Bf skinner
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Transcript of Bf skinner
Why Behaviourism?• Psychology is a science of behaviour
• It must use objective methods
• It can use animals or human participants
• It discards consciousness and instead the focus is on stimulus-response links
• It should ultimately predict and control behaviour
• If humans are just another species, we should be able to study them the same way.
Ivan Pavlov • (1849-1936)
• Famous for classical conditioning
• Trained a dog to salivate when it heard a bell ring
• Research based on reflexes found in nature
John Watson • (1878-1958)• Famous for “Little Albert” experiment
• Conditioned an 18 month old boy to fear rats
B.F. Skinner• Famous for the ‘Skinner Box’
• Experimented with operant conditioning on rats and pigeons
A rat presses a lever and
receives food
If the rat previously
pressed the lever and
received food and now
receives a shock, the rat
will learn not to press the lever
A rat presses a lever and turns off the electric
shock
If rat now receives food consistently
without pressing the lever, the
rat will learn to stop pressing
the lever
ConsequencesPositive Reinforcement Positive Punishment
Negative Reinforcement Negative Punishment
Behaviourism• A learner responds to environmental stimuli without his/her mental state being a factor in the learner’s behavior
• Individuals learn to behave through conditioning
•No difference between people and animals – both learn based on reinforcement
• Behavior is shaped through reward or punishment for certain responses
• Creativity and independent thinking are not important to teaching
Classroom Implications• According to Behaviourist theory, learning occurs when a learner is actively engaged and immediately rewarded.
• Active learning is seen to make the learning experience enjoyable and relatable
• Reward betters the relationship between teacher and learners.
Major Criticism Against Behaviorism:• The initial implication of Behaviourism for teaching was to introduce programmed manuals.
• If the answer was correct they were praised. If incorrect they were instructed to begin again.
• The use of Praise-must take into consideration personality types or it can be crippling for many learners
• This was accepted as too mechanical and ignorant of meaning
Learners At the Academy:• Encouraged to bring their culture into the Academy and
share it with others, thereby enriching the culture of the Academy, as a whole.
• Care will be taken to ensure that the learners value their backgrounds with pride
• Expected to engage with democratic processes so that they become empowered citizens and leaders with an in-depth understanding of democracy
• Empowered to make responsible choices which are based on evidence and reason, and involve careful consideration of their wider implications for others
• Expected to develop as reflective, self-regulating learners who relish challenge.
References:
• http://psychology.about.com/od/sindex/g/def_skinnerbox.html
• http://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html
• The Royal Academy, 2014,The Academy Curriculum-Vol 1, Thimphu,The Royal Academy