A Presentation OfIndustrial Training

on“INTRODUCTION TO CNC MACHINES”

Submitted To: Submitted By: Mrs.Kanika Jindal xxxxxx Mr.Devendra Pratap Singh Roll No-xxxxxx Ms.Gitanjali Anand Sec.-EC(VII-A)

CONTENTS • About BHEL• CNC Introduction• History of CNC Machines• CNC Machines-How do they look like?• Elements of CNC Machines• Block Diagram of CNC Machines• How CNC works• Control: Open loop and Closed loop• Modes of Operation• Features of CNC machinery• CNC Programming Basics• Advantages of CNC• Challenges• Conclusion

About BHEL

• Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited is power plant equipment manufacturer based in New Delhi, India

• It was established in 1964• It has 17 manufacturing units• It manufactures gas turbines, steam turbines, generators

and boilers• It is 7th largest power plant equipment manufacturer in the

world

A computer numerical control system is a system in which actions are controlled by direct insertion of numerical data at some point

CNC Introduction

Definition:

History of CNC Machines

• The CNC machines were first introduced in the 1950s by Prof. John T Parson

• First CNC machine was built at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953

• Modern CNC Machine are improving further as the technology is changing with a variety of functions according to applications.

CNC Machines- How do they look like?

Slides

Controller

Display

AutomatedTool changer

Chip collection and removal

Elements of CNC Machine

A CNC machine consist of following 6 major elements:• Input Device• Machine Control Unit• Machine Tool• Driving System• Feedback Devices• Display Unit

Input Device• Floppy Disk• USB Flash Drive• Serial Communication etc.

Machine Control Unit

• Data Processing Unit (DPU)• Control Loop Unit

Driving system

• DC Motor• Stepper Motor

Feedback Devicesi. Positional Feedback Devices• Linear Transducer• Rotary Encoder

ii. Velocity Feedback Device

Display Unit• Shows position of machine slide, part programmes

etc.• Can also show graphics simulation of tool path so

that part programmes may be verified

Block diagram of CNC Machine

How CNC Works

• Controlled by G and M codes.• These are number values and co-ordinates.• Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation.• Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.• G & M codes are automatically generated by the computer

software.

Controls: Open loop and Closed loop

• In open loop systems the slide may overshoot or may not reach desired position because of inertia, wear and tear and friction, hence inaccurate machining.

• In closed loop systems the position sensors are used to correct slide movements and achieve higher accuracy and repeatability

Modes of Operation

• Manual mode• Manual Data Input (MDI) Mode• Automatic Mode• Input and output Mode

Manual Mode• Movement of machine slide carried out manually

by pressing particular jog button(+ or -)• Axis is selected through axis selector switch• Machine slide movement may also be achieved

by using a hand wheel

Manual Data Input (MDI) Mode• Part programs are fed manually for each movement

of machine tool by the operator

Automatic Mode• The part program is executed continuously• While one block is being executed, next block is read by

the system and kept ready for execution

Input and Output Mode• The part programs and machine information like machine

setup data can be loaded into and unloaded from memory of the system or floppy disks, USB flash derives etc.

Features of CNC Machinery

• The tool or material moves automatically.• Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.• Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which

manages operations.• Movement is controlled by motors (actuators).• Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)• Tools can be changed automatically.

CNC Programming Basics

• CNC instructions are called part program commands. • When running, a part program is interpreted one command

line at a time until all lines are completed.• Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up

of words which each begin with a letter address and end with a numerical value.

Examples of G codes

• G81 Drilling cycle• G82 Counter boring cycle• G83 Deep hole drilling cycle• G90 Absolute positioning• G91 Incremental positioning

Examples of M codes

• M02 : Program end• M06 : Tool change• M08 : Coolant on• M09 : Coolant off• M30 : Program stop, reset to start

Advantages of CNC

• Increased productivity• Consistent quality• Automatic material handling• High accuracy• Reliable operation• Reduced manpower• Increased operation safety

Challenges

• Costly setup, skilled operators required• Programming knowledge required• Maintenance is difficult

Conclusion

• The advantage of a CNC system are that the operation of a conventional machine is removed and the part production is made automatic.

• It reduces the labor work and hence highly efficient in the manufacturing process.

• BHEL generally uses CNC machines to achieve its manufacturing targets. For manufacturing works of large scale it is very difficult to work with manual machines as they are time consuming. CNC machines have their wide scope because they are easy to handle, the work becomes easier and jobs are done with perfection.

Thank You