Beyond Federalism. Estimating and Explaining the Territorial Structure of Government

7/27/2019 Beyond Federalism. Estimating and Explaining the Territorial Structure of Government

1/39

Beyond FederalismE Ex th Tt Stuctuf Gvt

Lbt Hh G M

N. 37 | A 2012

WORKING PAPER


2/39

2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 37 | April 2012

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T T Pw E

Th KFG W P S v t t th ch ut f th K-Fchu b

th vb t b ubc. It t hc cc xch w t tth b

x bc ch t xt u c Eu th Eu U.

A KFG W P vb th KFG wbt t www.tfu.u c b t v

t tf-u@fu-b..

Cht f th u: Lbt Hh G M

Et tc uc: A Bbch D M

Hh, Lbt/M, G 2012: B F: E Ex th Tt Stuctu f Gv-

t, KFG W P S, N. 37, A 2012, K-Fchu (KFG) Th Tfv Pw f Eu

F Uvtt B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (Pt)

ISSN 1868-7601 (Itt)

Th ubc h b fu b th G Rch Fu (DFG).

F Uvtt B

K-Fchu

Th Tfv Pw f Eu:

Th Eu U th Du f I

Iht. 26

14195 B

G

Ph: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096

tf-u@fu-b.

www.tfu.u


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Beyond Federalism | 3

Beyond Federalism

Estimating and Explaining the Territorial Structure ofGovernment

Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks

Abstract

Th ut tht th bc c btw f ut vt h t w

v u ut f vt. Th tht v th tuctu f vt

c f th th h tht-jct t t t th utht f t-

t vt. O ut h b th c tht cut ftt, t t u, cv f

vt. Az t f 39 cut c 1950, c u w wth th f

tv ut, w vc f th cu ct f u. Th c b thz

t f t- btw v t f ct c ubc

v.


4/39


Gary Marks Pf f Pc Scc t th Uvt f Nth C,

Ch H fu Dct f th UNC Ct f Eu Stu. M h

b N Fw t th Hv Itu (1986-87) Fw t th Ct

f Avc Stu th Bhv Scc t Stf 1991-92, VFw t th Wchztu B f Szfchu 2002-03. H h

h v fh t Scc Pqu, P (2002), Ktz Uvt,

G (2000), th Uvt f Twt, th Nth (1998). H w H

V Pf t McMt Uvt. I 1998 M w ct Ch f th

Eu Cut Stu Ac. M tch ch tt

th f cv c.

Ctct: @uc.u

T A

Liesbet Hooghe Zch T Sth Pf f Pc Scc t th Uvt

f Nth C Ch H, Ch Muv Gvc t th Vj Uvtt

At, cut Rch Fw t th KFG th Tfv Pw

f Eu. Sh f Ch f th Eu U Stu Ac f

th Eu Pc & Sct Sc f th APSA. H ch tt

uv vc bw bv th tt, Eu t,

c , c t, ubc .

Ctct: [email protected]


5/39


Contents

1. Ituc 6

2. Thz Gvt Stuctu 7

2.1 Spaal Theory 7

2.2 So Informaon Versus Scale Economies 8

3. E Gvt Stuctu 11

4. Ex Gvt Stuctu 17

5. Rut 18

6. Ccu 23

Lttu 26

Ax 30


6/39


1. I1

Th tuctu f vt th c f utht c u juc

uzz h. Phh f Hbb t M t Ot, c ct fR Ez t Ljht hv uht t x wh cut , hu b, ctz

wh th ctz.

Sc th c f th Ut Stt, vt tuctu h b ccv bc chc b-

tw ut f t. A ut t whch c b c-

ctt v ctz, but utht t wth th ct. A f t, b ctt,

utht btw vt ct vt uch w tht ch

f vt h cv whch t c (R 1987: 101). Mt tt,

th tv c vt ctu f.

Ech cc t cht, but , hh:

The contrast between Hobbes formulaon of the instuons of government and that formulated in the

American experiments in constuonal choice suggests that fundamentally dierent approaches exist

for the organizaon of governance in human sociees. In the one, a single center of authority, the sov-

ereign, is designed to dominate the whole. Each unit, as a sovereign state, is fully independent of other

units as sovereign states. In the other, no single center of authority dominates the rest: all assignments

of authority are subject to limits(Ot 1987: 22).

Th ut/f c t th ht f u ut f ctu chc, h -

uc ch ttu c tu, but t h t w tuctu u ut f

vt. It ccv v vt c f , th th (Wbb

2005: 67). It h ct t v f , but h uch t but

v ut , wh t hh u t ctu chc, t f-

v but ct f.

1 E v w t t th Cfc f Eut, Chc (2010), th Au M f th

Ac Pc Scc Ac, Wht, D.C. (2010), th Eu U Stu Ac Bt

(2011); th Cv Pc W Gu t th Uvt f Nth C, VU Uvt At,

F Uvt f B, Ch Uvt Pu, Du Uvt, th Eu Uvt Itut Fc,

H Sch f Gvc B, Uvt f Gv, L Uvt, Mh Uvt, Uvt

f Pbuh, Szbu Uvt, th IHS t V. Th uth tfu f ct b ct

t th t, wu c t th Mch Bu, Pb B, Tj Bz,

Jth H, S Hu, Mu Jchtfuch, Ch J, B Mu, J Ptu, Th

R, Aj H. Sch, Pc Sc, Mch St, Mch Tth, Sj W, ct t ut

wh uv vc, F Uvt f B, Dcb 2010, f hfu ct. W th

Eu C f ch tc; Cth D V, J K, Mch Tth f thc

vc; Dw Bc Aj H. Sch f h uubh t wth u. Th uth b

f ctc. W t tfu t Tj Bz th K-FchuTh Tfv Pw f Eu t th F Uvt f B f v u wth u tctu

vt wh w w w th . Th jct fu b th Eu Rch Cuc t

MLG # N.249543..


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O ut cct btw hct c tu f f v cu t-

tt t t v vt tuctu. Mu f vt tuctu hv tu t

cuu v ctc c. O h b t u c t. Hwv,

w x bw, th vt ct f t utht.

I th c, w t ut u f utht th t tt vt

39 cc. W vt th tuctu tt f vt tuctu, c

t th v uc f th z u f cut. Th tht cut wth

ftt t t b ctz u th th f xt whch h -

v fu f c f. Th tv c, tht uu cut t t b

ctz, ut f th c th ct f ubc th ub f ctbut

c.

I th xt c, w t ut th xct. W th t vt tuctu t

ct btw th, t t th ct f tv ut tu-

t. W ccu tht u tt th ccu f ctz

tht ut c b cv c c but th tuctu f

vt.

2. Tz G S

2.1 Spaal Theory

Th f ut hv b u t cct th z f cut wth t v f ctz.

Th t u th h c whch cb th c ct f cuc

b tc. Th ct cu cu cc th v v f c ubc

w tt ct (Azh/H 2005: 1165). If c v ubjct t

c, ctz v f ubc bc wtfu th tt th ,

c, ctz v bc v ct.

Th c ut th c t c xt. Th th ftt f

juc, th t c w ct hb juc, th th cc

f c v. Th ut f ubc th whch t u t-

btw th bt f c t cu th f fu t tz

th ct f c c f hb (A/S 2003; Ot 1972). Pfct -

f vt tuctu qu tht t vt v ct v f utut

f ubc wh bt c b th hc c f th juc (Ot

2005: 351; O 1969). Th c tht th cut, th th ct f c

v vt (Ot 2005: 357).


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A th f ut u tht cut htu, tht cquc,

cut ctz t t c t th fc f th v cu

(A t . 1995: 754; Bu 2004: 40; Fb 2001: 112).

Ec ch h c th tht cut ctz. Azh

H (2005: 1179) ccu tht [L] ct u ct, wh t

hc c th h f b f. F th b bbt f 0.18

() -t v th bbt f b f t 0.60. Pzz (1999: 113)

tht Wh th u f z cu th , Area hw but

c wth c ctz. G R (2003: 97) tht A xct, cut wth

area ct ctz () Populaon urbanizaon hv ct c-

tz f th , w th f ubqut .

2.2 So Informaon Versus Scale Economies

A tv t th ccv juc t- btw -

t t f, whch fv ctz, x c c v th

ubc , whch fv ctz. Bth f th t- uc b th ub f

th juc.

Th ut tht f qu ctz w ut th tb b z c-

t c ct wh ccv c- f z c f t

u (Aw 1991: 5; Kch/Dutch 1969: 735). W t c t

bt f vu c ctct wth th ucv c t tt th f

t t t th c. Th , cz cc, th b f th t

ttu th qu f ctz ctz (Aw 1961: 11).

Aw t u wth th Ft tht th jb f ft- t cv f

t th u wh th vtt c. Dc w

th, uch f b so cut t tz, tt t btch, c- xv t u z hch. A c b , f x, b

t c -bu b t ct wth th bw t th ht

cu th ct b wh h cc t t w b th b (St 2002:

1892f).

Gvt tf c b ccv c f t u wth cz, th f

tht qu f th v f ubc th tht f bu . Th -

vt E Ot (2010: 8) u f h c- ctbu t th tu f tt

vt:


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Advocates of the metropolitan reform approach assumed that size of governmental units would always

be posive for all types of goods and services. Scholars using a polical economy approach [by contrast]

assumed that size of governmental units would be posive or negave depending on the type of public

good or service. Those involving face-to-face delivery, such as educaon, policing, and social welfare,would show a negave eect of governmental unit size; those involving economies of scale, such as

highways and ulity systems, would show a posive eect.2

I th cc, th c f vt f ubc qu fc-t-fc v u

v. Th th c v f th htt f fc c c. Th ctxt f

hu tc v v f fc t. Stt-v c tu f c t-

, b wth th cc x f th T V Autht, t vcbu t

cb th t vt, c tc, c u (H 1938; Ptch 1943; Schz

t . 1991).3

T th xtt tht f , f ct c b xct t c wth u. Th

u, th cut t t ut fu u: [T]h f u

th t chv u t th vw tht th ub f ct th c u

ut b t t () Th ut bc v c f w t th ct f cuc t

b bc th c. (Aw 1991: 6).

O c wh th c f c t .. w f f wh ch

h t b vu h (T 2007: 63-69). Mz th cuc-

btw vt t u qu t wh tu t

th t w t ch th juc. Th -z t-u hch-

c tw t f u-v vc wh ch t cuct wth th ub

f t.4 L u qu t t tt v.

Th ub f tt vt v u fct h f , b ctt, z. If

th t c f c , cv, c , th th

f tv t. Th u cuct ct wth th u, th -

t ch , c cv btch. Such tz

t ctth th cc. Hwv, f fc c b uz -

2 Bct .

3 Th tht c u f u btw c ct c -

u c, vt, ch, uc c th Eu U. Sb

Zt (2010) thz th xtt vc: At th c f th w f cuv c

f v - v thuh fbc f xc f uu th t ctxt.

Sub-ut wth b th z v ubt bt f th bt w t

chv th , t cjuc wth th. Th b f t th

w t x th u th ccu. Th ut th c t

th, t f u tu f fc vt. F, th thv c v t th b b v b uch vw (Zt 2010: 2).

4 Th ub f v th hch th tu th f th u.


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, th u c b cut th uc t c.5 U fct h

f, vt tuctu vu t u z.

Th xtt t whch f qu uthtv ctz, t cct-, bt (Hh/M 2009; Ot 2006; T 2007). I c, th ct tt cu

jut c t c ctxt wthut w ub ct. Th v b: A

ct tu cu b c f c ct tv wh c c; th ct

vt cu t ct c t; th ct vt ht u c t t c-

ct t th vt f (B/Ct 1997; Lcw 2002; T 2007). Th vw

t th u tht f cc t qu c, u w c

vut wth th t w hv t.

Th bt f ctz xt t wth t ct. Th bcu th u f -

ctz juc b t t c f c. Dctz bc ct

wh th ct ct f ctz v f th ubc w th th ct ct f

th v b ch ub juc. Th x ct ct f ubc v

t t th u f th juc tht v t.

Bth th bt ct f ctz c b xct t v c vt c t-

f. Th f c f ct v f f u, f x, ch h,

wh tht f jb t, t, h c, vv f -th-jb

. S, t-ct utut f, tt, u, tw w uu qu

ut f ct, wh tht f ch t, ht, fu , wf v,

c w qu ut f ct (Ot/Ot 1971; Ot/P 1999).

Th ttu th v f ubc uc ub, but ct c f v-

t tuctu. S th tht vt tuctu h b th tt z f

cut th u tht cut t t b htu, fc t c

th v f ubc , u f v ub vt. A tv

vw tht cut u cv. If vt tuctu t b c wh

b f ct ct, wu xct tht, cv f th ftt

fc htt, cut wth u w b ctz.

Tw f ch wt w vut th vt f th c. Ft, w t t

vt tuctu b ub w. Sc, w ut ct f ct uc

vt tuctu. W tc th tu.

5 Th th f th c (A/S 2003; M/Hh 2000).


11/39


3. E G S

I t th c t ut bv, w qu ut tut tht ) chv

vut th c f ub ctc; b) t th th f ub utht b c- ct w ct f f ct tt ct thuh vt tt f ub

c ; c) c u ub v f vt wh th xt; )

- uh t t v ut cut f cut.

W wh t c wht t b ub utht, wh th cct t

tht c b c (Acc/C 2001; Ect 1973). Th t vb

th utht xc wth cut b vt, tht , u vt

t btw c vt hv v u f 150,000 .6

R vt uh f f ut cut. Wh cc cut hv

uthtv c vt, th utht f tt vt v w c th cu-

t x h.

Oz f utht c w w-tbh t f cct. Autht -

t w, . ., w cz b bcu t v f cct c

f vc (Dh 1968). A vt h f utht, wth ct t

tt juc, v ct c. Th u u h thf c (A) th territory

v whch vt xc utht; (B) th depth f tht utht; (C) th spheres of acon

v whch t xc utht.

Wth ct t tt c f utht (A), vt xc utht t w juc-

c-xc utht v juc whch t t. Th th c btw self

rule shared rule (Ez 1987) whch h w cuc tu f f z

(A/B 2004; K 1998; L/E 1999; W 1998, 1999; Zb 2006). Wth ct

t th f utht (B), t t th t whch vt h t

v, c, xcuv z, th c u whch t c ct ut, t c-

ct t u wh b th vt. Wth ct t h f c (C),

t vt c hv utht v b f c. Autht v

tx bw, v ctu f c tt.

Th c v f f utht th t ut Tb

1 t Ax A B. Th h tth tt vb, whch w u

th bw.

6 Ax B t th u hw tht th ut t h but wh th ub f

tt t vb ct th .


12/39


Table 1: Regional Authority Index (RAI)

S R: T b w

Itu th Th xtt t whch vt utu th th cctt. 03

Pc c Th f c f whch vt b. 04

Fc ut Th xtt t whch vt c t tx t u. 04

Rt Th xtt t whch w wth t tu xcuv. 04

S R: T b w

Lw Th xtt t whch tv ct . 02

Excuv ct Th xtt t whch vt ct c tvt .

02

Fc ct Th xtt t whch tv ct th tbu f txvu.

02

Ctu f Th xtt t whch tv ct ctu ch. 03

Suc: Hh, M, Sch (2010).

Table 2: Factor Analysis of Regional Authority

Components S Tw :

S- S

Itu th

Pc c

Fc ut

Rt

Lw Excuv ct

Fc ct

Ctu f

Evu

Ex vc (%)

Fct c

0.86

0.90

0.83

0.82

0.810.83

0.82

0.74

5.46

68.27

0.96 0.55

0.96 0.63

0.83 0.64

0.95 0.47

0.54 0.94

0.68 0.81

0.55 0.93

0.55 0.86

5.46 1.21

82.80

0.59

Nt: Pc ct fct , b -th t, tw ; = 39 (cut

c f 2006). F th tw-fct u, th hht c f ch bold. Rut f th

th t t (19502006) .

Th Cbch h c th cb bv f 39 cut 2006 0.93 whch u-

t tht th c b tt ct f ctuct.7 Th c ct

Tb 2 v tht th ht c ct wth th f f u h

u, but tht 68 ct f th vc c th h.

7 Th c t hv quvt tv. Th w u hv b hw t b qut

but t t tht cu f th t tf, cu u f

c c c (Shv t . 1997).


13/39


Table 3: Measurement Instruments

Lijphart

(1999)

36 -1996

cc

2 t (1965, 1995)

Federalism (15). Cc v ct:

1= ut ctz;

2= ut ctz;3= -f;

4= f ctz;

5= f ctz

Ct: ) tt hv f f ctu t; b)

f f tt ctz ctz (..

th f w t th v ); c)

tt f t tt ct? (Ljht 1999:

188-191.)

Arzaghi

Henderson

(2005)

48 cut wth u v

10

v- tv f 19601995

Federalism (04). Th c, c, tv

b f ub vt v c x

:

c f vu ut vt tuctu (0 4)

c f xcuv (0 4)

c f c xcuv (0 4)

bt f th ct t u w v f vt

t v th c (0 4)

, t, fu vu utht f w v f

vt (0, 2 4)

vu h (0, 2 4)

B

(2006)

30 cut wth thc

u

u t f 19802000

Polical decentralizaon (05). Vc v f w

u v f vt tht hv t c-

w v t t u :

cc ct tu (0 1)

tu c v th w tx (0 1)

tu hv jt xcuv ct v

uc (0 1)

tu hv jt xcuv ct v ubc

c (0 1)

v whth ctu t bc

w (0 1)

Panizza

(1999)

76 cut

3 t (1975, 1980, 1985)

Decentralizaon rao (0100). Ccut 100 u c

ctz whch ct vt vu

ct f tt ubc ct vu (IMF t).

S

(2005)

23 OECD cc

u t f 1965-2001

Fiscal autonomy(0100). Autu ub-ct tx vu

ct f tt vt tx vu, xcu c

cut vu tx t th EU (OECD t).


14/39


Table 4: Country Overlap

C Lijphart Arzaghi-

Henderson

B Panizza S

Aut

Aut

Bu

Bu

C

C

Cu

Czch Rubc

D

Et

F

FcG

Gc

Hu

Ic

I

It

J

Ltv

Lthu

Luxbu

Mc

Mt

Nth

Nw Z

Nw

P

Ptu

R

Ru

Sv

Sv

S

Sw

Swtz

Tu

Ut K

Ut Stt

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Nt: Cut t th f whch w hv R Autht c t f t vb

th Ax.

Tb 3 uz tv ut tut, Tb 4 t th cut tht ch tu-

t h c wth th R Autht Ix. Th t ct u Ljht F/

Ut whch h u t tt hth but cu versus Wtt cc.


15/39


Th u h th tt ct tht ct t f th 36 cut- bv

(Ljht 1999: 186-95). Fu 1 tch bv th Ljht R Autht Ix f

1995 Tb 5 t c wh R Autht Ix c v th tw t v-

f th f tv u.

Figure 1: Lijphart and Regional Authority Esmates

Nt: Et (z-c) f 24 cut c t th Ljht tt R Autht Ix 1995.

Table 5: Regressing the Regional Authority Index on Alternave Instruments

M R 2 S.D. Cases D

Lijphart 2.41

2.57

Fc 1995

It 1995

Extt f utht f w ct ct

Extt f utht f w ct ct

Arzaghi-Henderson +2.10 P 1990, 1995 Extt f ct ct v

B 2.37 t 3.08 Bu 19892000 Rf f c, tx, ctu vt

w f & cu

Panizza 2.40 t 2.48 Bu 1980, 1985 Fc vu v. c utht

S 2.36 t 2.44

2.29 t 2.31

Bu 19891994

G 19732001

Autu tx v. c utht

Autu tx v. c utht

Nt: C t th f whch th u f th R Autht Ix tv

u qu t th tw t v. A v ct tht th t f th

tv u th th t f th R Autht Ix.


16/39


Th tt c wth Ljht f It Fc, whch h th R Autht

Ix btw 1965 1995, but th Ljht tt. It ct w ,regioni,

1972 wth ct ct cuc ctc ub , hth, uc. I Fc,

Nc dpartements utht 1982 wh th w f ct t fct wtf t th t f ct ct dpartementcuc.

Th vc t th t f th c. A but f th v f

b Ljht 1995 c th xu, wh t btw 18 (Aut) 29.3 (G)

th R Autht Ix. Aut G bth f , but th h

ctt. I ctt t G Lnder, Aut Lnderhv utht v

v th b t f tx. Futh, ctz G t t t th

Lnder, but c c fKreise.

Azh-H t cb ctz P f 1990 1995 th

th R Autht Ix. At u th c btw ctz cct.

R vt P w w 1990 t ct utt ct c w

tt 1999 (Cuc f Eu 2000: 47f; Sch 2008: 156). Bc (2008) t

ch Bu f 1985 t 2000, wh th R Autht Ix u 1989 wh B

cu bt b c ctc, tx w, h u.

Pzz (1999) Stcu (2005) u u f c ctz b IMF OECD

tc. Th t t ub ct h f tt vt ct. Pzz h

t f 1975, 1980, 1985, wh Stcu ht t c u v u

f 1965 t 2001. Ou c th tw t v f th f Pzz

f Bu, th c f Stcu, f G. I bth cut, vt

xt cb utht, but th t ct b th c t. B cu

c t xc b- ctu w 1989, but c ctz w

bc u 1995. G Lnderxch tx ut f h u 1966 th

t uthtv ub vt cc.

Fu 2 th Stcu t t th f th R Autht Ix f 1999, th tt

wth t f th xu ub f cut h btw th c. Th futh th cut Fu 2, th t t h f vt vu. Sw J c bv

th Ut Stt; D F bv Bu Aut; v f th cut

bv G. N f th c cc wth th ttu ub vt th

cut . Fc u hv b u t ct tu f c f (Bw/Shh

2009; R 2006), but th t u f c ctz (R 2004;

Sch 2008; S 2010).


17/39


Figure 2: Fiscal Decentralizaon

Nt: Et (z-c) f 23 cut c t th Stcu tt R Autht Ix f 1999.

4. E G S

W u u f cut thc c bcu th xct ct f

qu t c but u tt c. I t

t th cu ct w xt th fw ct ( Ax A f t).

Ethnicity. Sub cu bu u f tc hu h cv

c t f utht. Ethc cu hv ct c f-

c. R Uw (1983) ut tht cutu h cu t t

ctz f-u (G 1983). A, vt hthz t w bt

wh t c cu tht c w v f c cutu t u,xc, ut but f tc tht t f cut b t

cuct w tth (Dutch 1966; Hb t . 2007: 711).

Inequality. O xct tht v ch w t c ut

w ctz tbu (Bt/R 1997; Dh Ftj 2008; V Hut 2003).

Atv, f ctz f th c c ubt

f tht f th cut wh (A/S 2003: 63-67). B (2010) u tht

wth cv b t wt ctz t t t b t

c. Th vb t t w u t th tc f qut wth

c b t vb v , but w b t bv th t v f

ct c c 39 cut.


18/39


Auence. L (1998) u tht cz ch cut b w t th ct f

vt t v cutu uc vt. A, th c f vt ch

cut cu h f ubc tht ct v t th v

(Ot/E 2003; Pt 1995).

Democracy.Dcc c t b v th utcc t f -

z ccut f th t ct u f f u (Hh t . 2010; Mu 2009)

Regional polical pares. R c f t utht.8 Wh

c f vt, t ctt f vt

b uc t vt t t t thu (H/V Hut 2009; S 2009; Sw/

M 2009).

5. R

Th t cu f Tb 6 Populaon Area u ct. WhArea t ch -

cc, Populaon h ct ct Regional Authority. Subqut cu

but tt. Th c cu t u f uct, th vc fct

(VIF). Muct t th t , t h t th t ct f

vb.9 A VIF < 3 w, but t th c tht bcu Area ct wth Populaon

(R=0.69) Inequality(R=0.24), t t th t wu b f t w uct wth

th vb. Th f th t fArea 1.98= 1.41 whch uc VIF-jut

t f 1.221.41= 0.87 . IfArea w t h f t vc wth th th t

vb, th t f t ct Regional Authority f t ch cc (t-value = 1.43).

Th VIF-jut t-value f Populaon 4.18.

8 G tt ct tht th cut u f t c t t t utht.

Hwv, th ct b z t t t, f Chhbb K (2004: 79) bv, t

t bc vt ctz utht.

9 Th VIF f t vb j 1/(1 Rj2), wh Rj2 th qu u c f

f vb j th t vb th . Th VIFj t th vc f vb j

x b th th t vb th . O VIF OB (2007).


19/39


Table 6: Populaon, Area, and Regional Authority

N ()

R A

II

1603 (39)

V I

Factor

LDV

1603 (39)

Jackknife-

39

P 5.68***

(2.07)

2.30 0.10**

(0.05)

5.68**

(2.41)

Area 1.24

(1.22)

1.98 0.01

(0.02)

1.24

(1.51)

Ethnicity 11.48**

(4.61)

1.26 0.10

(0.11)

11.48*

(6.11)

Iq 3.92

(5.79)

1.75 0.02

(0.16)

3.92

(7.11)

A 1.79**

(0.86)

1.11 0.06**

(0.03)

1.79*

(0.97)

D 1.46***

(0.37)

1.23 0.00

(0.02)

1.46***

(0.45)

R 15.26***

(4.23)

1.33 0.16*

(0.09)

15.26**

(5.84)

Regional authorityt-1 0.99***

(0.00)

Constant 57.79

(12.43)

0.78

(0.38)

R2

F test

Mean

0.62

31.12***

1.57

0.995

Nt: N-tz bt cct; but t cut cut t th. ***

< .01, ** < .05, * < .10.

I Au c f 1950 t 2006 c 39 cc. Sc ccut f ch t ch

xt t t th cut v wht b u.

Th cu f Tb 6 t u vb jcf tt. Bth tt

ct tht Populaon ct x Regional Authority thtArea f t ch -cc. Ct f t v fRegional Authorityz cc tht th c btw

Populaon Regional Authority uu. Th t f Populaon Area but wh

w t vu cut f th .10 Th c th cc f

, cc, thct, uc. A t u xct f , but u

c ut h wh c VIF-jut t-vu.

10 Th t ct ct f u but wh w ct f ubz. T th xtt tht t

t ct ubc v ut , ubz hu uc th ct f

u ctz (Azh/H 2005). W tt bth th t ct f ub-

z t tc wth u, but tct ct ct (ut btb f th uth).


20/39


Fu 3 t th ct f u utht u Clarify. Uctt ct wth

th xct vu fRegional Authority tt t th xt. A cut wth u f v

h xct R Autht Ix btw 7.1 9.7 wth 95 ct cc b,

wth v 8.4 u bt u. Th wu, f x, b cut whch vthv ct ct b tht t xcuv wth th w t t th t f

tx xc ctc, ubjct t ct vt, cc wf c. A cut wth

u f 50 h xct R Autht Ix f 14.1 (wth 95 ct

cc b f 9.8 t 18.2). R vt th cut ht th hv ct b,

b c ctc t ubjct t ct vt, w t t th b w th t f

tx, c , f x, b tv t c

v chb b u wth th ct vt.

Figure 3: Marginal Eect of Populaon on Regional Authority

Nt: M ct fPopulaon Regional Authoritywth 595% cc b. Th vc ct,

f t ht, u t v bw th (1.35 , .. Et), th

u (8.6 , .. Sw), t v bv th (48 , .. It Fc th 1960), cv.

Ljht (1999: 252), qu Dh Tu (1973), ct tht cut c th ut/f-

t t u z, but th cut t tct wh cut ctz

ut f. Cut tht Ljht c ut (Fu 4: w ) f (Fu 4:

hh ) v qut t th R Autht Ix. Th v cu h th

ut cut. Ic, f x, h v f tt vt (landsvun) tht xt

tc ct. Gc, b ctt, h c f 54 fctu (nomoi)

whch, f 1994 , w u b ct ct cuc cuc-ct fct. Cuc hv

ctc v uc, ht, , tt. Ct vht xtv,


21/39


fct cu t ub ct tt t ub t. Nw Z,

whch h th u c th -h u, h 16 u b ct ct cuc

tht c t th b t f t tx whch b f ubc tt, v-

t c, cu , u, w v ct t.

Figure 4: The Federal/Unitary Straightjacket

Nt: Et f th 24 cut c t th Ljht tt R Autht Ix (RAI) f 1995.

Mut c b cv cut. Th v Tb 7 whch c ut f

c u t t f th t vb. Th t cu u th f

bv Ljht tt. Th c cu c Ljht u wth th R

Autht Ix f th t f c. A wu uct f Fu 4, Populaon ct

ct u Ljht u ct wh u th R Autht Ix.


22/39


Table 7: Sensive Dependence on Alternave Measurement Instruments

D

N ()

Time period

Lijphart

46 (24)

1965, 1995

ArzaghiHenderson

100 (16)

196095

5 tv

B

209 (16)

19852000, u

Panizza

61 (24)

1975, 1980, 1985

S

742 (23)

19652001, u

D

b

Lijphart RAI Arzaghi RAI

-Henderson

B RAI Panizza RAI Stegar- RAI

P 0.50 6.39* *

(0.94) (2.43)

5.01* 0.02

(2.36) (2.74)

0.77 4.13

(0.53) (3.28)

6.79 5.78*

(5.33) (3.04)

2.99 5.21**

(5.45) (2.24)

Area 0.36 0.56

(0.34) (1.22)

4.60*** 4.61***

(0.88) (1.32)

0.20 1.98

(0.36) (2.34)

7.69** 0.30

(2.73) (1.57)

8.56** 1.19

(3.73) (1.27)

Ethnicity 2.08 10.51*

(1.67) (5.15)

0.39 1.78

(2.87) (4.32)

2.02** 13.44***

(0.74) (3.77)

22.02 7.38

(14.31) (5.28)

35.79* 11.50***

(18.49) (3.94)

Iq 0.59 0.61

(2.43) (8.39)

15.39 12.49

(11.57) (12.98)

3.36 9.41

(1.95) (9.61)

29.18 9.95

(29.39) (14.04)

24.11 11.12

(29.79) (9.26)

A 0.07 1.27

(0.22) (1.18)

1.76 2.53**

(1.35) (1.17)

0.81 9.16**

(0.61) (3.98)

13.89** 4.85

(5.60) (3.76)

4.25 4.49***

(3.09) (1.51)

D 0.81*** 3.67**

(0.26) (1.03)

1.47** 2.03**

(0.53) (0.74)

0.28*** 1.26**

(0.09) (0.47)

1.17 1.20

(1.36) (1.12)

4.80 2.84***

(2.86) (1.00)

Regional

1.35 12.29**

(1.20) (3.48)

54.25* 90.37*

(29.29) (44.42)

1.24 11.75**

(0.91) (5.09)

32.63** 9.36

(14.61) (7.04)

11.29 10.71**

(20.39) (4.05)

Constant 12.21 87.10

(4.70) (19.80)

57.18 37.20

(14.82) (15.50)

11.24 82.21

(5.34) (30.09)

26.10 66.29

(34.65) (22.36)

56.31 85.86

(49.01) (17.40)

R2

F test

0.45 0.67

32.92** 29.74***

0.76 0.64

122.50*** 35.89***

0.71 0.82

9.53*** 119.64***

0.46 0.65

8.33*** 19.50***

0.39 0.66

5.83*** 55.38***

Nt: N-tz bt cct; but t cut cut t th. ***

< .01, ** < .05, * < .10.

Subqut cu tv tut wth th R Autht Ix. Et f

Populaon ct wh th fArea ct f bth th Azh-H u f th R Autht Ix. Th ut t b v b th whch t t 16

cut wth u t th 10 . Th cu Aut, C, th Ut Stt

whch vt ctz. Th cct th cut th .

Th c btwArea Regional Authorityf th th Eh- cut,

th c f th 13 cut w v.

Bc ct cut t xz v thc u. Th w w f h u, whch

t vut th ct f ctz thc cct (Bc 2006, 2008), but uc t

tht v t ut c th h wth th R Autht Ix. A jc-

f vu cut uc ct t f t vb.


23/39


Fc f u, cu th u b Pzz (1999) Stcu (2005), cArea

c Populaon ( cu f Tb 7). Wh w u th R Autht Ix f th

t f c, w c th v. A b x tht th c f tx

c v f vt cu v t tt v th u tht c tx wb ub f -t v hb tw u ct vc f whch th t tx

(Bch/K 2006).

Th vc t h u t th but th hth f th tuctu f ub-

vt. Wh th ut t ut bv t vt tuctu ub,

th cu w btb. Th t, c, x ctz ct f cuc-

whch h t tc. Hwv, th uc f cuc ct c 1950 h

t h th ct ct f c c ctz.11 Mv, cut t

uch htu th cut. Th uch-ct f Pzz (1999) A

S (2003) b whch tc f th ct ( ct) f cut

x f fc htt. Hwv, th c btw cut z th F (2003)

u f thc vt c 39 cc qu-cc jut 0.078 ( = 0.62). It

tu tht vt f c bc h t v u f t, but th cut hv

hh t f hc bt, ut, th hv fw tt . B ctt,

Eu cut, t th , ct tt wth cv u

cutu.

6. C

I ct th h b w cc wth th ct f ut v f-

c but c tu (Abh t . 2008), thc cct (Bw/Hub 2010), cc

(C t . 2008), c (B t . fthc; M t . 2007) t t but fw

tc ct ubh c. Ft , Bc (1970: 1105) f th chf

b:

A very common pracce whenever measurement is clearly recognized as being crude is to resort to a

relavely small number of ordered categories. In the extreme case the analyst may use dichotomies

in order to simplify his analysis. It may not be recognized that such very simple procedures produce

both random and nonrandom measurement errors that become increasingly serious as the number of

categories is reduced.

11 I w th 1950, Hbt S h c-uth hthz tht -tc th

t uc f vt t w tv uch c tht v th

f cuc hv uch t f ctz b (S t . 1956: 275; 279). Of

th 39 cut t wth h, Sw G hv bc ctz c 1950, wh 29

hv bc z.


24/39


Th c h u tht th c th c th tu f vt. Th ctt btw

ut f vt fut, t t t hv tht-jct t t t

v c c. It ct u t th vt f ctu chc, but w

f f tht t h cut f ct t th th. B ccv vt tuc-tu chtu t, th ut/f c v t ch v v t

th c f f f Bh c.

Rch wh wh t u vt tuctu hv tt ct th hv

u c t th h f ub tx ct ct f ub uth-

t. Th - bcu vt c v c b u t t cct t c

hw t .

Th ut tut u h u th c btw f u h u

b f ch thv. W t f u h u ht -

t t th tu th f vt, th c f th c ctc, th

w , th xcuv cct, t, c ct, ctu w. Th

tut v t v f ut w btw

th, w tht th u f cut cqu f vt tuctu th

t . W c th ct ct f cutu htt, cc, uc

ctz.

Th u ctt wth th ut tht vt h b t btw

ctz, whch uc th ct ct f ubc , ctz, whch fctt

u btw vt cz (Aw 1961; Dutch 1966; Kch/Dutch 1969; T

2007: 55-69).

Th hth ctt wth th fct tht f cut, whch cu th Ut Stt,

Aut, C, v uch th ut cut. Hwv, th c b-

tw vt tuctu wh w t v ctz

-f cut. F, Fc, J, S, Sw, f x, z, but hv

ct v f ctz. Bcu t h v wth ch ct, th ut/

f c v v t th c f f th c tht wc Bh c v t v t th th f th c.

Wh hu c tht th u f cut th th t cqu f t v-

t? A cut ftt t bjct x f c v ctu, but t u v

chb. Th cu ch b whch ct vt tuctu, v,

tc. Th cu ch b whch u ct vt tuctu, f,

th bt f u uc ubc c. Wh w w but f

th w w but tc, th f thz uu th c w h

ctbut t th f cc c.


25/39


Th cc th ct f u fut qu but hw w hu x

th tuctu f vt. Th z f cut u tuctu fct tht f bc,

h t th v b, th cu ch t c c but th c f w

v f vt th c f utht c x v. Th uch t but thch. Hw th fuc u f u th f f t

tt t th c u tht h c ? At t w th qu w

t cct th f t c ubc c wth ccut f vt

tuctu. B cfu b f t b th t vb, u u t

uc v t f cu ct, ut b th.


26/39


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Was, Ronald L. 1999: C F St, 2 . Kt: Itut f Itvt R-, McG-Qu Uvt P.

Was, Ronald L. 1998: F, f c t, f, : Au Rvw f PcScc 1, 117-137.

Wibbels, Erik2005: F th Mt: Itvt Cct Ecc Rf thDv W, Cb: Cb Uvt P.

Wright, Deil S. 1988: Ut Itvt R, Mt, CA: B.

Zeitlin, Jonathan 2010: Pc T: Gvc c B th Gb Ec.SASE Au M, P A, 22-24 Ju 2010, Phh, USA.

Zibla, Daniel2006: Stuctu th Stt: Th F f It G th Puzz f F-, Pct: Pct Uvt P.


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A A

Table A.1: Operaonalizaon of Independent Variables (Tables 6 & 7)

Populaon Au u 000, 10. Suc: Penn World Table 6.3 (Ht t . 2009).

Area Au u 000 2, 10. Suc: Penn World Table 6.3 (Ht t . 2009).

Ethnicity Th bbt tht tw vu ct t f th cut u w b f

t thc u. D u h f thc u cut p1, p2, p3. . . ,

pn, th thc fcz x

F t v t f th tw . O cut wh thc

c t wh tt cctt cc t th Minories at Risktt

(2009) cv vu t f z. Suc: F (2003); vb h://www.tf.

u/~jf/ (cc Mch 2011).

Inequality Cct f v (CV) f GDP ct. Th u tz ccut

fw:

whyi th c ct f i, N th ub f , th

ct GRDP (uwht b u) cut:

Th f whch t ubc vb f cut. W u 2000

t t c 39 cut.

Suc: R GDP ct t f Eurostatwbt f EU-27, C Mc

(cc Mch 2011); OECD t f -EU cc (cc Mch 2011); Ru

f B Czzw (2007). F cu f th cct f v th

u f qut, Sh Shh (2001).

Auence Au c uct ct, cut c. L10. Suc: Penn World Table 6.3

(Ht t . 2009).

Democracy Freedom House x f ch cut- c 1972. Vu t b th uth t

1972. Th x u c f c ht cv b 7-t c f 1=t

cc t 7=t cc. Rc tht hh vu ct cc. Suc:

h://www.fhu. (cc Mch 2011).

Regional pares P f t th t f u b. N-c

t th vu f th t ct c . A t wh t h

xcuv ct b. Suc: Pt t v b Aj H. Sch ut b

th uth.


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Table A.2: Summary Stascs

M/Vb Mean S.D. Min M

Measures of Regional Authority

Itu Dth 2.08 1.48 0 5.76

Pc Sc 1.68 1.58 0 5.00

Fc Aut 1.41 1.55 0 4.94

Rt 2.77 2.29 0 7.97

Lw M 0.43 0.68 0 2.00

Excuv Ct 0.31 0.60 0 2.00

Fc Ct 0.40 0.71 0 3.00

Ctu Rf 0.80 1.34 0 5.98

Independent Variables

Pu 6.96 0.75 5.16 8.48

A 2.21 0.93 0.50 4.23

Ethct 0.12 0.20 0.02 0.60

Iqut 0.24 0.13 0.00 0.62

Auc 3.82 0.47 2.42 4.82

Dcc 12.1 1.60 3.00 13.00

R P 0.03 0.12 0.00 1.00

Table A.3: Correlaon Table for the Measures of Regional Authority

ID PS FA R LM EC FC CR

I D 1

Policy Scope .88 1F A .74 .85 1

R .93 .87 .73 1

Lw Mk .60 .61 .62 .54 1

E C .63 .75 .60 .58 .67 1

Fiscal Control .50 .52 .44 .43 .73 .52 1

C R .58 .60 .59 .52 .71 .50 .80 1

Nt: N=1603. ID=Instuonal Depth; PS=Policy Scope; FA=Fiscal Autonomy; R=Representaon; LM=Law Making;

EC=Execuve Control; FC=Fiscal Control; CR=Constuonal Reform.


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Table A.4: Countries, Start of Measurement (through 2006), Minimum, Mean, Maximum Value on Regional Authority

Index

C Start Min Mean M

Aut

Aut

Bu

Bu

C

C

Cu

Czch Rubc

D

Et

F

Fc

G

Gc

Hu

Ic

I

It

J

Ltv

Lthu

Luxbu

Mc

Mt

Nth

Nw Z

Nw

P

Ptu

R

Ru

Sv

Sv

S

Sw

Swtz

Tu

Ut K

Ut Stt

1950

1955

1950

1991

1950

1991

1960

1993

1950

1992

1950

1950

1950

1950

1990

1950

1950

1950

1950

1990

1992

1950

1991

1964

1950

1950

1950

1990

1976

1991

1993

1993

1990

1978

1950

1950

1950

1950

1950

18.02

17.00

14.00

1.00

22.60

.00

.00

.00

4.14

.00

1.09

6.00

28.42

1.00

8.00

0.00

.00

8.35

8.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

13.50

.00

4.00

2.00

2.54

6.00

15.66

.00

.00

10.04

10.00

19.50

1.00

4.69

23.08

18.32

17.44

22.33

1.00

22.63

7.75

.00

3.50

7.90

.00

2.57

10.77

29.15

3.14

9.24

.00

1.49

13.63

8.25

.00

3.20

.00

.00

.00

13.73

6.00

7.37

4.82

3.43

8.81

17.50

2.57

.00

20.25

11.29

19.50

4.23

9.06

23.14

19.40

18.00

32.07

1.00

22.65

10.00

.00

7.00

10.19

.00

7.11

16.00

29.47

10.00

10.00

.00

6.00

22.74

10.00

.00

4.00

.00

.00

.00

14.50

9.00

10.00

8.00

3.59

11.00

19.00

6.00

.00

22.14

13.50

19.50

5.00

9.93

23.20


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A B: M R A

Th tut vut vu f vt ( vu tc t

wth c utu ttut) u b c ht f utht.

P uc (ctu, , ttut) tut wth c ttu c-ut f cut xt t chv b v t. Th tu c v f

vt bw th v wth v u t th 150,000 39 cc

(Tb A.4) v th 1950-2006. Ivu tht hv c ttut cu v f

th t t th u ct.

Th c ch bw ( Tb 1) t ut th ht tht ctut th tt v-

b f vt. Tb 2 t th c ct whch v tht th ht

c ct wth th f f u h u, but tht 68 ct f th

vc c th h. Th Cbch h c th f 39 cut

2006 0.93.

A) SELF RULE

1) Instuonal Depth

Fu ct uh. Th t u ct wh th fuc -u

t. Th c cb b th Nc t, dconcentraon, whch f

t t tht hchc ubt t ct vt. A cctt

t h th h f f vc bu, , but but

ct vt utt. Th tw ct uh t tht x-

c fu utht. Th f-v vt, th t h wth

th ct vt t th th hchc. Th fut c h whth-

f-vt , t, ubjct t ct vt vt (F 2010; I 2008).

I D

0: fuc -u t t th v;

1: cctt, -u, t;

2: -cctt, u, t ubjct t ct vt vt;

3: -cctt, u, t t ubjct t ct vt vt.

2) Policy Scope

Th cc wth utht v c (Bc 2006; K 2001;

Pt 1995; S 2010). Pc u t v : cc, cutu-uc, wf,

ctuv ccv c (u w, c, w tu t-u, c vt),

czh. R vt c whth th xc utht ,

, th f th t fu c . Th c ct t whth

vt c-xc utht v bh t cut, .. czh

c.


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Policy Scope

0: v w uthtv ctc;

1: uthtv ctc ), b), c) )

) cc c;

b) cutu-uc c;

c) wf c;

) f th fw: u w, c, w tu tu, c vt

2: uthtv ctc at least two f ), b), c), );

3: uthtv ctc ) t t tw f ), b), c);

4: t th ct f 3 u utht v czh.

3) Fiscal Autonomy

Fc ut vut t f vt utht t t th b t f

j tx t juc (OECD 1999; R 2004; Sch 2008). A ch v

b th OECD (1999), whch uh tw f utht (ct t f ct v-

t, h u wth ct vt), th f ct (b, t, vu t),

w t v ch tht uc () u (t c) u, (b) f

cu v f vt (t t c ub v) tht (c) cctu c t

th th t b u: .., utht c . W vt tx

wh b uh btw j tx wth th, btw th cct t

ct b t, t .

F A

0: th ct vt t th b t f tx;

1: th vt t th t f tx;

2: th vt t th b t f tx;

3: th vt t th t f t t j tx: c, ct,

ct, vu , tx;

4: th vt t th b t f t t j tx.

4) Representaon

R utht wth ct t t ccv th cct f ct t ct

c h: th c f t, b ct c b ub c h b

ct c th ; th c f xcuv, b x t f /ct u xcu-

v b.


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Assembly

0: th h b;

1: th h ct ct b;

2: th h ct ct b.

E

0: th xcuv t b ct vt;

1: u xcuv t b ct vt th b;

2: th xcuv t b b ct ct.

B) SHARED RULE

Th x uh fu vu f c c . A

ct w thuh t t th tu, uu th u-

chb. A vt h xcuv bt wth th vt f

c. A c-t th tbu f tx vu th cut wh.

F, t tt, vt xc utht v th ctu t u

th cut , th c f c utu , v t w ctu h wth

th ct.

1) Law Making

Lw ) th f tuctu t t th v (.. th

c v chb); b) whth vt ct t th c

chb; c) whth hv jt t t th; ) th v c

f th c chb.

Lw Mk

0.5 f ch f th fw chctc:

th ut f t th tu, .. th tbu f t t b wht,

th th cz, vt th cut wh;

vt t tv th tu;

t v v hv jt t th tu;

tu wth t h xtv v utht, .. c vt c b v-

b ujt th th chb


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2) Execuve Control

Excuv ct t th bt tht xcuv hv u wth th ct v-

t whth th v hv vt w (Wht 1988). T c v thc, uch ut b uz, t ad hoc, t c th xu, uch ut b

uthtv th ut ch c tht f b th ct.

E C

0: u btw ct vt vt t t

c;

1: u btw ct vt vt wthut b

utht;

2: u btw ct vt vt wth utht t

ch b c.

3) Fiscal Control

Th f t th f , t th xt, x vt, v th tt t-

bu f tx vu. Sh u tx c c f v xcuv h

u. Yt c xtc c cqu uh t b c t. R

vt uc th tbu f tx vu, cu tvt t,

ct th ctxt f tvt , ct v tv tu wth

vt t.

Fiscal control

0: vt th tv th tu t cut v th tbu f tx

vu;

1: vt th tv th tu t v th tbu f tx vu, but

t hv vt;

2: vt th tv th tu hv vt v th tbu f tx vu.

4) Constuonal Reform

Ctu f utht v th u f th (A 2004; B 2009; W

1998). Th ch uh btw ct (.. ctt ct -

tv) vt. Sc th u f th u t th xtt f

governmentutht, th f th v wht th tht f th f. S th qu

whth th ct vt ut ctt c ut f th

ctu; th th t f ctt th tv; ut f

th c t f vt?


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C R

0: th ct vt / ctt c ut ch th ctu;

1: tu th c f t ut v ctu ch; ctu ch

qu fu b qu t (.. v jt f );

2: vt ct t jt tu whch c f th fw:

- t ctu f

- tuc t

- th c hu th th chb

- qu c vt th th chb

- qu u fu

3: jt f vt c vt ctu ch.

R T

Cut c bt b c f ch cut.

Th t tw cu f th tb bw th R Autht Ix wth th Number of Tiers

cu ct. Dt th t c btw Populaon Number of Tiers ( = 0.67),

Populaon t cc, th t ct vb wh t hh VIF t t ccut.

Th th cu tt th ub f th t vb hw tht Populaon

Regional Pares ct ct wth th ub f u ct.


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Table B.1: Robustness Analysis: Number of Tiers as Independent and Dependent Variable

D V R A I

VIF

Nb T

P 3.37 3.40

(1.88)

0.65

(0.18)

Area 1.41 1.99

(1.19)

0.05

(0.08)

Ethnicity 10.89 1.27

(4.67)

0.17

(0.31)

Iq 3.43 1.75

(5.26)

0.14

(0.54)

A 1.45 1.12

(0.78)

0.10

(0.07)

D 1.32 1.25

(0.33)

0.04

(0.03)

R 11.26 1.41

(3.34)

1.13

(0.35)

Nb 3.55 2.11

(2.01)

Constant 42.59

(12.49)

4.29

(1.05)

R2

F test

Mean

N ()

0.65

29.66***

1.79

1603 (39)

0.53

14.72***

1603 (39)

Nt: N-tz bt cct, but t cut cut th.


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T K-F - E A E

I R

Th K-Fchu (KFG) w fu u-ch b th G Rch Fu 2008. It ct-c f th KFG t v cc u vt

whch vv ch tc c b t wth b cu bt wth u f ju ch.

Th K-Fchu Th Tfv Pw f Eub tth ch Eu th B-B-bu tuz th c wth th uv- ch tu. It x th f th EU -t ct f , z th ch ctf t xt u c th ch :

It th Pubc Sh

Cc, Ct B

Beyond Federalism. Estimating and Explaining the Territorial Structure of Government

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