BHRC Activities and Potential for Sharing with Other APDIM … · 2015. 11. 3. · Pros & cons:...

Road, Housing &

Urban Development

Research Center

the Asia Pacific Centre for Disaster

Information Management (APDIM)

BHRC Activities and Potential for

Sharing with Other APDIM members

Dr. Nader K.A. Attari

Assistant Prof. Structural Eng. Department

Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center

(BHRC)

Main Areas of colbroations

- Seismic Microzonation

- Seismic Building CODE and its Development

- Rehabilitation of masonry, Hybrid and other Type of Structures

- Seismic Design and retrofitting of nonstructural Elements

- Seismic Design and retrofitting of infra-structure systems

- Early warning Systems and Development of strong motion network

- Education and Workshops

Microzonation

1- General Zonation: Grade-1 method

2- Detailed Zonation: Grade-2 method

3- Rigorous Zonation: Grade-3 method

Source of data and studies:

Codes of practice

Information available from historic documents including intensity of past

earthquakes and it’s damaging (determination iso-intensity past

earthquake) and historic earthquake catalog

Published reports and other available source including surface geology

maps (estimating the affections from variations of geology formations on

earthquake intensity using surface geology)

Pros & cons:

• Low cost with very low Precision

Application:

• Covering a vast area like province or country

Scale:

• Map Scale: 1: 50000 – 1: 1000000

1- General Zonation: Grade-1 methode


Collections of additional data and information such as geological maps and

aerial photos

Implementation of limited geotechnical studies and equal linear analysis

Determination of soil layers characterization using SPT/CPT test

microtremors

Scale:

• Map Scale: 1: 10000 – 1: 100.000

2- Detailed Zonation: Grade-2 method

Pros & cons:

•Medium cost with low Precision


Geophysical studies

Drilling borehole an Geotechnical studies and implementation of both

in situ and laboratory tests

Ground response analysis using linear/nonlinear analysis methods

Pros & cons:

Higher cost with high Precision

Application:

high potential earthquake hazard sites

Scale:

Map Scale: 1: 25000 – 1: 5000

3- Rigorous Zonation: Grade-3 method

Lab Facilities

Specimen size : 200 mm diameter and 400 mm height & 300 mm diameter and 600

mm height

Confining pressure : 2 MPa for soil and 20 MPa for rock specimens

Wave forms: sin, rectangle and triangleLarge Triaxial dynamic apparatus

Small dynamic triaxial apparatus

Specimen size : 38, 50, 75 and 100 mm diameter

Confining pressure : 1 MPa

Resonant column equipment

Seismic Microzonation

BHRC have a great experience in seismic macro zonation that can share and

collaborate with other APDIM country. BHRC has already studied different cities

in Iran such as Bam, Shiraz, Semnan, …..

Fault map (Bam city)

Seismic Microzonation

BHRC have a great experience in seismic macro zonation that can share and

collaborate with other APDIM country. BHRC has already studied different cities

in Iran such as Bam, Shiraz, Semnan, …..

Fault placement in Bam city

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Period (Sec)

Sp

ec

tral

Acce

lera

tio

n (

g)

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Seismic geotechnical microzonation of Bam city

Design spectra for different zones

Seismic geotechnical microzonation of Pardis city


Seismic geotechnical microzonation of Semnan city

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 1 2 3 4

Period (sec)

Sa (

A*

B)

zone 1

zone 2

zone 3

zone 4



Seismic geotechnical microzonation of Shahrod city

National geotechnical data bank

- Rehabilitation of masonry, Hybrid and other

Type of Structures

Seismic Design &

Rehabilitation

Codes and Guidelines

1. Instructions for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete buildings.

2.Instruction for seismic rehabilitation of structures using FRP

3. Instructions for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of steel structure.

4. Instructions for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of masonry structure.

5. Instructions for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of steel structure with

saddle connection.

6. Instructions for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of Hybrid masonary

and frame building

7.Instructions for seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of non-structural

Equipment

- Extent of Masonry Buildings

- Hybrid Masonry & Frame Buildings

- Ancient, Historical Buildings

- Schools

Masonry in Iran

Extent of Masonry Buildings

• Masonry Buildings (40% of the Total Buildings)

– Ancient and Historical Buildings

– Public Buildings

• Schools

• Governmental Buildings

– Critical Buildings

• Hospitals

• Hybrid Masonry & Frame Structures

• Masonry In-fills

- Behavior of URM Walls & Structures

- Different Methods of retrofitting the URM structures

- Retrofitting URM structures using steel vertical and horizontal

TIE

- Retrofitting URM structures using the Buildings With Shotcrete

Seismic Evaluation of

Un-Reinforced Masonry Buildings

Expected Failure Modes in URM Buildings

• Bed-Joint Sliding Shear Failure Mode

• Rocking Failure Mode

• Diagonal Tension Stress Failure Mode

• Toe Compressive Stress Failure Mode

Retrofitting URM structures using steel vertical and horizontal Tie

• Absence/Lack of Load-Transferring Ties

• Improving the Integrity between members

• Enhancing the Connections

– Proposing Construction Details

• Filling the Connection points with Cement/Expanding Grout

• Welding the Plates

• Using the Installation Devices in Appropriate Distances

Wall-Floor

Connections

Joist-Block

Decks

Traditional

Masonry Decks

Retrofitting URM structures using steel vertical and horizontal Tie

Wall-Wall

ConnectionsConnection of

Two Walls

Corner

Connection

Connection of

Three Walls

Vertical

Steel Tie

(Front

View)

Connection of

Vertical &

Horizontal Steel Ties

Wall (Ties)-Foundation

Connections

ShotCrete

• Constructional Details Shotcrete Layer

- Beam Parallel to the Wall

- Exterior Shotcrete Layer

ShotCrete

• Constructional Details

- Beam Normal to the Wall


- Beam Parallel to the Wall

- Interior Shotcrete Layer

ShotCrete

• Constructional Details

- Beam Normal to the Wall


Schools is one of the main URM buildings in Iran

Organization for Development, Renovation and Equipping Schools of

I.R.Iran

• General Organization for Improving the Standards of Construction and

Retrofitting the Schools

– With one main office in each Province of Iran

• Inspecting the Current Status of the Schools

• Building New Schools and Renovation of the Old Ones

• Evaluating the Need and Essence of Retrofitting for the School

Structures

• Proposing New Construction and Retrofitting Details

• Publishing and Presenting Applicable Guidelines: Considering the

Requirements of Structural Response and Performance in Schools

Schools one of the main URM buildings in Iran

• Some of the schools in Iran are from the old or traditional buildings, highly

recommended to be strengthened.

Schools: The main URM buildings in Iran

• Retrofitting of these buildings must be conducted regarding the expected

performance and strength. ( the Targeted performance objective for

Schools is Immediate Occupancy )

Schools one of the main URM buildings in Iran

• Shotcrete, distinctly the exterior method, is applied in lots of School in

Iran, specially low-rise buildings.

Component Tests

• Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages

1200 mm

1200 mm

1200

mm

1200 mm

330 mm

Cyclic in-plane Tests

• Construction Process


• Instrumentation

Cyclic lateral load procedure of

in-plan test structures conform to AC-125


• Specimen No.2

– Instrumentation

LVDT

CH-NO.4

LVDT

CH-NO.5

Jack

Support

Jack

SupportLoading

Beam

Lateral

Support

Gravity

Jacks

Lateral

Jack

Lateral

Jack

Rollers

Load Cell

CH-NO.0

Load Cell

CH-NO.1

LVDT

CH-NO.2

LVDT

CH-NO.3

LVDT

CH-NO.14

LVDT

CH-NO.15

Load Cell

CH-NO.21

Jack

SupportsLoad Cell

CH-NO.22

LVDT

CH-NO.20

LVDT

CH-NO.6

LVDT

CH-NO.7

LVDT

CH-NO.17

LVDT

CH-NO.19

LVDT

CH-NO.18

LVDT

CH-NO.16

LVDT

CH-NO.8

LVDT

CH-NO.9

LVDT

CH-NO.10

LVDT

CH-NO.11

LVDT

CH-NO.12

LVDT

CH-NO.13

FoundationLVDT Supports LVDT Supports


• Specimen No.2

– Experimental Observation

-40000

0

40000

-80 0 80

Preparing the Specimens for Shotcrete

min 600

mm

min 600

mm

Preparing the Specimens for Shotcrete

Angle (L100x10) to support

Reinforcement of shotcrete

60 mm 330 mmMin length for

anchoring is 200 mm

The min distance

between Shear-keys:

600x600 mm

Strong Floor

Foundation

The thickness of shotcrete: 60 mm

Reinforcement: T8@150 mm

"The reinforcements placed at the

center of shotcrete layer"

Reinforcement welded to

the angle

Anchoring of angles to the

foundation

Shotcrete


• Specimen No.4



• Specimen No.5 (1)



• Specimen No.5 (2)

-60000

0

60000

-100 0 100

Sample 2

Sample 4

Sample 5-

2

Sample 5


• Specimen No.5


• Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement, the strength in all

retrofitted walls are the same

• (this uniform distribution had less impact on increasing the rocking

capacity).

• Retrofitting the walls convert the failure mode from mixed failure

mode to Rocking.

• This condition reached lateral strength approximately 1.5 times the

strength of the reference specimen

• (according to the calculations from 27.5 to 41.7 ton).

Shaking Table Tests

• Strong Floor with 11×19 m dimensions and 200-ton load capacity build of

60 tons of steel and 300m3 of concrete , with a special damping or

attenuating layer installed under the strong floor

• 1-D.o.f. 4×4 m Shaking Table with the capacity of 20 Tons

• Dynamic tension-pressure 50 Tons Jack (working with shaking table)

Shaking Table Tests

Shaking Table Tests

• Construction Process

Shaking Table Tests

• Damage Sequence and Collapse Mechanisms

Shaking Table Tests

Shaking Table Tests

• Status of the test structure at end of stage one

Shaking Table Tests – Stage (2)

• Preparation of the test structure for second stage

The location of cuttings


• Damage Sequence and Collapse Mechanisms


• Experimental Observation

– The existence of openings has a great impact on concentrating the

damages and cracks in URM walls

– The proper functioning of the diaphragm, preventing collapse of the

test structure.

– The existence of frame of the openings prevented test structure from

overall collapse.

Seismic Design and retrofitting

of nonstructural Elements

- Construction Details of Walls

- Installation of Façade

- Seismic Evaluation of a Sample Building on Shaking Table

- Experimental Observations

- Analytical Responses

Seismic Evaluation of Facade and In-fill Walls

• Steel Frame with Moment Resistant

Connections

– Beams: IPE120

– Columns: Box 80 (2UNP80)

– Slab: Precast Concrete Slab with the height

of 200 mm

– Leca Cement Block In-fill Walls

• Height: 2.8 m (under the roof level)

• Span Length: 2.9 m

• Analytical Period of Structure: 0.5 s

Test Set-Up

-To evaluate the behavior of non-structural components

- To reach the ultimate relative displacement of 2% ,

expecting from the bottom floors

Test Set-Up

• 45o inclination with the horizontal axes

– To consider the participation of the two longitudinal components of

earthquake

The sample full-scale

building 45o

Shaking Table

Direction of

the input

record

The door

• Records and Set-Up

Shaking Table Test

No Record ScaleMax. Acc.

(m/s2)Max Disp.

(mm)

1 2800-II- artificial motion 50% 0.35g 145

2 2800-III- artificial motion 100% 0.35g 145

3 Northridge--LOS270(M=6.7) 50% 0.482 137

4 Loma Prieta-1989-000(M=6.9) 100% 0.529g 91

Direction of

the input

record

Applied Records

Construction Details of Walls

• Walls with unconstrained out-of-plane behavior

– Walls in contact with the beam and columns (traditional construction method)

– No additional construction detail has been considered to eliminate the

out-of-plane behavior

Front view of the wall and the opening (door)

Contact between the wall

and the frame members

Construction

detail of the

wall in

adjacent with

the beam

Construction detail of

the wall in adjacent

with the Lintel

Construction Details of Walls

• Walls with constrained out-of-plane behavior

– 30 mm distance between the wall and the columns (In-plane separation)

– Steel angles keeping the wall at the beam level (Out-of-plane separation)

– Lateral connection to the columns

Installation of Façade

Shaking Table Test


– Iran’s Standard Spectrum for Soils of Type II – Full Scale

Shaking Table Test


– Northridge – Half Scale

Shaking Table Test


– Northridge – Half Scale

Falling the Façade

segments

Out-of-Plane

behavior of the wall

Shaking Table Test


– Loma Prieta – Full Scale

Shaking Table Test


– Loma Prieta – Full Scale

Out-of-Plane

behavior of wall (1)

Out-of-Plane

behavior of wall (2)

Seismic Design and retrofitting of

infra-structure systems

• Guideline for seismic rehabilitation embedded and semi embedded

reservoir

• Guideline for seismic Design and rehabilitation of Pipelines

Earthquake Hazards Earthquake Hazards

Wave

Propagation

Permanent

Ground

Deformation

Body waves

Surface waves

Faulting

Landslide

Lateral eSpreading

Liqufaction

�P-wave

�S-wave

�L-wave

�R-wave

Ea

rth

qu

ake

Ha

zard

s

Faulting Effect on PipelinesFaulting Effect on Pipelines

� Reverse fault: axial compression + bending

�Normal fault: axial tension + bending

� Strike-Slip: axial tension + bending (-α) or

axial compression + bending (+α)

split-box test basin at structural laboratory

Actuators

Pipe

connection

Moving

part

Fixed part

Data

Logger

61°

Experimental ProgramExperimental ProgramTe

st n

o.1

Cam #1

Cam #2 Cam #5

Cam #3

Experimental ProgramExperimental ProgramTe

st n

o.2

Cam #1

Cam #4

Cam #2

Cam #3

Advises for pipeline crossing the fault

1- The pipeline Depth should be as low as possible

2- It is better to cross the reverse and normal fault in perpendicular angel

3-The soil around the pipeline in the faulting zone must be replaced with sand

4-it is better to use pipe with more thickness and more ductility 200 meter back

and before fault zone

Thank you

Welcome to

NEW Cooperation

77

APDIM-BHRC

partnership group

BHRC Activities and Potential for Sharing with Other APDIM … · 2015. 11. 3. · Pros & cons:...

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