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Transcript of BHEL
![Page 1: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
VFT RELATED ISSUES IN HIGH VOLTAGE
GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS
Dr. M. Mohana Rao
BHEL Corporate R&D
Hyderabad
E-mail: [email protected]
by
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CONTENTS
Introduction to VFT
Effect of VFT in GIS
VFTO / VFTC
Transient Enclosure Voltages (TEV)
Transient EMI / EMC
Induced Voltages in Control Circuitry
Measurement of Transient E-fields
Conclusions
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What is VFT?
In a GIS, Very Fast Transient Over voltages (VFTO) are generated
mainly due to switching operations.
The voltage collapse across switching contacts takes place in 3 to
20 ns depending on breakdown voltage, electric field non-
uniformity and operating gas pressure.
The short-rise time pulse (i.e., voltage collapse) starts at the
switching contacts that propagate along the gas insulated bus
sections/components and take reflections at different
terminations. Because of superposition of the original pulse with
the reflected pulse, VFTO are developed.
The waveform of these transients depends on the configuration of
the GIS.
The VFTO levels are found to be on the higher side for the
following conditions of the switching configurations:
(1) Small length of bus sections on the load side of the switch.
(2). High surge capacitance components on source side of switch.
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DS Operation
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GENERATION OF VFTO
Opening Operation
Load
voltage
Source
voltage
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Why VFT is a Problem?
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SLD OF 245 kV GIS
![Page 8: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
VFTO LEVELS?
VFTO – SECONDARY BREAKDOWN
![Page 9: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Characteristics of VFT
Frequency Components of VFTOs in GIS
![Page 10: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
VFTC LEVELS ?
![Page 11: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Coupling Phenomena of VFT
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Why TEV IS A CONCERN?
The very fast transient overvoltages and the associated
transient currents generated in gas insulated section
propagates partly to the overhead transmission line and
partly to the exterior surface of the bus section enclosure.
The most typical discontinuities in a GIS are SF6 gas-to-air
bushing and gas-to-cable termination. Out of these two,
gas-to-air bushing is the most significant one.
The transient voltages that appear on the exterior surface of
the enclosure during switching operations or earth faults is
known as Transient Enclosure voltages (TEV) or Transient
Ground Potential Rise (TGPR).
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TRANSIENT ENCLOSURE VOLTAGES (TEV)
GIS enclosure is electrically continuous.
GIS enclosure is grounded at several points.
Induced magnetic field on the metallic structures and the
control circuits are reduced due to the flow of major
portion of return current in the GIS enclosure.
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TEV Levels in 800 kV GIS MODEL
Application of ZnO arresters or surge
capacitors at the discontinuities of
electrically small insulated flanges, GIS
enclosures, GIS and connected
equipment enclosures.
Using low impedance copper strips for
shorting of the enclosures.
By using ground strips with large
perimeter (strips of rectangular bars)
to limit high frequency impedance.
By using multiple ground wires at the
discontinuities like gas-to-air bushing.
By decreasing the height of the
enclosure above the earth surface.
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Generation of VFTO / VFTC
Radiated EM field Emission from GIS modules
Transient Voltages in control Circuit / Cables
Primary circuit malfunction
Sequence of events possible for a
Failure of Secondary Equipment
![Page 16: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why EMI is important in
GIS?(1). VFTO /VFTC generated EM fields are in the range of
a few MHz to a few hundreds of MHz.
(2). Compactness of the substation.
(3). Grounding of substations for AC not for transients.
(4). Control Panel is a few meter from GIS primary circuit.
(5). ICs are part of secondary equipment .
(6). Shielding of Control Cubicle enclosure is limited.
Radiated Emission through :
(1). SF6 Gas-to-Air Bushing.
(2). Cable/Air termination.
(3). Apertures like viewing ports, insulated flanges etc.
(4). Control Cable depends on its sheath characteristics.
(5). Control Circuitry.
Conducted Emission through :
(1). Voltage Transformer
(2). Current Transformer
(3). Ground Network.
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Transient EMI - AIS
Porcelain Insulator
housing
Radiating Source
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Transient EMI - GIS
Gas-to-Air Bushing Gas-to-Cable Connection
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a). The malfunction of thyristors and protective relays
during Switching operation in GIS.
b). Flashover between
- flanges of gas insulated enclosure during switching
operations.
- gas insulated enclosure and ground strips.
- control cable sheath and ground objects.
c). Failure of Control Circuit connected to VTs and CTs.
EMI Problems in GIS
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TRANSIENT EMI and EMC
Transient EMI :
- Momentary / Transient in nature.
- Generate during Switching, Lightning, Faults etc.
- Energy involved is very low.
-Control equipment is a victim.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is the ability of a equipment
to function satisfactorily in its environment without causing
interference to other equipment and without suffering
interference from other sources.
![Page 21: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Equivalent Disturbance Source has to be defined for each
substation to ensure reliable operation of the control equipment.
Following are some of the tests confirm the above:
Fast Transient Voltage test, 5-50 ns, 4 kV as per IEC 61000-4-4.
Damped oscillatory wave test, 1-1.5 MHz, 2.5 kV as per IEC
61000-4-12.
Rectangular wave test, 1 ns rise time, 1 s pulse width, 3 kV.
EMC test, 5 W/ 150 MHz, 400 MHz, 900 MHz noise.
High speed switching of an inductive circuit for 2 min.
SUSCEPTIBILITY / INTERFERENCE TESTING OF
THE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
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Transient EM Fields in GIS
230 kV
500 kV 500 kV
230 kV
![Page 23: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Transient Fields in Substations
![Page 24: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Transient EMI and EMC
All the points of the grounding network are at different
potentials during switching. The electronic equipment
coupled to the grounding network.
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Transient EMI - Coupling
1. Radiated / Inductive
2. Conductive
Radiated coupling is predominant due to high di/dt.
Impingement of radiated fields on shielded /
unshielded cables and control circuitry.
Conductive coupling is predominant due to high
dv/dt.
Stray capacitance between HV equipment and
control equipment.
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Transient EMI - Coupling
![Page 27: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Transient EMI - Coupling
Transfer Impedance Coupling
The transfer impedance is a characteristic parameter
of the control cable. Shielded cables have lower
transfer impedance. Depending on the transfer
impedance between the shield / sheath and the
central conductor of the cable, voltage/current is
induced at the control cable load circuit.
Pigtail Coupling
The pigtail coupling is an inductive coupling between
the metallic sheath termination (pigtail) and the load
circuit of the control cable.
![Page 28: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Transient EMI – Induced voltages
![Page 29: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Parameters affecting Transient EMI
Type of the substation (AIS / GIS / HIS).
Rated voltage of the substation.
Type of the switch being operated.
Operating speed of the switch.
Electrical characteristics of the bus being
excited.
Location of the excited high voltage bus with
respect to the EM field observation point.
![Page 30: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Transient Voltages in Control Circuitry
![Page 31: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Transient Voltages in Control Circuitry
-Height of the control cable above the ground plane.
-Type of grounding of the control cable sheath.
-Transfer Impedance of the cable.
-Physical distance between signal wiring.
-Terminal impedance of the electronic equipment.
-Transient EM field levels and their frequency
content.
-Type of Instrument transformer i.e., CT or PT.
-Secondary winding impedance of the Instrument
transformers.
![Page 32: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
FDTD Model of the 245 kV Gas-to-Air Bushing
Installation
0 100 200 300
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time (ns)
H -
F i
e l
d
(A
/ m
)
With Gas-to-Air Bushing
|A| = 112.6 A/m
0 100 200 300
-40
-20
0
20
40
Time (ns)
R a
d i
a l
E
- F
i e
l d
(
k V
/ m
)
With Gas-to-Air Bushing
|A| = 36.94 kV/m
100 MHz
Source
![Page 33: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
EM Field Emission from Bushing (Frequency
Spectrum).
1 10 100
0E+0
2E+4
4E+4
6E+4
8E+4
H-Field
h = 0.1 m
A m
p l
i t u
d e
(a.
u.)
Frequency (MHz)
300
1 10 100
0E+0
2E+3
4E+3
6E+3Radial E-Field
h = 0.1 m
A m
p l
i t u
d e
(a.
u.)
Frequency (MHz)
300 1 10 100
0E+0
1E+4
2E+4Radial E-Field
h = 2.0 m
A m
p l
i t u
d e
(a.
u.)
Frequency (MHz)
300
1 10 100
0E+0
1E+4
2E+4
3E+4
Axial E-Field
h = 0.1 m
A m
p l
i t u
d e
(a.
u.)
Frequency (MHz)
300
![Page 34: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Transient E-Field Emission Measurement from the 245 kV
Rated Gas-to-Air Bushing Model.
![Page 35: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Measurement using D-Dot
Sensor - Transient E-
fields
0 100 200 300 400 500
-40
0
40
80
120
160
Time (ns)
E -
F i
e l
d
(V/m
)
|A| = 148.4 V/m
R = 0.5 m
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-40
0
40
80
120
Time (ns)
E -
F i
e l
d
(V/m
)
|A| = 103.8 V/m
R = 1.5 m
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Time (ns)
E -
F i
e l
d
(V/m
)
|A| = 59.2 V/m
R = 2.0 m
![Page 36: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The switching of disconnector and circuit breaker devices
inevitably give rise to transient voltages in the control
equipment connected to substations.
Transient EMI is a major concern:
-Digital electronic equipment is extremely sensitive to
transient voltages generated during switching.
-Conductive coupling through stray capacitance in the form
of CT, CCVT etc. Radiated coupling due to EM field
emission from the entire substation equipment.
The grounding network shall be designed from transients point
of view.
EMC of control equipment shall be confirmed before their
application in high voltage sub-station.
Conclusions
![Page 37: BHEL](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051108/5470fbdcb4af9fbc438b45bd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)