Beyond the Climate Change Adaptation Cycle:

Learning and Re-learning A Platform for Peer-to-Peer Knowledge Exchange and Training

Agnes Balota, GIZ Senior Advisor

A. The Role of M&E in AdaptationB. Lessons from Early Adaptation EffortsC. Steps and Options in Developing M&E

SystemsD. Conclusion: Learn by Doing

Key Messages from the Conference & Recommendations

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Step 1 Describe the Adaptation Context• Understand the climate and non-climate factors and

populations that will affect and be affected by the planned interventions

• Conduct a climate vulnerability and/or climate risk assessment early in the intervention design process

CCA in the Development Context

• “What is an adaptation project and what is not?”, • “What is new or different about adaptation

projects?” • “What are the effects on the formulation of

objectives and indicators as well as on monitoring of projects’ impacts?”

• “How, then, are development practitioners to know what really constitutes or distinguishes adaptation?”

Framing Adaptation

1Addressing Drivers of

Vulnerability

2Building Adaptive

Capacity

3Managing Climate Risk

4Confronting Climate

Change

Increase individual and community buffer

Build robust systems for problem-solving

Make use of climate information in decision-making

Respond directly to CC-related threats

BangladeshDiversification of livelihood strategies in areas vulnerable to flooding

BrazilParticipatory reforestation in Rio de Janeiro hillside favelas to combat flood-induced landslide

MaliTeaching farms to collect climate data and integrate it into their planting decisions

IndonesiaManaging coral reefs in response to widespread coral bleaching

VulnerabilityFocus

ImpactFocus

Need for Climate Information

CCA in the Development Context

Borongan, Eastern Samar

Borongan City, EASTERN SAMAR• 5th class city• 61 Barangays• Population: 59,354 in 10,699 households

(2007)• Main Economy: Copra Production• Many families rely on coastal and deep-sea

fishing as well as lowland and upland farming as means of livelihood

• 9 Agrarian Reform Communities with low-prime agricultural lands

CLUP & Ecotown Interface Under the Cluster Approach

2003-Present Approved CLUPSan Julian, & Borongan

BoronganEcotown

• 2003-present approved CLUP together with neighbouring San Julian municipality

• Also a pilot CCC Ecotown• Temperature projected to

increase 1.4 C by 2020

Borongan, Eastern Samar

Philippines

REGION 10

PROVINCEEastern Samar

Municipality of Del Carmen

POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

• copra production yield• household income

POTENTIAL BIOPHYSICAL IMPACT

• Smaller fruits after prolonged dry season

• Excessive rainfall causing diseases of the fruit and leaves

• Die-off from water-logging• Desiccation of fronds and

shedding of young nuts from drought

• Increasing incidence of pest and diseases

• Uprooted, fallen trees from severe storm winds

System of Interest

SOCIETY

CLIMATE STIMULUS*

• Seasonal mean temperature

• Generally dry except NDJ• No. of days with

RR>300mm• No. of dry days

CC Impact Chain for Del Carmen: Coconut Agriculture

Coco Farming HouseholdsCopra Producing Farms

Coconut Production (83%)

x x

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Exposure

Potential Impact Adaptive Capacity

Vulnerability

Sensitivity

Med-High vulnerability of small coconut farms and coco-producing farmers

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY (p. 163)• Presence of agri-business

potential• 14km of farm roads; 95ha

with irrigation services • limited training for farming

technologies • Prime agricultural lands• Farmers associations exist

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Step 2 Identify the Contribution to Adaptation

Philippines

REGION 10

PROVINCEEastern Samar

Municipality of Del Carmen

ADAPTATION MEASURES

• Improve coco-cropping system (e.g. introduction of livestock, forage)

• Replanting using disease and climate-resistant variety

• Disease and pest control• Cover cropping/mulching to conserve

soil moisture• Value-adding of coco products• Establishment of post-harvest facilities• Consider crop replacement

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

• copra production yield• household income

POTENTIAL BIOPHYSICAL IMPACT

• Smaller fruits after prolonged dry season

• Excessive rainfall causing diseases of the fruit and leaves

• Die-off from water-logging• Desiccation of fronds and

shedding of young nuts from drought

• Increasing incidence of pest and diseases

• Uprooted, fallen trees from severe storm winds

System of Interest

SOCIETY

CLIMATE STIMULUS*

• Seasonal mean temperature

• Generally dry except NDJ• No. of days with

RR>300mm• No. of dry days

CC Impact Chain for Del Carmen: Coconut Agriculture

Coco Farming HouseholdsCopra Producing Farms

Coconut Production (83%)

Exposure

Potential Impact Adaptive Capacity

Vulnerability

Sensitivity

Med-High vulnerability of small coconut farms and coco-producing farmers

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY (p. 163)• Presence of agri-business

potential• 14km of farm roads; 95ha

with irrigation services • limited training for farming

technologies • Prime agricultural lands• Farmers associations exist

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Step 3 Form an Adaptation Hypothesis• An adaptation hypothesis is a testable statement that

describes how each outcome addresses risks or vulnerabilities prioritized in Step 1.o Coconut: Product diversification is an important coping

strategy in the face of increased climate variability. Development of innovative local technologies and alternative livelihoods can be important risk-reduction strategies and can enhance adaptive capacities.

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Step 4 Create an Adaptation Theory of Change

Farmers have adequate

incentive to participate

Funding

Information

Technology

Training

Training of farmers

on coco product

diversification

technologies

Training utilized to

produce coco products

from coconut kernel,

shell, husks, water, sap,

wood, and leaves

Capacity to augment

unstable production

and insufficient

income from basic

coconut farming

New practices

spread to other

coco farming

communities

Increased local

income and

improved quality

of life

Volume and

quality of coco

products

improved

Systems in place for

fair allocation of

resulting benefits

Income is not spent

on maladaptive

activities

Inputs Activities Outputs Primary OutcomeSecondary

Outcome

Impact / Final

Outcome

ADAPTATION ACTIONBAR, PCA project on coco technologies to reduce poverty and address climate change

"Coconut-based Product Diversification to Reduce Poverty in Coconut-Growing Communities in Selected Areas”

• To develop innovative and relevant local technologies that highlight the different parts of the coconut tree from kernel, shell, husks, water, sap, wood, and leaves.

• Provides an alternative livelihood to farmers to augment their unstable production and insufficient income from basic coconut farming

• PCA has also improved the existing coconut-based cropping system of farming communities through the integration of livestock (goat and native chicken) and forage crops using free-range and open system and the intercropping of high value crops such as vegetables, rootcrops, other forage crops, legumes and corn.

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Step 5 Choose Indicators and Set a Baselineo informed by the vulnerability and risk assessment (Step 1); o target the intervention’s adaptation objectives (Step 2); o link back to the adaptation hypothesis (Step 3); ando are informed by the ToC (Step 4).

Dimension 1: Building Adaptive Capacity Sample indicatorso Existence and quality of coordination/mainstreaming

processeso Availability of climate information and analytical capabilitieso Risk management capacity in dealing with increasing climatic

variabilityo Operational early warning systems for risks such as extreme

weather conditions or contagious diseases

Steps and Options: Developing M&E Systems

Step 6 Use the Adaptation M&E System• What is being monitored during the implementation

(indicators and/or the factors that affect them – see Step 5)

• How often it is monitored (and verified and reported) • The sources of where relevant information can be

found• Who is responsible for collecting this information.

Examples of Country Cases

Joni Kasim

Indonesian CC Trust Fund

Sugiatmo

Ministry of the Environment

Tri Dewi Virgiyanti

Ministry of National Dev. Planning

Triclochan Singh

H. Malleshappa

Department of Environment

Umakant

Ministry of Development of North

Eastern Region

R.K. Jain

Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control

Board

Helena Gaddi

Climate Change Commission

Kathleen Capiroso

National Economic and Development Authority

Philippines

Helena Gaddi

Climate Change Commission

Kathleen Capiroso

National Economic and Development

Authority

Triclochan Singh

H. Malleshappa

Department of Environment

Umakant

Ministry of Development of North

Eastern Region

R.K. Jain

Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control

Board

Joni Kasim

Indonesian CC Trust Fund

Sugiatmo

Ministry of the Environment

Tri Dewi Virgiyanti

Ministry of National Dev. Planning

“What we choose to measure will direct our actions, we will measure the wrong things definitely but to take the question further --- our system should be flexible enough when we do measure the wrong things.” – Heather, WRI

“There is no shortage of indicators. The issue is finding ones that:

o Can be aggregated;o Allow for some decision making; ando Demonstrate a results story that

explains adaptation.”

-- Shailaja Annamraju, DFID

“Maybe our problem is not in the "indicators" but in in framing our objectives. It only makes sense to monitor when you know what you want to achieve.“ -- Antwi-Boasiako Amoah, Ghana

“National-level indicators need to go beyond the aggregation of projects. We might get artificial results if we aggregate project indicators to represent national indicators (layering of information from project-level to national level)” -- Anon

“Main challenge is adequate information across all the countries in suitable manner that decisions can be taken or to base recommendations supporting adaptation.” -- Paul Desanker, UNFCCC - National Adaptation Plans and Policy Unit

Thank you.

Amphibious Motorcycle –Adaptation to worsening flooding conditions in Metro Manila???