,---cgqr ls

/kehZ cuk, x,**

;g ln`’; okD;ka’k gS ;g crkus ds fy, fd ^^cgqr** ‘kCn lhfer ugha ij

cgqvFkZ dk ‘kCn gSA ;gh lekurk ;’kk-53%6 ds ^^lHkh** vkSj 53%11] 12 ds

^^cgqr** esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ^^cgqr** ‘kCn dk iz;ksx lhfer :i ls ugha fd;k

tk ldrk fd ;s lkjh ekuo tkfr ds fy, ijes’oj }kjk m)kj ds volj

dks lhfer dj ns ¼dSYohu ds] pqus gq, vkSj u&pqus gq,½A

nks fØ;k foHkfDr;ksa ij /;ku nhft,A os ijes’oj ds dk;Z dks lEcksf/kr

djrh gSaA ijes’oj ds pfj= ds lEcU/k esa euq”; dk iki vkSj os ijes’oj

ds pfj= ds lEcU/k esa /kehZ Bgjk, x,A

5%19 ^^,d O;fDr dh vukKkdkfjrk---,d O;fDr dh

vkKkdkfjrk**

ikSyql iqjkus fu;e ds lk>s /keZ’kkL=h; fopkj dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ,d

O;fDr ds dk;Z us iwjs lekt dks izHkkfor fd;k ¼vkdku ;gks-7½A vkne

vkSj gOok ds vkKk mYya?ku us lkjh l`f”V dks ijes’oj ds U;k; ds lkeus

[kM+k dj fn;k ¼mRi-3½A vkne ds fonzksg ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkjh l`f”V

izHkkfor gqbZ ¼jksfe;ksa-8%18&25½A lalkj oks gh ugha gSA euq”; Hkh oks gh ugha

gSaA e`R;q i`Foh ds thou dk vUr cu xbZ ¼mRi-3½A ;g oks lalkj ugha gSa

tSlk ijes’oj pkgrs FksA

blh fopkj esa ;h’kq fd ,d vkKkdkjh dk;Z] dyojh] dk ifj.kke ¼1½ ,d

u;k ;qx( ¼2½ u,s yksx( ¼3½ ,d ubZ okpk gqbZA bl izfrfuf/kRo /keZ’kkL=

dks ^^vkne&elhg :id** dgrs gSa ¼fQfy-2%6½A ;h’kq nwljs vkne gSaA og

ifrr ekuo tkfr ds fy, ubZ ‘kq:okr gSaA

§ ^^/kehZ cuk;k** nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%17A

348

5%20

,u , ,l ch ^^vkSj O;oLFkk chp esa vk xbZ fd vijk/k

cgqr gksa**

,u ds ts oh ^Ô;oLFkk vk xbZ] fd vijk/k cgqr gksa**

,u vkj ,l oh ^îj O;oLFkk chp esa vk xbZ] blds

ifj.kkeLo:i vijk/k c<+ x,**

Vh b oh ^Ô;oLFkk dks ifjfpr djk;k x;k rkdh

xyr dke c<+ tk,sa**

ts ch ^^tc O;oLFkk vkbZ] rks blus fxjus ds voljksa

dks c<+k fn;k**

O;oLFkk dk mn~ns’; ekuo tkfr dk m)kj djuk ugha Fkk cYdh mldh

t+:jr vkSj ykpkjh dks izxV djuk Fkk ¼bfQ-2%1&3½ rkdh mUgsa elhg ds

ikl yk lds ¼jksfe;ksa-3%20( 4%15( 7%5( xyk-3%19] 23&26½A O;oLFkk vPNh gS

ijUrq euq”; ikih gSA

§ ^^vuqxzg ml ls Hkh dgha vf/kd gqvk**

bl Hkkx esa ;g ikSyql dk izeq[k cks> gSA iki Hk;kud vkSj dqfVy gS ij

vuqxzg blds dBksj izHkko ds Åij gSA ;g igyh lnh dh ‘kq:okrh

dyhfl;k dks mRlkfgr djus dk rjhdk FkkA os elhg esa t;oar Fks

¼jksfe;ksa-5%9&11( 8%31&39( 1;wg-5%4½A ;g vf/kd iki djus ds fy,

349

izek.ki= ugha gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ikSyql }kjk gqij fefJr ‘kCnksa dk

iz;ksx 1%30A

5%21

nksuksa ^^iki** vkSj ^^vuqxzg** dks O;fDr:id cukdj jktk ds :i esa izLrqr

fd;k x;k gSA iki lkoZHkkSfed e`R;q ds lkeFkZ }kjk jkt djrk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-

5%14] 17½A vuqxzg Fkksih xbZ /kkfeZdrk ds lkeFkZ }kjk] tks elhg ds iwjk

fd, gq, dk;Z rFkk fo’oklh ds O;fDrxr fo’okl vkSj i’pkrki ls

lqlekpkj dk izfrmRrj nsus ls vkrh gS] jkt dkjrk gSA

ijes’oj ds u, tu] elhg dh nsg] elhgh Hkh elhg ds lkFk jkt djsaxs

¼jksfe;ksa-5%17( 2rheq-2%12( izdk-22%5½A ;g i`Foh ij ;k 1000 o”kZ ds jkt esa

ns[kk tk ldrk gS ¼izdk-5%9&10( 20½A ckbcy Hkh blh lR; ds ckjs esa ckr

djrh gS ;g lkfcr djrs gq, fd jkT; larksa dks fn;k x;k gS ¼eRrh-5%3]

10( ywdk-12%32( bfQ-2%5&6½A nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ijes’oj ds jkT; esa

jkt djuk 5%17A

ppkZ ds fy, iz’u





;g iz’u ppkZ ds fy, blfy, fn, x, gSa rkdh vki bl Hkkx dh eq[;

ckrksa ij fopkj dj ldksA ;s fopkjksa dks tkx`r djus ds fy, gSa u fd

ifjHkk”kk izLrqr djus okysA

350

1½ ijes’oj dh ^^/kkfeZdrk** dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2½ ^înoh; ‘kqf)dj.k** vkSj ^îzxfr’khy lEiRrh** ds chp D;k /keZ’kkL=h;

vUrj gS\

3½ D;k ge vuqxzg ;k fo’okl }kjk cpk, x, gS ¼bfQ-2%8&9½\

4½ elhfg;ksa dks D;ksa nq%[k Hkksxuk iM+rk gS\

5½ D;k ge m)kj ik pqds gSa ;k m)kj ik jgs gSa ;k m)kj ik,saxs\

6½ D;k ge ikih gSa D;ksafd ge iki djrs gSa ;k ge iki djrs gSa D;ksafd

ge ikih gSa\

7½ bl v/;k; esa ^^/kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk**] ^^m)kj ;k cpk;k tkuk** vkSj

^êsyfeyki** ‘kCn dSls lEcfU/kr gSa\

8½ ijes’oj eq>s D;ksa nwljs O;fDr ds iki dk ft+Eesnkj Bgjkrs gSa tks gt+kjksa

lky igys thfor Fks ¼jksfe;ksa-5%12&21½\

9½ vkne vkSj ewlk ds chp ds le; esa D;ksa lHkh ej x, tc ml le;

iki fxuk ugha tkrk Fkk ¼jksfe;ksa-5%13&14½\

10½ D;k ‘kCn ^^lHkh** vkSj ^^cgqr** lekukFkZ gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-5%18&19( ;’kk-53%6]

11&12½\

351

jksfe;ksa & 6


;w ch ,l ,u ds ts oh ,u vkj ,l oh Vh b oh ts ch

iki ds fy,

ej x, ij

elhg esa

thfor gSa

iki ds fy,

ej x,]

ijes’oj ds

fy, thfor

gSa

elhg ds lkFk

ejuk vkSj iqu%

thfor gksuk

iki ds

fy, ej

x, ij

elhg esa

thfor gSa

cifrLek

6%1&11 6%1&14 6%1&4 6%1&4 6%1&7

6%5&11 6%5&11

6%8&11

ifo=rk] iki

ekfyd ugha

6%12&14 6%12&14 6%12&14 6%12&14 6%12&14

/kkfeZdrk ds

nkl

iki ds nkl

ls ijes’oj

ds nkl

nks nklRo /kkfeZdrk

ds nkl

elhgh iki

ds nklRo ls

Lora= gS

6%15&23 6%15&23 6%15&19 6%15&19 6%15&19

iki dk

izfrQy vkSj

352

ifo=rk dk

izfrQy

6%20&23 6%20&23 6%20&23

v/;;u dkypØ rhu










vFkZ gksrk gSA

1½ igyk vuqPNsn

2½ nwljk vuqPNsn

3½ rhljk vuqPNsn

4½ bR;kfn

353

izklafxd vUrjn`f”V

d- v/;k; 6%1&8%39 ,d gh fopkj dk Hkkx gS tks elhfg;ksa ds iki ds

lkFk lEcU/k dks izxV djrk gSA ;g cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ppkZ gS D;ksafd

lqlekpkj elhg }kjk ijes’oj ds ftlds ge ;ksX; ugha ,sls eq¶r vuqxzg

ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼jksfe;ksa-3%21&5%21½ blfy, iki dSls fo’oklh dks izHkkfor

djrk gS\ v/;k; 6 nks dkYifud iz’uksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] vk;r 1 vkSj 15A

vk;r 1 dk lEcU/k 5%20 ls gS vkSj 15 dk lEcU/k 6%14 ls gSA igyk iki

dh thou’kSyh ls lEcfU/kr gS vkSj nwljk O;fDrxr :i ls iki ds dk;Z ls

lEcfU/kr gSA ;g izxV gS fd 1&14 vk;r iki ds nklRo ls fo’oklh dh

Lora=rk dks izxV djrk gS vkSj 15&23 fo’oklh dh lsok ds fy, Lora=rk

dks izxV djrk gS tSls og igys iki dh lsok djrs Fks & iwjh rjg vkSj

iw.kZ g`n; lsA

[k- ‘kqf)dj.k nksuksa gS %

1½ inoh ¼m)kj esa /kehZ Bgjk, tkus ds leku] 3%21&5%21½

2½ izxfr’khy rkSj ij elhg dh lekurk

¼d½ 6%1&8%39 bl lR; dks /keZ’kkL=h; :i ls O;Dr djrk gS

¼[k½ 12%1&15%13 bls O;ogkfjd :i ls O;Dr djrk gS ¼nsf[k, fo’ks”k

‘kh”kZd 6%4½

x- vDlj Vhdk ys[kd /keZ’kkL=h; :i ls /kehZ Bgjk, tkus ds fo”k; vkSj

inoh; ‘kqf)dj.k esa vUrj dj nsrs gS rkdh ckbcfy; vFkZ dks le>k tk

ldsA okLro esa os vuqxzg dk Øekuqlkj dk;Z gS ¼inoh;] 1dqfj-1%30(

6%11½A nksuksa dh gh rduhd ,d gh gS& ijes’oj dk vuqxzg ;h’kq ds thou

354

vkSj e`R;q esa izxV gqvk ftls fo’okl ls xzg.k djuk vko’;d gS ¼bfQ-

2%8&9½A

?k- ;g v/;k; elhg esa ijes’oj dh larku dh iw.kZ ifjiDork dh f’k{kk

nsrk gS ¼ikijfgr] 1;wg-3%6] 9( 5%18½A v/;k; 7 vkSj 1;wg-1%8&2%1

fo’okfl;ksa ds iki esa gh yxs jgus ds lR; dks izxV djrk gSA

ikSyql ds {kek ds fopkj esa lcls vf/ke erHksn uSfrdrk ds rdZ dh otg

ls FkkA ;gwnh pkgrs Fks fd HkfDriw.kZ thou ;g ek¡x djrk gS fd u;k

ifjofrZr O;fDr ewlk dh O;oLFkk ds ln`’; dk;Z djsA ;g ekuuk gksxk fd

dqN us fd;k vkSj ikSyql ds fopkjks dks iki djus ds izek.ki= ds :i esa

iz;ksx fd;k ¼jksfe;ksa-6%1] 15( 2ir-3%15&16½A ikSyql fo’okl djrs Fks fd

vUnj clus okyh vkRek] u fd ckgjh dkuwu] HkfDriw.kZ elhg leku

vuq;kf;;ksa dks mRiUu djrk gSA okLro esa ;g iqjkuh okpk ¼O;o-27&28½

vkSj ubZ okpk ¼f;eZ-31%31&34( ;gs-36%26&27½ ds chp vUrj gSA

³- cifrLek /kehZ Bgjk, tkus vkSj ‘kqf)dj.k dh vkfRed lPpkbZ dk

‘kkjhfjd uewuk gSA jksfe;ksa esa inoh; ‘kqf)dj.k ¼/kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk½ vkSj

vuqHkoh; ‘kqf)dj.k ¼elhg dh lekurk½ nksuksa gh fl)kUrksa ij t+ksj fn;k

x;k gSA muds lkFk nQuk;k tkuk ¼6%4½ muds lkFk Øwl ij p<+k,s tkus

ds ln`’; gS ¼6%6½A

p- elhgh thou esa ijh{kkvksa vkSj iki ij fot; ikus dh dawth gS %

1½ tkuksa fd rqe elhg esa dkSu gksA tkuksa fd mUgksaus rqEgkjs fy, D;k

fd;kA rqe iki ls Lora= gksA rqe iki ds fy, ej pqds gksA

2½ vius izfrfnu ds thou esa elhg ds lkFk vius Lrj dks igpkuksA

3½ ge vius ugha gSaA gesa vius Lokeh dh lsok vkSj mudh vkKk dk ikyu

djuk gSA ge izse vkSj /kU;okn ls mudh lsok djrs gSa ftUgksaus gels izse

fd;kA

355

4½ elhgh thou vykSfdd thou gSA ;g] m)kj ds leku] elhg esa

ijes’oj dk ojnku gSA og bls ‘kq: djrs gSa vkSj lkeFkZ nsrs gSaA gesa

i’pkrki vkSj fo’okl esa izfrmRrj nsuk gS] nksuksa ckj ‘kq: esa vkSj yxkrkjA

5½ iki ds lkFk er [ksyksA tks ;g gS bls ogh ‘kh”kZd nksA blls eqM+

tkvks( blls Hkkx tkvksA Lo;a dks ijh{kk dh txg ij er [kM+k djksA

6½ iki ,d vknr gS tks rksM+h tk ldrh gS ij blesa le;] iz;Ru vkSj

bPNk ‘kfDr yxrh gSA


jksfe;ksa-6%1&7

1 lks ge D;k dgsa\ D;k ge iki djrs jgsa] fd vuqxzg cgqr gks\

2 dnkfi ugha] ge tc iki ds fy;s ej x, rks fQj vkxs dks ml esa

D;ksadj thou fcuk,a\

3 D;k rqe ugha tkurs] fd ge ftruksa us elhg ;h'kq dk cifrLek fy;k

rks ml dh e`R;q dk cifrLek fy;k\

4 lks ml e`R;q dk cifrLek ikus ls ge mlds lkFk xkM+s x,] rkfd tSls

elhg firk dh efgek ds }kjk ejs gqvksa esa ls ftyk;k x;k] oSls gh ge Hkh

u, thou dh lh pky pysaA

356

5 D;ksafd ;fn ge ml dh e`R;q dh lekurk esa mlds lkFk tqV x, gSa] rks

fu'p; mlds th mBus dh lekurk esa Hkh tqV tk,axsA

6 D;ksafd ge tkurs gSa fd gekjk iqjkuk euq";Ro mlds lkFk Øwl ij

p<+k;k x;k] rkfd iki dk 'kjhj O;FkZ gks tk,] rkfd ge vkxs dks iki ds

nklRo esa u jgsaA

7 D;ksafd tks ej x;k] og iki ls NwVdj /kehZ BgjkA

6%1

,u , ,l ch ^^D;k ge yxkrkj iki djrs jgsa rkdh vuqxzg

c<+ lds**

,u ds ts oh ^^rks D;k ge yxkrkj iki esa jgsa fd vuqxzg

cgqr gks**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^rks D;k ge yxkrk iki esa gh jgsa fd

vuqxzg c<+rk tk,s**

Vh b oh ^^fd ge yxkrkj iki esa thou fcrkrs jgsa fd

ijes’oj dk vuqxzg c<+s**

ts ch ^^D;k ;g ,slk crkrk gS fd ge iki esa jgsa rkdh

vuqxzg ds fy, cM+k volj gks**

357

;g lkQ rkSj ij iz’u djrk gS fd D;k elhfg;ksa dks ^îki ds lkFk jguk**

;k ^îki dks xys yxkuk** pkfg,\ ;g iz’u 5%20 dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA

ikSyql dkYifud fojks/kh dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vuqxzg ds nq:i;ksx ds ckjs esa

ppkZ djus ds fy, ¼1;wg-3%6] 9( 5%18½A ijes’oj dk vuqxzg vkSj n;k

fonzksgh thou fcrkus dk izek.ki= nsus ds mn~ns’; ls ugha fn;k x;kA

ikSyql ds lqlekpkj ds lans’k fd elhg }kjk m)kj ijes’oj dh vksj ls

fn;k x;k eq¶r ojnku gS ¼jksfe;ksa-3%24( 5%15] 17( 6%23½ us /kkfeZd

thou‘kSyh ds ckjs esa dbZ iz’u [kM+s dj fn, gSaA dSls eq¶r ojnku uSfrd

/kkfeZdrk yk ldrk gS\ /kehZ Bgjk;k tkuk vkSj ‘kqf)dj.k dks vyx ugha

fd;k tkuk pkfg, ¼eRrh-7%24&27( ywdk-8%21( 11%28( ;wg-13%17( jksfe;ksa-

2%13( ;kd-1%22&25( 2%14&26½A

bl txg ij eSa ,Q- ,Q- czwl ds ikWy% viksLVy vkWQ n gkVZ lSV Ýh] ls

dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡] ^êlhfg;ksa dk cifrLek muds iqjku vfLrRo vkSj

elhg esa u, thou dk ‘kq:okrh dne gS% ;g muds iqjkus pky pyu ds

fy, mudh e`R;q dk fpUg gS] blfy, cifrLek ik, gq, fo’oklh dk iki

esa yxs jguk oSlk gh gS tSls fd ,d NqM+k;k gqvk nkl vius iqjkus ekfyd

ds nklRo esa jgrk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-6%1&4] 15&23½ ;k fQj tSls ,d fo/kok

vius îfr ds dkuwu ds vf/ku* jgrh gS** i`”B-281&282 ¼jksfe;ksa-7%1&6½A

tsEl ,l LVhoVZ dh iqLrd] , eSu bu ØkbLV esa fy[krs gSa] ^îzsfjrks ds

fopkj dk dsUnz vkSj laLd`fr jksfe;ksa 6 esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ij ikSyql

n`M+rk iwoZd g`n; vkSj psruk dks ;g ikB lh[kk jgs gSa fd elhg ds lkFk

mudh e`R;q esa ‘kkfey gksuk ,d fo’oklh ds fy, iwjh rjg ls iki ls vyx

gksuk gS** i`”B-187&188A

6%2 ^^,slk dHkh u gks**

358

;g bPNk ;k izkFkZuk dks izxV djrk gSA ;g ikSyql dk dkYifud

fonzksgh dks mRrj nsus dk rjhdk FkkA ;g fo’okl u djus okyh

ekuo tkfr ds ukle>iu vkSj vuqxzg dk nq:i;ksx djus ds izfr

ikSyql ds HkkSpDds jg tkus vkSj Hk;Hkhr gksus dks izxV djrk gS

¼jksfe;ksa-3%4] 6½A

§ ^^ge tks iki ds fy, ej pqds gSa**

bldk vFkZ gS ^^ge ej pqds gSa**A ,dopu esa ^iki* ‘kCn dk iz;ksx bl iwjs

v/;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g izfrr gksrk gS fd ;g vkne ls vk, gekjs

iki ds LoHkko dks izxV djrk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-5%12&21( 1dqfj-15%21&22½A

ikSyql vDlj e`R;q dks :id rkSj ij iz;ksx djds elhg ds lkFk

fo’okfl;ksa ds u, lEcU/k dks izxV djrs gSaA os vc iki ds vf/ku ugha gSaA

§ ^^vc Hkh mlesa thou fcrkrs gSa**

okLro esa ^^pyrs** gSaA ;g :id ;k rks gekjh thou’kSyh fo’okl ¼bfQ-4%1(

5%2] 15½ ;k fQj thoy’kSyh iki ij t+ksj nsus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS

¼jksfe;ksa-4½A fo’oklh dHkh iki esa [kq’k ugha gks ldrsA

6%3&4 ^^cifrLek fy;k---xkM+s x,**

;g O;kdj.k jpuk ckgjh ,stsUV }kjk iwjs fd, dk;Z dks izxV djrh gS]

;gk¡ ij ifo= vkRekA bl lanHkZ esa os leku gSaA

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % cifrLek

359

;qukuh Hkk”kk esa cifrlek ds fy, vkns’kkRed r`rh;iq:”k] eufQjko dsfy,

vkns’kkRed }rh;iq:”k dk iz;ksx gSk vkns’kkRed }rh;iq:”k dk iz;ksx

vkns’kkRed r`rh;iq:”k cifrlek ls c<dj eufQjko dsfy, irjl dh

izkFkfed ek¡x gssak

;g ;wgUuk cifrlek nsus okyk ¼eRrh-3%2½ vkSj ;h’kq ds ¼eRrh-4%7½ izpkj ds

‘kCncy ls vfxzr fd;k gSA eufQjko vkfRed ifjorZu dh dqath rFkk

cifrLek ml ifjorZu dk ckgjh izxVu gSA u, fu;e esa fcuk cifrLek

izkIr fo’okfl;ksa ds ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gSA izkjfEHkd dyhfl;k ds

fy, cifrLek vius fo’okl dh lkoZtfud ?kks”k.kk FkhA ;g elhg esa vius

fo’okl dks dcwyus dk volj gS u fd m)kj ikus dk ,d rjhdkA ;g

tkuuk vko’;d gS fd irjl ds nwljs izpkj esa cifrLek ds fo”k; esa ppkZ

ugha gSA ijUrq eufQjko ds fo”k; esa gS ¼izsfjr-3%19( ywdk-24%17½A cifrLek

;h’kq ds }kjk j[kk xbZ ,d felky gS ¼eRrh-3%13&18½ ;g ;h’kq dk vkns’k

Hkh gS ¼eRrh-28%19½A m)kj ds fy, cifrLek dh vko’;drk ds izfr tks

vk/kqfud loky gS ftldk ft+Ø u, fu;e es ugha gS( vo’; gS fd izR;sd

fo’oklh cifrLek ik,A gkyk¡dh gjsd dks /kkfeZd vuq”Bku ds izfr lko/kku

jguk gSA m)kj fo’okl dk ekeyk gS] u fd lgh txg] lgh ‘kCn] lgh

jLe dk ekeykA

§ ^^elhg ;h’kq esa**

;gk¡ ij ^eSa* ‘kCn dk iz;ksx egku vkns’k ¼eRrh-28%20½ ds ln`’; esa fd;k

x;k gS tgk¡ ij u, fo’okfl;ksa us firk] iq= vkSj ifo=kRek ds uke esa

cifrLek fy;kA ;gk¡ foHkfDr izR; dk iz;ksx ;g tkrkus dks gqvk fd

360

1dqfj-12%13 esa vkRek ds cifrLek }kjk os elhg ;h’kq dh nsg esa gSaA

lekukFkZ rjhds ls fo’okfl;ksa dks lwfpr djus ds fy, ikSyql us ^^ls** vkSj

^^esa** dk iz;ksx fd;kA ;g ,d LFkku fu/kkZjd {ks= gSA elhg esa vfLrRo

j[krs gq, fo’oklh thou fcrk,saxs rFkk ps”Bk djsaxsA ;g foHkfDr izR;

?kfu”B ,drk] laxfr ds {ks=] nk[kyrk vkSj Mkyh ds lEcU/k dks izxV

djrh gSA fo’oklh elhg dh e`R;q vkSj th mBus ds lkFk tqM+dj ¼jksfe;ksa-

6%5½ muds jkT; esa ijes’oj ds izfr lsokdk;Z esa] vkKkdkfjrk esa igpkus

tk,saxsA

§ ^^mudh e`R;q esa---muds lkFk xkM+s x,**

Mqcdh cifrLek e`R;q vkSj xkM+s tkus dks fpf=r djrk gS ¼jksfe;ksa-6%5( dqyq-

2%12½A ;h’kq us Lo;a dh e`R;q ds izfr cifrLek dks :id ds rkSj ij iz;ksx

fd;k ¼ejdql-10%38] 39( ywdk-12%50½A ;gk¡ ij tksj cifrLek ds mins’k ds

fy, ugha ijUrq elhgh ds ;h’kq dh e`R;q vkSj xkM+s tkus ds lkFk ?kfu”B

lEcU/k ij gSA fo’oklh elhg ds cifrLes] muds pfj=] muds cfynku]

muds y{; ds lkFk igpkus tk,saxsA fo’okfl;ksa ds Åij iki dk dksbZ

vf/kdkj ugha gSA

6%4 ^^ml e`R;q dk cifrLek ikus ls ge muds lkFk xkM+s

x,**

bl v/;k; esa ikSyql dbZ lekl;qDr ¼ds lkFk½ inksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa

¼bfQ-2%5&6½A

1½ lqu $ FkkIVks & lkFk xkM+s x, ¼jksfe;ksa-6%4] 8( dqyq-2%12] ½

2½ lqu $ LVkm: & lkFk tqV x, ¼jksfe;ksa-6%5½

3½ lqu $ vt+ks & lkFk th,saxs ¼jksfe;ksa-6%8( 2rheq-2%11½

¼lkFk ej x, vkSj lkFk th,saxs½

361

§ ^^rkdh ge Hkh u, thou dh lh pky pysa**

m)kj ls ifo=hdj.k dk ifj.kke pkgrs gSaA D;ksafd fo’oklh ;h’kq ds }kjk

ijes’oj ds vuqxzg dks tkurs gSa] blfy, mudk thou cnyuk vko’;d

gSA gekjk u;k thou gesa m)kj ugha fnykrk] ij m)kj dk ifj.kke gS

u;k thou ¼jksfe;ksa-6%16] 19( bfQ-2%8&9] 10( ;kd-2%14&26½A ;g u rks

pquko gS vkSj u gh loky] fo’okl vkSj dk;Z ijUrq vuqØfed flyflyk

gSA

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ‘kqf)dj.k

u;k fu;e ;g fl[kkrk gS fd tc dksbZ ikih eufQjko vkSj fo’okl ds

lkFk ;h’kq dh vksj eqM+rk gS rc og rRdkfyd :i ls /kehZ vkSj ‘kq)

Bgjk;k tkrk gSA ;g mldh ;h’kq esa ubZ inoh gSA ;h’kq dh /kkfeZdrk mls

igukbZ xbZ ¼jksfe;ksa-4½A mls /kehZ vkSj ifo= ds :i esa ?kksf”kr fd;k x;k

¼ijes’oj dk U;k;y; lEcfU/kr dk;Z ½A

u;k fu;e fo’okfl;ksa ls vuqjks/k djrk gS fd os ifo=rkbZ esa th,saA ;g

;h’kq ds }kjk iw.kZ fd, gq, dke ds izfr bZ’ofj; inoh rFkk izfrfnu ds

thou esa elhg lekurk ds izfr ,d cqykgV Hkh gSA gkyk¡dh m)kj eq¶r

gS ij ‘kq)hdj.k ds fy, lc dqN [kpZ djuk gSA

izkFkfed izfrfØ;k izxfr’khy elhg lekurk

izsfjr-20%23( 26%18 jksfe;ksa-6%19

362

jksfe;ksa-15%16 2dqfj-7%1

1dqfj-1%2&3( 6%11 1fFkLl-3%13( 4%3&4] 7( 5%23

2fFkLl-2%13 1rheq-2%15

bczk-2%11( 10%10] 14( 13%12 2rheq-2%21

1ir-1%1 bczk-12%14

1ir-1%15&16

^^Eklhg ftyk, x,**

bl lanHkZ esa iq= dk oPku vkSj dk;Z firk }kjk Lohd`fr vkSj eatwjh nks

egku ?kVuk ls iznfZZ’kZr fd;k x;k gS A

1½ ;h’kq dk eqnksZa esa ls th mBuk A

2½ ;h’kq dk LoxkZjksg.k firk ds nfguh vksj A

^^firk dh efgek**

efgek ds fy, 3%23] firk ds fy, 1%7 fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd nsf[k,A

6%5 ^^;fn**


fy, lR; gSA ;fn ‘kCn ds iz;ksx }kjk ys[kd ;g crkuk pkgrs gSa fd

bldks i<usokys fo’oklh gh gksaxsA

^^lekurk esa muds lkFk tqV x, gSa**

363

;s bl izdkj vuqokn fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd ge mudh lekurk esa fujUrj

lkFk lkFk fey x, gSa] ;k fujUrj muds lkFk lkFk cks, x, gSaA /keZ’kkL=

ds vk/kkj ij ;g lPpkbZ ;wg-15 ds ^^cus jgus** dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA

;fn fo’oklhx.k ;h’kq dh e`R;q esa lgHkkxh cus gSa rks ¼xyk-2%19&20( dqyq-

2%20( 3%3&5½ /keZ’kkL= ds vk/kkj ij os muds th mBus esa Hkh lgHkkxh gksaxs

¼jksfe;ksa-6%10½A

cifrLek dh rqyuk e`R;q ds lkFk bl fy, dh xbZ fd

1½ ge iqjkus thou vkSj okpk ds fy, ekjs x,A 2½ vc ge vkRek vkSj ubZ

okpk esa thfor gSaA blfy, elhgh cifrLek iqjkus fu;e ds vfUre uch

;wgUuk cifrLek nsus okys ds cifrLesa ls fHkUu gSA cifrLek izkjEHkhd

dyhfl;k ds fy, vius fo’okl dh lkoZtfud ?kks”k.kk djus dk ,d

volj FkkA cifrLek dk ‘k:okrh rjhdk ;g Fkk fd ,d O;fDr dks dguk

pkfg, fd ^^eSa ;h’kq ij fo’okl djrk gw¡** ¼jksfe;ksa-10%9&13½A igys tks

vuqHko gwvk mldh lkoZtfud ?kks”k.kk vkSj jLeh izfØ;k gS cifrLekA

cifrLek iki {kek] m)kj] vkRek ds vkokl dk ,d <k¡Pkk ugha gS] ijUrq

;g mudh lkoZtfud izfrKk rFkk ?kks”k.kk dk volj gS ¼izsfjr-2%38½A ;g

fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ,d fodYi ugha gSA ;h’kq us vkns’k fn;k ¼eRrh-

28%19&20½] vkSj vkn’kZ j[kk ¼eRrh-3( ejdql-1½A ;g izsfjrksa ds izpkj dk

Hkkx rFkk muds dke dh dk;Zfof/k cukA

6%6

,u , ,l ch ^^tkurs gSa fd gekjk iqjkuk O;fDreRo muds

lkFk Øwl ij p<+k;k x;k**

364

,u ds ts oh ^^tkurs gSa fd gekjk iqjkuk euq”;Ro muds

lkFk Øwl ij p<+k;k x;k**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^ge tkurs gSa fd gekjk iqjkuk O;fDrRo

muds lkFk Øwl ij p<+k;k x;k**

Vh b oh ^^vkSj ge ;g tkurs gSa( gekjh iqjkuh izd`fr ;h’kq

vkSj muds Øwl ds lkFk e`R;q esa Mky fn, x,**

ts ch ^^gesa tkuuk t+:jh gS fd geus vius izkfpu

O;fDreRo dks muds lkFk Øwl esa p<+k fn;k gS**

vFkkZr gekjk iqjkuk euq”;Ro ,d ckj vkSj ges’kk ds fy, vkRek ds }kjk

Øwl ij p<+k fn;k x;kA ;g lPpkbZ t;oUr elhgh thou ds fy,

vR;Ur vko’;d gSA fo’okfl;ksa dks iki ds izfr muds u, fj’rs dks

le>uk vko’;d gS ¼xyk-2%20( 6%14½A ekuo tkfr dk izkfpu vkSj ifrr

euq”;Ro ¼vkne dk LoHkko½ ;h’kq ds lkFk ekjk x;k ¼jksfe;ksa-6%7( bfQ-4%22(

dqyq-3%9½A blfy, fo’oklh gksus ds dkj.k iki ds izfr tks pquko vkne ds

ikl Fkk og vkt gekjs ikl gSA

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh ^^rkfd iki dk ‘kjhj nwj fd;k

tk,**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^rkfd iki dk ‘kjhj O;FkZ gks tk,**

365

Vh b oh ^^rkfd ikie; euq”;Ro dk lkeFkZ u”V fd;k tk,**

ts ch ^^fd ikie; ‘kjhj u”V fd;k tk,**

ikSyql ;gk¡ ‘kjhj ¼lksek½ ‘kCn ds }kjk dbZ lEcU/k&lwpd ‘kCn&lewg dk

iz;ksx djrs gSaA

1½ iki dk ‘kjhj ¼jksfe;ksa-6%6½

2½ e`R;q dk ‘kjhj ¼jksfe;ksa-7%24½

3½ ‘kkjhfjd nsg ¼dqyq-2%11½

ikSyql HkkSfrd thou esa bl le; ds iki vkSj fonzksg ds fo”k; esa dg jgs

gSaA ;h’kq dk u;k iqj:fRFkr ‘kjhj /kkfeZdrk ds u, le; dk gS ¼2dqfj-

5%17½A fookn dk fo”k; HkkSfrdrk ugha ¼;wukuh rdZ’kkL=½] ij iki vkSj

fonzksg gSA ‘kjhj cqjk ugha gSA elhgr vuUr dky ds thou esa HkkSfrd ‘kjhj

dh Hkwfedk dks lkfcr djrh gS ¼1dqfj-15½A ysfdu HkkSfrd ‘kjhj izyksHku]

iki] vkSj Lo;a dh ,d j.kHkwfe gSA

^^nwj fd;k tk,** dk vFkZ gS fuf”Ø; cukuk] fucZy cukuk] ;k ck¡>

cukuk] u fd u”V djukA ;g ‘kCn ikSyql dk ilfUnnk ‘kCn gS vkSj de

ls de 25 ls vf/kd ckj mUgksaus bldk iz;ksx fd;k gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k

‘kh”kZd 3%3A gekjk HkkSfrd ‘kjhj uSfrd rkSj ls fu”i{k gS ijUrq tkjh jgus

okys vkfRed la?k”kZ dh j.kHkwfe gS ¼jksfe;ksa-6%12&13( 5%12&21( 12%1&2½A

6%7 ^^tks ej x;k oks iki ls NwV x;k**

vFkkZr tks ej x, gSa os fpjLFkkbZ :i ls iki ls NqV tk,saxsA D;ksfd

fo’oklhx.k elhg esa ubZ l`f”V gS rFkk os vkne ds iru ds }kjk izkIr iki

dh xqykeh ds fpjLFkkbZ :i ls NqVdkjk ik pqds gSa ¼jksfe;ksa-7%1&6½A

‘kq:okrh v/;k;ksa esa ^^nks”keqfDr ;k /kehZ Bgjk, tkus** ds fy, tks ‘kCn

iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk og ;gk¡ ij ^^NwV x;k** ds fy, ;wukuh Hkk”kk esa

366

iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa ^^NqV x;k** ds dbZ vFkZ fudyrs gSa

¼tSls izsfjr-13%38 esa½A ;kn jf[k, fd lanHkZ lgh vFkZ crkrs gSa u fd

‘kCndks”k vkSj rduhdh ijhHkk”kkA ‘kCn dk vFkZ rc curk gS tc og okD;

esa gks vkSj okD; dk vFkZ rc curk gS tc og vuqPNsn esa gksA

jksfe;ksa-6%8&11

8 lks ;fn ge elhg ds lkFk ej x,] rks gekjk fo'okl ;g gS] fd mlds

lkFk th,axs HkhA

9 D;ksafd ;g tkurs gSa] fd elhg ejs gqvksa esa ls th mBdj fQj ejus dk

ugha] ml ij fQj e`R;q dh izHkqrk ugha gksus dhA

10 D;ksafd og tks ej x;k rks iki ds fy;s ,d gh ckj ej x;k( ijUrq tks

thfor gS] rks ijes'oj ds fy;s thfor Gsa

11 ,sls gh rqe Hkh vius vki dks iki ds fy;s rks ejk] ijUrq ijes'oj ds

fy;s elhg ;h'kq esa thfor le>ksA

6%8 ^^;fn**;g igys ntsZ dk ‘krZ okD; gS tks ys[kd ds ut+fj;s ls muds

ys[k ds fy, lR; gSA fo’oklh dk cifrLek elhg ds lkFk mldh e`R;q

dks n’kkZrk gSA

§ ^^muds lkFk th,saxs**

;g izlax rqjUr vkSj orZeku dh iwohZ; fLFkfr gS u fd ifjiw.kZ Hkfo”;

dky dh ckrsaA vk;r 5 elhg dh e`R;q ds lkFk gekjh lgHkkfxrk crkrk

gS vkSj vk;r 8 muds lkFk thus dh lgHkkfxrk dks crkrk gSA ;g leku

QSyko gS tks lkekU; fopkj ijes’oj ds jkT; ds izfr ckbcy esa fufgr gSA

367

;g rqjUr vkSj orZeku rFkk Hkfo”; dk Hkh gSA eq¶r vuqxzg la;e dks iSnk

djuk gS u fd [kqyh NqVA

6%9 ^^ejs gqvksa esa ls th mBdj**

u;k fu;e n`M+rk ls dgrk gS fd ;h’kq ds th mBus esa f=,drk ds rhuksa

O;fDrRo dk;Z‘khy Fks(

1½ ifo=kRek ¼jksfe;ksa-8%11½

2½ iq= ¼;wg-2%19&22( 10%17&18½ izk;%

3½ firk ¼izsfjr-2%24] 32( 3%15] 26( 4%10( 5%30( 10%40( 13%30] 33] 34] 37(

17%31( jksfe;ksa-6%4] 9½A firk dk dk;Z ;h’kq dk thou] e`R;q vkSj f’k{kk dh

Lohd`fr dk izek.khdj.k FkkA ;g izsfjrksa ds izpkj dk izeq[k igyw FkkA

nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % dfjXek 2%14A

,u , ,l ch ^^vc e`R;q muij Lokeh ugha gS**

,u ds ts oh] ,u vkj ,l oh ^^vc e`R;q muij izHkqrk ugha

djsaxs**

Vh b oh ^^fQj e`R;q dh izHkqrk ugha gksxh**

,u ts ch ^^vc dHkh Hkh e`R;q muds Åij viuk

vf/kdkj ugha j[ksxh**

fØ;k ^^dqfj;ks**] ^^dqfj;ksl** uked ‘kCn ls vk;k ftldk vFkZ gS ekfyd]

Lokeh] ifr vkSj izHkqA vc ;h’kq e`R;q ij Hkh izHkq gSa ¼izdk-1%8½A ;h’kq e`R;q dh

izHkqrk ij t; ik, gq, igys O;fDr gSa ¼1dqqfj-15½A

6%10 ^^D;ksafd og tks ej x, rks iki ds fy, ej x,**

368

gkykadh ;h’kq ikie; nqfu;k esa thfor jgs ijUrq dHkh iki ugha fd;k] bl

ikih lalkj us mUgsa Øwl ij p<+k;k ¼bczk-10%10½A ;h’kq ds ekuo tkfr ds

cnys esa ejus dh otg ls O;oLFkk dh ek¡x iwjh gks xbZ vkSj lkFk gh iki

ds ekuo ij izHkko dks Hkh mudh e`R;q us lekIr dj fn;k ¼xyk-3%13( dqyq-

2%13&14½A

^^lcds fy, ,d gh ckj**

ikSyql bl izlax }kjk ;h’kq ds Øwlhdj.k dks fo’ks”k egRo ns jgs gSaA muds

iki ds fy, ,d gh ckj ejus us muds vuq;kf;;ksa ds iki esa ejus dks

nzfor dj fn;k gSA

bczkfu;ksa dh i=h Hkh ;h’kq ds cfynku ij fo’ks”k egRo nsrh gSA ;g ,d gh

ckj dk m)kj vkSj iki {kek dk dk;Z ges’kk jgrk gSA ;g lEiUu fd;k

x;k iqukjkorZd cfynku dk izfrKk iwoZd opu gSA

^^ijUrq tks thfor gS og ijes’oj ds fy, thfor gS**

fo’oklh elhg ds lkFk ekjs x,( vc elhg ds }kjk os ijes’oj ds fy,

thfor gSaA lqlekpkj dk y{; dsoy iki {kek ¼nks”k eqfDr½ gh ugha ijUrq

ijes’oj ds izfr :rck ¼’kq)hdj.k½ Hkh gSA lsok ds fy, fo’okfl;ksa dk

m)kj gqvk gSA

^^rqe vius vki dks iki ds fy, ejk le>ks**

;g fo’okfl;ksa ds fy, tkjh jgus okyk rFkk vknru vkns’k gSA muds fy,

elhg ds dk;Z ds izfr elhfg;ksa dh le> izfrfnu ds thou ds fy,

fu.k;kRe gSA ‘kCn le> ¼jksfe;ksa-4%4] 9½ fglkc fdrkc dk ‘kCn dk ‘kCn gS

ftldk vFkZ lko/kkuh ls ,d nwljs ls tksM+ks rFkk ml Kku ij dk;Z djsA

vk;rsa 1&11 elhg esa ,d dh inoh ¼inoh; ‘kq)hdj.k½ rFkk 12&13 muds

lkFk pyus dks fo’ks”k egRo ¼izxfr’khy ‘kq)hdj.k½ nsrs gSaA nsf[k, fo’ks”k

‘kh”kZd 6%4A

369

jksfe;ksa-6%12&14

12 blfy;s iki rqEgkjs ejugkj 'kjhj esa jkT; u djs] fd rqe ml dh

ykylkvksa ds v/khu jgksA

13 vkSj u vius vaxks dks v/keZ ds gfFk;kj gksus ds fy;s iki dks lkSaiks] ij

vius vki dks ejs gqvksa esa ls th mBk gqvk tkudj ije'soj dks lkSaiks] vkSj

vius vaxks dks /keZ ds gfFk;kj gksus ds fy;s ijes'oj dks lkSaiksA

14 vkSj rqe ij iki dh izHkqrk u gksxh] D;ksafd rqe O;oLFkk ds vk/khu ugha

cju vuqxzg ds vk/khu gksA

6%12 ^^blfy, iki rqEgkjs ej.kgkj ‘kjhj esa jkT; u djs**

‘kCn jkT; dk lEcU/k 5%7&21 vkSj 6%23 ds lkFk gSA ikSyql dbZ /keZ’kkL=h;

fopkjksa dks ;gk¡ tho/kkjh Bgjkrs gSaA

1½ e`R;q us jktk ds :i esa jkT; fd;k ¼jksfe;ksa-5%14] 17( 6%23½A

2½ vuqxzg us jktk ds :i esa jkT; fd;k ¼jksfe;ksa-5%21½

3½ iki us jktk ds :i esa jkT; fd;k ¼jksfe;ksa-6%12] 14½

vc okLrfod loky ;g gS fd dkSu vkids thou esa jkT; dj jgk gS\

pquko ds fy, fo’oklh ds ikl elhg esa lkeFkZ gSA ysfdu nq%[k dh ckr

;g gS fd O;fDr] LFkkfu; dyhfl;k vuqxzg dk uke ysrs gq, Lo;a vkSj

iki dk pquko dj jgh gSA

370

6%13 ^^u vius vaxksa dks iki dks lkSaiks**

;g tks dke pkyq gS mldh jksdFkke ds fy, dgk x;k gSA ;g fo’okfl;ksa

ds vUnj dh ‘kfDr tks iki ds izfr gS mls izxV djrh gS ¼jksfe;ksa-7%1 ds

ckn] 1;wg-1%8&2%1½A fo’oklh ds elhg ds lkFk lEcU/k us iki dh Hkwfedk

dks gVk fn;k gS ¼jksfe;ksa-6%1&11½A

^^gfFk;kj**

;g ‘kCn ,d flikgh ds vL=&’kL= dks n’kkZrk gSA gekjk HkkSfrd ‘kjhj

izyksHku dh j.kHkwfe gS ¼jksfe;ksa-6%12&13( 12%1&2( 1dqfj-6%20( fQfy-1%20½A

gekjk thou lkoZtfud :ils lqlekpkj dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA

^^ij vius vki dks ijes’oj dks lkSaiks**

;g ,d fu.kZ;kRd dk;Z ds fy, cqykgV gS ¼jksfe;ksa-12%1½A fo’oklh bl

dke dks fo’okl ds }kjk m)kj ds lkFk ‘kq: djrs gSa ijUrq mUgsa thou Hkj

blesa yxs jguk gSA bl vk;r esa dqN lekurk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

1½ ,d tSlh fØ;k

2½ :id&;q)

d- v/keZ ds gfFk;kj

[k- /kkfeZdrk ds gfFk;kj

3½ fo’oklh vius vki dks ;k rks iki ds fy, ugha rks ijes’oj ds fy,

lkSi ldrs gSaA ;kn jf[k, ;g vk;r fo’okfl;ksa ls dgrk gS pquko vHkh

Hkh tkjh gS rFkk ;q) Hkh tkjh gSA

6%14 ^^vkSj rqe ij iki dh izHkqrk u gksxh**

371

;g Hkfo”;dky lEcfU/k okD; gS ¼Hk-la19%13½A fo’okfl;ksa ds Åij iki

blfy, izHkqrk ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd iki elhg ds Åij izHkqrk ugha

djrk ¼jksfe;ksa-6%9( ;wg-16%33½A

jksfe;ksa-6%15&19

15 rks D;k gqvk\ D;k ge blfy;s iki djsa] fd ge O;oLFkk ds vk/khu

ugha cju vuqxzg ds vk/khu gSa\ dnkfi ughaA

16 D;k rqe ugha tkurs] fd ftl dh vkKk ekuus ds fy;s rqe vius vki

dks nklksa dh ukbZa lkSai nsrs gks] mlh ds nkl gks% vkSj ftl dh ekurs gks]

pkgs iki ds] ftl dk vUr e`R;q gS] pkgs vkKk ekuus ds] ftl dk vUr

/kkfeZdrk gS\

17 ijUrq ije'soj dk /kU;okn gks] fd rqe tks iki ds nkl Fks rkSHkh eu ls

ml mins'k ds ekuusokys gks x,] ftl ds lkaps esa <kys x, FksA

18 vkSj iki ls NqM+k, tkdj /keZ ds nkl gks x,A

19 eSa rqEgkjh 'kkjhfjd nqcZyrk ds dkj.k euq";ksa dh jhfr ij dgrk gwa]

tSls rqe us vius vaxks dks dqdeZ ds fy;s v'kq)rk vkSj dqdeZ ds nkl

djds lkSaik Fkk] oSls gh vc vius vaxksa dks ifo=krk ds fy;s /keZ ds nkl

djds lkSai nksA

6%15

;g tSls 6%1 esa loky gS oSlk gh ,d loky gSA ,d elhgh dk iki ds

izfr lEcU/k ds fo”k; fofHkUu lokyksa dk tokc feyrk gSA 1 vk;r esa

dgrs gSa vuqxzg iki djus ds fy, [kqfy NqV ugha gSA vk;r 15 ,d

elhgh dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij iki ds fo:/k lkeuk djuk ,oa yM+us dh

372

vko’;drk ds fo”k; esa crkrk gSA fBd mlh le; ,d fo’oklh dks ftrus

mRlkg ls og iki dh lsok djrk Fkk mrus gh mRlkg ls ijes’oj dh lsok

djuh pkfg,A

,u , ,l ch] ,u ds ts oh] Vh b oh ^^D;k ge iki djsa**

,u vkj ,l oh ^^D;k gesa iki djuk pkfg,**

ts ch ^^rkdh ge iki ls eqDr gq,**

fofy;e vkSj fQfyi us 6%15 dk vuqokn 6%1 tSlk gh fd;k gS ysfdu ;g

lgh vFkZ dk ugha ykrkA dqN vU; vuqoknksa dks Hkh ge ns[ksaxsA

1½ ds ts oh] , ,l oh] ,u vkbZ oh ^^D;k ge iki djsa**

2½ n lsUVujh Vªk¡lys’ku ^^D;k ge iki ds ,d dk;Z ds fy, vius vki dks

lefiZr djsa**

3½ vkj ,l oh ^^D;k ge iki djus ds fy, gSa**

;wukuh Hkk”kk esa ;g loky dkQh egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj gk¡ esa mRrj pkgrk gSA

;g ikSyql dh lPpkbZ crkus dk vyx rjhdk gSA ;g vk;r ,d >wBs

/keZ’kkL= dks izxV djrh gSA ikSyql bldk mRrj ^^dnkih ugha** djds nsrs

gSaA ikSyql dh vksj ls feyk gqvk eq¶r ijes’oj ds vuqxzg dk lekpkj dbZ

>wBs mins’kdksa ds }kjk xyr jhfr ls le>k;k x;k rFkk ykxw fd;k x;k

6%16 ^^;g loky mRrj ^gk¡* esa pkgrk gS**

euq”; fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr dh lsok djrk gSA vkids thou esa dkSu jkT;

djrk gS] iki ;k ijes’oj\ ftldh vkKk euq”; ekurk gS og mldh lsok

djrk gS ¼xyk-6%7&8½A

6%17 ^^ijUrq ijes’ojdk /kU;okn gks**

373

ikSyql chp chp esa ijes’ojdh Lrqfr djrs gSaA mudk ys[k izkFkZuk ls ‘kq:

gksdj lqlekpkj ds izfr muds Kku dh vksj c<+rk gSA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd

% ikSyql dh izkFkZuk Lrqfr rFkk ijes’oj ds izfr /kU;okn 7%25A

^^rqe Fks---rqe gks x,** ;g okD; muds Hkwrdky dh voLFkk ¼iki dk

xqyke½ ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA vkSj dgrk gS fd muds fonzksg dk le; [kRe

gks pqdk gSA

^^eu ls ml mins’k ds ekuus okys gks x,** ;g muds fo’okl ds

}kjk nks”k eqfDr dh vksj ladsr nsrk gS] bl izlax esa mUgsa izfrfnu elhgh

lekurk esa thuk gSA ^^mins’k** ‘kCn izsfjrksa dh f’k{kk ;k lqlekpkj dh vksj

ladsr nsrk gSA

§ ^^eu** nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%24

,u , ,l ch] **ml lkaPks dh f’k{kk dh vksj rqe lefiZr

gks^^

,u ds ts oh] ^^ml lkaps ds mins’k dh vksj rqe NqM+k, x,

gks**

,u vkj ,l oh] ,u vkbZ oh ^^ml lkaps dh f’k{kk dh vksj

rqe lkSais x, gks**

Vh b oh ^^rqEgsa fefy gqbZ f’k{kk esa rqeus lPpkbZ ikbZ gS**

,u ts ch ^^f’k{kk dk oks uewuk ftlls rqEgs ifjfpr fd;k

x;k gS**

374

fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % lkapk ¼Vwiksl½

Vwiksl ‘kCn ds dbZ iz;ksx gSaA

1½ ewYVksu ,.M fefyxu] n okWdkcyjh vkWQ n xzhd U;w VSLVkeSUV] i`”B-

645

d- uewuk

[k- <k¡pk

x- <ax

?k- vkns’k ;k vf/kd`r ?kks”k.kk

³- vkKk nsuk ;k fu.kZ;

p- paxkbZ nsork ds fy, euq”; dh vaxksa ds udy dh eUur p<+kuk

N- dkuwu dh vkKkvksa dks le>kus ds fy, iz;ksx dh xbZ fØ;k

2½ ykÅ ,.M fuMk] xzhd&bfXy’k ySfDldu] Hkkx-2] i`”B-249

d- nkx ¼;wg-20%25½

[k- :i ¼izsfjr-7%43½

x- <k¡pk ¼bczk-8%5½

?k- uewuk ¼1dqfj-10%6( fQfy-3%17½

³- ewyHkwr vkn’kZ ¼jksfe;ksa-5%14½

375

p- oxZ ¼izsfjr-23%25½

N- inkFkZ ¼izsfjr-23%25½

3½ gkjksYM ds eqYVu] n ,ukfyfVdy xzhd ySfDldu fjokbLM] i`”B-411

d- cguk] izrhrh] fpUg ¼;wg-20%25½

[k- o.kZu

x- <k¡pk ¼izsfjr-7%43½

?k- lw=] :ijs[kk ¼jksfe;ksa-6%17½

³- :i] rkRi;Z ¼izsfjr-23%25½

p- vkdkj] izfr:i ¼1dqfj-10%6½

N- ifjdYiuk fd;k gqvk :i ;k <ax ¼jksfe;ksa-5%14( 1dqfj-10%11½

t- ,d vkn’kZe; uewuk ¼izsfjr-7%44( bczk-8%5½

>- ,d uSfrd uewuk ¼fQfy-3%17( 1fFkLl-1%7( 2fFkLl-3%9( 1rheq-4%12( 1ir-

5%3½

bl lanHkZ esa igys okyk T;knk lgh gSA lqlekpkj esa mins’k rFkk

thou’kSyh dk xw<+kFkZ gSA elhg esa feyk gqvk eq¶r m)kj elhg leku

thou dh ek¡x djrk gSA

6%18 ^^iki ls NqM+k, tkdj**

fo’okfl;ksa dks lqlekpkj us elhg ds dk;Z ds }kjk vkRek ls NqM+k;k gSA

fo’okfl;ksa dks iki dh lt+k ¼nks”keqDr½ ,oa iki dh Øwjrk ls ¼’kqf)dj.k]

jksfe;ksa-6%7] 22½ NqqM+k;k gSA

^^rqe /keZ ds nkl gksxs**

376

vFkkZr rqe /kkfeZdrk ds xqyke cu x, gksA nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%7A

fo’okfl;ksa dks iki ls NqM+k;k fd os ijes’oj dh lsok djsa ¼jksfe;ksa-6%14] 19]

22( 7%4( 8%2½A eq¶r esa feys gq, vuqxzg dk y{; gS HkfDriw.kZ thouA

O;fDrxr /kkfeZdrk ds fy, nks”keqfDr ,d izcy gqdqeukek gSA ijes’oj gesa

cpkuk rFkk cnyuk pkgrs gSa rkdh ge nwljksa rd igq¡psaA vuqxzg ge ij

[kRe ugha gksrkA

6%19 ^^eSa rqEgkjh ‘kkjhfjd nqcZyrk ds dkj.k euq”;ksa dh jhfr

ij dgrk gw¡**

ikSyql ;gk¡ ij jkse ds fo’okfl;ksa dks lEcksf/kr dj jgs gSaA D;k og fdlh

lquh gqbZ izknsf’kd leL;k ¼;gwnh rFkk vU;tkfr; fo’okfl;ksa ds chp dh

tyu½ dks lEcksf/kr dj jgs gSa\ ;k fQj og leLr fo’okfl;ksa dks fdlh

,d lPpkBbZ dk iwoZKku djok jgs gSaA ikSyql us bl okD; [k.M dks 3%5

esa igys Hkh iz;ksx fd;k gS Bhd tSls xyk-3%15 esa fd;k gSA 19ok¡ vk;r

16osa vk;r ds ln`’; gSA ikSyql viuh /keZ’kkL=h; ckrksa dks egRo nsus ds

fy, ;gk¡ ij nksgjk jgs gSaA dqN yksx ,slk Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ‘kk;n

ikSyql us ;gk¡ ij iz;ksx fd;k gqvk :id ¼xqyke@nkl½ ds fy, ekQ+h

ekax jgs gSaA gkykfd ;g O;k[;k ^^rqEgkjh ‘kkjhfjd nqcZyrk ds dkj.k** ds

fy, Bhd ugha cSBrkA igyh ‘krkCnh dk lekt] fo’ks”k :i ls jkseh

lkezkT;] xqykeh dks cqjkbZ ugha le>rk FkkA xqykeh muds le; dh

laLd`fr FkhA

^^’kjhj** nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd 1%3A

^^’kqf)dj.k ifo=rkbZ ds fy,**

nks”keqfDr dk ;gh y{; gS ¼jksfe;ksa-6%2½A m)kj ds lEcU/k esa u;k fu;e

bl ‘kCn dks nks /keZ’kkL=h; le> esa iz;ksx djrk gSA

377

1½ inoh; ‘kqf)dj.k m)kj ds le; ijes’oj dh vksj ls feyk gqvk ,d

rkSQk gS ¼ldeZd igyw½ elhg esa fo’okl djus ds }kjk nks”keqfDr ds lkFk

lkFk ¼izsfjr-26%18( 1dqfj-1%2( 6%11( bfQ-5%26&27( 1fFkLl-5%13( 2fFkLl-2%13(

bczk-10%10( 13%12( 1ir-1%2½A

2½ izxfr’khy ‘kqf)dj.k ;g Hkh ijes’oj dk gh dk;Z gS ftlls vkRek }kjk

fo’okfl;ksa dk thou cnydj elhg dh Mhy&MkSy rd c<+rk gS ¼drkZ

ijd igyw½ ¼2dqfj-7%1( 1fFkLl-4%3] 7( 1rheq-2%15( 2rheq-2%21( bczk-12%10]

14½A nsf[k, fo’ks”k ‘kh”kZd % ‘kqf)dj.k 6%4A

;g rkSQk vkSj vkns’k Hkh gSA ;g ,d inoh ¼ldeZd½ vkSj dk;Z ¼drkZ

ijd½ gSA ;g vkns’kkRed rFkk lwpdkRed gSA vkjEHk esa ;g ‘kq: gksrk gS

tc rd vUr u vk, rc rd ikS<+ ugha gksrk ¼fQfy-1%6( 2%12&13½

jksfe;ksa-6%20&23

20 tc rqe iki ds nkl Fks] rks /keZ dh vksj ls Lora=k FksA

21 lks ftu ckrksa ls vc rqe yfTtr gksrs gks] mu ls ml le; rqe D;k

Qy ikrs Fks\

22 D;ksafd mu dk vUr rks e`R;q gS ijUrq vc iki ls Lora=k gksdj vkSj

ijes'oj ds nkl cudj rqe dks Qy feyk ftl ls ifo=krk izkIr gksrh gS]

vkSj mldk vUr vuUr thou gSA

23 D;ksafd iki dh etnwjh rks e`R;q gS] ijUrq ijes'oj dk cjnku gekjs izHkq

;h'kq elhg esa vuUr thou gSA

378

6%20&21 ;g 6%18&19 ds foifjr esa gSA fo’oklh dsoy ,d gh Lokeh

dh lsok dj ldrs gSaA

6%22&23 ;g vk;rsa et+nwj dh et+nwjh ds izfr ,d ;qfDrlaxr ls fy,

x, gSaA ijes’oj dk /kU;okn gks fd iki dh ppkZ djrs djrs fo’oklh vUr

esa vuqxzg ij /;ku ns jgs gSaA m)kj dk ojnku gekjs lg;ksx ls gesa

feyrk gS vkSj elhgh thou Hkh gekjs lg;ksx ls gh lEHko gSA ;g nksuksa

ojnku eufQjko vkSj fo’okl ds }kjk izkIr gksrs gSaA

6%22 ^^rqedks Qy feyk ftlls ifo=rk izkIr gksrh gS vkSj

mldk vUr vuUr thou gS**

iki ds ifj.kke dks crkus ds fy, 21oha vk;r esa Qy ‘kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk

gS( ysfdu 22oha vk;r esa ;g ‘kCn ijes’oj dh lsok ds ifj.kke dks crkus

ds fy, iz;ksx gqvk gSA fo’ofl;ksa dk rqjUr ifj.kke gS] elhgh lekurkA

vfUre ifj.kke gS] muds lkFk jguk vkSj muds leku vuUr dky ds fy,

cuuk ¼1;wg-3%2½A vxj rqjUr ifj.kke ¼cnyk gqvk thou] ;kd-2½ u gqvk

rks vfUre ifj.kke Hkh loky ds ?ksjs esa vkrk gS ¼vuUr thou] eRrh-7½A

^^u tM+ vkSj u Qy**A

6%23 ;g leLr v/;k; dk lkjka’k gSA ikSyql us pquko dh cgqr gh vPNh

,d rLohj cukbZA pquko gekjs ikl gS&iki vkSj e`R;q ;k elhg ds eq¶r

vuqxzg ls vuUr thouA ;g iqjkus fu;e ds cqf) lkfgR; ds nks jkg tSlk

gS ¼Hk-la-1( uhfr-4%10&19( eRrh-7%13&14½A

^^Ikki dh et+nwjh**

379

Ikki dks fofHkUu izdkj ls fpf=r fd;k gS %

1½ nkl dk ekfyd 2½ QkSt dk ljnkj 3½ jktk tks et+nwjh nsrk gS

¼jksfe;ksa-3%9( 5%21( 6%9] 14] 17½

^^ijes’oj dk ojnku vuUr thou gS** ojnku ¼dfjLek½ vuqxzg ds ewy ‘kCn

ls fudyk gS ¼dkfjl] jksfe;ksa-3%24( 5%15] 16] 17( bfQ-2%8] 9½A nsf[k, uksV

3%24A

ppkZ ds fy, iz’u





;g iz’u ppkZ ds fy, blfy, fn, x, gSa rkdh vki bl Hkkx dh eq[;

ckrksa ij fopkj dj ldksA ;s fopkjksa dks tkx`r djus ds fy, gSa u fd

ifjHkk”kk izLrqr djus okysA

1½ m)kj ds lkFk Hkys dkeksa dk D;k lEcU/k gS ¼bfQ-2%8&10½\

2½ m)kj ds lkFk ,d fo’oklh ds thou ds pkyq iki dk D;k lEcU/k gS

¼1;wg-3%6] 9½\

3½ D;k ;g v/;k; ikijfgr lEiw.kZrk ds fo”k; esa fl[kkrk gS\

4½ fdl izdkj v/;k; 6 v/;k; 5 vkSj 7 ls lEcfU/kr gS\

5½ D;ksa ;gk¡ ij cifrLek ds ckjs esa ppkZ gqbZ\

6½ D;k elhgh yksx vius iqjkus LoHkko dks j[k NksM+rs gSa\ D;ksa\

380

7½ 1&14 vk;r ij orZeku dky fØ;k vkSj 15&23 vk;r ij vfuf’pr

Hkwrdky fØ;k dk D;k izHkk

381

ifjf ’ k”V ,d

iqjkus fu;e bfrgkl ds :i esaA

1- elhgr rFkk ;gwnh /keZ ,sfrgkfld fo’okl gSA muds fo’okl ds v/kkj

,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a gS ¼vkSj mlds vius O;[;kvksa ij v/kkfjr½A tc ge

**bfrgkl** D;k gS ;k **,sfrgkfld v/;;u** ds ifHkk”kk nsus yxrs gS rc

ijs’kkuh gksrk gSA vf/kdr ijs’kkfu;ksa dk otg gS vk/kqfud lkfgR;d ;k

,sfrgkfld ckrksa ij vk/kkfjr gksdj izkphu ckbcyh; lkfgR; dks vk/kqfud

/keZ’kkL=h; O;k[;k iznku djukA u dsoy ogk¡ ij vLFkkbZ rFkk lkaLdqfrd

vUrj dk /;ku oju~ ogk¡ lkfgR;d’kSyh esa Hkh vUrj gSA gesaa izkphu ys[kksa

dk cks/k u gksus ds dkj.k vius gh laLdqfr ij vk/kkfjr gksdj muds Hkk”kk

rFkk lkfgR; dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSA

19oh ‘krkCnh ds cbkcyh; v/;;u ds rjhds us iqjkus fu;e ds iqLrdks dks

,sfrgkfld rFkk ,d gksus dk ,glkl iznku fd;kA bfrgkl esa vfo’okl

dh Hkkouk us O;[;k’kkL= rFkk iqjkus fu;e ds ,sfrgkfld [kkst&chu dks

izHkkfor fd;kAiqjkus fu;e ds orZeku :i dh vksj ns[kus ds fy, orZeku

le; ds dkukWfudy gsjeU;wfV~Dl dk nkSj lgk;rk djrs gSA ;g esjs

[;ky ls 19oh ‘krkCnh ds teZu ds ykskxsa ds vkykspuvksa dks ij ,d iqy

ckU/ku esa lgk;rk djrs gSA vKkr ,sfrgkfld izfØ;vksa ds }kjk ge rd

igq¡pk;k gqvk vk/kkjHkwr vuqPNsnksa ij /;ku djuk pkfg,A dbZ fo}kusa iqjkus

fu;e dh ,sfrgfldrk dh vksj viuk /;ku dsfUær dj jgs gSA bldk

rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd rRi’pkr ;gwnh ‘kkfL=;ksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k laiknu

dks ut+jvankt+ djsa oju~ iqjkus fu;e dks oS| rFkk vly ,sfrgkfld ckrksa

ds mYys[k ekusa ¼muds /keZ’kkfL=h; O;k[;vksa ds lkFk½A

;gk¡ ij vkj ds gkfjlu~ ds }kjk **iqjkus fu;e ds ,sfrgkfld rFkk

lkfgR;d vkykspuk** uked ys[k tks n ,DliksflVZl ckbcy deUVjh esa gS

lgk;rkeUn gSA

rqYukRed ,frgkfld v/;;u us bl ckr dks izdV fd;k gS fd iwohZ;

bfrgkl ds mYys[k ds vf/kd lgh]fo”k;kLind rFkk ftEesokj izkphu

382

bczk.kh gSA ekjh] uqlq] Hkksxkt+dksssbZ ls feyk gqvk mRifÙk ls O;oLFkkfooj.k

rd dk gLrys[k ifV;k¡ ds vkykspukRed v/;;u bl ckr dks izxV

djrk gS fd iwjc esa jgusokyksa ds dqN lkaLd`frd ckrsa mlesa ‘kkfey gSA

blds Qylo:I bl ckr ij fo’okl dju vklku rFkk ekuuh; gS fd

ml le; ds ,sfrgkfld ckrsa ogk¡ ds bfcz;ksa dk ijEijk FkhaA ¼iUUkk- 232½A

eSa vkj ds gkfjlu~ ds ljkguk djrk gw¡ fd mlus iqjkus fu;e ds O;k[;k

dks vkt ds nkSj dss vuqlkj djus dk odkykr djrk gSA

2- lcls izkphu ;gwfn lkfgR; ¼mRifÙk & O;oLfkk fooj.k½ ds ckjs esa esjk gh

d{kk esa eS mUgsa nwljs mlh le; ds lkfgR; ds lkFk rqqyuk djus dh

iz;kl fd;k djrk FkkA

d- izkphu iwjc zikUnksa ls izkIr lfgR;ksa ds lkFk mRifÙk ds lkfgR;d

len’kZu

1- mR- 1&11 ds lkaLd`frd <+k¡pk ds len’kZu lu~ 2500 bZ0iw0 esa flfj;k ls

izkIr ,ckyk ifV;k¡ esa gSA ftls vdkfn;k esa fy[kk x;k gSA

2- l`f”V & lqf”V ds ckjs esa crkusokyk lcls iqjkuk eslsiqfrfe;k ds mYys[k

gS buqek byh’k tks fd 1900&1700 bZ0iw0 esa fy[kh xbZ gS vkSj bls fuuos

ds fdlh iqLrd’kkyk esa ik;k x;k gSA ogk¡ 7 ifV;k¡ gS ftlesa ejnqd ds

}kjk l`f”V djus dk fooj.k gSa

383

ifjf’k”V nks

i qj ku s fu;e d s , s frgk fld y s[k dh r qyuk

ledkyhu fudVre i wo h Z l aLd ` fr;k s a l sA 1- eslksiksVkfe;k vk/kkj

d- vf/kdka’k izkphu lkfgR; ds leku ;gk¡ ij fo”k; lkekU; rkSj ij jktk

;k dksbZ jk”Vª uk;d gSA

[k- ?kVukvksa dks vdlj izpkj ds mn~ns’;ksa ds fy, ltk;k tkrk gSA

x- lkekU; rkSj ij dksbZ udkjkRed ckrksa dk o.kZu ugha gksrk gSA

?k- budk mn~ns’; laLFkkuksa dh orZeku fLFkfr ds leFkZu ds fy, ;k u,

lkezT;ksa ds mn; dks le>kus ds fy, gksrk gSA

M+- ,sfrgkfld fod`rksa esa ;g ckrsaa lEefyr gksrh gS%

1½ egku fot;ksa ds ltk, x, nkos

2½ igys dh miyfC/k;ksa dks orZeku miyfC/k;ksa ds rkSj ij izLrqr

djukA

3½ dsoy ldkjkRed igyqvksa dk o.kZuA

p- ;g lkfgR; dk dk;Z u dsoy izpkj ds fy, Fkk] ijUrq f’k{kk nsus ds

fy, Hkh FkkA

2- felzh vk/kkj

d- os thou dh ,d cgqr gh fuf”Ø; fp= dks is’k djrh gS] tks le; ds

nkSjku izHkkfor ugha gqvkA

[k- vf/kdka’k lkfgR; dk eq[; fo”k; jktk vkSj mldk ifjokj gksrk gSA

x- ;g] eslksiksVkfe;k lkfgR; ds leku] gh cgqr izpkj ds fy, gSaA

1½ dksbZ udkjkRed igyq ughaA

2½ ltk, x, igyqA

3- jCch vk/kkj

d- fenzk’k }kjk ifo=’kkL= dks iz;ksx ;ksX; cukus dh dksf’k’k] tks

O;k[;kdkj ds fo’okl ls ikB dh vksj c<+rh gS vkSj ;g uk gh ys[kd ds

mn~ns’; ij uk gh ikB ds ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ij dsfUnzr gSA

1½ gyk[kk thou ds fy, lR;ksa ;k fu;eksa ds ckjs esa gSA

384

2½ gXxkMk thou ds fy, iz;ksfxdj.k vkSj mRlkg ds ckjs esa gSA

[k- i’ksj& e`r lkxj dq.My i= esa ns[kk x;k ckn dk fodklA Hkwrdky

dh Hkfo”;}kf.k;ksa dh ifjiw.kZrk dks orZeku lanHkZ esa ns[kus ds fy, blus

,d iz:i i)fr rjhds dk iz;ksx fd;kA orZeku lanHkZ Hkfo”;ok.kh dh xbZ

var dk le; Fkk¼vkus okyk ;qx Fkk½A

4- ;g Li”V gS fd izkphu fudVre iwohZ lkfgR; izdkj vkSj ckn ds ;gwnh

lkfgR; iqjkus fu;e ds ifo=’kkL= ls fHkUu gSA dbZ rjhdksa ls iqjkus fu;e

ds lkfgR; izdkj] ;|fi ledkyhu lkfgR; ds xq.kksa dks ck¡Vrs gq,] fo’ks”k

gSa] fo’ks”kdj ,frgkfld ?kVukvksa ds fp=.k esaA bczkuh ,sfrgkfld ys[k dk

fudVre fgRrh lkfgR; gSA

;g Lohdkj djus dh ckr gS fd fdl izdkj izkphu ,sfrgkfld ys[k

vk/kqfud] ik’pR; ,sfrgkfld ys[k ls fHkUu gSA ;gha ij O;k[;k dh leL;k

jgrh gSA vk/kqfud ,sfrgkfld ys[k fo”k;ijd gksus¼fcuk&izpkj mn~ns’; ds]

;fn ;gh laHko gS½ vkSj frfFkc/k Øe esa nLrkost cukus vkSj o.kZu djus

dh dksf’k’k djrh gS **okLro esa D;k gqvk Fkk!** ;g ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds

**dkj.k vkSj izHkko** dk nLrkost cukus dh dksf’k’k djrh gS fooj.kksa ls

bldh igpku gksrh gSA

D;ksafd fudVre iwohZ bfrgkl vk/kqfud bfrgkl ds leku ugha gS os bUgsa

xyr] uhpk] ;k Hkjkslk&ghu ugha cuk nsrh gSA ik’pkR; vk/kqfud bfrgkl

muds ys[kdksa dh i{kikr¼iwoZ&/kkj.kkvksa½ dks izfrfcfEcr djrh gS ckbcyh;

bfrgkl vius LoHkko¼izsj.kk½ ls gh fHkUu gSA izsfjrh; ys[kd ds fo’okl dh

vk¡[kksa }kjk ckbcyh; bfrgkl dks ns[kus esa ,d vFkZ gS vkSj /keZfoKku ds

vFkZ ds fy,] ijUrq ;g fQj Hkh ,d ekU; ,sfrgkfld o.kZu gSA

iqjkus fu;e dk bfrgkl nwljksa dks esjs fo’okl dk rdZ djus ds :i esa esjs

fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA ;fn ckbcy dks ,sfrgkfld gksuk fn[kk ldrs gSa rc

blds fo’okl ds nkoksa dk vfo’okfl;ksa ds fy, vf/kd n`<+ vuqjks/k gks

ldrkA esjk fo’okl iqjkrRofoKku vkSj ekuo foKku ds ,sfrgkfld

izekf.kdj.k ij fLFkr ugh gS] ijUrq ;g ckbcy ds lans’k dk ifjp; nsus esa

lgk;d gS] vkSj bls ,slh ekU;rk nsrs gSa tks buds fcuk blds ikl ugha

gksrkA

fu”d”kZ esa fQj] ,sfrgkfldrk izsfjr gksus ds {ks= esa dk;Z ugha djrh gS]

ijUrq /keZeaMu’kkL= vkSj lqlekpkj izpkj ds {ks= esaA

385

i fj f ’ k”V rhu

bc z kuh , s frgk fld o.k Zu 1- izkjafHkd dFku

d- iqjkuk fu;e vkSj ?kVukvksa dks frfFkc/k djus ds vU; rjhdksa ds chp

dk laca/kA

1½ vU; izkphu fudVre lkfgR; dkYifud gSaA

d- cgqbZ’ojoknh¼lkekU; rkSj ij ekuoh; bZ’oj izd`fr dh ‘kfDr;ksa dks

izfrfcafcr djrs gq, ijUrq varj&O;fDrxr la?k”kZ

mn~ns’;ksa ds }kjk½

[k- izd`fr ds pØ ij vk/kkfjr¼ejus vkSj mBusokys bZ’oj½

2½ ;wukuh&jkseh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds o.kZu dh ctk; euksjatu vkSj

mRlkg ds fy, gS¼gksej

dbZ rjhdksa ls eslksiksVkfe;k ds mn~ns’;ksa

dks izfrfcafcr djrh gS½

[k- laHkkfor rkSj ij rhu teZu ‘kCn izdkjksa dh fHkUurk ;k bfrgkl dh

ifjHkk”kkvksa dks fn[kkrh

gSA

1½**fglVksjh]** ?kVukvksa dk fyf[kr o.kZu djuk¼ek= rF;ksa dks½

2½**xsfL’k’rs]** ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k ekuotkfr dks mudk egRo crkrs

gq,A

3½ **gsYlxsfL’k’rs] ** fo’ks”kdj ijes’oj dh NqVdkjs dh ;kstuk vkSj dk;Z

dks crkrh

gS ,sfrgkfld izfØ;k ds HkhrjA

x- iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e ds o.kZu xsfL’k’rs gS tks gsYlxsfL’k’rs dh le> dh

vksj c<+rh gSA os

pquh gqbZ /keZoSKkfud dsfUnzr ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a gSaA

1½ dsoy pquh gqbZ ?kVuk,a

2½ dkyØe /keZfoKku ds leku egRoiw.kZ ugha gS

3½ lR; dks izdV djus ds fy, ?kVukvksa dks ck¡Vk x;k gS

?k- iqjkus fu;e esa o.kZu lcls lkekU; lkfgfR;d izdkj gSA vuqeku yxk;k

x;k gS fd iqjkus

386

fu;e dk 40 izfr’kr Hkkx o.kZu gSA bl dkj.k] ;g lkfgfR;d izdkj

ijes’oj ds lans’k dks crkus esa vkSj ekuotkfr dks pfj= nsus esa vkRek ds

fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA ijUrq] ;g gqvk gS] vkSipkfjd dFku ds rkSj ij ugha¼u,

fu;e dh if=;ksa ds leku½] exj ykxwdj.k] fu”d”kZ ;k pqus gq,

okrkZyki@,dyki ds }kjkA ,d dks fujarj iwNuk gS fd D;ksa bldk o.kZu

fd;k x;k gSA ;g fdls egRo ns jgh gS\ bldk /keZoSKkfud mn~ns’; D;k

gS\ blds bfrgkl dks fdlh rjhds ls uhpk djus ds fy, ugha] ijUrq ;g

lsod ds rkSj ij bfrgkl gS vkSj izdk’ku dk ek/;e gSA

2- ckbcyh; o.kZu

d- ijes’oj vius lalkj esa lfØ; gSA izsfjrh; ckbcy ds ys[kd ijes’oj

dks izdV djus ds fy,

dqN ?kVukvksa dks pqurs gSaA ijes’oj iqjkus fu;e dk izeq[k pfj= gSA

[k- gj o.kZu vusd rjhdksa ls dk;Z djrk gS%

1½ijes’oj dkSu gS vkSj og lalkj esa D;k dj jgs gSA

2½ ijes’oj dk O;fDr euq”;ksa vkSj jkf”Vª; gfLlksa ds lkFk O;ogkj ds

}kjk ekuotkfr dk

izdV gksrk gSA

3½ mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;gks’kw dh lSU; thr ij /;ku nsa tks okpk ds

fd, tkus ls lacaf/kr

gSa¼rqyuk djsa] 1%7&8(8%30&35½A

x- vdlj o.kZuksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rkfd os ,d cMh

lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ dks cuk;s tks ,d gh /keZoSKkfud lR; dks izdV djrh

gSA

3- iqjkus fu;e ds o.kZuksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fu;e

d- iqjkus fu;e ds o.kZuksa dh O;k[;k djus ds ckjs esa lcls mÙke foospu

eSa us tks i<+k gS og Mqxyl LVwoVZ }kjk gÅ Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy

bV~l oFkZ] i`”B la[;k 83&84 gSaA

1½ ,d iqjkus fu;e dk o.kZu izR;{k rkSj ij fdlh fl)kar dks ugha

fl[kkrk gSA

2½ ,d iqjkus fu;e dk o.kZu fdlh fl)kar dks ;k dgha vkSj fl[kk,

x, fl)kar dks le>krk

387

gSA

3½ o.kZu crkrk gS fd D;k gqvk Fkk& ;g ugha fd vko’;d rkSj ij

D;k gqvk gksxk ;k gj ckj

D;k gksuk pkfg,A bl dkj.k] gj o.kZu dks dksbZ O;fDrxr igpkuus

;ksX; uSfrd f’k{kk ugha

gksrhA

4½ o.kZuksa esa tks yksx djrs gSa mls vko’;d rkSj ij gekjs fy, dksbZ

vPNk mnkgj.k gksuk

ugha gS fujarj ;g bldk foijhr gksrk gSA

5½ iqjkus fu;e ds o.kZuksa esa vf/kdka’k pfj= fl)rk ls nwj gSa] vkSj

muds dk;Z HkhA

6½ o.kZu ds var esa geas ges’kk ;g crk;k x;k ugha gS ;fn tks gqvk gS

og vPNk gSa ;k cqjk

gSA ge ls mldh ftls ijes’oj us izR;{k rkSj ij fl[kk;k gS vkSj

tks Øekuqlkj

ifo=’kkL= esa dgha ik;k tkrk gS U;k; djus ds ;ksX; gksus dh

vis{kk dh tkrh gSA

7½ lHkh o.kZu pqfuUnk vkSj viw.kZ gksrs gSaA lHkh egRoiw.kZ fooj.k ges’kk

fn, ugha tkrs

gSa¼rqyuk djsa] ;wgUuk 21%25½A tks dqN Hkh o.kZu esa crk, x, gSa og

lc dqN gSa ftls

izsfjrh; ys[kd us le>k dh gekjs fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA

8½ gekjs lHkh /keZoSKkfud iz’uksa dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, o.kZu fy[ks ugha

x, gSaA muds

fuf’pr] fof’k”V] vkSj lhfer mn~ns’; gSa vkSj os dqN fuf’pr eq)ksa ls

is’k vkrs gSa] nwljksa

ds ckjs esa dgha vksj crkus ds fy, NksM+ nsrs gSa] nwljs rjhdksa lsA

9½ o.kZu ;k rks lqLi”Vrk ls fl[kkrs gSa¼lkQ rkSj ij dqN crkrs gq,½

;k vLi”V¼ okLro esa

fcuk dqN crk, lkQ rkSj ij ifj.kke fudkyrs gq,½ lsA

10½ vafre ifj{k.k esa] ijes’oj gh lHkh ckbcyh; o.kZuksa dk uk;d gSaA

[k- o.kZuksa dh O;k[;k djus ds ckjs esa nwljh mÙke iqLrd okYVj dSlj dh

VqoMZ ,DlhtsfVdy fFk;ksykWth%

388

** ifo=’kkL= ds o.kZu ds Hkkxksa dk ,d fo’ks”k igyq ;g gS fd ys[kd

lkekU; rkSj ij vius o.kZu esa ds yksxksa ds ‘kCnksa vkSj dk;ksZa dks vuqefr

nsrk gS fd os mlds lans’k dh izeq[k ckr dgsA bl izdkj] izR;{k dFkuksa ds

}kjk gesa laHkksfnr djus dh ctk;] ftl izdkj ls ifo=’kkL= ds lS)kafrd

;k lh[kkusokys Hkkxksa esa ik;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ rd lh[kkusokys ;k ewY;kadu

djusokys dFkuksa dh ckr gS ys[kd bldh ctk; dgha i`”BHkwfe esa jgrk gSA

ifj.kke Lo:i] ml cM+s lanHkZ dks igpkuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS ftlesa

og o.kZu j[kk x;k gS vkSj ;g iwNuk fd D;ksa ys[kd us ml izdkj ds Øe

esa ?kVukvksa ds fof’k”V pquko dk iz;ksx fd;k gS ftlesa mls mUgsa j[kk gSA

vc o.kZu ds vFkZ ds fy, nksgjk lcwr dFkka’k dks O;ofLFkr djuk vkSj

laHkkfor Hkk”k.kksa] O;fDr;ksa] ;k dFkka’kksa esa ls fooj.kksa dk pquko djuk gSA

vkSj] bu yksxksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds izfr fnO; izfrfØ;k vkSj budk vuqeku

vdlj bl rjhds ls fuf’pr djuk gksxk ftl rjhds ls ys[kd ,d O;fDr

dks ;k yksxksa ds fdlh ,d lewg dks ?kVukvksa dh pquh xbZ ØecU/k dh

pje ij izfrfØ;k nsus ds

fy, vuqefr nsrk gS( vFkkZr~] ;fn mlus tks dqN Hkh gqvk gS mldk viuk

gh vuqeku¼bl mnkgj.k esa] ijes’oj dk½ nsus ds fy, o.kZu dks chp esa u

jksdk gks**¼i`”B la[;k 205½A

x- o.kZuksa esa lR; lEiw.kZ lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj fooj.kksa esa

ughaA

4- O;k[;k ds nks Lrj

d- ;gksok dk NqVdkjk nsusokyk] izdk’kukRed dk;Z vczgke ds oa’k ds

fy,A

[k- gj fo’oklh ds thou ds fy, ;gksok dh bPNk¼gj ;qx esa½

x- igyk **ijes’oj dks tkuus¼m)kj½( nwljk mudh lsok djus¼ fo’okl dk

elhgh thou] rqyuk djsa jksfe-15%4( 1 dqfj-10%6]11½ ij /;ku nsrh gSA

389

ifjf ’ k”V pkj

bc z kuh H k fo”;ok.k h 1- ifjp;

d- izkjafHkd dFku

1½ fo’oklh leqnk; bl ckr ij lger ugh gSa fd fdl izdkj

Hkfo”;ok.kh dh O;k[;k djuh

gSA vU; lR;ksa dks iwjh ‘krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku ,d ikjEifjd LFkku ds

rkSj ij LFkkfir fd;k

x;k gS] ijUrq ;g lR; gSA

2½ iqjkus fu;e dh Hkfo”;ok.kh dh ;gk¡ ij vusd vPNs ifjHkkf”kr Lrj

gSaA

d- iwoZjktra=¼jktk ‘kkÅy ds igys½

¼1½ O;fDrxr yksx ftUgsa Hkfo”;}Drk dgk tkrk FkkA

d½ vczkge&mRr-20%7

[k½ ewlk&fxurh 12%6&8( O;oLFkk-18%15(34%10

x½ gk:u&fuxZ-7%1¼ ewlk ds fy, cksyusokyk½

?k½ efj;e&fuxZ-15%20

M½ ,ynkn vkSj esnkn&fxurh 11%24&30

p½ ncksjk&U;kf;;ksa 4%4

N½ vuke& U;kf;;ksa 6%7&10

t½ ‘kew,y&1 ‘kew,y 3%20

¼2½ ,d lewg ds rkSj ij Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dk mYys[k&O;oLFkk

13%1&5( 18%20&22

¼3½ Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dk lewg ;k la?k&1 ‘kew-10%5&13(19%20( 1

jktk-20%35]41(22%6]10&13(

2 jktk-2%3]7(4%1]38(5%22( 6%1] bR;kfnA

¼4½ elhg dks Hkfo”;}Drk dgk x;k gS& O;oLFkk-18%15&18

[k- jktra=h; Hkfo”;}Drk ftUgksaus dksbZ ys[k ugha fy[kk¼os jktk dks

laHkksfnr djrs gSa½

¼1½ xkn&1 ‘kew-7%2(12%25( 2‘kew-24%11(1 bfr-29%29

¼2½ ukrku& 2’kew-7%2(12%25( 1jktk=1%22

¼3½ vfg¸;kg&1 jktk 11%29

390

¼4½ ;sgw&1 jktk 16%1]7]12

¼5½ vuke& 1jktk 18%4]13(20%13]22

¼6½ ,fy¸;kg&1 jktk 18( 2 jktk 2

¼7½ ehdk;kg&1 jktk 22

¼8½ ,fy’kk&2 jktk 2%8]13

x- ‘kkL=h; fy[kusokys Hkfo”;}Drk¼ os jk”Vª lkFk gh jktk dks Hkh

laHkksfnr djrs gSa½%

;’kk;kg&eykdh¼nkfu¸;sy ugha gS½

[k- ckbcyh; ‘kCn

1½ jks&,g% Hkfo”;n’khZ] 1’kew-9%9 A ;g mYys[k uch ‘kCn dh vksj cnyko

dks fn[kkrk gS]

ftldk vFkZ **Hkfo”;}Drk** gS vkSj ewy ‘kCn] **iqdkjuk** ls vkrk gSA

jks&,g lkekU; bczkuh

‘kCn **ns[kus** ls gSA ;g O;fDr ijes’oj ds ekxksZa vkSj ;kstukvksa dks

le>rk Fkk vkSj fdlh

Hkh ckr ds fy, ijes’oj dh bPNk tkuus ds fy, bldh lykg iwNh

tkrh FkhA

2½ gkst+sg% n’khZ] ‘kew-24%11 A ;g ewy rkSj ij jks&,g dk i;kZ;okphA ;g

de iz;ksx fd, tkusokys bczkuh ‘kCn **n’kZu esa ns[kuk** ls vkrk gSA

fØ;k&fo’ks”k.k ds izdkj esa ;g vdlj Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSA

3½uch% Hkfo”;}Drk] vDdknh ‘kCn ucw% **iqdkjuk** vkSj vjch ‘kCn ukck%

**?kks”k.kk djuk** dk lacaf/kr gSA fdlh Hkfo”;}Drk dks laHkksfnr djus ds

fy, ;g lcls lkekU; iqjkus fu;e dk ‘kCn gSA bldk iz;ksx 300 ckj ls

Hkh vf/kd gqvk gSA bldk lgh ewy&’kCn fuf’pr ugha gS] ijUrq **iqdkjuk**

vFkZ bl le; lgh yxrk gSA laHkkfor rkSj ij bldh mÙke le> fQ+jkSu

ds lkFk gk:u ds }kjk ewlk dk laca/k ;gksok ds fn, gq, o.kZu ls vkrk

gS¼rqyuk djsa] fuxZ-4%10&16(7%1(O;oLFkk 5%5½A ,d Hkfo”;}Drk og gS tks

vius yksxksa ls ijes’oj dh vksj ls ckr djrk gS¼rqyuk djsa] vkeksl 3%8(

f;eZ-1%7]17( ;gst-3%4½A

391

4½ 1 bfr-29%29 esa Hkfo”;}Drk ds dk;Z dks fn[kkus ds fy, lHkh rhuksa

‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS( ‘kew,y&jks&,g( ukrku&uch( vkSj xkn&gkst+sgA

5½;g ‘kCn b’kk&,yksfge] **ijes’oj dk O;fDr**] Hkh mlds fy, ,d foLr`r

uke gS tks ijes’oj ds fy, cksyrk gSA **Hkfo”;}Drk** ds vFkZ esa iqjkus

fu;e esa bldk iz;ksx 76 ckj gqvk gSA

6½ **Hkfo”;}Drk** dk ‘kCn ewy vk/kkj ls ;wukuh gSA ;g ¼1½ izks% **igys**;k

**ds fy,**( ¼2½ Qsfe%**cksyuk** ls vkrk gSA

2- Hkfo”;}k.kh dh ifjHkk”kk

d- vaxzsth Hkk”kk esa ls vf/kd bczkuh Hkk”kk esa **Hkfo”;}k.kh** ‘kCn dk

‘kseoaf’k;ksa dk vk/kkj gSA ;gwfn;ksa us ;gks’kw ls ysdj jktkvksa rd ds

bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa dk uke¼:r dh iqLrd dks NksM+ ds½ **igys ds

Hkfo”;}Drk** j[kk FkkA vczkge¼mRr-20%7( Hktu-105%5½ vkSj ewlk¼O;oLFkk-

18%18½ nksuksa dks Hkfo”;}Drk crk;k x;k gS¼vkSj efj;e dks Hkh] fuxZ-

15%20½A bl dkj.k fdlh vaxzsth Hkk”kk dh ifjHkk”kk ls lko/kku jgsa!

[k-** Hkfo”;}Drkokn** dh oS/k rkSj ij ifjHkk”kk ;g gks ldrh gS fd ;g

bfrgkl dh og le> gS tks vFkZ dks dsoy fnO; fpark] fnO; mn~ns’;]

fnO; rkSj ij Hkkx ysus ds vk/kkj ij xzg.k djrh gS**¼baVjizsVlZ~ fMD’aujh

vkWQ n ckbcy] iqLrd la[;k 3] i`”B la[;k 896½A

x-**dksbZ Hkfo”;}Drk u rks ,d nk’kZfud gS u gh dksbZ O;ofLFkr

/keZfoKkfud gS] ijUrq okpk dk ,d e/;LFk gS tks vius yksxksa dks ijes’oj

dk opu nsrk gS rkfd og mudk orZeku lq/kkjdj muds Hkfo”; dks

vkdkj nsA**¼**izksQV~l ,.M izksQslh] **,ulkbZDyksihfM;k tqMkbdk] iqLrd

la[;k 13] i`”V la[;k 1152½A

3- Hkfo”;}k.kh dk mn~ns’;

d- Hkfo”;}k.kh vius yksxksa ls ckr djus ds fy, ijes’oj dk rjhdk gS]

muds orZeku lanHkZ esa vxqokbZ iznku djrs gq, vkSj muds thouksa vkSj

lalkj dh ?kVukvksa ij mlds fu;a=.k esa vk’kk nsrs gq,A mudk lans’k ewy

rkSj ij lkewfgd FkkA ;g Mk¡Vus ds fy,] mRlkfgr djus] fo’okl vkSj

i’pkrki dks mRiUu djus ds fy,] vkSj ijes’oj ds yksxksa dks vius ckjs es

vkSj viuh ;kstkukvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus ds fy, FkkA vdlj bldk

iz;ksx fdlh cksyusokys dk ijes’oj }kjk pqus tkus dks Li”V rkSj ij izdV

392

djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk¼O;oLFkk-13%1&3(18%20&22½A ;g] vafre esa]

elhgk dks fn[kkrk gSA

[k- vdlj] Hkfo”;}Drk vius le; dk ,sfrgkfld ;k /keZoSKkfud eq)k

ysrk Fkk vkSj mls var ds fnuksa ds lanHkZ esa fn[kkrk FkkA bfrgkl ds bl

var ds le; dh n`f”V¼mn~ns’;kRed½ blzk,y ds fy, vkSj fnO; pquko vkSj

okpk ds ok;nksa ds vFkZ ds fy, Hkh fo’ks”k gSA

x- Hkfo”;}Drk dk dk;Z egk;ktd ds dk;Z dks ijes’oj dh bPNk dks

tkuus ds ekxZ ds rkSj ij larqfyr djrk¼f;eZ-18%18½ vkSj iw.kZ djrk

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mfje vkSj Fkqfee ijes’oj ds oDrk ls ekSf[kd lans’k esa c<+

tkrs FksA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd Hkfo”;}Drk dk dk;Z blzk,y esa eykdh

ds ckn¼bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa dks fy[kus ds ckn½ lekIr gks x;k FkkA ;g

400 o”kZ ds ckn ;wgUuk cifrLek nsusokys ds lkFk gh izdV gksrk gSA ;g

fuf’pr ugha gS fd fdl izdkj u, fu;e esa **Hkfo”;}k.kh** dk ojnku

iqjkus fu;e ls lacaf/kr gSA u, fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drk¼izsfjrksa

11%27&28(13%1(14%29]32]37(15%32( 1 dqfj-12%10]28&29(bfQ-4%11½ u,

izdk’ku ds izdV djusokys ugha gSa] ijUrq orZeku le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

ijes’oj dh bPNk dk vkxs&crkusokys gSa vkSj Hkfo”;}k.kh djusokys gSaA

?k- Hkfo”;}k.kh uk gh ek= vkSj izkFkfed rkSj ij Hkfo”; dks crkuk ugha

gSA Hkfo”; dks crkuk ,d rjhds ls mlds dk;Z vkSj lans’k dks fuf’pr

djuk gS] ijUrq ;g /;ku nsuk gS fd **---iqjkus fu;e dh 2 izfr’kr ls Hkh

de Hkfo”;}k.kh elhgk ds ckjs esa gSA 5 izfr’kr ls Hkh de ubZ okpk ds

;qx dk o.kZu djrh gSA 1 izfr’kr ls Hkh de vkxs vkusokyh ?kVukvksa ds

ckjs esa gS**¼Qh vkSj LVwoVZ] gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy bV~l oFkZ] i`”B

la[;k 166½A

M- Hkfo”;}Drk yksxksa ds lkeus ijes’oj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa] tcfd

;ktd ijes’oj ds lkeus yksxksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA ;g ,d lkekU;

dFku gSA gcDdwd ,slk ugha gS] og ijes’oj ls iz’u djrh gS

p- Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dks le>us esa dfBukbZ dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS D;ksafd

ge ugha tkurs gSa fd mudh iqLrdksa dk <+kapk fdl izdkj gSA os frfFkc/k

ugha gSA os fo”k;kuqlkj fn[krs gSa] ijUrq ml izdkj ls ugha tSlk dksbZ

vis{kk djrh gS vdlj ;gk¡ ij dksbZ Li”V ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ]le;&Øe]

;k Hkfo”;}kf.k;ksa ds chp Li”V foHkktu ugha gksrk gS] 1½ ,d gh ckj esa

393

iwjs iqLrd dks i<+uk( 2½ fo”k;kuqlkj mudh :ijs[kk nsuk( vkSj 3½ gj

Hkfo”;}k.kh esa izeq[k lR; ;k ys[kd dk mn~ns’; le>uk dfBu gksrk gSA

4- Hkfo”;}k.kh dh fo’ks”krk,a

d- iqjkus fu;e esa ** Hkfo”;}Drk** vkSj ** Hkfo”;}k.kh** ds fopkj dk

fodkl gksrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA izkjafHkd blzk,y esa ogka ij

Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dh laxfr dk fodkl gqvk] vf/kd gh n`<+ dfj’ek;h vxqoksa

ds }kjk ftl izdkj ,fy¸;kg ;k ,yh’kkA dbZ ckj ;g okD;&[k.M **

Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds psys** dk iz;ksx bl lewg dks fn[kkus ds fy, gksrk Fkk¼2

jktk 2½A dqN le; Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dks fnO;kaun ds izdkjksa esa jgk ns[kk

x;k gS¼1 ‘kew-10%10&13(19%18&24½A

[k- fQj Hkh] ;g le; O;fDrxr Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds le; esa rqjUr gh pyk

x;kA ;gk¡ ij dqN Hkfo”;}Drk Fks¼lPps vkSj >wBs nksuksa½ftudh igpku

jktk ls gksrh Fkh] vkSj jktegy esa jgrs Fks¼xkn] ukrku½A vkSj] ;gk¡ ij os

Fks tks fdlh ij fuHkZj ugha Fks] dbZ ckj lEiw.kZ rkSj ij blzk,yh lekt ds

ml le; ds Lrj ds lkFk Hkh tqMs+ ugha Fks¼vkeksl½A os iq:”k vkSj L=h

nksuksa Fks¼2 jktk-22%14½A

x- vdlj Hkfo”;}Drk Hkfo”; dks crkusokyk Fkk] fdlh O;fDr ds ;k ,d

yksxksa ds rqjUr izfrmÙkj ds vk/kkj ijA vdlj Hkfo”;}Drk dk dk;Z

ijes’oj dk viuh l`f”V ds fy, mldh ;kstuk dks izdV djuk Fkk tks

ekuoh; izfrfØ;k ls izHkkfor ugha gksrh gSA ;g loZHkkSfed vardky dh

;kstuk izkphu fudVre iwoZ esa blzk,y ds Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds e/; esa fo’ks”k

gSA Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds lans’k dk nksgjk dsUnz Hkfo”; dks crkuk vkSj okpk ds

izfr fo’okl;ksX; jguk gS¼rqyuk djsa] Qh vkSj LVwoVZ] i`”B la[;k 150½A

bldk vFkZ gS fd Hkfo”;}Drk izkFkfed rkSj ij /;ku esa lkewfgd FksA os

lkekU; rkSj ij] ijUrq ,dkfUrd rkSj ij ugha] blzk,y ds jk”Vª dks

laHkksfnr djrs gSaA

?k- vf/kdka’k Hkfo”;}k.kh dh ckrksa dks ekSf[kd rkSj ij izLrqr fd;k tkrk

FkkA bls ckn esa fo”k;kuqlkj ;k frfFkc/k] ;k fudVre iwohZ lkfgR; ds

izdkjksa ds vuqlkj] tks vHkh [kks xbZ gS] ,d lkFk tksM+k tkrk FkkA D;ksafd

;g ekSf[kd gS] ;g fyf[kr x|ka’k ds leku <+kaps esa ugha FkkA ;g bu

394

iqLrdksa dks ,d ckj i<+us esa dfBu cuk nsrh gSa vkSj ,d fo’ks”k ,sfrgkfld

lanHkZ ds fcuk bls le>uk Hkh dfBu cuk nsrh gSaA

M- Hkfo”;}Drk vius lans’kksa dks le>kus ds fy, vusd mnkgj.kksa dk

iz;ksx djrs gSaA

1½ U;k;ky; dk fp=& ijes’oj vius yksxksa dks U;k;ky; esa ys tkrs gSa(

vdlj ;g rykd

dh ckr gksrh gS tgk¡ ij ;gksok viuh iRuh¼blzk,y½ dk mldh

vfo’okl;ksX;rk ds dkj.k

budkj dj nsrs gSa¼gks’ks 3( ehdk 6½A

2½ vafre&laLdkj dk ‘kksdxhr& bl izdkj ds lans’k dh fo’ks”k ekih vkSj

bldh fo’ks”k **gk;**

bls ,d fo’ks”k izdkj ds rkSj ij vyx j[k nsrh gSa¼;’kk;kg 5(

gcDdwd 2½A

3½ okpk dh vk’kh”k dh ?kks”k.kk& okpk dh ‘krksZa ij egRo fn;k tkrk gS

vkSj blds ifj.kkeksa]

ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa dks] Hkfo”; ds fy, crk fn;k

tkrk gS¼O;oLFkk-27&29½A

5- ,d lPps Hkfo”;}Drk dh tkap ds fy, ckbcyh; ;ksX;rk,a

d- O;oLFkkfooj.k 13%1&5¼Hkfo”; crkuk@fpUg ,ds’ojoknh ‘kq)rk ls

lacaf/kr gS½

[k- O;oLFkkfooj.k 18%9&22¼>wBs Hkfo”;}Drk@lPps Hkfo”;}Drk ½

x- iq:”k vkSj fL=;ksa nksuksa dks Hkfo”;}Drk ;k Hkfo”;}fDruh gksus ds fy,

cqyk;k x;k gS vkSj in

fn;k x;k gSA

1½ efj;e&fuxZ-15

2½ ncksjk&U;kf;;ksa 4%4&6

3½ gqYnk&2 jktk-22%14&20( 2 bfr-34%22&28 A

?k- ogka dh pkjksa vksj dh laLd`fr;ksa esa Hkfo”;}Drkvksa dh tkap ‘kdqu

fopkj ls gksrh FkhA blzk,y esa mudh tkap

1½ /keZoSKkfud ifj{k.k&;gksok uke dk iz;ksx

395

2½ ,sfrgkfld ifj{k.k& lgh Hkfo”; dks crkuk

6- Hkfo”;}k.kh dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, lgk;d funsZ’k

d- gj Hkfo”;}k.kh ds ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ vkSj lkfgfR;d lanHkZ ij /;ku nsrs

gq, ewy

Hkfo”;}Drk¼laiknd½ dk ewy mn~ns’; irk djsaA lkekU; rkSj ij blesa

dgha blzk,y dk ewlk

dh okpk dks rksM+us ds ckjs esa fy[kk gksxkA

[k- iwjh Hkfo”;}k.kh dks i<+sa vkSj mldh O;k[;k djsa] dsoy dqN Hkkx dks

ugha( fo”k;kuqlkj mldh

:ijs[kk cuk,aA lEiw.kZ iqLrd dh :ijs[kk cukus dh dksf’k’k

djsa¼lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ ds }kjk

vkSj i|ka’k ds Lrj rd½A

x- in dh ,d ‘kkfCnd O;k[;k dks /kkj.kk djsa tc rd ikB esa dqN vius

vki ls vkidks blds

:ikRed iz;ksx dks fn[kkrh gS( fQj ml :ikRed Hkk”kk dks x|ka’k esa

Mkyus dh dksf’k’k djsaA

?k- ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ vkSj lekukUrj i|ka’kksa ds izdk’k esa fpUgkRed dk;Z

dk ewY;kadu djsaA bl

ckr dks vo’; Lej.k j[ksa fd ;g izkphu iwohZ lkfgR; gSa] ik’pkR; ;k

vk/kqfud lkfgR; ugha gSaA

M- Hkfo”;}kf.k;ksa dks /;ku ls ns[ksaA

1½ D;k os ek= ys[kd ds le; ds fy, gSa\

2½ D;k os le; ds lkFk blzk,y ds bfrgkl esa iw.kZ gq,\

3½ D;k os vc Hkh Hkfo”; dh ?kVuk,a gSa\

4½ D;k mudh ledkyhu iw.kZrk gSa vkSj fQj Hkh dksbZ Hkfo”; dh

iw.kZrk\

5½ ckbcy ds ys[kdksa dks] vk/kqfud ys[kdksa dks ugha] vuqefr nsa fd os

vkids mÙkjksa dh

vxqokbZ djsA

396

p- fo’ks”k fpark,aA

1½ D;k Hkfo”;}k.kh esa dksbZ izfrmÙkj nsus dh ‘krZ gS\

2½ D;k ;g fuf’pr gS fd Hkfo”;}k.kh fdldks laHkksfnr djrh gS¼vkSj

D;ksa½\

3½ D;k ckbcyh; vkSj@;k ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij vufxur ifjiw.kZrkvksa

dh dksbZ laHkkouk gS\

4½ izsj.kk ds vk/khu esa u, fu;e ds ys[kd iqjkus fu;e ds vusd

LFkkuksa esa elhgk dks ns[kus

ik, Fks tks gekjs fy, Li”V ugha gSA ,slk fn[krk gS fd os izk:i

i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa

;k ‘kCnksa ls [ksy jgs gSaA D;ksafd ge izsfjr ugha gS] ge bl rjhds dks

muds ikl gh NksM+

nsrs gSaA

7- lgk;diw.kZ iqLrdsa

1½ dkyZ b-,ejfMax vkSj McY;w-okMZ xsLd }kjk , xkbZM Vq fccfydy

izksQslh A

2½ xkMZu Qh vkSj MqXykl LVwoVZ }kjk gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy

bV~l oFkZ A

3½ ,MoMZ ts-;ax }kjk eb losZaV~l n izksQsV~l A

4½ Mh-czsaV lsaMh }kjk Iyks’kslZ~ ,.M izwfuax gwDl%jhfFkafdax n ysaXost vkWQ

fccfydy izksQslh ,.M ,iksdsfyifVd A

5½ Mh-czsaV lsaMh vkSj jksukYM ,y- xhl twfu;j }kjk Øsfdax n vksYM

VsLVesaV dksM A

397

ifjf ’ k”V ik ap

u, fu;e dh H k fo”;}ok.k h

1- u, fu;e dh Hkfo”;}k.kh iqjkus fu;e dh Hkfo”;}k.kh ds leku ugha gS¼ch

Mh ch 611½] ftlesa ;gksok ls izsfjrh; izdk’kuksa dk jCchoknh ladsr gS¼rqyuk

djsa] izsfjrksa 3%18]21(jksfe-16%26½A dsoy Hkfo”;}Drk gh ifo=’kkL= dks fy[k

ldrs FksA

d- ewlk dks Hkfo”;}Drk dgk x;k Fkk¼rqyuk djsa] O;oLFkk-18%15&21½A

[k-bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa dks¼;gks’kw&jktkvksa]:r ls flok;½ **igys ds

Hkfo”;}Drk** dgk x;k

Fkk¼rqyuk djsa] izsfjrksa 3%24½A

x- Hkfo”;}Drk egk;ktd ds LFkku dks ijes’oj ls tkudkjh dh Jksr gksus

ds rkSj ij Nhu ysrs

gSa¼rqyuk djsa];’kk;kg&eykdh½A

?k- bczkuh fo/kku dk nwljk foHkktu ** Hkfo”;}Drk** gSa¼rqyuk djsa] eRrh

5%17( 22%40( ywdk

16%16(24%25]27(jksfe-3%21½A

2- u, fu;e esa bl fopkj dks vusd fHkUu rjhdksa ls iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

d- iqjkus fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drkvksa vkSj muds izsfjrh; lans’k dks fn[kkrh

gSa¼rqyuk djsa]eRrh

2%23(5%12(11%13(13%14(jksfe-1%2½A

[k- fdlh lewg ds fy, lans’k dh ctk; fdlh O;fDr ds fy, lans’k ds

rkSj ij gS¼vFkkZr~] iqjkus fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drk izkFkfed rkSj ij blzk,y ls

ckr djrs Fks½A

x- ;wgUuk cifrLek nsusokys¼rqyuk djsa]eRrh 11%9(14%5(21%26(ywdk1%76½ vkSj

;h’kq dks ijes’oj ds jkT; dh ?kks”k.kk djusokyksa ds rkSj ij fn[kkrs

gq,¼rqyuk djsa]eRrh 13%57(21%11]46(ywdk 4%24(7%16(13%33(24%19½A

;h’kq us lHkh Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ls egku gksus dk nkok Hkh fd;k¼rqyuk

djsa]eRrh 11%9(12%41(ywdk 7%26½A

?k- u, fu;e esa vU; Hkfo”;}Drk A

398

1½ ;h’kq dk izkjafHkd thou ftl izdkj ywdk ds lqlekpkj esa of.kZr

gS¼vFkkZr~]efj;e dh ;knsa½

d½ byhf’kck¼rqyuk djsa] ywdk 1%41&42½

[k½ tdj;kg¼rqyuk djsa] ywdk 1%67&79½

x½ ‘kekSu¼rqyuk djsa] ywdk 2%25&35½

?k½ gUukg¼rqyuk djsa] ywdk 2%36½

2½ O;aX;kRed Hkfo”;}kf.k;k¡ ¼rqyuk djsa] dkbQk] ;wgUuk 11%51½

M- fdlh ,d dks fn[kkrs gq, tks lqlekpkj dk izpkj djrk gS¼ 1 dqfj-

12%28&29(bfQ-4%11 esa

?kks”k.kk djus ds ojnkuksa dh lwph½A

p- dyhfl;k esa fujarj py jgs ojnku dks fn[kkrs gq,¼rqyuk djsa] eRrh

23%34( izsfjrksa 13%1(15%32( jksfe-12%6(1 dqfj-12%10]28&29(13%2( bfQ-4%11½A

dqN le; ;g L=h dks Hkh fn[kkrh gS¼rqyuk djsa] ywdk 2%36( izsfjrksa

2%17(21%9(1 dqfj-11%4&5½A

N- izdkf’krokD; dh izdk’kukRed iqLrd dks fn[kkrs gq,¼rqyuk djsa]

izdkf’kr-1%3(22%7]10]18]19½

3- u, fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drk

d- os iqjkus fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drkvksa¼vFkkZr~] ifo=’kkL=½ ds vFkZ esa gh

izsfjrh; izdk’ku ugha nsrs gSaA ;g dFku izsfjrksa 6%7(13%8(14%22(xyk-

1%23(3%23(6%10(fQy-1%27( ;gwnk 3]20 esa okD; **og fo’okl**¼vFkkZr~] iw.kZ

gqvk lqlekpkj½ ds dkj.k gh laHko gSA

;g fopkj ;gwnk 3 esa iz;ksx fd, x, bl iw.kZ okD; ls Li”V gS] **ml

fo’okl ds fy, iwjk ;Ru djks tks ifo= yksxksa dks ,d gh ckj lkSaik x;k

FkkA** **,d gh ckj** dk fo’okl elhgh /keZ dh lPpkbZ] fl)kar] fopkj]

lalkj&n`f”V dks fn[kkrk gSA ;g ,d&gh&ckj dk egRo u, fu;e dh

ys[kksa dk iszfjrh; gksus ds /keZoSKkfud rkSj ij lhfer djuk vkSj ckn ds

ys[kksa ;k vU; ys[kksa dks izdkf’kr gksus ds rkSj ij ns[kus dh vuqefr u nsus

dk ckbcyh; vk/kkj gSA u, fu;e esa vusd lansgiw.kZ] vfuf’pr] vkSj le>

esa u vkusokys Hkkx gSa] ijUrq fo’oklh yksx fo’okl ds }kjk fuf’pr djrs gSa

fd lc dqN tks fo’okl vkSj dk;Z ds fy, **vko’;d** gS og u, fu;e esa

399

i;kZIr Li”Vrk ds lkFk lEesfyr gSA bl fopkj dk ftls **izdk’kukRed

f=dks.k** dgrs gSa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

1½ ijes’oj us vius vki dks bfrgkl ds le;&LFkku esa izdV fd;k

gS¼izdk’ku½A

2½ mlus dqN ekuo ys[kdksa dks pquk gSa fd os mlds dk;ksZa dk

nLrkost+ cuk,a vkSj

le>k,a¼izsj.kk½A

3½ mlus viuh vkRek dks nh gS fd og bu ys[kksa dks le>us esa muds

euksa vkSj ân~;ksa dks

[kksy nsa] fuf’p;kRed rkSj ij ugha] ij m)kj ikus vkSj ,d

izHkko’kkyh elhgh thou thus

ds fy, i;kZIr¼izdkf’kr gksuk½A blesa ;g ckr gS fd izsj.kk ifo=’kkL=

ds ys[kdksa rd

lhfer gSA

;gk¡ ij vkSj dksbZ vf/kdkj&lfgr ys[k] n’kZu] ;k izdk’ku ugha gSA

fo/kku cUn gks pqdk gSA ijes’oj dh lgh ls izfrfØ;k nsus ds fy,

vko’;d lHkh lR; gekjs ikl gSA bl lR; dks ckbyh; ys[kdksa dh

lgefr esa mÙke ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj blds foijhr esa lPps] HkfDriw.kZ

fo’okfl;ksa dh vlgefr esaA fdlh Hkh vk/kqfud ys[kd ;k oDrk ds ikl

bl Lrj dk fnO; vuq’kklu ugha gS tks ifo=’kkL= ds ys[kdksa ds ikl FkkA

[k- dqN rjhdksa ls u, fu;e ds Hkfo”;}Drk iqjkus fu;e ds

Hkfo”;}Drkvksa ds leku gSaA

1½ Hkfo”; dh ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa crkuk¼rqyuk djsa]ikSyql] izsfjrksa 27%22(

vxcql] izsfjrksa

11%27&28(21%10&11( vU; vuke Hkfo”;}Drk] izsfjrksa 20%23½A

2½ U;k; dh ?kks”k.kk djuk¼rqyuk djsa] ikSyql] izsfjrksa 13%11(28%25&28½

3½ fpUgkRed dk;Z tks Li”V ls fdlh ?kVuk dk fp=.k djrh gS¼rqyuk

djsa] vxcql] izsfjrksa

21%11½A

x- os dqN le; Hkfo”; crkus dh rjhdksa ls lqlekpkj ds lR; dh

?kks”k.kk djrs gSa¼rqyuk djsa]

izsfjrksa 11%27&28(20%23(21%10&11½] exj ;g izkFkfed /;ku ugha gSA 1

dqfjfUFk;ksa esa

400

Hkfo”;}k.kh djus dk vFkZ ewy rkSj ij lqlekpkj crkuk gS¼rqyuk djsa]

14%24]39½A

?k- ;g vkRek dh gj u;h ifjfLFkfr] laLd`fr] ;k le; dky ds fy,

ijeso’oj dh lR; dh

ledkyhu vkSj O;okgfjd ykxwdj.k dks izdV djus dk ledkyhu

ek/;e gS¼rqyuk djsa] 1

dqfj-14%3½A

M- os ikSyql dh izkjafHkd dyhfl;kvksa esa lfØ; Fks¼rqyuk djsa]1 dqfj-

11%4&5(12%28]29(13%29(14%1]3]5]6]22]24]29]31]32]37]39(bfQ-2%20(3%5(4%11( 1

fFkLl-5%20½ vkSj mudk o.kZu fMMkNs¼igyh ‘krkCnh ds var esa ;k nwljh

‘krkCnh esa fy[kk x;k Fkk] frfFk vfuf’pr gS½vkSj mÙkjh vÝhdk esa nwljh

vkSj rhljh ‘krkfCn;ksa ds eksaVkokn esa gqvk gSA

4- D;k u, fu;e ds ojnku lekIr gks x, gSa\

d- bl iz’u dk mÙkj nsuk dfBu gSA ojnku ds mn~ns’; dks le>us ds

}kjk bl eq)s dks Li”V

djus esa lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA D;k os lqlekpkj ds izkjafHkd izpkj

dks fuf’pr djus ds fy,

Fks ;k D;k os dyhfl;k dh vius vki dh lsok djus vkSj ,d [kks, gq,

lalkj dh lsok djus

ds fy, fujarj pyusokys rjhds gSa\

[k- D;k dksbZ dyhfl;k ds bfrgkl dks ns[ksxk rkfd bl iz’u dk mÙkj

fn;k tk, ;k u, fu;e

Lo;a dks\ u, fu;e esa dksbZ Hkh lqjkx ugha gS bl ckr ds fy, fd

vkfRed ojnku vLFkkbZ

FksA tks yksx 1 dqfj-13%8&13 dks ysrs gSa bl eq)s dks laHkksfnr djus ds

fy, os bl in ds

ys[kd ds mn~ns’; dk nq:i;ksx djrs gSa] tks ;g nkok djrk gS fd izse

ds fcuk lc dqN pyk

tk,xkA

x- eSa ;g dgus ds fy, ijh{kk esa Mkyk tk jgk gw¡ fd u, fu;e ds le;

ls vf/kdkj u, fu;e

401

gh gS] dyhfl;k dk bfrgkl ugha] ftls fo’okfl;ksa dks fuf’pr djuk gS

fd ojnku fujarj pys

vk jgs gSaA fQj Hkh] eSa fo’okl djrk gw¡ fd laLd`fr O;k[;k dks izHkkfor

djrh gS dqN cgqr

gh Li”V ikB vHkh ykxw ugha gks ldrs gSa¼vFkkZr~] ifo= pqEcu] fL=;ksa dk

cqjdk Mky ysuk] ?kjksa

esa dyhfl;kvksa dh lHkk pykuk] bR;kfn½A ;fn laLd`fr ikB dks izHkkfor

djrh gS] rc

dyhfl;k dk bfrgkl D;ksa ugha\

?k- ;g ,d ,slk iz’u gS ftldk mÙkj ge iw.kZrk ls ugha ns ldrs gSA dqN

fo’oklh **lekIr**

gksus vkSj vU; ** u lekIr** gksus ds i{k esa gksaxsA bl ckr ij] ftl

izdkj vusd O;k[;kaf[kr

eq)ksa esa] fo’okl dk g`n~; gh dqath gSA u;k fu;e lansgiw.kZ vkSj

lkaLd`frd gSA dfBukbZ ;g

fu.kZ; ysus esa gS fd dkSu ls ikB laLd`fr@bfrgkl ls izHkkfor gSa vkSj

dkSu ls lHkh le; vkSj

lHkh laLd`fr;ksa ds fy, gSa¼rqyuk djsa] Qh vkSj LVwoVZ dh gm Vq jhM n

ckbcy QkWj vkWy bV~l

oFkZ] i`”B la[;k 14&19 vkSj 69&77½A ;gha ij Lora=rk vkSj ft+Eesnkjh

dk foospu] tks jksfe-

14%1&15%13 vkSj 1 dqfj-8&10 esa ik;k tkrk gS] xaHkhj gSaA ge ftl

izdkj bl iz’u dk mÙkj

nsrs gSa ;g nks rjhdksa ls egRoiw.kZ gSA

1½ gj fo’oklh dks tks izdk’k mlds ikl gS ml esa fo’okl ls pyuk

gSA ijes’oj gekjs

g`n~;ksa vkSj mn~n’;ksa dks ns[krs gSaA

2½ gj fo’oklh dks vU; fo’okfl;ksa dks vuqefr nsuh gS fd os Hkh vius

fo’okl dh le> ds

vuqlkj pysaA

M- fu”d”kZ esa] elhgh /keZ fo’okl vkSj izse dk thou gS] dksbZ fl)

/keZfoKku ugha gSA iw.kZ

402

tkudkjh ;k fl) fo’okl opu ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gesa mlds lkFk ,d

laca/k dh vko’;drk

gS tks nwljksa ds lkFk gekjs laca/k dks izHkkfor djrh gS

403

ifjf ’ k”V N%

bc z kuh dkO; 1- ifjp;

d- bl izdkj dk lkfgR; iqjkuk fu;e dk 1@3 Hkkx cukrk gSA ;g

fo’ks”kdj bczkuh fo/kku ds **Hkfo”;}Drkvksa**¼lHkh exj gkXxS vkSj eykdh

ds fcuk½ **ys[kksa** ds Hkkxksa esa lkekU; gSA

[k- ;g vaxzsth dkO; ls cgqr gh fHkUu gSA vaxzsth dkO; ;wukuh vkSj yfVuh

dkO; ls fodflr gqvk gS] tks izkFkfed rkSj ij Loj&vk/kkfjr gSA bczkuh

dkO; dk dukuh dkO; ls lkekU;rk gSA iwohZ fudVre dkO; esa dksbZ Hkh

mPpkj.k fpUg ;k rqdkUr ugha gksrk gS¼ijUrq ;gk¡ ij rky gS½A

x- blzk,y dh mÙkj ij mxkfjr¼jkl ‘kezk½ esa gqbZ iqjkrRo [kkst us fo}kuksa

dks iqjkus fu;e ds dkO; dks le>us esa lgk;rk dh gSA 15oha ‘krkCnh bZ-iw

dh bl dfork dk ckbcyh; dfork ds lkFk Li”V lkfgfR;d laca/k gSA

2- dfork dk lkekU; fo’ks”k.k

d- ;g Bksl gksrk gSA

[k- ;g dYiuk esa lR;] Hkkoukvksa ;k vuqHkoksa dks O;Dr djus dh dksf’k’k

djrh gS

x- ;g izkFkfed rkSj ij fyf[kr gksrh gS ekSf[kd ughaA ;g cgqr <+kaps esa

gksrh gSA bl <+kps dks

bl esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS%

1½ larqfyr ifDr;ka¼lekukUrj.k½

2½ ‘kCnksa ls [ksyuk

3½ Loj ls [ksyuk

3- <kapk vkj-ds-gsfjlu] baVªksMD’u Vq n vkWYM VsLVesaV] i`”B la[;k

965&975½

404

d- fc’ki jkscVZ ykSFk viuh iqLrd] ysDpjl~ vkWu n lsØM iksf¸Vª vkWQ n

ghczwl¼1753½ esa igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus ckbcyh; dkO; dks fopkjksa dh

larqfyr iafDr;ksa ds rkSj ij igpkukA vf/kdka’k vk/kqfud vaxzsth vuqoknksa

dks fQj lgh fd;k x;k gS rkfd os bu iafDr;ksa dks fn;k ldsA

1½ i;kZ;okph& iafDr;k¡ ,d gh fopkj dks fHkUu ‘kCnksa esa O;Dr djrh

gS%

d½ Hktu 3%1(49%1(83%14(103%13

[k½ uhfropu 19%5(20%1

x½ ;’kk;kg 1%3]10

?k½ vkeksl 5%24(8%10

2½ fojks/kkRed& iafDr;k¡ fojks/kkHkkl ds }kjk ;k ldkjkRed vkSj

udkjkRed dks dgus ds

}kjk foijhr fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrh gSA

d½ Hktu 1%6(90%6

[k½ uhfropu 1%29(10%1]12(15%1(19%4

3½ la’ys”k.k& vxyh nks ;k rhu iafDr;k¡ fopkj dks fodflr djrh

gS&Hktu

1%1&2(19%7&9(29%1&2

4½ fd;kfLed¼chiasmic½& dfork dk ,d izdkj tks lans’k dks ,d

mrjrh vkSj p<+rh

voLFkk esa O;Dr djrh gS bldk eq[; fcUnq blds izdkj ds

dsUnz esa ik;k tkrk gSA

[k- ,-fczXxl us viuh iqLrd] tsujy baVªksMD’u Vq n LVsMh vkWQ gkWyh

fLØIpj¼1899½ esa bczkuh

dkO; ds ewY;kadu ds vxyh dne dks fodflr fd;k gS%

1½izrhdkRed& ,d miokD; ‘kkfCnd vkSj nwljk :ikRed]Hktu

42%1(103%3 A

2½DykbZesfVd ;k lh<+h tSls& miokD; lR; dks ,d p<+usokyh

izdkj esa izdV djrh gS]

Hktu 19%7&14(29%1&2 A

405

3½ Hkhrjh vksj ls&miokD;ksa dh J`a[kyk;sa] lkekU; rkSj ij de ls de

pkj tks iafDr;k¡ 1 ls

4 vkSj 2 ls 3 dh Hkhrjh <kaps ls lacaf/kr jgrh gSa&Hktu 30%8&10v

x- th-ch- xsz viuh iqLrd esa] n QkWEl vkWQ fgczw iksf¸Vª¼1915½ larqfyr

miokD;ksa dh fopkj dks

blds }kjk vkSj fodflr fd;k%

1½ lEiw.kZ larqyu& tgk¡ ij iafDr ,d dh gj ‘kCn dks iafDr nks esa

dh ,d ‘kCn ls

nksgjk;k tkrk gS ;k larqfyr fd;k tkrk gS&Hktu 83%14 vkSj

;’kk;kg 1%3

2½ viw.kZ larqyu tgk¡ ij miokD; ,d gh yEckbZ ds ugha gksrs

gSa&Hktu 59%16(75%6 A

?k- vkt bczkuh esa lkfgfR;d <+kaps dh izdkj dh c<+rh igpku gS ftls

fd;kLe dgrs gSa] tks

lekukUrj iafDr;ksa dh ,d fo”ke la[;k dks fn[kkrh gS tks bl izdkj

dh vkd`fr cukrh gS

ftlesa chp dh iafDr dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA

M- lkekU; rkSj ij dkO; esa ik;s tkusokys Loj lk¡pksa dk izdkj] ijUrq

vdlj iwohZ dkO; esa ugha

1½ v{kj ls [ksyuk¼ifjo.khZ dkO;] rqyuk djsa] Hktu 9]34] 37]119( uhfr-

31%10ls( foyki-1&4½

2½ O;atuksa ls [ksyuk¼vyadkj] rqyuk djsa]Hktu6%8(27%7( 112%6( ;’kk-

1%18&26½

3½ Lojksa ls [ksyuk¼xwatuk] rqyuk djsa]mRi-49%17( fuxZ14%14( ;gst-27%27½

4½ fHkUu vFkksZa ds lkFk ,d leku lqukbZ iM+usokys ‘kCnksa dks nksgjkdj

[ksyuk¼isjksuksekfl;k½

5½ ‘kCnksa ls [ksyuk tks] tc mPpkj.k djsa] ftldk uke os ysrs gSa ml

pht+ leku lqukbZ iM+rk

gS¼vkWuksekVksiksb;k½

6½ fo’ks”k izkjaHk vkSj var¼lekos’k½

406

p- iqjkus fu;e esa vusd izdkj ds dkO; gSaA dqN fo”k; lacaf/kr gSa vkSj

dqN izdkj lacaf/kr gSaA

1½ leiZ.k ds xhr&fxurh 21%17&18

2½ dk;Z ds xhr&¼U;kf;;ksa 9%27 esa ladsr gSa ijUrq of.kZr ugha gS½( ;’kk-

16%10(f;eZ-25%30(48%33

3½ xkFkk&xhr&fxurh 21%27&30( ;’kk-23%16

4½ ihus dk xhr&udkjkRed] ;’kk-5%11&13( vkeksl 6%4&7 vkSj

ldkjkRed] ;’kk-22%13

5½ izse dfork;sa& Js”Bxhr] fookg dh igsyh&U;kf;;ksa 14%10&18] fookg

xhr&Hktu 45

6½ foykixhr@’kksd xhr&¼2 ‘kew 1%17 vkSj 2 bfrgkl 35%25 esa ladsr

gSa ijUrq o.kZu ugha gS½

2 ‘kew-3%33( Hktu 27]28( f;eZ-9%17&22(foyki-(;gst-

19%1&14(26%17&18( ukgwe 3%15&19

7½ ;q) xhr&mRi-4%23&24( fuxZ-15%1&18]20( fxurh 10%35&36(

21%14&15( ;gks’kw 10%13(

U;kf;;ksa 5%1&31( 11%34( 1 ‘kew-18%6( 2 ‘kew-1%18( ;’kk 47%1&15( 37%21

8½ fo’ks”k vk’kh”k opu ;k vxqos ds fy, vk’kh”k&mRi-49(fxurh

6%24&26( O;oLFkk-32( 2 ’kew-

23%1&7

9½ tknwbZ ikB&fcyke] fxurh 24%3&9

10½ ifo= dfork&Hktu lafgrk

11½ ifjo.khZ dkO;& Hktu 9]34]37]119( uhfr-31%10ls vkSj foykixhr

1&4

12½ ‘kki&fxurh 21%22&30

13½ rkuk ekjus dk dkO;&;’kk-14%1&22(47%1&15(;gst-28%1&23

14½ ;q) dh dforkvksa dh iqLrd¼t’ksj½&fxurh 21%14&15( ;gks’kw

10%12&13( 2 ‘kew-1%18

4- bczkuh dkO; dh O;k[;k ds fy, funsZ’k

d- iafDr ;k NUn¼ ;g x| esa ,d in~;ka’k ds tSlk gS½ dh dsfUnz; lR;

dks [kkstsaA vkj ,l oh vuqokn igyk vk/kqfud vuqokn Fkk ftlus iafDr;ksa

407

ds vk/kkj ij dfork dh igpku dhA vkSj vf/kd lgk;rk ds fy,

vk/kqfud vuqoknksa dh rqyuk djsaA

[k- :ikRed Hkk”kk dh igpku djsa vkSj mls x| esa O;Dr djsaA Lej.k j[ksa

fd bl izdkj dk lkfgR; vf/kd Hkjk gqvk gksrk gS] vf/kdka’k ckrksa dks

ikBdksa ds ikl NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS fd bls vkSj Hkj nsaA

x- /;ku nsa fd yEcs eq)s dsfUnzr dforkvksa dks muds lkfgfR;d

lanHkZ¼vdlj lEiw.kZ iqLrd½ vkSj ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ds lkFk tksM+dj ns[ksaA

?k- U;kf;;ksa 4 vkSj 5 vfr lgk;d gSa ;g ns[kus esa fd fdl izdkj dkO;

bfrgkl dks O;Dr djrh gS U;kf;;ksa 4 x|ka’k vkSj U;kf;;ksa 5 dkO; gSa ,d

gh ?kVuk dh¼ vkSj fuxZeu 14 vkSj 15 dh Hkh rqyuk djsa½A

M- blesa tks lekukUrj.k ‘kkfey gSa mldh igpku djus dh dksf’k’k djsa]

pkgs i;kZ;okph] fojks/kkRed];k la’ys”k.k gksA ;g cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA

408

ifjf ’ k”V lkr

bc z kuh c q f) lkfgR; 1- lkfgfR;d izdkj

d- izkphu fudVre iwoZ esa lkekU; lkfgfR;d izdkjA ts-foY;El] **

foLM+e bu n ,fUl;aV fu;j

bZLV]** baVjizsVlZ fMD’ujh vkWQ n ckbcy] lfIyesaV½

1½ eslksiksVkfe;k¼1 jktk 4%30&31( ;’kk-47%10( nkfu-1%20(2%2½

d½ lqesfj;k ds ikl ,d fodflr cqf) ijEijk Fkh tks

uhfropuh; vkSj ikSjkf.kd¼fuIiqj

ls ikB½ nksuksa FkhA

[k½ csfcyksu dk uhfropuh; cqf) iqjksfgr@tknwxj ls lacaf/kr

FkhA ;g uSfrd rkSj ij

dsfUnzr ugha Fkk¼McY;w-th-ysEcrZ]csfcyksfu;u foLMe fyVjspj½A

;g blzk,y ds leku

,d fodflr lkfgfR;d izdkj ugha FkkA

x½ vlwj ds ikl Hkh ,d cqf) ijEijk Fkh( bldk ,d mnkgj.k

vfgdkj dh f’k{kk;sa gks

ldrh gSA og lsukdfjc¼704&681 bZ-iw½ dk ,d lykgdkj

FkkA

2½ felz¼1 jktk 4%30( mRi-41%8(;’kk-19%11&12½

d½ **foft+;j Irkg&gksrsi ds fy, f’k{kk**] yxHkx 2450 bZ-iw esa

fy[kk x;k FkkA mldh

f’k{kk;sa in~;ka’k esa Fkha] uhfropuh; izdkj esa ughaA mudk <+kapk

bl izdkj Fkk ftl

izdkj ,d firk vius iq= ds fy,] mlh izdkj] ** jktk

esjh&dk&js ds fy, f’k{kk;sa**]

yxHkx 2200 bZ-iw esa fy[kh xbZ FkhA¼yklksj] gCckMZ] cql] vkWYM

VsLVesaV losZ] i`”B

la[;k 533½A

[k½ vesu&,e&vksisr dh cqf)] yxHkx 1200 bZ-iw esa fy[kh xbZ

Fkh] uhfr-22%17&24%12 ds

leku gSaA

409

3½ lksj¼;gst- 27%8&9( 28%3&5½

d½ mxkfjr esa gqbZ [kkstksa us lksj vkSj bczkuh cqf) ds chp ?kfu”B

laca/k fn[kk;k gS]

fo’ks”kdj ekid dkA ckbcyh; cqf) lkfgR; esa vusd

vlekU; izdkj vkSj dfBu ‘kCn

jkl ‘kezk¼mxkfjr½ esa gq;s iqjkrRo [kkst ls vc le>us ;ksX;

gks x, gSaA

[k½ Js”Bxhr cgqr gh lksj ds fookg ds xhrksa ds leku gSa ftls

okLil dgk tkrk gS

ftls yxHkx 600 bZ-iw esa fy[kk x;k FkkA

4½ dukuh¼vFkkZr~ ,nkse] rqyuk djsa] f;eZ-49%7( vksc-8½&,YczkbZV us

bczkuh vkSj dkukuh cqf)

lkfgR; ds chp dh lekUrkvksa dks izdV fd;k gS fo’ks”kdj mxkfjr

ls os jkl ‘kezk ds ikB]

yxHkx 15oha ‘krkCnh bZ-iw esa fy[ks x, FksA

d½ vdlj ogh ‘kCn tksM+ksa ds leku izdV gksrs gSa

[k½ fd;kLel¼chiasmus½ dh mifLFkfr

x½ ,d ij ,d gLrfyfi gksrh gS

?k½ laxhr ds vadu gksrs gSa

5½ ckbcyh; cqf) lkfgR; esa vusd xSj&blzk,yh ys[ksa Hkh ‘kkfey gSa%

d½ ,nkse ls v¸;wc

[k½ eLlk ls vkxwj¼ lkmnh vjc esa ,d blzk,yh jkT;¼rqyuk

djsa] mRi-25%14 vkSj 1

bfrgkl 1%30½½

x½ eLlk ls yew,y

6½ ;gk¡ ij nks ;gwnh xSj&fo/kku iqLrdsa gSa tks bl lkfgfR;d izdkj

dks ck¡Vrh gSaA

d½ lHkksins’kd¼foLMe vkWQ csu fljkN½

[k½ Js”Bxhr¼cqf)½

[k- lkfgfR;d fo’ks”k.k

1½ izkFkfed rkSj ij nks fof’k”V izdkj

d½ ,d vkuUniw.kZ] lQy thou ds fy, uhfropuh; funsZ’k¼ewy

rkSj ij ekSf[kd] rqyuk

410

djsa] uhfr-1%8(4%1½

¼1½ NksVk

¼2½ lkaLd`frd rkSj ij ljy ls le>k tk ldrk gS¼lkekU;

vuqHko½

¼3½ fopkj mdlkusokyk&ca/kh cuk nsusokys lR; ds dFku

¼4½ lkekU; rkSj ij foijhrkRed dk iz;ksx gksrk gS

¼5½ lkekU; rkSj ij lR; ijUrq ges’kk fo’ks”k rkSj ij iz;ksx

esa ugha vkrk

[k½ v¸;wc] lHkksins’kd vkSj ;ksuk tSls yEcs fodflr fo’ks”k

fo”k;] lkfgfR;d

dk;Z¼lkekU; rkSj ij fyf[kr½

¼1½ ,dyki

¼2½ okrkZyki

¼3½ fuca/k

¼4½ os thou ds izeq[k iz’uksa vkSj jgL;ksa ds ckjs esa gS

¼5½ lk/kq yksx ml le; dh /keZoSKkfud Lrj dks pqukSrh

nsus ds fy, bPNqd Fks!

x½ cqf) dk ekuohdj.k¼ges’kk L=h½A cqf) ‘kCn L=hfyax FkhA

¼1½ vdlj uhfropu esa cqf) dks L=h tSls o.kZu fd;k x;k

gS¼1%8&9%18½

¼d½ ldkjkRed

1½ 1%20&33

2½ 4%6&9

3½ 8%1&36

4½ 9%1&6

¼[k½ udkjkRed

1½ 7%1&27

2½ 9%13&18

¼2½ uhfropu 8%22&31 esa cqf) dh ekuohdj.k l`f”V dh

igyh mRiUu ds rkSj ij

fd;k x;k gS ftlds }kjk ijes’oj lHkh oLrqvksa dh jpuk

dh¼3%19&20( Hktu-

104%24(f;eZ-10%12½A ;g ;h’kq elhgk dks fn[kkus ds fy,

;wgUuk 1%1 esa ;wgUuk

411

}kjk opu ‘kCn dk iz;ksx fd, tkus dh i`”BHkwfe gks

ldrh gSA

¼3½ bl ckr dks bDDyhfl;kfLVdl 24 esa Hkh ns[kk tk

ldrk gSA

2½ ;g lkfgR; O;oLFkk vkSj Hkfo”;}Drkvksa¼rqyuk djsa] f;eZ-18%18½ ls

fo’ks”k gS bl ckr esa fd

;g jk”Vª dks ugha ij O;fDr;ksa dks laHkksfnr djrh gS ;gk¡ ij dksbZ

,sfrgkfld ;k

iwtk&i)rh; ladsr ugha gSA ;g izkFkfed rkSj ij izfrfnu]

lQyrkiwoZd] uSfrd thou

thus ij /;ku nsrh gSA

3½ ckbcyh; cqf) lkfgR; vius <kaps esa vius pkjksa vksj dh iM+ksfl;ksa

ds leku gh gSa exj

vius fo”k; esa ughaA ,dek= lPpk ijes’oj gh og uho gSa ftl ij

lHkh ckbcyh; cqf)

vk/kkfjr gS

¼mRi-41%38&39( v¸;wc 12%13(28%28(uhfr-1%7(9%10(Hktu-111%10½A

csfcyksu esa ;g vilq] bvk

;k ekjnqd FksA felz esa ;g FkksFk FkkA

4½ bczkuh cqf) cgqr gh O;kogkfjd FkkA ;g vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr Fkk]

dksbZ fo’ks”k izdk’ku ij

ughaA ;g fdlh O;fDr dk thou esa lQy gksus ij dsfUnzr

Fkk¼lEiw.kZ thou% ifo= vkSj

lalkfjd½A ;g fnO; vFkZ esa gSaA

5½ D;ksafd cqf) lkfgR; us ekuo rdZ] vuqHko vkSj voyksdu dk iz;ksx

fd;k ;g varjjkf”Vª;

vkSj ikj&lkaLd`frd Hkh FkkA ;g ,ds’ojoknh /kkfeZd lalkfjd

n`f”Vdks.k Fkk tks vdlj

of.kZr ugha gksrk gS] ftlus blzk,y dh cqf) dks izdk’keku cuk

fn;k FkkA

2- laHkkfor mRifRr

412

d- blzk,y esa cqf) lkfgR; dk fodkl vU; izdkj ds izdk’ku ds oSdfYid

;k larqyu ds rkSj

ij fodkl gqvk¼f;eZ-18%18( ;gst-7%26½A

1½ ;ktd&O;oLFkk&izdkj¼lkewfgd½

2½ Hkfo”;}Drk&Hkfo”;}k.kh&y{;¼lkewfgd½

3½ lk/kq&cqf)&O;kogkfjd] lQy izfrfnu dk thou¼O;fDrxr½

4½ ftl izdkj blzk,y esa L=h Hkfo”;}Drk Fkha¼efj;e] gqYnk½ mlh

izdkj] L=h lk/kq Hkh Fks

¼ns[ksa] 2 ‘kew-14%1&21( 20%14&22½A

[k- bl izdkj dk lkfgR; fodflr gqvk gksxk%

1½ jkr dh ikfjokfjd&fj’rsnkjksa&fe=ksa dh laxfr esa yksd dgkfu;ksa ds

rkSj ij

2½ ikfjokfjd ijEijkvksa ds rkSj ij ftUgsa yM+dksa dks lkSaik tkrk gS

3½ jktdh; egy }kjk fyf[kr vkSj c<+kok fn;k x;k%

d½ Hktuksa ds lkFk nkÅn dk laca/k

[k½ uhfropuksa ds lkFk lqySeku dk laca/k¼1 jktk 4%29&39( Hktu-

72 vkSj 172( uhfr-

1%1(10%1(25%10½

x½ cqf) lkfgR; dh laiknu ds lkFk fgtfd¸;kg dk laca/k ¼uhfr-

25%1½

3- mn~ns’; d- ;g ewy vk/kkj ij vkuUn vkSj lQyrk ij **fdl izdkj** /;ku nsuk

gSA blds dsUnz esa izkFkfed rkSj ij O;fDrxr yksx gSaA ;g bu ckrksa ij

vk/kkfjr gS

1½ fiNyh ih<h+ ds vuqHko

2½ thou esa dkj.k vkSj izHkko ds laca/k ij

3½ ijes’oj ij Hkjkslk j[kuk izfrQy ykrk gS¼ns[ksa]O;oLFkk-27&29½

[k- vxqoksa vkSj ukxfjdksa dh vxyh ih<+h dks lR; lkSaius vkSj mUgsa

izf{kf’kr djus dk ;g lekt

dk rjhdk FkkA

413

x- iqjkus fu;e dh cqf)] ;|fi ges’kk ;g izdV ugha djrh gS] lHkh thou

ds vk/kkj ds rkSj ij

okpk ds ijes’oj dks ns[krs gSaA bczkuh yksxksa ds fy, ifo= vkSj lalkfjd

ds chp dksbZ tfVy

foHkktu ugha FkkA lHkh thou ifo= FkkA

?k- ;g ikjEifjd /keZfoKku dks pqukSrh nsus vkSj larqfyr djus dk rjhdk

FkkA lk/kq yksx Lora=

fopkjd Fks os ikB~; iqLrd ds lR;ksa ls ca/ks ugha FksA os **D;ksa**] **fdl

izdkj**] D;k ;fn\**

iwNus dh fgEer j[krs FksA

4- O;k[;k ds fy, funsZ’k

d- NksVs uhfropuh; dFku

1½ lR; dks O;Dr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd, x, thou ds lkekU;

rRoksa dks ns[ksaA

2½ dsfUnz; lR; dks ,d ljy ?kks”k.kkRed dFku esa O;Dr djsaA

3½ D;ksafd lanHkZ blesa lgk;rk ugha djrh blfy, blh fo”k; ij

lekukUrj inksa dks ns[ksaA

[k- yEcs lkfgfR;d ys[k

1½ lEiw.kZ ys[k ds dsfUnz; lR; dks vo’; O;Dr djsaA

2½ opuksa dks muds lanHkZ ds ckgj u fudkysaA

3½ ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ ;k fy[kus ds dkj.k ij /;ku nsaA

x- dqN lkekU; xyr O;k[;k;sa¼Qh vkSj LVwoVZ] gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj

vkWy bV~l oFkZ] i`”B

la[;k 207½

1½ dqN yksx lEiw.kZ cqf) iqLrd¼ftl izdkj v¸;wc vkSj lHkksins’kd½

dks ugha i<+rs gSa vkSj

blds dsfUnz; lR; dks Hkh ugha ns[krs gSa ijUrq iqLrd ds dqN Hkkxksa

dks mlds lanHkZ ls

vyx fudky nsrs gSa vkSj bls vk/kqfud thou esa ‘kkfCnd rkSj ij

ykxw dj ysrs gSaA

414

2½ yksx lkfgfR;d izdkj dh fo’ks”krk dks ugha le>rs gSaA ;g vf/kd

gh tfVy vkSj :ikRed

izkphu fudVre iwohZ lkfgR; gSA

3½ uhfropu lkekU; lR; ds dFku gSaA os fo’ks”kdj] gj ckr esa] gj

le;] lR; ugha gks

ldrs gSaA

5- ckbcyh; mnkgj.k

d- iqjkuk fu;e

1½ v¸;wc

2½ Hktu 1]19]32]34]37¼ifjo.khZ dkO;½]

49]78]104]107]110]112&119¼ifjo.khZ dkO;½]

127&128]133]147]148

3½ uhfropu

4½ lHkksins’kd

5½ Js”Bxhr

6½ foykixhr¼ifjo.khZ dkO;½

7½ ;ksuk

[k- fo/kku ls ckgj

1½ rksfcr

2½ foLMe vkWQ csu fljkd¼,DDyhfl;klfVdl½

3½ foLMe vkWQ lksykseu¼cqd vkWQ foLMe½

4½ 4 esdchl

x- u, fu;e

1½ ;h’kq ds uhfropu vkSj n`”VkUr

2½ ;kdwc dh iqLrd

415

ifjf ’ k”V vkB

i zdk ’ kukRed lkfgR; ¼;g fo’ks”k fo”k; izdkf’krokD; ij esjk Vhdk ls yh xbZ gSA½

1- izdkf’krokD; dh iqLrd ,d fo’ks”kdj ;gwnh lkfgfR;d izdkj]

izdk’kukRed gSA bls vdlj ruko&Hkjs le;ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk

bl ckr fo’okl dks O;Dr djus ds fy, fd ijes’oj bfrgkl dk fu;a=.k

j[krk gS vkSj fd og vius yksxksa ds fy, NqVdkjk yk,xkA bl izdkj ds

lkfgR; ds ;s fo’ks”k.k gksrs gSa

d- ijes’oj dh loZHkkSfed Js”Brk dk fopkj¼,ds’ojokn vkSj fu;frokn½

[k- vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ ds chp dk la?k”kZ] bl ;qx vkSj vkusokyk

;qx¼f}okn½

x- jgL; ladsr opuksa dk iz;ksx¼ lkekU; rkSj ij iqjkus fu;e ls ;k iqjkus

vkSj u, fu;eksa ds

varjky ds le; ds lkfgR; ls½

?k- jaxksa] la[;k] tkuojksa] dbZ ckj tkuojksa@euq”;ksa dk iz;ksx

M- n’kZuksa vkSj LoIuksa ds ek/;e ls LoxZnwrksa dk lans’k ykus dk iz;ksx] exj

lkekU; rkSj ij

LoxZnwrksa ds ek/;e ds }kjkA

p- izkFkfed rkSj ij var ds le;¼u;h ;qx½ ij /;ku

N- ,d fu;r fpUgksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx] okLrfodrk ugha] var ds le; ds

lans’k dks crkus ds

fy,A

t- bl izdkj dh lkfgfR;d izdkj ds mnkgj.k%

1½ iqjkuk fu;e

d½ ;’kk-24&27]56&66

[k½ ;gst-37&48

x½ nkfu-7&12

?k½ ;ks,y 2%28&3%21

M- td;kZg 1&6]12&14

2½ u;k fu;e

d½ eRrh 24] ejdql 13] ywdk 21] vkSj 1 dqfj-15¼dqN rjhdksa ls½

[k½ 2 fFkLl-2¼vf/kdka’k rjhdksa ls½

416

x½ izdkf’krokD; ¼v/;k; 4&22½

3½ fo/kku ls ckgj dh iqLrdksa esa ls¼fM-l-jLly] n eFksM ,.M eslst

vkWQ twfo’k

,iksdsfyfIVd] i`”B la[;k 37&38½

d½ 1 ,uksd] 2 ,uksd¼n lhØsV~l vkWQ ,uksd½

[k½ n cqd vkWQ twcyhl

x½ n flckbZyhu vkWjsdYl 3]4]5

?k½ n VsLVesaV vkWQ n VOYo isfVª;kdZl

M½ n lke vkWQ lksykseu

p½ n ,le’ku vkWQ eksll

N½ n ekfVZ;jMe vkWQ vkbZlk;kg

t½ n ,iksdsfyIl vkWQ eksll ¼ykbZQ vkWQ ,Me ,.M bZo½

¥½ n ,iksdsfyIl vkWQ vczkge

r½ n VsLVesaV vkWQ vczkge

Fk½ 2 ,LMªkl¼4 ,LMªkl½

n½ ck:d 2] 3

>- bl lkfgfR;d izdkj esa f}okn fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g okLrfodrk dks

f}oknksa] foijhr ckrksa] ;k

chp ds ruko¼;wgUuk ds ys[kksa esa ;g vf/kd lkekU; gS½ dh J`a[kykvksa ds

rkSj ij ns[krh gSA

1½ LoxZ&i`Foh

2½ nq”V dk ;qx¼nq”V iq:”k vkSj nq”V nwr½&/kkfeZdrk dk u;k

;qx¼HkfDriw.kZ iq:”k vkSj

HkfDriw.kZ LoxZnwr½

3½ orZeku vfLrRo&Hkfo”; dk vfLrRo

¥- ;s lHkh ijes’oj ds }kjk yk;k x;k var esa gksusokyh iw.kZrk dh vksj c<+

jgs gSaA ;g ,slk

lalkj ugha gS ftl izdkj ijes’oj pkgrs Fks] ijUrq og vnu dh okfVdk

esa izkjaHk gqvk ml

?kfu”B laca/k dks iqu%LFkkfir djus ds fy, fujarj [ksy] dk;Z] vkSj

viuh bPNk dks izdV dj

jgs gSaA elhg ?kVuk gh ijes’oj dh ;kstuk dk vk/kkj gS] ijUrq bu

nksuksa vkusokyh ckrksa us

bl orZeku f}okn dks mRiUu fd;k gSA

417

i fj f ’ k”V uk S

n `”VkUr 1- n`”VkUr

d- lqlekpkj dh iqLrdksa dks ;h’kq ds thou ds dbZ o”kksZa ckn fy[kk x;k

FkkA lqlekpkj ds ys[kd¼vkRek dh lgk;rk ls½ ekSf[kd ijEijk ds izfr

lkaLd`frd rkSj ij ca/ks gq, FksA jCch yksx Hkh ekSf[kd izLrqfrdj.k ls

fl[kkrs FksA ;h’kq us f’k{kk ds izfr bl rjhds dks viuk;k FkkA gekjs

Kkukuqlkj mlus viuh dksbZ Hkh f’k{kkvksa ;k izpkjksa dks dHkh ugha fy[kk

FkkA Lej.k ds fy,] f’k{kkvksa ds izLrqfrdj.kksa dks nksgjk;k tkrk Fkk]

fu”d”kZ fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj le>k;k tkrk FkkA lqlekpkj ds ys[kdks us

bl Lej.k lgk;d dks cuk;s j[kk FkkA n`”VkUr bu rduhdksa esa ls ,d

gSA n`”VkUr dh ifjHkk”kk nsuk dfBu gS%

** n`”VkUr dh mÙke ifjHkk”kk ,d ,slh dgkuh gS ftlds vFkZ ds nks

Lrj gSa( dgkuh dk Lrj

,d vk;us dks iznku djrh gS ftlds }kjk okLrfodrk dks ns[kk tk

ldrk gS vkSj le>k

tk ldrk gSA** fMD’ujh vkWQ thll ,.M xksLiYl i`”B la[;k 594

ls fy;k x;k gSA

**,d n`”VkUr ,d dgkor ;k dgkuh gS tks ,d ,slh ckr dks

le>kuk pkgrh gS ftls oDrk

lkekU; thou ds ,d ifjfpr ifjfLFkfr ls le>kus ds }kjk egRo

nsuk pkgrk gSA** n

t+ksuMjou fiDVksfj;y ckbcy ,UlkbZDyksihfM;k] i`”B la[;k 590 ls

fy;k x;k gSA

[k- ;g Li”V crkuk dfBu gS fd ;h’kq ds le; esa ** n`”VkUr** dks fdl

izdkj le>k tkrk FkkA

1½ dqN dgrs gSa fd ;g bczkuh ‘kCn e’kky dks izfrfcafcr djrk gS

tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh

418

igsyh Fkh¼ejdql 3%23½] prqj dgkor¼uhfropu] ywdk 4%23½] NksVh

dgkor¼ejdql 7%15½ ;k

jgL;e; dgkor¼**va/ksjh dgkor**½ FkhA

2½ vU; yksx NksVh dgkuh dh ,d vf/kd lhfer ifjHkk”kk dks ekurs

gSaA

x- bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrs gq, fd dksbZ fdl izdkj bl ‘kCn dh

ifjHkk”kk nsrk gS] ;h’kq dh

,d&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd of.kZr f’k{kk,a n`”VkUr ds izdkj esa gSaA ;g ,d

izeq[k u, fu;e dh

lkfgfR;d izdkj FkhA n`”VkUr fuf’pr rkSj ij ;h’kq dh lPph f’k{kk;sa

gSaA ;fn dksbZ nwljh

ifjHkk”kk dks xzg.k djrk gS] ;gk¡ ij fQj Hkh vusd fHkUu izdkj dh

NksVh dgkfu;k¡ gSaA

1½ ljy dgkfu;k¡¼ywdk 13%6&9½

2½ tfVy dgkfu;k¡¼ywdk 15%11&32½

3½ foijhrkRed dgkfu;k¡¼ywdk 16%1&8(18%1&18½

4½ izk:i i)fr@:ikRed¼eRrh 13%24&30]47&50(ywdk

8%4&8]11&15(10%25&37(14%16&24(20%9&19(;wgUuk 10(15%1&8½

?k- n`”VkUr ds bl izdkj dks le>us ds fy, ,d O;fDr dks bu dgkorksa

dks vusd Lrjksa ij

O;k[;k djuh gksxhA igyk Lrj lkekU; ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds

fu;e gksaxs tks lHkh

ckbcyh; lkfgfR;d izdkjksa ds fy, ykxw gksrs gSaA dqN funsZ’k bl

izdkj gSa

1½ lEiw.kZ iqLrd ds mn~ns’; dks ;k de ls de ml cM+h lkfgfR;d

bZdkbZ dh igpku djsaA

2½ ewy ikBdksa dh igpku djsaA ;g egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS fd vdlj

ogh n`”VkUr fHkUu lewgksa

dks fn;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,%

d½ ywdk 15 esa [kksbZ gqbZ HksM+ ikfi;ksa ds fy,

[k½ eRrh 18 esa [kksbZ gqbZ HksM+ psyksa ds fy,

419

3½ n`”VkUr ds fuVdre lanHkZ ij /;ku vo’; nsaA vdlj ;h’kq ;k

lqlekpkj dk ys[kd eq[;

fcUnq dks crkrk gS¼lkekU; rkSj ij n`”VkUr ds var esa ;k blds rqjUr

ckn½A

4½ n`”VkUr dk dsfUn;z mn~ns’;@mn~ns’;ksa dks ,d gh /kks”k.kkRed

okD; esa O;Dr djsaA n`”VkUrksa esa nks ;k rhu eq[; pfj= gksrs gSaA lkekU;

rkSj ij ;gk¡ ij gj pfj= ds fy, ykxwdj.k ds fy, ,d lR;] mn~ns’;

;k fcUnq¼;kstuk½ gksrh gSA

5½ vU; lqlekpkj dh iqLrdksa esa] fQj u, fu;e dh vU; iqLrdksa esa

vkSj iqjkus fu;e dh

iqLrdksa esa blds lekukUrj inksa ij /;ku nsaA

M- O;k[;k djus ds nwljs fu;e os gSa tks n`”VkUr ls fo’ks”kdj lacaf/kr gSaA

1½ n`”VkUr dks ckj ckj i<+sa¼;fn laHko gS rks lqusa½A os ekSf[kd izHkko

ds fy, fn, x, Fks]

fyf[kr ewY;kadu ds fy, ughaA

2½ vf/kdka’k n`”VkUrksa dk dsoy eq[; lR; gksrk gS tks ;h’kq vkSj@;k

lqlekpkj ds ys[kd

nksuksa ds ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfRd; lanHkksZa ls lacaf/kr gSA

3½ fooj.kksa dh O;k[;k djus esa /;ku nsaA vdlj os dgkuh dh

i`”BHkwfe ds dsoy Hkkx gksrs

gSaA

4½ Lej.k j[ksa fd n`”VkUr okLrfod ugha gSA os mnkgj.kksa ds leku gSa]

ijUrq vdlj

cM+k&p<+kdj] ,d fcUnq¼lR;½ dks le>kus ds fy,A

5½ dgkuh ds eq[; fcUnqvksa dh igpku djsa ftls igyh ‘krkCnh ds

;gwnh ikBdksa us le>k

gksxkA fQj fdlh eqMko ;k pfdr djusokyh ckr ij /;ku nsaA

lkekU; rkSj ij ;g dgkuh

ds var esa vkrk gS ¼ns[ksa] ,-csdsZyh fedYlu] baVjizsfVax n ckbcy]

i`”B la[;k] 221&224½A

6½ ,d izfrmÙkj dks mdlkus ds fy, gh lHkh n`”VkUrksa dks fn;k x;k

FkkA ;g izfrmÙkj

420

lkekU; rkSj ij **ijes’oj ds jkT;** ds fopkj ls lacaf/kr FkkA ;h’kq

bl u, elhgh jkT;

dk mn~?kkVu djusokys Fks¼eRrh 21%31( ywdk 17%21½A ftUgksaus mldh

lquh gS vc mUgsa

mldk izfrmÙkj nsuk gS!

og jkT; Hkfo”; ds fy, Hkh Fkk¼eRrh 25½A ,d O;fDr dk Hkfo”;

bl ckr ij fuHkZj Fkk fd

og fdl izdkj ml le; ;h’kq dk izfrmÙkj ns jgk FkkA jkT; ds

n`”VkUr ;h’kq esa vk;s ml

u, jkT; dk fooj.k ns jgs FksA ;s f’k”;Ro ds fy, blds uSfrd vkSj

cnyko yksusokyh ekaxksa

dk fooj.k ns jgs FksA ftl izdkj ;g Fkk oSlk dqN ugha gks ldrk

gSA lHkh lEiw.kZ rkSj ij

u, gSa vkSj ;h’kq ij dsfUnzr gSa!

7½ n`”VkUr vdlj fcUnq dks ;k dsfUnz; lR; dks O;Dr ugha djrs gSaA

O;k[;kdkj dks mu

lanHkZ dh dqaft;ksa dks [kkstuk gksrk gS tks ekSfyd lakLd`fr Li”V

dsfUnz; lR;ksa dks izdV

djrs gSa ijUrq vc gekjs fy, vLi”V gSaA

p- ,d rhljk Lrj tks vdlj fooknh; gS ;g n`”VkUr ds lR; dks

fNik;s tkus ds ckjs esa gSA

;h’kq vdlj n`”VkUrksa dh fNik, tkus ds ckjs esa ckr djrs Fks¼ns[ksa] eRrh

13%9&15( ejdql

4%9&13( ywdk 8%8&10( ;wgUuk 10%6( 16%25½A ;g ;’kk-6%9&10 esa dh

Hkfo”;}k.kh ls lacaf/kr FkkA

lquusokys dk g`n~; mldh le> ds Lrj dks fuf’pr djrk gS¼ns[ksa] eRrh

11%15( 13%9]15]16]43(

ejdql 4%9]23]33&34( 7%16(8%18(ywdk 8%8(9%44(14%35½A

fQj Hkh] ;g dgus dh vko’;drk gS fd vdlj HkhM+¼eRrh 15%10(

ejdql 7%14½ vkSj

Qfjlh¼eRrh 21%45( ejdql 12%12( ywdk 20%19½ le>rs Fks fd ;h’kq Li”V

rkSj ij D;k dg jgs

gSa ijUrq fo’okl vkSj i’pkrki ds }kjk lgh ls mldk izfrmÙkj nsus ls

budkj djrs FksA ,d

421

vFkZ ls cht cksusokys n`”VkUr dk lR; ;gh gS¼eRrh 13( ejdql 4( ywdk

8½A

n`”VkUr lR; dks fNikus ;k izdV djus dk ek/;e Fkk¼eRrh

13%16&17(16%12(17%13( ywdk

8%10(10%23&24½A

xzsaV vkWlckWuZ] viuh gjesU;wfVdy LikbZjy] i`”B la[;k 239 esa] ;g dgrs

gSa fd

** n`”VkUr ,d *vkeuk&lkeuk djusokyk ;a=* gS vkSj ikBdksa ds

vuqlkj fHkUurk ls dk;Z djrk

gS---gj lewg dk¼vxqoksa]HkhM+]psyksa½ n`”VkUrksa ls fHkUu izdkj ls lkeuk

gksrk gSA** vdlj psys

Hkh mlds u gh n`”VkUrksa ;k mldh f’k{kkvksa dks le> ikrs Fks¼ns[ksa]

eRrh 15%16( ejdql

6%52( 8%17&18]21(9%32( ywdk 9%45(18%34(;wgUuk 12%16½A**

N- pkSFkk Lrj Hkh fookniw.kZ gSA ;g n`”VkUrksa ds dsfUnz; lR; dh ckr gSA

vf/kdka’k vk/kqfud

O;k[;kdkjksa us n`”VkUrksa dh :ikRed O;k[;kvksa ds fo:) izfrfØ;k

fn[kkbZ gS¼U;k; rkSj ij ;g lgh gSa½A :id fooj.kksa dks lR; dh ,d

foLr`r iz.kkyh esa cny nsrh gSA O;k[;k dk ;g

rjhdk ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ] lkfgfR;d lanHkZ ;k ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ij

/;ku ugha nsrk gS] ijUrq

O;k[;kdkj ds fopkjksa dks gh izLrqr fd;k Fkk] ikB dks ughaA

fQj Hkh] ;g Lohdkj djus dh ckr gSa fd ftu n`”VkUrksa dh O;k[;k

;h’kq us fd;k Fkk os

:ikRed ;k de ls de izk:i i)fr ds fudV gSaA ;h’kq us lR; dks

crkus ds fy, fooj.kksa

dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk¼cht cksusokyk] eRrh 13( ejdql 4( ywdk 8 vkSj

nq”V fdlku] eRrh 21(

ejdql 12] ywdk 20½A

dqN vU; n`”VkUrksa esa Hkh vusd eq[; lR; gSaA bldk ,d vPNk

mnkgj.k [kks, gq, iq= dk

n`”VkUr gS¼ywdk 15%11&32½A n`”VkUr ds lEiw.kZ vFkZ ds fy, u dsoy

firk dk izse vkSj NksVs

422

iq= dk xyrekxZ vaxHkwr gS ijUrq cM+s iq= dk LoHkko HkhA

ihVj dkWVjsy vkSj esDl VuZj ds }kjk fyaxfofLVDl ,.M fccfydy

baVjizsVs’u ls ,d lgk;d

m)`fr]

**nwljs fdlh vksj ls vf/kd ;s vMkWYQ twfydj Fks ftUgksaus ,d

fu.kkZ;d dksf’k’k dh vksj

u, fu;e ds foKku dks fn’kk nh rkfd ;h’kq dh f’k{kk esa n`”VkUr dh

Hkwfedk dks le>

ldsaA n`”VkUrksa dks :idkRed rjhds ls cny nsuk R;kx fn;k x;k vkSj

,d ,slh dqath dh

[kkst izkjaHk gqbZ tks gesa buds lPps vFkZ dks le>us esa lgk;rk djsxhA

ijUrq ftl izdkj

tsjsfe;kl us Li”V fd;k] * n`”VkUrksa dks izfr,d fooj.k dh vn~Hkqr vkSj

bPNk ij fuHkZj

djusokyh O;k[;k ls Lora= djus dh mldh dksf’k’kksa us mls ,d ?kkrd

xyrh esa fxjk

fn;kA* ;g xyrh dsoy ;g ugha Fkh fd n`”VkUr dks ,d gh fcUnq

izLrqr djrs gq, le>uk

gS] ijUrq ;g fd bl fopkj dks ftruk laHko gks lds mruk lkekU;

gksuk gS**¼i`”B la[;k

308½A

xzsaV vkWlckWuZ ds }kjk gjesU;wfVdy LikbZjy ,d vkSj lgk;d m)`fr

** fQj Hkh eSa us vusd ladsrksa ij /;ku fn;k gS fd n`”VkUr okLro esa

:id gSa] ;|fi ys[kd

ds mn~ns’; ls fu;af=r fd, x, gSaA CyksecxZ¼1990½ okLro esa rdZ djrs

gSa fd n`”VkUrksa esa

mruh gh eq[; ckrsa gSa ftrus muesa pfj= gksrs gSa vkSj fd os okLro esa

:id gSaA tcfd ;g

dqN vf/kd c<+k p<+kdj dgk x;k gS] ;g ml *,d fcUnq* okys rjhds

ls lR; ds fudV

gS**¼i`”B la[;k 240½A

t- D;k lS)kafrd lR;ksa dks fl[kkus ;k mUgsa le>kus ds fy, n`”VkUrksa

dk iz;ksx fd;k tk

423

ldrk gS\ vf/kdka’k O;k[;kdkj n`”VkUrksa dh O;k[;k djus esa :idkRed

rjhds dh nq:i;ksx ls

izHkkfor gks x, gSa ftl dkj.k mudk iz;ksx fl)karksa dks LFkkfir djus

esa gqvk ftldk ;h’kq dh

ewy mn~ns’; ;k ml lqlekpkj dh iqLrd ds ys[k ds mn~ns’; ls dksbZ

laca/k ugha FkkA vFkZ dks

mlds ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ls tksM+uk gSA ;h’kq vkSj lqlekpkj ds ys[kd

izsfjr Fks] exj

O;k[;kdkj ugha FksA

pkgs n`”VkUrksa dk nq:i;ksx ftruk vf/kd Hkh gqvk gS mudk fQj Hkh lR;

dks] lS)kafrd lR; dks fl[kkus ds ;a= ds rkSj ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bl fcUnq ij cjukMZ jke dks lqusA

** n`”VkUr fl)kar dks fl[kkrs gSa vkSj ;g nkok fd lS)kafrd ys[k esa

mudk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, ;g lgh ugha gS--- gesa vius ifj.kkeksa

dh gekjs izHkq ds Li”V] izR;{k f’k{kk ls vkSj u, fu;e ds vU; Hkkxksa ls

tkap djuh pkfg,A lgh lko/kkuh ds lkFk n`”VkUrksa dk iz;ksx fl)kar dks

le>kus] elhgh vuqHko dks le>kus vkSj O;ogkfjd ikBksa dks fl[kkus ds

fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA**izksVsLVsaV fccfydy baVjiszVs’u** ¼i`”B

la[;k 285½

2- fu”d”kZ esa eq>s rhu m)`fr;ksa dks nsus nsa tks n`”VkUrksa dh gekjh O;k[;k;ksa

esa psrkofu;ksa dks izfrfcafcr djrs gSaA

d- xksMZu fQ vkSj MkWx LVwoVZ }kjk gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy bV~l

oFkZ ls fy;k x;k

gS%

**dyhfl;k esa izdkf’krokD; ds ckn nwljh lcls vf/kd xyr O;k[;k

dh nqHkkZX; ls ihfM+r gksus okyk n`”VkUr gSa**¼i`”B la[;k 135½A

[k- ts- jkscVZlu esdfDoyfdu }kjk vaMjLVsafMax ,.M ,iykbZf;ax n

ckbcy ls fy;k x;k gS]

** vkfRed lR; ds ckjs esa ijes’oj ds yksxksa dks izdkf’kr djus esa

n`”VkUr vufxur vk’kh”kksa dk Jksr jgs gSaA mlh le;] dyhfl;k esa

424

fl)kar vkSj O;kogkj nksuksa esa n`”VkUr fcuk crkbZ xbZ my>u dk Jksr

gS**¼i`”B la[;k 164½A

x- xzsaV vkWlckWuZ ds }kjk gjesU;wfVdy LikbZjy ls fy;k x;k gS]

** n`”VkUrksa ds ckjs esa lcls vf/kd fy[kk x;k gS fQj Hkh ;g ifo=’kkL=

dh ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ds fu;e vuqlkj nq:i;ksx fd;k x;k gS---

ckbcyh; lkfgfR;d izdkjksa esa lcls lfØ; exj le>us esa lcls dfBu

gSA lR; dks le>kus esa n`”VkUr dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gS] D;ksafd ;g

izfrfnu ds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d rqyuk ;k dgkuh dh jpuk djrh gS

fQj Hkh] ;g dgkuh vius vki esa gh vusd vFkksZa ds ;ksX; gS] vkSj vk/kqfud

ikBdksa dks bldh O;k[;k djus esa mruh gh dfBukbZ gksrh gS ftruh

izkphu ikBdksa dks gqbZ Fkh**¼i`”B la[;k 235½A

425

ifjf ’ k”V nl

, s frgk fld] ikB ~; ] vk S j ‘ k k f Cnd v/;;uk s a

e s a vdlj i z;k sx fd, tku so ky s ukek s a dh

l wph

nÙkdokn A fnO;rk ds lkFk ;h’kq ds laca/k ds ;g izkjafHkd n`f”Vdks.kksa esa ls

,d FkkA blds ewy vk/kkj ij ;g nkok Fkk fd ;h’kq gj rjhds ls lkekU;

ekuo Fks vkSj mlds cifrLek ds le; mls ijes’oj }kjk ,d fo’ks”k vFkZ

esa xksn fy;k x;k¼ns[ksa] eRrh 3%17( ejdql 1%11½ ;k mlds iqu:RFkku ds

nkSjku¼ns[ksa] jksfe- 1%4½A ;h’kq us ,slk thou th;k ftldk vU; ikyu dj

ldrs Fks fd ijes’oj us]dqN fcUnq ij] ¼cifrLek] iqu:RFkku½ mls vius

**iq=** ds :i esa xksn fy;k¼ns[ksa] jksfe- 1%4( fQy- 2%9½A ;g ,d izkjafHkd

dyhfl;k dh vkSj vkBoha ‘krkCnh dh vYila[;d n`f”Vdks.k FksA ijes’oj

dk euq”; cuus dh ctk; ¼nsg /kkj.k½ ;g bls myV nsrk gS vkSj vc

euq”; ijes’oj cu tkrs gSa!

bls ‘kCnksa esa dguk dfBu gS fd fdl izdkj ;h’kq us] ijes’oj ds iq=]

iqoZ&vfLrRo fnO;rk] ,d mnkgj.k&;ksX; thou ds fy, ifj.kke ik;k ;k

Å¡pk mBk;kA ;fn og okLro esa ijes’oj gksrs] rks og fdl izdkj ifj.kke

ikrs\ ;fn muds ikl iwoZ&vfLrRo dh fnO; efgek gksrh rks fdl izdkj

og vkSj vf/kd vknj ikrs\ ;|fi bl ckr dks le>uk dfBu gS] firk us

fdlh izdkj ls ,d fo’ks”k rjhds ls firk dh bPNk dh mudh fl)

ifjiw.kZrk ds fy, ;h’kq dk lEeku fd;kA

fldanfj;kbZ fo|kihBA ckbcyh; O;k[;k ds bl rjhds dk fodkl

fldanfj;k] felz esa nwljh ‘krkCnh bZ- esa gqvk FkkA ;g QkbZyks dh ewy Hkwr

O;k[;k ds fu;eksa dk iz;ksx djrh gS] tks IysVks dk vuq;k;h FkkA ;g

vdlj :idkRed rjhdk dgk tkrk FkkA ;g dyhfl;k esa /keZ lq/kkjokn

ds le; rd cuk gqvk FkkA blds lcls izcy nkosnkj vkWfjxu vkSj

vxfLru FksA ns[ksa] eksbll flYok] gsl n ppZ feljsM n

ckbcy\¼,dsMsfed] 1987½A

426

,ysDt+sfUMªulA ;g ikpaoha ‘krkCnh dh ;wukuh gLrfyih fldanfj;k] felz ls]

iqjkuk fu;e] dwV xzaFk] vkSj vf/kdka’k u, fu;e dks lEefyr djrh gS

lEiw.kZ ;wukuh u;k fu;e¼eRrh] ;wgUuk] vkSj 2 dqfj- ds dqN Hkkxksa ds

vykok½ ds fy, ;g gekjh izeq[k xokgksa esa ls ,d gSA tc ;g gLrfyih]

ftldk uke **A** j[kk x;k gS] vkSj **B** uke dh gLrfyih ,d ikB ij

lger gksrs gSa] ;g vf/kdka’k fo}kuksa }kjk vf/kdka’k le; ekSfyd ekuk

tkrk gSA

:idA ;g ,d ,sls izdkj dh ckbcyh; O;k[;k gS tks ewy rkSj ij

fldanfj;kbZ ;gwnh /keZ ds Hkhrj fodflr gqbZA bls fladnfj;k ds QkbZyks

}kjk izfl) cuk;k x;k FkkA bldk ewy mn~ns’; ifo=’kkL= dks fdlh

O;fDr dh laLd`fr ;k nk’kZfud iz.kkyh ds fy, ckbcy ds ,sfrgkfld

lanHkZ vkSj@;k lkfgfR;d lanHkZ dk budkj djds laca) cukus dh bPNk

gSA ifo=’kkL= ds gj ikB ds ihNs ;g fdlh fNis gq, ;k vkfRed vFkZ dh

ryk’k djrh gS bls Lohdkj djus dh ckr gS fd ;h’kq] eRrh 13 esa] vkSj

ikSyql] xyk-4 esa] us lR; dks crkus ds fy, :id dk iz;ksx fd;kA ;g]

fQj Hkh] izk:i i)fr ds izdkj esa Fkk] lEiw.kZ :ie ugha FkkA

fo’ys”k.kkRed ‘kCndks”kA ;g ,d izdkj dk [kkst ;a= gS tks fdlh ,d dks

u, fu;e esa gj ;wukuh izdkj dh igpku djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA ;g

izdkj vkSj ewyHkwr ifjHkk”kkvksa dh] ;wukuh o.kZekyk ds Øe esa] ,d laxzg

gSA ,d varj&js[kh; vuqokn ds lkFk tqM+us ds }kjk] ;g xSj&;wukuh

i<+usokys fo’okfl;ksa dks u, fu;e dh ;wukuh O;kdj.kh; vkSj okD; izdkj

dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, vuqefr nsrk gSA

ifo=’kkL= dk ln`’kA ;g bl fopkj dk o.kZu djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS fd lEiw.kZ ckbcy ijes’oj ds }kjk izsfjr gS vkSj bl dkj.k]

foijhrkRed ugha gS ijUrq iz’kalkiw.kZ gSA ;g iwoZ/kkjf.kd iqf”Vdj.k

ckbcyh; ikB dh O;k[;k djus esa lekukUrj inksa ds iz;ksx djus dk

vk/kkj gSA

vusdkFkZrkA ;g ,d fyf[kr nLrkost+ esa ml vfuf’prk dks fn[kkrk gS tc

;gk¡ ij nks ;k mlls vf/kd laHkkfor vFkZ gks ldrs gS ;k ,d gh le;

427

ij nks ;k mlds vf/kd ckrksa dk o.kZu gqvk gSA ;g laHko gS fd ;wgUuk

mn~ns’;iw.kZ vusdkFkZrk dk iz;ksx dj jgk gS¼Mcy buVuMsªl½A

ekuoxq.k&vkjksiA bldk vFkZ **,sls xq.kksa dks j[kuk tks euq”;ksa ds leku

gS**] bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx ijes’oj ds ckjs esa gekjh /kkfeZd Hkk”kk dk fooj.k

nsus ds fy, gksrk gSA ;g ekuotkfr ds fy, ;wukuh ‘kCn ls vkrk gSA

bldk vFkZ gS fd ge ijes’oj ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gSa ftl izdkj fd og

euq”; gSaA ijes’oj dk o.kZu ‘kkjhfjd] lkekftd] vkSj euksoSKkfud ‘kCnksa ds

vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS tks euq”;ksa ls lacaf/kr gS¼ns[ksa] mRi-3%8( 1jktk-

22%19&23½A ;g] lgh esa] dsoy ,d mnkgj.k gSA fQj Hkh] ;gk¡ ij gekjs

fy, iz;ksx djus ds fy, ekuoh; ‘kCnksa ds vykok vkSj dksbZ ugha gSA bl

dkj.k] ijes’oj ds ckjs esa gekjk Kku] ;|fi lR;] lhfer gSA

vUrkfd;kbZ fo|kihBA ckbcyh; O;k[;k dk bl rjhds dk fodkl

vUrkfd;k] lhfj;k esa rhljh ‘krkCnh bZa esa gqvk Fkk] fldanfj;k] felz ds

:idkRed rjhds ds izfrmÙkj esaA bldk ewy vk/kkj ckbcy ds ,sfrgkfld

vFkZ ij /;ku nsuk FkkA blus ckbcy dh O;k[;k ,d lkekU;] ekuoh;

lkfgR; ds rkSj ij dhA ;g fo|kihB bl fookn ij my> x;k fd ;fn

elhg ds nks LoHkko gSa¼usLrksjokn½ ;k ,d LoHkko gS¼iw.kZ ijes’oj vkSj iw.kZ

euq”;½A jkseu dSFkfyd dyhfl;k }kjk bls >wBh f’k{kk crk;k x;k vkSj

ikjl ns’k esa iqu%LFkkfir gks x;k ijUrq bl fo|kihB dk de egRo FkkA

bldh ewy ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar ckn esa ‘kkL=h; izksVsLVsaV

/keZlq/kkjokfn;ksa¼ywFkj vkSj dsyfou½ dk O;k[;k djusokys fu;e cu x,A

fojks/kkRedA ;g rhu o.kZu ‘kCnksa esa ls ,d gS ftldk iz;ksx bczkuh dkO;

dh iafDr;ksa ds chp dh laca/k dks fn[kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

dkO; dh mu iafDr;ksa dks fn[kkrh gS tks vFkZ esa foijhr gS¼ns[ksa] uhfr-

10%1]15%1½A

izdk’kukRed lkfgR;A ;g vf/kdka’k rkSj ij] laHkkfor rkSj ij ;k fo’ks”k

rkSj ij] ,d ;gwnh lkfgfR;d izdkj gSA ;g ,d izdkj dk jgL;e; ys[k

Fkk ftldk iz;ksx ;gwfn;ksa ij fons’kh rkdrksa }kjk vkØe.k ;k dCts ds

nkSjku gksrk gSA ;g /kkj.kk djrh gS fd ,d O;fDrxr] NqVdkjk

fnykusokyk ijes’oj lalkj dh jpuk dh vkSj lalkj dh ?kVukvksa ij

428

fu;a=.k j[krk gS] vkSj ;g fd blzk,y us mlds fy, fo’ks”k :ph dh gS

vkSj fpark dh gSA ;g lkfgR; ijes’oj ds fo’ks”k iz;kl ds lkFk vafre esa

fot; dk ok;nk djrh gS

;g vusd jgL;e; ‘kCnksa ds lkFk cgqr gh fpUgkRed gS vkSj vn~Hkqr gSA

;g vdlj lR; dks jaxksa] la[;k] n’kZuksa] LoIuksa] LoxZnwrksa ds ek/;e]

jgL;e; ‘kCnksa vkSj vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ ds chp ,d Li”V f}okn esa O;Dr

djrh gS

bl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds mnkgj.k 1½ iqjkus fu;e esa] ;gstdsy¼v/;k;

36&48½] nkfu¸;sy¼v/;k; 7&12½] td;kZg( vkSj 2½ u, fu;e esa] eRrh 24(

ejdql 13( 2 fFkLl-2 vkSj izdkf’krokD; A

/keZeaMudrkZ¼/keZeaMu’kkL=½ A ;g ;wukuh ewy ‘kCn ls vkrk gS ftldk vFkZ

**dkuwuh cpko** gSA ;g /keZfoKku ds Hkhrj ,d fo’ks”k ‘kk[kk gS tks elhgh

fo’okl ds fy, izek.k nsus vkSj foosdiw.kZ rdZ nsus dh dksf’k’k djrh gS

, izbZ;ksjhA ;g ewy rkSj ij **iwoZ/kkj.kk** ds ‘kCn dk i;kZ;okph gSA blesa

igys gh xzg.k dh xbZ ifjHkk”kkvksa] fu;eksa ;k /kkj.kkvksa ftUgsa lR; ekuk

tkrk gS ls rdZ djuk lEefyr gSA ;g oks gS ftls fcuk tkap ;k ewY;kadu

ds xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA

vfj;loknA vfj;l felz dh fldanfj;k esa dh dyhfl;k dh rhljh vkSj

izkjafHkd pkSFkh ‘krkCnh esa ,d izkphu FkkA mlus fuf’pr fd;k fd ;h’kq dk

iwoZ&vfLrRo Fkk ijUrq og fnO; ugha Fkk¼firk ds mlh rRo dk ugha½]

laHkkfor rkSj ij uhfr-8%22&31 dk ihNk djrs gq,A mls fldanfj;k ds

fc’ki ls pqukSrh izkIr gqbZ] ftlls ,d fookn mRiUu¼318 bZa½ gqvk tks dbZ

o”kksZa rd pykA vfj;lokn iwohZ dyhfl;k dh vkSipkfjd fo’okl opu

cu x;kA 325 bZa esa fufl;k dh lHkk us] vfj;l dk cfg”dkj fd;k vkSj

iq= dh iw.kZ lekUrk vkSj fnO;rk dk nkok fd;kA

vfjLVksVyA og izkphu ;wuku dk ,d nk’kZfud Fkk] IysVks dk f’k”; vkSj

fldanj egku dk f’k{kdA mldk izHkko] vkt Hkh] vk/kqfud v/;uksa ds dbZ

{ks=ksa esa igq¡prh gSA ;g blfy, gS D;ksafd mlus voyksdu vkSj oxhZdj.k

}kjk Kku dks egRo fn;kA ;g oSKkfud rjhds dk ,d fu;e gSA

429

futh fy[kkoVA ckbcy ds ewy ys[kksa dks fn;k x;k ;g uke gSA ;g ewy]

gLrfyf[kr gLrfyfi;k¡ lHkh [kks pqdh gSaA dsoy dkWfi;ksa dh dkWfi;ka gSaA

;gh bczkuh vkSj ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa vkSj izkphu vuqoknksa esa ikB dh vusd

fHkUurkvksa dk dkj.k gSaA

cst+bZA ;g 6oha ‘krkCnh bZa dk ,d ;wukuh vkSj yfVuh gLrfyih gSaA bls

**D** uke fn;k x;k gSA blesa lqlekpkj dh if=;ka vkSj izsfjrksa ds dke

vkSj lkekU; if=;ksa ds dqN Hkkx ikrsa gSaA bldh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd blesa

cgqr lkjh ckrksa dks ‘kkL=h }kjk tksM+k x;k gSA ;g **VsDVl fjlIVl** dk

vk/kkj curh gS] tks fdax tsEl oj’u dk vk/kkj cuh izeq[k ;wukuh

gLrfyih ijEijk gSA

i{kikrA bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh oLrq ;k n`f”Vdks.k dh vksj ,d

dBksj iwoZ rS;kjh dks fn[kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,slh eu dh

fLFkfr gS ftlesa fdlh fo’ks”k oLrq ;k n`f”Vdks.k ds izfr vi{kikrh gksuk

vlaHko gSA ;g iwoZfu/kkZfjr fLFkfr gSA

ckbcyh; vf/kdkjA bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx ,d cgqr gh fo’ks”k vFkZ esa gksrk

gSA bldh ifjHkk”kk ;g le>uk gS ftls ewy ys[kd us vius le; esa dgk

Fkk vkSj bl lR; dks gekjs le; ds fy, ykxw djuk gSA ckbcyh;

vf/kdkj dh lkekU; ifjHkk”kk Lo;a ckbcy dks gekjs ,dek= vf/kdkj

j[kusokys funsZ’kd ds rkSj ij ns[kuk gSA fQj Hkh] orZeku xyr O;k[;kvksa

dh izdk’k esa] eSa us ckbcy ds izfr bl fopkj dks lhfer dj fn;k gS ftl

izdkj ,sfrgkfld&O;kdj.kh; rjhds ds fu;eksa ls O;k[;k dh tkrh gSaA

fo/kkuA ;g ‘kCn mu ys[kksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftls

fo’ks”k izsfjr ekuk tkrk gSA ;g iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e nksuksa ds opuksa ds

izfr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

elhgdsfUnzrA bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx ;h’kq dh dsfUnz;rk dks fn[kkus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA eSa bls bl fopkj ds laca/k esa iz;ksx djrk gw¡ fd ;h’kq gh

iwjs ckbcy dk izHkq gSaA iqjkuk fu;e mldh vksj dsfUnzr gS vkSj og bldh

ifjiw.kZrk vkSj y{; gS¼ns[ksa] eRrh 5%17&48½A

430

VhdkA ;g ,d fo’ks”k izdkj dh [kkst iqfLrdk gSA ;g ,d ckbcyh;

iqLrd dh lkekU; i`”BHkwfe nsrh gSA ;g fQj iqLrd dh gj va’k ds vFkZ

dks le>kus dh dksf’k’k djrh gS dqN ykxwdj.k ij /;ku nsrs gSa] tcfd

vU; ,d vf/kd rduhfd rjhds ls ikB ls is’k vkrs gSaA ;s iqLrdsa lgk;d

gSa] ijUrq rc iz;ksx djuh pkfg, tc ,d us viuh Lo;a ds izkjafHkd v/;u

dks iwjk dj fy;k gksA Vhdkdkj dh O;k[;kvksa dks dHkh Hkh fcuk vkykspuk

ds xzg.k ugha djuk pkfg,A fHkUu /keZoSKkfud n`f”Vdks.kksa ls vusd

Vhdkvksa dh rqyuk djuk lkekU; rkSj ij lgk;d gksrk gSA

‘kCn&vuqØef.kdkA ;g ,d izdkj dh [kkst ;a= gS ckbcy v/;u ds

fy,A ;g gj ‘kCn ds gj LFkku dks iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e esa crkrh gSA ;g

vusd rjhdksa ls lgk;d gS% 1½ bczkuh ;k ;wukuh ‘kCn dks fuf’pr djuk gks

fdlh fo’ks”k vaxzsth ‘kCn dk vk/kkj gks ldrh gS( 2½ mu inksa dh rqyuk

djuk tgk¡ ij ogh bczkuh ;k ;wukuh ‘kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k( 3½ mu

LFkkuksa dks fn[kkuk tgk¡ ij nks fHkUu bczkuh ;k ;wukuh ‘kCn ogh vaxszth

‘kCn ls vuqokn gq, gSa( 4½ fuf’pr ‘kCnksa dk fuf’pr iqLrdksa esa ;k ys[kdksa

esa iz;ksx dh xbZ vko`fr dks fn[kkuk( 5½ fdlh dks ckbcy esa ,d in dks

[kkstus dh lgk;rk djuk¼ns[ksa] gm Vq ;wl U;w VsLVesaV xzhd LVsMh ,Ml]

i`”B la[;k 54&55½A

e`r lkxj dqaMy i=A ;g bczkuh vkSj vkjkeh Hkk”kk esa fy[kh xbZ izkphu

ewyikBksa dh J`a[kykvksa dks fn[kkrh gS ftUgsa 1947 esa e`r lkxj ds fudV

ik;k x;k FkkA ;g igyh ‘krkCnh dh lkEiznkf;d ;gwnh /keZ dh /kkfeZd

iqLrdky; FkhA jkseh }kj dCtk fd, tkus vkSj 60 baZ dh tsyksrh ;q) ds

dkj.k bUgksaus bu dq.My&i=ksa dks xqQkvksa esa ;k Nsnksa esa ok;q:) eVdksa esa

eksgj yxok fn;kA bUgksaus gesa igyh ‘krkCnh dh ifyf’ru dh ,sfrgkfld

lanHkZ dks le>us esa lgk;rk dh gS vkSj eslksjsfrd ikB dks lcls lgh gksus

dh iqf”V dh gS] de ls de izkjfEHkd elhg ls igys ;qx rdA mudk

uke laf{kIr esa **fM ,l ,l** j[kk x;k gSA

fu”d”kZ fudkyukA rdZ djus dk ;g rjhdk lkekU; fu;e ls fof’k”V

ykxwdj.k dh vksj rdZ ds ek/;e ls c<+rh gSA ;g O;k[;kRed rdZ djus

431

ds foijhr gS] tks bl oSKkfud rjhds dks fn[kkrh gS tks vkoyksdu fd,

x, fof’k”Vrkvksa ls lkekU; fu”d”kZ¼fl)karksa½ dh vksj c<+rh gSA

}a}kRedA ;g rdZ dk og rjhdk gS tgk¡ ij tks foijhrkRed ;k

fojks/kkHkkl fn[krk gS mls ,d ruko esa ns[kk tkrk gS] ,d ,df=r mÙkj

dks [kkstrs gq, tks fojks/kkHkkl ds nksuksa i{kksa dks lEefyr djrh gSA

vf/kdka’k ckbcyh; fl)karksa esa }a}kRed tksM+sa gSa] iwoZ&fu/kkZj.kk&Lora=

bPNk( lqj{kk&/khjt j[kuk( fo’okl&dk;Z( fu.kZ;&vuq’kklu( elhgh

Lora=rk&elhgh ft+EesnkjhA

izoklhA ;g ifyf’ruh ;gwfn;ksa }kjk vU; ;gwfn;ksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy,

tks ok;ns dh Hkwfe dh HkwxkSfyd lhek ds ckgj jgrs gSa iz;ksx fd;k

tkusokyk ,d rduhfd ;wukuh ‘kCn gSA

lfØ; rqY;ekuA ;g ckbcy vuqokn dk ,d fl)kar gSA ckbcy ds

vuqokn dks **’kCn ls ‘kCn** lkn`’; ls ,d lkarR;d ds rkSj ij ns[kk tk

ldrk gSa] tgk¡ ij gj bczkuh ;k ;wukuh ‘kCn ds fy, ,d vaxzsth ‘kCn j[kk

tkrk gS] ,d **O;k[;k djus** ds fy, tgk¡ ij dsoy ewy ‘kCn ;k O;k[;k

dks de egRo nsrs gq, ek= fopkj dk vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa

fl)karksa ds chp gh **lfØ; rqY;eku** gSa tks ewyikB dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus

dh dksf’k’k djrh gS] ijUrq bls vk/kqfud O;kdj.kh; izdkjksa vkSj eqgkojksa esa

ifjofrZr dj nsrh gSA vuqoknksa ds bu fofHkUu fl)karksa ds ckjs esa ,d mÙke

fooj.k Qh vkSj LVwoVZ dh gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy bV~l oFkZ] i`”B

la[;k 35 esa ik ldrs gSa vkSj jkscVZ czsV~pj dh Vh bZ oh vuqokn ds ifjp;

esaA

lkjlaxzgA bl ‘kCn dk iz;ksx ewyikB vkykspuk ds laca/k esa gksrk gSA ;g

fHkUu ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa esa ls ikBksa dh pquko djus dh izFkk dks fn[kkrh

gS rkfd ,d ,sls ikB ij igq¡pk tk ldsa tks ewy futh ys[kksa ds djhc gksA

;g bl fopkj dk budkj djrh gS fd ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa dh dsoy ,d

ifjokj gh ewy ys[kksa ds djhc gSA

432

vkblstsflflA ;g Hkk”; dk myVk gSA ;fn Hkk”; ewy ys[ks dh mn~ns’; ls

**ckgj ys vkuk** gS] bl ‘kCn dk vFkZ fdlh ckgjh fopkj ;k fodYi dks

**Hkhrj ys tkuk** gSA

O;qRifrA ;g ‘kCn&v/;u dk ,d igyq gSa tks fdlh ‘kCn dh ewy vFkZ dks

crkus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA bl ewy vFkZ ls] fof’k”V iz;ksxhdj.k dks

vf/kd ljyrk ls igpkus tk ldrs gSaA O;k[;k esa] O;qRifr eq[; dsUnzu

ugha gS] cyfd bldk ledkyhu vFkZ vkSj ‘kCn dk iz;ksxA

Hkk”; A fdlh fof’k”V in dh O;k[;k djus dh dk;Z ds fy, ;g ,d

rduhfd ‘kCn gSA bldk vFkZ **ckgj ys vkuk gSa**¼ewyikB ls½ ftldk vFkZ

gSa fd gekjk mn~ns’; ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ] lkfgfR;d lanHkZ] okD;foU;kl vkSj

‘kCn dh ledkyhu vFkZ ds izdk’k esa ewy ys[kd dh mn~ns’; dks le>uk

gSaA

lkfgfR;d izdkjA ;g ,d Ýkalh ‘kCn gS tks fHkUu izdkj ds lkfgR;ksa dks

fn[kkrk gSaA bl ‘kCn dk eq[; dk;Z lkfgfR;d izdkjksa dk Jsf.k;ksa esa

foHkktu gSa tks ,d leku pfj=ksa dks ck¡Vrsa gSa%,sfrgkfld o.kZu] dkO;]

uhfropu] izdk’kukRed vkSj dkuwuhA

KkuoknA bl >wBh f’k{kk ds ckjs esa gekjk vf/kdka’k Kku nwljh ‘krkCnh dh

Kkuoknh ys[kksa ls vkrk gSA fQj Hkh] izkjafHkd fopkj igyh ‘krkCnh¼vkSj

igys½ esa izLrqr FksA

nwljh ‘krkCnh dh osyufV;u vkSj flfjufFk;u Kkuokn ds dqN fyf[kr

fu;e ;s gSa% 1½ oLrq vkSj vkRek nksuks laxh&vuUrdkyhu gSa¼,d lÙokRed

f}okn½A oLrq cqjh gSa] vkRek vPNh gSaA ijes’oj] tks vkRek gSa] izR;{k rkSj

ij cqjh oLrq dh jpuk esa ‘kkfey ugha gks ldrk( 2½ ;gk¡ ij ijes’oj vkSj

oLrq ds chp izltZu¼,;ksUl ;k LoxZnwrksa dk Lrj½ gSaA vafre ;k lcls

NksVk iqjkus fu;e dk ;gksok Fkk] ftlus czEgk.M¼dksleksl½ dks cuk;k( 3½

;h’kq ;gksok tSls ,d izltZu Fkk ijUrq mPp Lrj ij] lPps ijes’oj ds

fudVA dqN yksxksa us mls lcls mPp ij j[k fn;k Fkk ijUrq fQj Hkh

ijes’oj ls de vkSj fuf’pr rkSj ij nsg&/kkjh fnO;rk ugha¼;wgUuk 1%14½A

D;ksafd oLrq cqjh gSa] ;h’kq dk dksbZ ekuoh; ‘kjhj ugha gks ldrk gSa vkSj rc

Hkh og fnO; ugha gksrkA og ,d vkfRed izsr Fkk¼ns[ksa] 1 ;wgUuk

433

1%1&3(4%1&6½( vkSj 4½ m)kj ;h’kq ij fo’okl ls izkIr gqvk vkSj lkFk gh

fo’ks”k Kku ls] tks dsoy fo’ks”k O;fDr;ksa ls gh tkuk tk ldrk gSaA Kku

dh vko’;drk gksrh gS

rkfd LofxZ; Lrjksa dks ikj dj ldsaA ;gwnh O;oLFkk Hkh ijes’oj ds ikl

igq¡pus ds fy, vko’;d FkhA

Kkuoknh >wBs f’k{kdksa us nks foijhr uSfrd iz.kkyh dks c<+kok fn;k% 1½ dqN

yksxksa ds fy,] thou’kSyh ls m)kj fcydqy lacaf/kr ugha FkkA muds fy,]

m)kj vkSj vkfRedrk LoxZnwrksa dh Lrj¼,;ksal½ds }kjk jgL;e; Kku esa

fNih gSa( ;k 2½ nwljksa ds fy,] thou’kSyh m)kj ds fy, egRoiw.kZ FkhA

lPph vkfRedrk ds izek.k ds rkSj ij mUgksaus ,d lk/kq leku thou thus

ij egRo fn;kA

‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)karA ;g mu fu;eksa ds fy, rduhdh ‘kCn gS tks Hkk”;

dh vxqokbZ djrs gSaA ;g fof’k”V funsZ’kksa vkSj ,d dkyk@ojnku nksuksa dk

lewg gSaA ckbcyh;] ;k ifo=] ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dks lkekU; rkSj ij

nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% lkekU; fu;e vkSj fof’k”V fu;eA

ckbcy esa ik;s tkusokys fHkUu izdkj ds lkfgR;ksa ls ;s lacaf/kr gSaA gj

fHkUu izdkj¼lkfgfR;d izdkj½ dh viuh gh fo’ks”k funsZ’k gksrh gS ijUrq os

O;k[;k dh dqN vke /kkj.kkvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks Hkh ck¡Vrsa gSaA

mPprj vkykspukA ckbcyh; O;k[;k dh ;g og izfØ;k gSa tks fdlh

fo’ks”k ckbcyh; iqLrd dh ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ vkSj lkfgfR;d <+kps ij /;ku

nsrh gSaA

eqgkojkA ;g og ‘kCn gS ftldk iz;ksx fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa esa ik;s tkusokys

okD;&[k.M ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftudk fof’k”V vFkZ gksrk gS tks

O;fDrxr ‘kCnksa ds lkekU; vFkksZa ls lacaf/kr ugha gksrs gSaA dqN vk/kqfud

mnkgj.k gSa% **og rks Hkk;kud rkSj ij vPNk Fkk** ;k **rqeus rks eq>s ekj

gh Mkyk Fkk**A ckbcy esa Hkh bl izdkj ds okD;&[k.Mksa dks ikrsa gSaA

izdk’ku A ;g bl fopkj dks fn;k x;k uke gSa fd ijes’oj us euq”; ls

ckr dh gSaA bl iw.kZ fopkj dks rhu ‘kCnksa ls O;Dr fd;k x;k gS% izdVu&

434

ijes’oj us ekuo bfrgkl esa dk;Z fd;k gS% 2½ izsj.kk& mlus vius dk;ksZa

dh vkSj muds vFkksZa dh lgh O;k[;k dqN fuf’pr pqus gq, euq”;ksa dks

ekuo tkr ds fy, fyf[kr&of.kZr djus ds fy, fn;k gS( vkSj 3½ izdk’ku&

mlus viuh vkRek nh gSa rkfd ekuotkfr dks viuh Lo&izdVu ds ckjs esa

le>us esa lgk;rk dj ldsaA

O;k[;kRedA ;g rdZ djus ;k dkj.k crkus dk ,d rjhdk gSa tks

fof’k”Vrk ls iw.kZrk dh vksj c<+rh gSaA ;g vk/kqfud foKku dh vkuqHkfod

rjhdk gSaA ;g ewy rkSj ij vfjLVksVy dk rjhdk gSaA

varj&jsf[k, iqLrdA;g ,d izdkj dh [kkst ;a= gSa tks mUgsa vuqefr nsrh

gSa tks fdlh ckbcyh; Hkk”kk dks ugha i<+rsa gSa rkfd os blds vFkZ vkSj <+kaps

dk ewY;kadu djsaA ;g vaxzsth vuqokn dks rqjUr gh ewy ckbcyh; Hkk”kk ds

vf/ku esa ‘kCn ds fy, ‘kCn ds Lrj ij j[krh gSaA ;g ;a=] ,d

**fo’ys”k.kkRed ‘kCndks”k** ds lkFk tqM+dj] bczkuh vkSj ;wukuh dh izdkj

vkSj ewy ifjHkk”kk nsrh gSaA

izsj.kkA ;s ;g fopkj gSa fd ijes’oj us ckbcyh; ys[kdksa dks lgh ls vkSj

Li”Vrk ls viuh izdk’kuksa dks fyf[kr o.kZu djus ds fy, vxqokbZ djus

ds }kjk ekuotkfr ls ckrphr dh gSaA bl iw.kZ fopkj dks rhu ‘kCnksa ls

O;Dr fd;k x;k gS% izdVu& ijes’oj us ekuo bfrgkl esa dk;Z fd;k gS%

2½ izsj.kk& mlus vius dk;ksZa dh vkSj muds vFkksZa dh lgh O;k[;k dqN

fuf’pr pqus gq, euq”;ksa dks ekuo tkr ds fy, fyf[kr&of.kZr djus ds

fy, fn;k gS( vkSj 3½ izdk’ku& mlus viuh vkRek nh gSa rkfd ekuotkfr

dks viuh Lo&izdVu ds ckjs esa le>us esa lgk;rk dj ldsaA

o.kZu dh Hkk”kkA ;g mu eqgkojksa ds laca/k esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlesa

iqjkuk fu;e fy[kk x;k gSA ;g gekjh lalkj ds ckjs esa ckr djrh gS ml

rjhds ds vk/kkj ij ftl izdkj oLrqvksa gekjs ikapksa bafnz;ksa dks fn[kkbZ nsrh

gSA ;g dksbZ oSKkfud o.kZu ugha gS] u gh ;g blds fy, cuh FkhA

O;oLFkkoknA bl izdkj dk LoHkko dk fp=.k fu;eksa ;k jhfr&fjoktksa ij

vf/kd egRo nsus ls gksrk gSA ijes’oj ds }kjk xzg.k fd, tkus ds ek/;e

435

ds rkSj ij ;g fu;eksa dh ekuoksa }kjk ikyu fd, tkus ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA

;g laca/k dks uhpk djrh gS vkSj dk;Z dks mBkrh gS] nksuksa ifo= ijes’oj

vkSj ikih ekuork ds chp dh okpk ds laca/k ds egRoiw.kZ igyq gSaA

‘kkfCnd A ;g vUrkfd;k ls ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dk ewyikB&dsfUnzr

vkSj ,sfrgkfld rjhdk ,d nwljk uke gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd O;k[;k esa

ekuo Hkk”kk dh lkekU; vkSj Li”V vFkZ lEefyr gS] ;|fi ;g vc Hkh

:ikRed Hkk”kk dh mifLFkfr dh igpku djrh gSA

lkfgfR;d izdkjA ;g mu fHkUu izdkjksa dks fn[kkrh gS ftls ekuoh;

ckrphr /kkj.k dj ldrh gS] ftl izdkj dkO; ;k ,sfrgkfld o.kZuA gj

lkfgR; idkj ds ikl lHkh fyf[kr lkfgR; ds fy, lkekU; fu;eksa ds

lkFk miuh gh fo’ks”k ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dh izfØ;k gksrh gSA

lkfgfR;d bZdkbZA ;g fdlh ckbcyh; iqLrd dh fopkj dh izeq[k

foHkktuksa dks fn[kkrh gSA ;g dqN opuksa] in~;ka’kksa ;k v/;k;ksa ls cuh gks

ldrh gSA ;g ,d dsfUnz; fo”k; ds lkFk vius esa lekbZ ,d bZdkbZ gSA

fuPprj vkykspukA ns[ksa **ewyikB vkykspuk**

gLrfyihA ;g ‘kCn ;wukuh u, fu;e dh fHkUu dkWfi;ksa dks fn[kkrh gSA

lkekU; rkSj ij os fHkUu izdkjksa esa bl vk/kkj ij foHkkftr gS 1½ ftl

lkexzh esa os fy[ks x, gSa¼iVsji=] peM+h½] ;k 2½ ys[k dk izdkj Hkh¼ lHkh

cM+s v{kj ;k tqM+s v{kj½A bldk laf{kIr esa uke **,e ,l**¼,dopu½ ;k

**,e ,l ,l**¼cgqopu½A

eslksjsrh ikBA ;g iqjkus fu;e dh 9oha ‘krkCnh bZa dh bczkuh gLrfyfi;ksa

dks fn[kkrh gS tks ;gwnh fo}kuksa dh ihf<+;ksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ Fkh ftlesa Loj

ds ladsr vkSj vU; ikB ds uksV lEefyr gSA ;g gekjh vaxzsth iqjkus

fu;e dh ewy ikB curh gSA blds ikB dks ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij bczkuh ,e

,l ,l }kjk iqf”V dh xbZ gS] fo’ks”kdj ;’kk;kg] tks e`r lkxj dq.My

i= ls feyh gSA bls laf{kIr esa **,e Vh** dgk x;k gSA

436

esVksfuehA ;g ,d vyadkj gS ftlesa ,d oLrq ds uke dk iz;ksx mlds

lkFk lacaf/kr fdlh vkSj oLrq dks izLrqr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] ** crZu mcy jgk gS** vFkkZr~] **crZu esa j[kk gqbZ ikuh

mcy jgk gSA**

eqjkVksfj;ksa ds ys[k dk VqdM+kA ;g u, fu;e ds fo/kku esa j[kh xbZ

iqLrdksa dh lwph gSA bls jkse esa 200 bZa esa fy[kh xbZ FkhA ;g ogh 27

iqLrdksa dh lwph nsrh gS ftl izdkj izksVsLVsaV u, fu;e dk gSA ;g Li”V

rkSj ij fn[kkrh gS fd jkseh lkezkT; ds fHkUu Hkkxksa esa LFkkuh; dyhfl;kvksa

us pkSFkh ‘krkCnh dh dyhfl;k dh izeq[k lHkkvksa ls igys gh fo/kku dks

**O;kogkfjd** rkSj ij cuk fn;k FkkA

izkd`frd izdk’kuA ;g ijes’oj dk euq”; dks Lo&izdfVdj.k dh ,d Js.kh

gSA blesa izkd`frd Øe lEefyr gSa¼jksfe-1%19&20½ vkSj uSfrd foosd

Hkh¼jksfe-2%14&15½A bldh ckr Hktu-19%1&6 vkSj jksfe-1&2 esa gqbZ gSA ;g

fof’k”V izdk’ku ls vyx gS] tks ckbcy esa vkSj Js”Brk ls ukljr ds ;h’kq

esa ijes’oj dk fof’k”V Lo&izdfVdj.k gSA

elhgh oSKkfudksa¼mnkgj.k] gqx jkWl ds ys[k½ ds e/; esa **vkWYM vFkZ**

vkanksyu }kjk bl /keZoSKkfud Js.kh dks iqu%egRo fn;k tk jgk gSA os ;g

t+ksj nsus ds fy, bl Js.kh dk iz;ksx djrs gSa fd lHkh lR; ijes’oj ds

lR; gSaA ijes’oj ds ckjs esa Kku ds fy, izd`fr ,d [kqyk }kj gS( ;g

fof’k”V izdk’ku¼ckbcy½ ls vyx gSaA ;g vk/kqfud foKku dks izkd`frd

Øe dh [kkst djus dh Lora=rk nsrh gSA esjs fodYi ls vk/kqfud oSKkfud

ik’pkR; lalkj dks xokgh nsus ds fy, ;g ,d vn~Hkqr u;k ekSdk gSA

usLrksjoknA usLrksj ikapoh ‘krkCnh esa dksaLVsufVuksiy dk mPp v/;{k FkkA

mldk izf’k{k.k lhfj;k ds vUrkfd;k esa gqvk Fkk vkSj mlus iqf”V dh fd

;h’kq ds nks LoHkko gSa] ,d iw.kZ ekuo vkSj ,d iw.kZ fnO;A ;g fopkj

fldanfj;k ds fopkj ds LoHkko ls fHkUu FkkA usLrksj dh eq[; fpark efj;e

dks fn;k x;k f’k”kZd **ijes’oj dh ekrk** FkhA usLrksj dk fojks/k fldanfj;k

ds flfjy us fd;k vkSj] iz;ksfxdj.k ds }kjk] mldh viuh vUrkfd;k dh

izf’k{k.k dksA vUrkfd;k ckbcyh; O;k[;k dh

,sfrgkfld&O;kdj.kh;&ewyikB rjhdk dk ew[; dsUnz Fkk] tcfd

437

fldanfj;k O;k[;k dh pkj&Lrj¼:idkRed½ dh fo|kihB FkhA usLrksj dk

vafre esa cfg”dkj dj fn;k x;kA

ewy ys[kdA ;g futh ys[kdksa@ifo=’kkL= ds ys[kdksa dks fn[kkrs gSaA

iVsji=A ;g felz ls ,d izdkj ds fy[kus dh lkexzh gSA bls unh ds

fdukjksa dh ljd.Ms ls cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g og lkexzh gS ftl ij ;wukuh

u, fu;e dh gekjh lcls iqjkuh dkWfi;ka fy[kh xbZa gSaA

lekukUrj inA os bl fopkj ds Hkkx gSa fd lEiw.kZ ckbcy ijes’oj }kjk

fn;k x;k gS] vkSj bl dkj.k] ;g vius Lo;a ds O;k[;kdkj gSa vkSj

fojks/kkHkkl lR;ksa dks larqfyr djusokyk gSA ;g rc Hkh lgk;d gS tc

dksbZ fdlh vLi”V ;k vfuf’pr in dh O;k[;k djus dh dksf’k’k dj jgk

gSA oks ;g lgk;rk Hkh djrk gS fd ge fdlh fn, x, fo”k; ij ,d

Li”V in dh [kkst dj lds lkFk gh ,d fn, x, fo”k; ds vU; opuksa

ds igyqvksa dks HkhA

vFkZfooj.kA ;g ckbcy vuqokn ds ,d fl)kar dk uke gSA ckbcy ds

vuqokn dks **’kCn ls ‘kCn** ln`’; ls ,d lkarR;d ds rkSj ij ns[kk tk

ldrk gS] tgk¡ ij gj bczkuh ;k ;wukuh ‘kCn ds fy, ,d vaxzsth ‘kCn j[kk

tkrk gS] ,d **O;k[;k djus** ds fy, tgk¡ ij dsoy ewy ‘kCn ;k O;k[;k

dks de egRo nsrs gq, ek= fopkj dk vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa

fl)karksa ds chp gh **lfØ; rqY;eku** gS tks ewyikB dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus

dh dksf’k’k djrk gS] ijUrq bls vk/kqfud O;kdj.kh; izdkjksa vkSj eqgkojksa esa

ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA vuqoknksa dh bu fofHkUu fl)karksa ds ckjs esa ,d

mÙke fooj.k Qh vkSj LVwoVZ dh gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy bV~l

oFkZ] i`”B la[;k 35 esa ik ldrs gSaA

vuqPNsnA ;g x|ka’k esa O;k[;k dh ewy lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ gSA blesa ,d

dsfUnz; fopkj vkSj mldk fodkl gksrk gSA ;fn ge bldh izeq[k ckr ij

jgrs gSa rks ge NksVh ckrksa ij /;ku ugha ns ldrs gSa ;k ewy ys[kd ds

mn~ns’;ksa dks [kks ldrs gSaA

438

iYyh&fo”k;dA ;g mu i{kikrksa dks fn[kkrh gSa tks fdlh LFkkfu;

/keZoSKkfud@lkaLd`frd lanHkZ esa ca/ks gSaA ;g ckbcyh; lR; ;k blds

ykxwdj.k dh varjlkaLd`frd LoHkko dh igpku ugha djrk gSA

fojks/kkHkklA ;g mu lR;ksa dks fn[kkrk gS tks foijhr fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ijUrq

nksuksa lR; gS] ;|fi ,d nwljs ls ruko esa cus gq, gSaA os ,d nwljs ds

myVs rjQ ls lR; dks izLrqr djds mls fn[kkrs gSaA vf/kdka’k ckbcyh;

lR; dks fojks/kkHkkl ds tksM+ksa¼;k }a}kRed½ esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

ckbcyh; lR; vdsys flrkjs ugha gS] ijUrq flrkjksa ds izdkjksa ls cus

rkjk&e.My gSaA

IysVksA og izkphu ;wuku dk ,d nk’kZfud FkkA mlds n’kZu’kkL= us felz esa

fldanfj;k ds fo}kuksa }kjk vkSj ckn esa vxfLru }kjk izkjafHkd dyhfl;k

dks vf/kd izHkkfor fd;kA mlus fn[kk;k fd lalkj esa gj oLrq ek;k gS

vkSj vkfRed vkfn:i dh ek= ,d dkWih gSA ckn esa /keZfoKkfudksa us

vkfRed lalkj ds lkFk IysVks ds **izdkjksa@fopkjksa** dh rqyuk dhA

iqoZ/kkj.kkA ;g fdlh oLrq ds ckjs esa gekjh igys ls gh fu/kkZfjr le>

dks fn[kkrh gSA ge eqn~nksa ds ckjs esa Lo;a opu dks i<+us ls igys vdlj

fopkjksa ;k fu.kZ; dks cuk ysrs gSaA bl iwoZ rS;kjh dks i{kikr] ,d ,

izkb;ksjh fLFkfr] ,d /kkj.kk ;k ,d iwoZle> Hkh dg ldrs gSaA

ÝwQ&VsfDVaxA ;g ifo=’kkL= dh O;k[;k djus dk ,d dk;Z gS ,d opu

dh bldh fudVre lanHkZ ;k bldh lkfgfR;d bZdkbZ esa dh cM+h lanHkZ

ij fcuk /;ku nsrs gq, m)`fr djus ds }kjk A

;g opuksa dks ewy ys[kd ds mn~ns’; ls vyx dj nsrh gS vkSj lkekU;

rkSj ij tcfd ckbcyh; vf/kdkj dks egRo nsrs gq, O;fDrxr fopkjksa dks

lkfcr djus dh dksf’k’k gksrh gSA

jCchoknh ;gwnh/keZA ;gwnh yksxksa dh thou dh ;g Lrj csfcyksu fuokZlu

esa izkjaHk gqbZ¼586&538 bZa½A ftl izdkj ;ktdksa vkSj eafnj dk izHkko tkrk

x;k] LFkkuh; ;gwnh vkjk/kuky; ;gwnh thou dk dsUnz cu x,A ;gwnh

laLd`fr] laxfr] vkjk/kuk vkSj ckbcy v/;u dk ;g LFkkfu; dsUnz muds

jkf”Vª; thou dk dsUnz cu x;kA ;h’kq ds le; esa **’kkfL=;ksa dk ;g /keZ**

439

;ktdksa ds lekukUrj esa FkkA 70 bZa esa ;:’kyse ds fouk’k ds ckn] ;g jCch

izdkj us] Qjhfl;ksa dk cgqrk;r esa gksrs gq,] ;gwnh /kkfeZd thou dks

fu;af=r fd;kA bldk fo’ks”k.k rksjg dk O;kogkfjd] O;oLFkkuqlkj O;k[;k

gS ftl izdkj ekSf[kd ijEijk esa le>k;k x;k gS¼rkyewn½A

izdk’kuA ;s ;g fopkj ga fd ijes’oj us ekuotkfr ls ckrphr dh gSA bl

iw.kZ fopkj dks rhu ‘kCnksa ls O;Dr fd;k x;k gS% izdVu& ijes’oj us ekuo

bfrgkl esa dk;Z fd;k gS% 2½ izsj.kk& mUgksaus vius dk;ksZa dh vkSj muds

vFkksZa dh lgh O;k[;k dqN fuf’pr pqus gq, euq”;ksa dks ekuotkfr ds fy,

fyf[kr&of.kZr djus ds fy, nh gS( vkSj 3½ izdk’ku& mUgksaus viuh vkRek

nh gS rkfd ekuotkfr dks vius Lo&izdVu ds ckjs esa le>us esa lgk;rk

dj ldsaA

lsesafVd QhYMA ;g ,d ‘kCn ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ lHkh vFkksZa ds izdkj ds

foLrkj dks fn[kkrh gSA ;g ewy rkSj ij fHkUu lanHkksZa esa fdlh ‘kCn dk

fHkUu vFkZ gSA

lsiRokfxarkA ;g bczkuh iqjkus fu;e dh ;wukuh vuqokn dks fn;k x;k uke

gSA ijEijk dgrh gS fd bls 70 fnuksa esa 70 ;gwnh fo}kuksa }kjk felz esa

fldanfj;k dh iqLrdky; ds fy, fy[kk x;k FkkA ikjEifjd frfFk djhc

250 bZ-iw gS¼okLro esa laHkkfor rkSj ij bls iwjk djus esa 100 ls Hkh vf/kd

o”kZ yxs½A ;g vuqokn egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd 1½ ;g gesa ,d izkphu ikB nsrh

gS rkfd bldh rqyuk eslksjsrh bczkuh ikB ls gks( 2½ ;g rhljh vkSj nwljh

‘krkCnh bZ-iw esa dh ;gwnh O;k[;k dh fLFkfr dks gesa fn[kkrh gS( 3½ ;g gesa

;h’kq ds budkj fd, tkus ds igys ;gwfn;ksa ds elhgk ds ckjs esa mudh

le> nsrh gSA bldk laf{kIr esa uke] **,y ,Dl ,Dl** gSA

flukbZfVdlA pkSFkh ‘krkCnh bZa dh ;g ,d ;wukuh gLrfyih FkhA bls lhuS

ioZr ij lar dsFksfju ds eB ij frL’ksuMksQZ ds }kjk ik;k x;k FkkA bl

gLrfyih dk uke bczkuh o.kZekyk dh igyh v{kj ij j[kk x;k gS ftls

**vkysQ**¼a½ dgrs gSaA;g iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e nksuksa dks lEefyr djrh gSA

;g gekjh ,d lcls izkpuh vfUlpy ,e ,l ,l gSA

440

vkfRedj.kA ;g ‘kCn :idkRed djus ds lkFk i;kZ;okph gS bl vFkZ esa

fd ;g ,d vuqPNsn dh ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfR;d lanHkZ dks gVk nsrh gS

vkSj vU; ekin.M ds vk/kkj ij bldh O;k[;k djrh gSA

i;kZ;okphA ;g mu ‘kCnksa dks fn[kkrh gSa tks ,d leku vFkksZa dks j[krh gS¼

;|fi okLro esa dksbZ Hkh nks ‘kCnksa dk ,d iw.kZ vFkZ dk izdkj dk foLrkj

ugha gks ldrk gS½A os brus ?kfu”Brk ls lacaf/kr gksrs gS fd os ,d okD;

esa fcuk vius vFkZ dks [kks, gq, ,d nwljs ds cny esa vk ldrs gSaA bldk

bczkuh dkO; lekukUrj.k ds rhu izdkjksa dks crkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk

ldrk gSA bl vFkZ esa ;g dkO; dh nks iafDr;ksa dks fn[kkrh gS tks ,d gh

lR; dks O;Dr djrh gS¼ns[ksa] Hktu-103%3½A

okD;foU;klA ;g ,d ;wukuh ‘kCn gS tks fdlh okD; dh <+k¡ps dks fn[kkrh

gSA ;g mu rjhdksa ls lacaf/kr gSa ftlesa ,d iw.kZ fopkj dk fuekZ.k djus

ds fy, vyadkjksa dks ,d lkFk j[kk tkrk gSA

la’ys”k.kA ;g mu rhu izdkjksa esa ls ,d gS tks bczkuh dkO; dh izdkjksa ls

lacaf/kr gSA ;g ‘kCn dkO; dh iafDr;ksa ds ckjs esa crkrk gS tks ,d nwljs

dks fdlh lap; vFkZ esa cukrk gS] bls **DykbesfVd** Hkh dgrs gS¼ns[ksa]

Hktu-19%7&9½A

O;ofLFkr /keZfoKkuA ;g O;k[;k dh ,d dne gS tks ckbcy dh lR;ksa

dks fdlh ,df=r vkSj rdZiw.kZ voLFkk esa lacaf/kr djus dh dksf’k’k djrk

gSA ;g Jsf.k;ksa }kjk¼ijes’oj] euq”;] iki] m)kj] bR;kfnA½ elhgh

/keZfoKku dh] ek= ,sfrgkfld izLrqfrdj.k ds ctk;] ,d rdZiw.kZ

izLrqfrdj.k gSA

rkyewnA ;g ;gwnh ekSf[kd ijEijk dh lafgrkdj.k ds fy, f’k”kZd gSA

;gnh fo’okl djrs gSa fd bls ijes’oj }kjk ewlk dks lhuS ioZr ij fn;k

x;k FkkA okLro esa ;g dbZ o”kksZa rd ;gwnh f’k{kdksa dk laxzfgr cqf) ds

rkSj ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;gk¡ ij rkyewn ds nks fyf[kr vuqokn gSa%

csfcyksuh vkSj NksVk] ifyf’ruh ftls iwjk ugha fd;k x;k gSA

ewyikB vkykspukA ;g ckbcy dh gLrfyfi;ksa dk v/;u gSA ewyikB

vkykspuk t+:jh gS D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh ewyikB miyC/k ugha gS vkSj dkWfi;k¡

441

,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA ;g fHkUurkvksa dks le>kus dh dksf’k’k djrh gS vkSj

iqjkus vkSj u, fu;e dh futh ys[kksa dh ewy ‘kCnksa ij¼ftruk djhc gks

ldrk gS½ igq¡pus dh dksf’k’k djrh gSA bls vdlj **fuPprj vkykspuk**

dgk tkrk gSA

Lohd`r ewy ikBA ;g uke ;wukuh u, fu;e dh ,fYt+foj dh vuqokn esa

lu~ 1633 bZa esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA ewy rkSj ij ;g ;wukuh u, fu;e dk

,d izdkj gS ftls dqN iqjkuh ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa vkSj

bjkleql¼1510&1535½] LrhQkuql¼1546&1559½ vkSj ,fYt+foj¼1624&1678½

dh yfVuh vuqoknksa ls jpk x;k FkkA ,su baVªksMD’u Vq n VsDlqvy

fØfVflLe vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV i`”B la[;k 27 esa ,-Vh-jkscVZlu dgrs gSa] **

ckbt+suVkbu ewyikB O;kogkfjd rkSj ij Lohd`r ewy ikB gSA**

ckbt+suVkbu ewyikB izkjafHkd ;wukuh gLrfyfi;ksa dh rhu ifjokjksa esa ls

lcls de ewY; j[krh gSa¼ik’pkr] fldanfj;kbZ vkSj ckbt+suVkbu½A blesa

gkFk ls fy[kh xbZ ikBksa dh ‘krkfCn;ksa dh xyfr;ka lEefyr gSaA fQj Hkh]

,-Vh-jkscVZlu dgrs gSa ** fd Lohd`r ewyikB us gekjs fy, ,d i;kZIr lgh

ewyikB lqjf{kr j[kk gS**¼i`”B la[;k 21½A ;g ;wukuh gLrfyih

ijEijk¼fo’ks”kdj bjkleql dk lu~ 1522 dk rhljk vuqokn½ lu~ 1611 dh

fdax tsEl vuqokn dh vk/kkj curh gSA

rksjgA ;g **f’k{kk** ds fy, bczkuh ‘kCn gSA ;g fQj ewlk dh ys[kksa

¼mRifRr ls O;oLFkkfooj.k½ds fy, ,d vkSipkfjd f’k”kZd cu x;kA ;g]

;gwfn;ksa ds fy,] bczkuh fo/kku dk lcls vf/kd vf/kdkj j[kusokyk

foHkktu gSA

izk:i i)frA ;g ,d fof’k”V izdkj dh O;k[;k gSA lkekU; rkSj ij blesa

ln`’; fpUgksa ds ek/;eksa ds }kjk u, fu;e esa ik;s x, lR; dk iqjkus

fu;e esa gksuk lEefyr gSA ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar dh ;g Js.kh

fldanfj;kbZ rjhdk ,d izeq[k rRo FkkA bl izdkj dh O;k[;k ds

nq:i;ksx ds dkj.k] gesa blds iz;ksx dks u, fu;e esa of.kZr dqN fo’ks”k

mnkgj.kksa esa gh lhfer j[kuk gSA

osfVdsulA ;g pkSFkh ‘krkCnh bZa dh ;wukuh gLrfyih gSA bls jkse dh

osfVdsu dh iqLrdky; ls ik;k x;k FkkA blesa ewy rkSj ij iqjkuk fu;e]

442

dwVxzaFk vkSj u, fu;e lEefyr FkkA fQj Hkh dqN Hkkx [kks x, gSa¼mRifRr]

Hktulafgrk] bczkfu;ksa] iklokuh if=;k¡] fQyseksu vkSj izdkf’krokD;½A futh

ys[kksa dh ewy ‘kCnksa dh iqf”V djus ds fy, ;g ,d vfr lgk;d

gLrfyih gSA bldk uke laf{kIr esa **B ** j[kk x;k gSA

oyxsVA ;g ckbcy dh tsjkse dh yfVuh vuqokn dk uke gSA ;g jkseu

dSFkfyd dyhfl;k dh ewy ;k **lk/kkj.k** vuqokn cu x;kA bls 380 bZa

esa iwjk fd;k x;k FkkA

cqf) lkfgR;A ;g lkfgR; dk ,d izdkj Fkk tks izkphu fudVre iwoZ¼vkSj

vk/kqfud lalkj½ esa lkekU; FkkA ;g ewy rkSj ij ,d u;h ih<+h dks dkO;]

uhfropu] ;k fuca/kksa }kjk lQy thou thus ds fy, funsZ’k nsus dh dksf’k’k

FkhA ;g fdlh lkewfgd lkekt dh ctk; O;fDrxr yksxksa dks laHkksfnr

djrh FkhA ;g bfrgkl ds fy, fdlh ladsr dk iz;ksx ugha djrh Fkh]

ijUrq thou ds vuqHkoksa vkSj voyksduksa ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ckbcy esa] v¸;wc

us Js”Bxhr ds }kjk ;gksok dh mifLFkfr vkSj vkjk/kuk dks /kkj.k fd;k]

;g /kkfeZd lalkj n`f”V gj le; gj ekuo vuqHko esa lqLi”V ugha gksrh

gSA

fdlh lkfgfR;d izdkj ds rkSj ij blus lkekU; lR; dks O;Dr fd;kA

fQj Hkh] bl lkfgfR;d izdkj dk iz;ksx gj fof’k”V ifjfLFkfr ds fy, ugha

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lkekU; dFku gS tks gj O;fDrxr ifjfLFkfr ds

fy, ges’kk ykxw ugha gksrk gSA

bu lk/kqvksa us thou ds dfBu iz’uksa dks iwNus dh fgEer j[khA vdlj

mUgksaus ikjEifjd /kkfeZd fopkjksa dks pqukSrh nh¼v¸;wc vkSj lHkksins’kd½A os

thou dh ladVksa ds ckjs esa ljy mÙkjksa dk larqyu vkSj ruko curs gSaA

lalkj fp= vkSj lalkfjd n`f”Vdks.kA ;s laxh ‘kCn gSA ;s nksuksa l`f”V ls

lacaf/kr nk’kZfud fopkj gSaA ;g ‘kCn ** lalkj fp=** l`f”V dh **fdl

izdkj** dks fn[kkrs gSa] tcfd **lalkfjd n`f”Vdks.k** l`f”V ds **dkSu** dks

fn[kkrs gSaA ;s ‘kCn O;k[;k ds fy, iz;ksxh gSa fd mRi-1&2 izkFkfed rkSj

ij l`f”V dh dkSu ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa] fdl izdkj ughaA

;gksokA ;g iqjkus fu;e esa ijes’oj dk okpk dk uke gSA bldh ifjHkk”kk

fuxZ-3%14 esa gSA ;g bczkuh ‘kCn **gksuk** dk dkj.kkRed izdkj gSA ;gwnh

443

bl uke ds mPpkj.k ls Hk;Hkhr gksrs gSa] D;ksafd os bls O;FkZ esa ugha ysuk

pkgrs gSa( bl dkj.k] mUgksaus blds LFkku ij bczkuh ‘kCn vnksuh] izHkq dks

j[k fn;k FkkA blh izdkj ;g okpk dk uke vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;k x;k

gSA

444

ifj f ’ k”V X;kjg

m) `r fd, vk Sj flQkfj’ k dh xb Z i qLrdk s a

dh x z a F k&l wph

ckj] tsEl- n lsesafVDl vkWQ fccfydy ysaXost- vkWDQksMZ% vkWDQksM

;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1961

ckVZu] tkWu- gkWyh jkbfVaxl~&lsØM VsDV% n dsuu bu vfyZ fØfLV;kfuVh-

fjpekWUM% tkWu uksDl izsl] 1997

cs[kksZQ] ywohl- fllVsesfVd fFk;ksykWth- xszaM jsfiM~l% bnZeUl] 1930

cs[kksZQ] ywohl- fizfUliYl vkWQ fccfydy baVjizsVs’u- xszaM jsfiM~l% csdlZ

1950

Cysd] MsfoM ,] laikdn – jhfFkafdax U;w VsLVesaV VsDlqvy fØfVflLe- xszaM

jsfiM~l% csdlZ ,dsMseh]2002

czsxk] tsEl- gm Vq LVsMh n ckbcy- iksVZyS.M% eqYVuksekg] 1982

czwl] ,Q-,Q- n cqDl ,.M n ikpZesaV~l- vkWYM VIisu] ,u-ts-% jsosy]1963

czwl] ,Q-,Q- U;w VsLVesaV fgLVªhA xkMZu lhVh% McyMs]1969

czwl] ,Q-,Q- n baxfy’k ckbcy% , fgLVªh vkWQ VªkaLys’ul~ ÝkWe n

vfyZ;LV ojlUl Vq n U;w baxfy’k ckbcy- vkWDQksMZ% vkWDQksM ;wfuoflZVh

izsl] 1970

czwl] ,Q-,Q- ,UllZ Vq DoL’Ul- xszaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1972

czwl] ,Q-,Q- laiknd- n U;w baVjus’uy desafVª vkWu n U;w VsLVesaV- xszaM

jsfiM~l%,nZesUl] 1955

dklZu] fM-,-n fdax tsEl oj’u fMcsV% , Iyh QkWj fjvfyLe] 1979

dklZu] fM-,- fccfydy baVjizsVs’u ,.M n ppZ- us’kfoy% Fkksel

usylu]1984

dklZu] fM-,- ,DltsfVdy Qylhl] xzsaM jsfiM~l%csdlZ] 1984

dkWy] ,yu- n bfiLVy vkWQ ikSy Vq n xysfl;Ul- xzsaM

jsfiM~l%,nZesUl]1964

dkWVjy] ihVj vkSj esDl VuZj- fyaXfofLVDl ,.M ckbcy baVjizsVs’u]1989

445

Msuk] gkohZ ;wthu- lfpZax n fØIpjl-dsUlkl flVh% lsUVªy lsfeukj] 1946

Msudj] ÝsMfjd McY;w- efYVijil Vwy QkWj ckbcy LVsMh-

dkWudkWjfM;k]1970

MsEcDlh] foY;e ,- laiknd- fe¸j fØ;s’u- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh

izsl]1988

bjge] ckVZ Mh- n vkWjFkksMksDl dWjIi’u vkWQ fØIpj- vkWDQksMZ% vkWDQksM

;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1993

QkYd] Msjsy vkj- dfeax Vq ihl foFk lkbUl- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh

izsl]2004

Qh] xksMZu Mh- xksLiy ,.M LihfjV% blwl bu U;w VsLVesaV gjesU;wfVDl-

ihckWMh%gsufMªDlu]1991

Qh] xksMZu Mh- vkSj MXykl LVwoVZ- gm Vq jhM n ckbcy QkWj vkWy bV~l

oFkZ- xszaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1982

Qh] xksMZu Mh- vkSj MXykl LVwoVZ- Vq okV bUM ,Dlthfll\ xzsaM


QxZwlu] Madu ,l- fcyfydy gjesU;wfVDl- ,VysUVk% tkWu uksDl

izsl]1937

Ýksbfyp] dkyZÝkbM- fccfydy baVjizsVs’u bu n byhZ ppZ- fQynfYQ;k%

QksVZªl]1984

fxYcVZ] tkstZ gkWyh- baVjizsVs’u vkWQ n ckbcy] , ‘kksVZ fgLVªh- U;w

;ksdZ%esdfeyu]1908

xzsaV]jkscVZ ,e- vkSj MsfoM Vªslh- ,d ‘kksVZ LVksjh vkWQ n baVjizsVs’u vkWQ n

ckbcy] fQynfYQ;k% QksVZªl]1984

xzhuyh] ts-gsjkWYM- baVªksMD’u Vq U; VsLVesaV VsDlqvy fØfVflLe- xzsaM


gsbl] tkWu ,p- vkSj dkyZ vkj- gkysMs- fccfydy ,Dlsthfll-,VysUVk%

tkWu uksDl izsl]1934

gsfUMªDl] gkWokMZ th- fyfoax cb n cwd]1991

gsfUjDlu] okYVj ,- , yseUl xkbZM Vq baVjizsfVax n ckbcy- xzsaM jsfiM~l%

t+ksaMjou]1973

fg’pZ] b-Mh- osfyfMVh bu baVjizsVs’u- U;w gosu% ;sy ;wfuoflZVh] 1967

fg’pZ] b-Mh- ,eUl vkWQ baVjizsVs’u- U;w gosu% ;sy ;wfuoflZVh] 1978

446

gwbdkl] vkj- fjfyT;su ,.M n jbl vkWQ ekWMuZ lkbUl- xzsaM


tslu] tkWu ÝsfMªd- ,Dljlkbl bu baVjizsfVax fØIpj- fQynfYQ;k%

tsusok izsl]1968

thOl] esydkWYe ,- n lkbfUVfQd baVjizkbt+ ,.M n fØfLV;u QSFk-

MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl]1969

tsUlu] bfoZax ,y- bafMisUMsaV ckbcy LVsMh% ;wflax n ,usysfVdy pkVZ

,.M n bUMfDVo esFksM- fldkxks%ewMh]1963

tkWulu] ,fy;sV b- ,DliksflVªh gsjesU;wfVDl- xzsaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1990

tkWulu] fQfyi b- MkjfofuLe vkWu Vª;y- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh

izsl]1993

dSlj] vkWVks vkSj ojusj th- dqEey- ,DltsfVdy esFksM- U;w ;ksdZ%

lhcjh]1981

dSlj] okYVj lh-] twfu;j- VqoMZl~ ,u ,DltsfVdy fFk;ksykWth- xzsaM

jsfiM~l% csdlZ]1981

dSlj] okYVj lh-] twfu;j-]ihVj ,p-Msfol] ,Q-,Q-czwl] vkSj esuÝM Vh-

ck:d- gkMZ lsbaXl vkWQ n ckbcy- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl]1996

fdPNu] ds-,- ,fl;sUV vkWfj;sUV ,.M n vkWYM VsLVesaV- MkWulZ xzwo(

baVjokflZVh izsl]1966

dqcks]lkdh vkSj okYVj Lisp- lks esuh ojlUl- xzsaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1983

dqgkrLpsd] tSd- ,Iykb n ckbcy- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl]1990

ysM] tkstZ ,YMu- , fFk;ksykWth vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV- xzsaM


fyQYM] okYVj ,y- U;w VsLVesaV ,Dliksfl’u- xzsaM jsfiM~l%t+ksaMjou]1984

fyQYM] okYVj ,y- fccfydy ,Dlthfll bu n ,iksLVksfyd ihfj;M-

xzsaM jsfiM~l%,nZesUl]1999

ykWUxesu] VªsEij frfFk;- fyVªsjh ,Iizkspl~ Vq fccfydy baVjizsVs’u] iqLrd

3]1987

ekysZ] jsus ,d-ts- baVªksMD’u Vq gsjesU;wfVDl- U;w ;ksdZ% gsMZj ,.M gsMZj]1967

ekj’ky] vkb-gkWokMZ] laiknd- U;w VsLVesaV baVjizsVs’u] xzsaM


esg;w] fjpkMZ- gm Vq baVjizsV n ckbcy QkWj ;wvjlsYQ- fldkxks%ewMh] 1986

esd ts- jkscVZlu- vUMjLVsfMax ,.M ,Iykbax n ckbcy- fldkxks%ewMh]1983

447

esTxj] czwl ,e- n U;w VsLVesaV% bVl VªkafLe’u] djIi’u ,.M jsLVksjs’u-

vkWDQksMZ% vkWDQksM ;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1964

esTxj] czwl ,e- n U;w VsLVesaV% bVl csdxkzmaM] xkszFk ,.M dUVsUV-U;w

;ksdZ%,fcaxMu]1965

esTxj] czwl ,e- ,d VsDlqvy desafVª vkWu n xzhd U;w VsLVesaV- U, ;ksdZ%

;ukbZVsM ckbcy lkslkbZVhl]1971

esTxj] czwl ,e- n byhZ ojlUl vkWQ n U; VsLVesaV]1977

esTxj] czwl ,e- n dsuu vkWQ n U;w VsLVesaV- vkWDlQMZ% DysjsUMu

izsl]1997

fedYlu] ,-csdZyh- baVjizsfVax n ckbcy- xzsaM jsfiM~l%,nZesUl]1963

U;w iksVZ] tkWu ih- vkSj foY;e dsuu- obZ fØfLV;Ul QbV vkWoj n

ckbcy- us’kfoy%Fkksel usylu] 1974

uhMk];wthu- xksM~l oMZ bu esUl ysaXost- yaMu%foY;e dSjh]1952

uhMk];wthu- n gsjesU;wfVdy Libjy- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl]1991

vkWlckWuZ] xszaV vkj- vkSj LVhQu ch- owMoMZ- gS.Mcqd QkWj ckbcy LVsMh-

xzsaM jsfiM~l% csdlZ]1979

isV] Msfu,y- byhZ T;wfo’k gsjesU;wfVDl bu isfyfLVu- felkSyk] ,e Vh%

lkslkbZVh vkWQ fccfydy fyVjspj ,.M LdksylZ izsl]1975

ikS] gSjh ,y- vkSj ftEeh ,p-Msfol-lkbUl ,.m QSFk-us’kfoy% czkSMesu]2000

ikbFkzsl] ouZ ,l- lkbUl ,.M gsjesU;wfVDl- xzsaM jsfiM~l% ,dsMseh]1988

jke] cjukMZ- n fØfLV;u O;w vkWQ lkbUl ,.M fØIpj- xzsaM


jke] cjukMZ- izksVsLVsaV fccfydy baVjizsVs’u- xzsaM jsfiM~l% csdlZ]1970

jkTLp] Msy- n csVy vkQ fcfxfuaXl- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl]1996

jkWOyh] ,p-,p- n jsysoUl vkWQ n ckbcy]1940

lsUMh] Mh-czsUV vkSj jksuYM ,y-xhl] twfu;j] Øsfdax vkWYM VsLVesaV dksM~l-

us’kfoy%czksMesu]1995

lsUMh] Mh-czsUV vkSj jksuYM ,y-xhl] twfu;j-Iyks’kslZ ,.M izwfuax

gwDl%jhfFkafdxa n ysaXost vkWQ fccfydy izksQslh ,.M ,iksdsfyfIVd-

MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl]2002

Ldksyj] Mh-McY;w- , csfld fccfy;kWxzsQh xkbZM QkWj U;w VsLVesaV

,Dlthfll- xzsaM jsfiM~l% ,nZesUl]1973

LdwYt+] lse,y ts- vkSj eksfjl ,-bap] laiknd] baVjizsfVax n oMZ vkWQ

xksM-fldkxks%ewMh]1976

448

flYok] ekSll-fccfydy oMZl~ ,.M FkSj ehfuax- xzsaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1983

flYok] ekSll-gsl n ppZ feLjsM n ckbcy\ xzsaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1987

flYok] ekSll] laiknd-QkamMs’Ul vkWQ dkWuVsEijsjh baVjizsVs’u- xzsaM jsfiM~l%

t+ksaMjou]1996

lkbj] tsEl McY;w- fØIpj fOVfLVax- MkWulZ xzwo( baVjokflZVh izsl] 1980

LVsx] Ýsad- U, VsLVesaV fFk;ksykWth-us’kfoy%czksMesu]1962

LVsbu] jkscVZ ,p- , csfld xkbZM Vq baVjizsfVax n ckbcy%Iysf;ax cb n

:Yl- xzsaM jsfiM~l% csdlZ]2000

LVsjsV] ts-uksVZu- gm Vq vUMjLVsaM ;qoj ckbcy- MkWulZ xzwo% baVjokflZVh

izsl] 1973

LVhoVZ] MXykl- vkWYM VsLVesaV ,Dlthfll-fQYMsfYQ;k% osLVfeUlVj]1980

LVhoVZ] tsEl ,l- , esu bu ØkbZLV- U;w ;ksdZ%gkjij ,.M jks]1935

fLVCl] ,yu ek’kZy- vUMjLVsafMax xksMZl~ oMZ-yaMu% baVjokflZVh izsl] 1950

LVwoVZ] MXykl- vkWYM VsLVesaV ,Dlthfll-fQYMsfYQ;k% osLVfeUlVj]1980

VsUuh] esfjYy lh- xysfl;Ul% n pkVZj vkWQ fØfLV;u fycfVZ- xzsaM jsfiM~l%

,nZesUl]1950

Vsjh] feYVu- fccfydy gsjesU;wfVDl- xzsaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1974

fFklYVu] ,UFkksuh lh- n Vq gksjkbt+u- xzsaM jsfiM~l% ,nZesUl]1980

VªbZuk] jkscVZ ,- esFkksfMdy ckbcy LVsMh- xzsaM jsfiM~l% t+ksaMjou]1985

ousgwt+j] dsfou ts- bl nSj , ehfuax bu fFkl VsDV- xzsaM jsfiM~l%

t+ksaMjou]1988

okSxu] dfVZl] laiknd- V~oUVh lhDl VªsaLys’ul~ vkWQ n ckbcy- pRrkuwxk%

, ,e th]1985

okbu] McY;w-b- okbUl ,DliksflVjh fMD’ujh vkWQ U;w VsLVesaV oMZ~l]

osLVoqM],u ts-%jsosy]1966

fojDyj] gsUjh ,- gsjesU;wfVDl- xzsaM jsfiM~l% csdlZ]1981

okYd] fc-ds-Mh-xFkzh] th-Mh-Qh vkSj vkj-ds-gsjhlu- fccfydy fØfVflLe%

fgLVksfjdy] fyVªy ,.M VsDlqvy]1997

449

ifjf ’ k”V ckjg

l S)k a frd dFku

eSa fo’ks”kdj fo’okl ds dFkuksa ;k fo’okl ds opuksa ds ckjs esa fpark ugha

djrk gw¡A eSa ek= ckbcy dh iqf”V djrk gw¡A fQj Hkh] eSa ;g eglwl

djrk gw¡ fd fo’okl dk ,d dFku mUgsa tks esjs lkFk ifjfpr ugh gSaq esjs

lS)kafrd n`f”Vdks.k dh ewY;kadu djus dk rjhdk iznku djsxhA gekjs bu

fnuksa dh tgk¡ ij vf/kd /keZoSKkfud xyrh vkSj Hkgdkok gS] esjh

/keZfoKku dh fuEufyf[kr laf{kIr fu”d”kZ nh xbZ gSaA

1- ckbcy] iqjkuk vkSj u;k fu;e nksuks] izsfjr] vpwd] vf/kdkj j[kusokyk]

ijes’oj dh vuUr opu gSA ;g ijes’oj dk Lo&izdk’ku gS tks vkykSfdd

vxqokbZ ds v/khu esa euq”;ksa }kjk fy[kk x;k FkkA ;g ijes’oj vkSj mlds

mn~ns’;ksa dk gekjk ,dek= Li”V lR; gSA ;g mudh dyhfl;k dk

fo’okl vkSj O;ogkj dk ,dek= Jksr gSA

2- ;gk¡ ij ,dek= vuUr] l`f”VdrkZ] NqVdkjk nsusokys ijes’oj gSaA ogh lHkh

oLrqvksa dh] ns[kh vkSj vuns[kh] ds l`f”VdrkZ gSaA mUgksaus vius vki dks

,d izseh vkSj fpark djusokys ds rkSj ij izzdV fd;k gS ;|fi oks lPps

vkSj U;k;h Hkh gSaA mlus viuk izdfVdj.k rhu fHkUu O;fDr;ksa esa fn;k gS%

firk] iq= vkSj vkRek( lPp esa vyx vkSj fQj Hkh LoHkko esa ,d gh gSaA

3- ijes’oj lfØ;rk ls vius lalkj ds fu;a=.k esa gSaA mldh l`f”V ds fy,

,d vuUr ;kstuk Hkh gSa tks cnyh ugha tk ldrh gS vkSj ,d O;fDrxr

;kstuk gS tks ekuoh; Lora= bPNk dh vuqefr nsrh gSA ijes’oj ds Kku

vkSj vuqefr ds fcuk dqN Hkh ugha gksrk gS] fQj Hkh oks LoxZnwrksa vkSj

euq”;ksa nksuksa ds e/; O;fDrxr pqukoksa dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA ;h’kq gh firk ds

pqus gq, O;fDr gSa vkSj lHkh mlh esa lfØ;rk ls pqus x, gSaA ?kVukvksa dh

ijes’oj dh Kku euq”;ksa dks fdlh lqfuf’pr iwoZ&fyf[kr ys[k ds rkSj ij

de ugha dj nsrh gSA ge lHkh vius fopkjksa vkSj dk;ksZa ds fy, ft+Eesnkj

gSaA

4- euq”;] ;|fi ijes’oj ds Lo:i esa cuk;k x;k vkSj iki ls Lora=]

ijes’oj ds fo:) fonzksg djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ;|fi os ,d vkykSfdd

nwr }kjk ijh{kk esa Mkys x, Fks] vkne vkSj gOok vius bPNqd

Lo&dsfUnz;rk ds fy, ft+Eesnkj FksA muds fonzksg us ekuork vkSj l`f”V dks

izHkkfor fd;k gSA ge lHkh ijes’oj dh n;k vkSj vuqxzg dh t+:jr esa gSa

450

vkne esa gekjh lkewfgd ifjfLFkfr ds fy, vkSj gekjh O;fDrxr mYya?ku

fonzksg ds fy, nksuksaA

5- ijes’oj us {keknku ds fy, vkSj fxjh gqbZ ekuork dh iqu%LFkkiuk ds fy,

,d ek/;e fn;k gSA ;h’kq elhg] ijes’oj ds fo’ks”k iq=] euq”; cu x;k]

,d iki&jfgr thou th;k] vkSj gekjs LFkku ij mudh e`R;q ds }kjk]

ekuotkfr ds iki ds ewY; dks pqdk;kA ijes’oj ds lkFk iqu%LFkkiuk vkSj

laxfr ds fy, ogh gekjk ,dek= ekxZ gSaA mlds iw.kZ dk;Z ij fo’okl ds

}kjk m)kj ds fy, vkSj dksbZ ekxZ ugh gSA

6- ge esa ls gj ,d dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij ;h’kq esa ijes’oj ds {keknku vkSj

iqujLFkkiuk ds nku dks xzg.k djuk gSA bls ;h’kq ds }kjk ije’soj ds

ok;ns ij bPNqd Hkjksls ds ek/;e ls izkIr gksrk gS vkSj tkuk gq, iki ls

bPNk&lfgr eqM+ tkuk gSA

7- elhg es gekjs Hkjksls vkSj iki ls i’pkrki ds vk/kkj ij gesa lHkh iw.kZrk

ls {kek nh xbZ gS vkSj iqujLFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh] bl u, laca/k

dk izek.k ,d ifjofrZr thou] vkSj ifjofrZr gks jgs thou esa ns[kk tk

ldrk gSA ekuork ds fy, ijes’oj dh bPNk u dsoy fdlh fnu LoxZ esa

tkuk gS] ijUrq vHkh elhg&leku cuuk gSA ftUgksaus lp esa NqVdkjk ik;k

gS] ;|fi dHkh dHkh iki dj nsrs gSa] vius thou Hkj fo’okl vkSj i’pkrki

esa fujarj c<+rs tk,axsA

8- ifo= vkRek **nwljk ;h’kq** gSaA og lalkj esa mifLFkr gSa rkfd [kks, gq, dks

elhg dh vksj ys tk,a vkSj cpk;s gqvksa esa elhg&lekUkrk mRiUu djsaA

vkRek ds ojnkuksa dks m)kj ds le; fn;k x;k gSA os ;h’kq ds thou vkSj

lsok gSa tks mudk ‘kjhj] dyhfl;k] esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA os ojnku

tks ewy rkSj ij ;h’kq ds LoHkko vkSj y{; gSa vkRek ds Qy ds }kjk

mRlkfgr fd;k tkuk gSA vkRek gekjs le; esa lfØ; gSa ftl izdkj

ckbcyh; le;ksa esa FkkA

9- firk us iqu:RFkku ik;s ;h’kq elhg dks lHkh oLrqvksa dk U;k;h cuk;k gSA

og i`Foh ij ekuotkfr dk U;k; djus ds fy, fQj vk,axsA ftUgksaus ;h’kq

ij Hkjkslk j[kk Fkk vkSj ftuds uke esEus dh thou dh iqLrd esa fy[ks

x, gSa os mlds okil vkus ij viuh vuUr dh efgek ik,axsA os muds

lkFk ges’kk ds fy, jgsaxsA fQj Hkh] ftUgksaus ijes’oj ds lR; dk izfrmÙkj

nsus ls budkj dj fn;k Fkk os f=,dRo ijes’oj ds lkFk dh laxfr ds

vkuUn ls vuUrk ds fy, vyx gks tk,axsA os ‘kSrku vkSj muds LoxZnwrksa

ds lkFk nks”kh Bgjk, tk,axsA

451

;g fuf’pr rkSj ij iwjk ugha gS ;k Li”V ugha gS ijUrq eSa vk’kk djrk

gw¡ fd ;g esjs g`n~; ds /keZoSKkfud Lokn dks vkidks nsxkA eSa bl dFku

dks ilan djrk gw¡%

**egRoiw.kZ ckrksa esa&,drk] ifj/kh; ckrksa esa&Lora=rk] lHkh ckrksa esa&izseA**

,d dfork

eSa og vFkZ ugha ns ldrk tks dHkh bldk vFkZ ugha Fkk

eSa us bls vius ef”r{k esa mRdh.kZ dj fn;k gSA

vkSj tc eSa opu i<+rk gw¡

eSa bl ckr dks Lej.k j[krk gw¡A

eSa us ‘kkL=&O;k[;k&fl)kar vkSj Hkk”; Hkh i<+k gS]

blfy,] blds ifj.kke Lo:i

eSa us vius fopkj dks dqN ifjofrZr dj fn;k gSA

eSa us dqN ukekoyh lh[kh gS

ftldh ifjHkk”kk nsuk yEck gS

lkLad`frd lkis{kokn vkSj ewyikB vfHkdYi ds lekuA

;gk¡ ij cgqr dqN gS ftls eSa tkuuk pkgrk gw¡]

fdl izdkj lR; dks [kkstuk gSA

eSa vk’kk djrk gw¡ fd eSa fdlh fnu

ckbcy i<+usokyk Hksfn;k cu tkÅ¡xkA

,d u, vknj us eq>s ys fy;k gS] ijes’oj ds vius ifo= opu ds fy,

lR; dks tkuus ds fy, eq>s izsfjr djrh gqbZ] ml izdkj mls lquuk ftl

izdkj bls lquk x;k FkkA

ijUrq eSa tkurk gw¡ eq>s Lej.k j[kuk gS]

452

eSa us ,d [kqyh }kj ls dne j[kk gS]

vkSj eSa fQj dHkh ogk¡ okil ugha tk ldrk gw¡ tgk¡ eSa igys FkkA

isV csxsZjksu

27@11@91

Bible Interpretation Seminar Textbook -- Hindi … 2! A. ;g ,d fu;e dh iqLrd ugha gS B. ;g ,d foKku...

Documents

Transcript of Bible Interpretation Seminar Textbook -- Hindi … 2! A. ;g ,d fu;e dh iqLrd ugha gS B. ;g ,d foKku...