Submitted by:

Bhim Pandey

R-2015-AGR-03 M

Department of Agronomy

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INOCULATION

METHODS IN LEGUMES PRODUCTION

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCEPG campus, kritipur, kathmandu

INTRODUCTION

Legumes are unique plants which have the ability to work with certain strains of bacteria (Rhizobia) to gather atmospheric (N2) nitrogen from the soil atmosphere and convert it to useable ammonia (NH3) nitrogen.

The ability of symbiotic fixation may offer an opportunity to improve nitrogen status of the soil and crop productivity under rainfed conditions

Plant-growth-promoting bacteria affect plant growth directly are by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of minerals such as P, production of siderophores that can solubilize and sequester iron, or production of plant growth regulators that enhance plant growth at various stages of development

application of Rhizobium inoculation alone or in

combination with P and N significantly increased

nodulation of soybean

Phosphorus and nitrogen play specific role in

symbiotic N2-fixation through their effects on

nodulation and N2-fixation process

Inoculant is applied to the seed by Dusting, slurry,

seed coating

Innoculation has several advantages, such as

protection of Rhizobia against low pH soil,

desiccation, acidic fertilizers, fungicides or

insecticides

Objective:

TO know the effect of different inoculation

methods in legume production

Review Of LiteratureProduction and consumption trend of legumes in

the world

Average pulses contribute about 3% of total calories consumed in developing countries, ranging from 4% in Sub Saharan Africa, 3% in South Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, 2.5% in Middle East and North Africa and less than 1% in Central Asia region

The world average per capita consumption of six focused food legumes (dry beans, chickpea, cowpea, lentils, faba bean and pigeon pea) comes to about 6.8 kg/year in 2006-08, which is in the ballpark of the world average per capita consumption of all pulses of 6.5 kg/year in 2005-07.

Average per capita consumption of other pulse crops—faba bean, pigeon pea and lentils range from 0.5 to 0.6 kg/year in 2006-08

Rhizobium and legumesLegumes Rhizobium strain

pea, lentil, faba bean, chickling vetch Rhizobium leguminosarum

Chickpea Rhizobium ciceri

dry bean Rhizobium phaseoli

Soybean Bradyrhizobium japonicum

alfalfa, sweet clover Rhizobium meliloti

Clover Rhizobium trifolii

Fenugreek Rhizobium spp. Strain RGFU1

Source: Choudhry. Muhammad Adil.2012

Inoculation and production The aim of inoculation is to achieve a high proportion of

nodules formed on the target host legume occupied by an efficient strain of Rhizobium (Evans et al., 1989; Thies et al., 2001)

Ali et al.,2004 concluded 57 kg P2O5 + 22 kg N/ha + inoculation produced significantly the highest grain yield/ha, number of nodules/plant and net return

Inoculation of soil and seed with Rhizobium significantly influenced seed protein content, N-content of shoots and roots of lentil and soil, which consequently led to improved soil fertility and can reduce the production cost of next crop through reduced input in the form of nitrogen fertilizers, which in turn also minimize the health hazard effects.( Ahmed et al.,2007)

The cross-inoculation of legumes of agricultural importance with rhizobial isolates from wild legumes resulted in an increase in dry matter and total nitrogen contents of cross infected plants (Iqbal and Mahmood,

Process of nodulation and N2

fixation

Root nodulae bbacteria can gain entry to their

hosts through root hair penetration and infection

thread formation, via wounds or site of lateral root

emergence or by penetration of root primodia

found on the stem of plant such as Sesbania and

Neptunia(Stem nodulation)

Infection

Penetration

Infection thread formation

Nodule formation

Inoculant Application

Dusting

Slurry

Seed coating

the indirect application method the inoculant is

applied to the soil beneath or alongside the seed

Techniques of inoculation

Seed inoculation

Dusting

Lime-Pelleting

Granule

Soil inoculation

Materials And Methods

This term paper was prepared by collecting the information about the related topics from the different secondary sources.

books,

magazines,

annual reports,

proceedings

krishi Dairy-2073,

Krishi magazines,

Master’s and PhD thesis,

class notes and the research papers

Results And Discussion

Yield increases range from 10 – 100% depending on specific soil conditions. On soils with average fertility, increases in yield usually vary between 15-25%.

Rhizobium inoculation also Increases soil nitrogen for future crops it is because Generally the amount of nitrogen fixed by the plant will be about 75% of the total nitrogen used in the growth of the plant

Nitrogen fixed by legumes will also vary depending upon species, suitable bacterium population, soil nitrogen content, soil fertility, moisture and temperature

A two-times increase in nodules number was recorded in the combine treatment of Rhizobiuminoculation+90Kg P2O5/ha+25 Kg N/ha this will help in increasing yield of crop. Dry weight and nitrogen contents of Vigna mungo plants increased significantly in response to cross inoculation as compared to uninoculated control

Rhizobia in Inoculant Rhizobia per Seed Seed Yield (kg/ha)

0/g peat 0 1502

3x105/g peat 2x102 1876

3x107/g peat 2x104 2143

3x109/g peat 2x106 3217

Inoculant quality affects the yields of legumes

Number of Rhizobia(number/g soil) Nodules Formed by Inoculant(%)

11 71

11 53

1318 34

5495 38

93325 7

229086 12

Effect of native rhizobia on inoculation success

Conclusion

There is benefit of inoculating legumes with

Rhizobium on increasing grain yield, plant

biomass and nutrient quality of the products.

The different inoculation techniques have

importance on their own place but most popular

and easiest method of inoculation is seed

inoculation method

Acknowledgement

Heartful respect to Prof. Resham Bahadur Thapa

Special thanks to classmate Abhisek shrestha

Thank you for your

patience…..