Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids…
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Transcript of Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids…
Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids…
Can create an “infection” that can lead to the death of the “infected organism?…appears to be able to replicate itself……is not a bacteria!…is smaller than a virus? …is not a virus!…contains no genetic information…whose structure is made by all living things…
PRIONS: The Brain Eater…
A PRION is a… PROteinaceous INfectious particle.
This simply means that a protein can cause a particular disease and it can
be given to another individual and they can then get the same disease.
HYPOTHESIS
PRIONS: DID YOU KNOW…
•People often assume that scientists try to prove hypotheses or theories.
•WRONG•Hypotheses can never be proved; they can only be disproved. •A hypothesis that fails one or more tests is considered disproved and it is discarded. •A valid hypothesis can be revised.
PRIONS: The Brain Eater…
In Class Reading…
The History of Scrapie, CDJ and Kuru
PRIONS: Are PRIONs a new form of life?
1- Are PRIONs made of cell?NO
2- Are PRIONs organized? YES
3- Do PRIONs use energy?NO
4- Are PRIONs responsive?NO (hypothesized)
5- Do PRIONs grow? (enlarge and divide)NO
6- Do PRIONs reproduce? YES (hypothesized)
~kind of, they recruit normal proteins by changing their shape7- Do PRIONs adapt?
Don’t know yet, they may mutate in other viable forms however.
PRIONS: Are PRIONs a new form of life?
8- Do PRIONs die? NO,
however like all proteins, their structure can be degraded or denatured by heat.9- Do PRIONs come from pre-existing prions?
YES (hypothesized) ~ existing PRIONs convert normal Prion-like protein structures into abnormal viable PRION geometries.
PRIONS: Are PRIONs a new form of life?
PRIONS: Origin & Structure
Pre-infectious prion proteins or PrPc, like this one are naturally created by and are found in the membranes of normal host cells. FACT
PRIONS: Origin & Structure
All mammals appear to have prion protein genes and the gene sequences are similar, but not identical, in related species.
FACT
PRIONS: Transformations
PRIONS: Transformations
PRIONS: Infection
O – Origin of PRIONsContaminated
meat Digestive TrackBlood Stream
L – White Blood CellS – SpleenN – Spleen to Brain B – Brain
HYPOTHESIS
PRIONS: Transformation
HYPOTHESIS
Nerve Cell
Normal PrionProtein
Rouge Infectious PRION >
Rouge PRION Transforms
Normal Prion
PRIONS: Shape Transformation
Normal Prions
Infectious PRIONS
Before
AFTER
“Shape
Shifting”
PRIONS: Shape Transformation
Normal Prions
Infectious PRIONS
Before
AFTER
PRIONS: What is the evidence?
Normal Brain Tissue
AFTER
Before
Diseased Brain Tissue
Amyloid Clusters
“Dead Space”
PRIONS: What is the Impact?
One part of the prion protein can cause apoptosis, or programmed cell death;
HYPOTHESIS
FACT
…perhaps this mechanism explains the pattern of the disease.
PRIONS: What is the Impact?
Prions induce no immune reactions within the human.
HYPOTHESIS
FACT
…perhaps this mechanism explains the pattern of the disease.