BHS 204-01Methods in Behavioral Sciences I

June 2, 2003

Chapter 8 (Stanovich)

Converging Evidence

The Connectivity Principle Critical experiments and theoretical advances

may sometimes occur but progress in sciences operates on the principle of connectivity. New advances must not only explain new facts

but also account for old ones. Explanatory power must be widened. Old and new theories contend until a new

synthesis makes them all obsolete. Beware of violations of connectivity.

Converging Evidence No experiment in psychology is perfectly

designed. No single experiment can establish a theory.

Psychology depends upon converging evidence – a preponderance of studies that establish a theory. This permits progress despite flaws in studies. Theories must be disconfirmed by converging

evidence, not just confirmed by it.

Methods and Convergence We should expect many different methods to

be used in studying topics. Each method has strengths and weaknesses. Convergence across methods strengthens a

theory. Convergence across settings is important:

Naturalistic observation vs lab experiments. Maintaining a balance in psychology is needed.

Conference Presentations Useful for communicating work in progress.

Feedback from peers before formal publication permits addressing potential criticisms.

Knowledge of new findings can guide other researchers’ work in progress.

Forums for exchanging ideas and making contacts. Science is collaborative not competitive.

Kinds of Presentations Invited talks – 1 hr long, made by senior

researchers, summarize a career’s work. Panels – several researchers all working on a

similar topic: 10-20 minutes, present empirical studies Moderated, discussant clarifies points of

controversy. Posters – present detailed research, author is

present to explain & interact with peers.

Posters Keep it simple.

Use large type font. Follow the same format as a research report

(APA-style paper). Illustrate with pictures of stimuli, graphs,

tables. Be able to explain everything appearing on

the poster, either briefly or in detail.

Short Talks You will typically only have 10-15 minutes

plus 5 minutes for questions. Follow the same outline as the APA-style

report, but with less detail. Keep overheads uncluttered, simple, with

large type. If someone asks a question you cannot

answer, admit it – don’t fake it.