Attachment, Personality Disorder And Its Psychological Treatment
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Transcript of Beware of “psychology student’s disease”. Psychological disorder Psychological disorder –...
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Psychological DisordersBeware of “psychology student’s disease”
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Defining Disorder
What criteria do psychologists use to diagnose
psychological disorders?
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Psychological disorder – a “harmful dysfunction” in which behaviors are judged maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical.
4 attributes of a psych disorder: Maladaptive Unjustifiable Disturbing Atypical
Psych Disorders & MUDA
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destructive to oneself or others
exaggeration of normal, acceptable behaviors
Maladaptive
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does not have a rational basis
scenarios that meet this criteria: woman with fear of snakes
Unjustifiable
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troublesome to other people
Mass-murderersAurora CoSandy HookDahmer
Disturbing
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so different from other people’s behavior that it violates a norm (accepted behavior)
norms vary from culture to culture
Atypical
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Classifying Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition
published by the American Psychiatric Association
lists and describes all the currently accepted categories of mental disorders
DSM-IV-TR
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divides mental disorders into 17 major categories
includes the symptoms but not the causes of each disease
Neurosis – disorder that is distressing but allows one to think rationally and function socially
Psychosis – disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas an distorted perceptions
DSM-IV-TR
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety – vague feelings of apprehension and nervousness
Specific Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)– persistent,
unexplained feelings of apprehension and tenseness (must experience at least 3 symptoms of anxiety – pg. 535)
Panic Disorder – sudden episodes of intense, unexplained panic
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions (obsessions – thoughts; compulsions – actions) – chart page 539
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Specific Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Phobia – disruptive, irrational fears Agoraphobia – fear of having a panic attack in the
wrong place or fear of open spaces (usually stay home)
Social phobia – fear of being scrutinized by others, avoid speaking up, eating out, going to parties
Other phobias – triskaidekaphobia (number 13), uxoriphobia (one’s wife), Santa Clautrophobia (getting stuck in chimneys), panaphobia (everything), phobophobia (fear of fear), anthophobia (flowers), trichophobia (hair), numerophobia (numbers); page 537
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder – triggered by stress; reliving a severely upsetting event in unwanted recurring memories and dreams; symptoms include: haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, depression
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Explanation for Anxiety Disorders
Behaviorism: Conditioning - can learn to
associate certain things w/ anxiety-causing events from past
Observational Learning – children can learn fears just from watching their parents
Reinforcement – people gain release from anxiety by avoiding the situation/thing (reinforces that behavior)
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Explanation for Anxiety Disorders
Biological Factors: Heredity – predispositions for
disorders (identical twins raised in different families have similar phobias)
Brain Function – higher degree of activity in frontal lobes (planning, attention, processing emotion) of people w/ OCD; amygdala (emotions) different in people w/ phobias
Neurotransmitters – OCD linked to low serotonin levels (mood/arousal)
Amygdala
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Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder – experience at least 2 weeks of depressed moods (pg. 543) & diminished interest in activities for no apparent reason; lack of energy; sleep disturbances; possible suicide risk
Bipolar Disorder – alternate between major depression and mania (unrealistically optimistic, wildly hyper, agitated)
Mark Twain Vincent van Gogh
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Explanations for Mood Disorders
Social-Cognitive Factors: Learned Helplessness – can produce depression
(negative thoughts) & self-fulfilling prophesies
Attributions (Explanatory Style) – depressed people are more likely explain bad events as stable (lasting forever), global (affects everything), internal (my fault) – attributions lead to hopelessness & depression
Culture – depression less common in collectivist cultures – social supports available, feel less responsible for bad events
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Explanations for Mood Disorders
Biological Factors: Heredity – Major Depressive
Disorder: identical twins - if one has, other has 50 % chance of developing it; only 20% for fraternal twins; Bipolar (identical twins: 70% chance)
Brain Function – Major Depressive Disorder: brain is less active during depression (esp. frontal lobes that are active for positive emotions) but more active in manic states
Neurotransmitters – Major Depressive Disorder connected w/ low levels of serotonin, dopamine, & norepinephrine
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Dissociative Disorders: General Information
dissociate – to separate or divide
Breakdown in a person’s normal conscious experience (loss of memory or identity)
Believed by some to be an attempt to escape from part of self that one fears (reduce anxiety)
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia – memory loss (including basic knowledge of self) as a reaction to specific, stressful events (basically amnesia with no physical cause)
Dissociative fugue – extended form of dissociative amnesia; loss of one’s identity is accompanied by travel to a new location
Dissociative identity disorder – person is said to exhibit two or more distinct and alternating personalities that take control at different times; usually suffered sever physical, psychological, or sexual abuse as a child; existence is controversial
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Dissociative Disorders Debate
Evidence for: distinct brain states associated w/ different personalities, changes in eye-muscle balance, eye color, scars, handedness, and vision
Evidence against: virtually nonexistent outside North America
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DID Quick Write
After watching the documentary, what do you think about the dissociate disorders debate (especially surrounding DID) now?
Do you think it is a real disorder or are these people misdiagnosed and under the influence of a persuasive therapist?
Explain how you came to your conclusion.
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Schizophrenia:General Information
Not one disorder “Schiz” – break from reality (psychosis) Inappropriate behaviors & emotions word salad – nonsense talks Hallucinations (false perceptions) – most
often auditory, can be visual or tactile Delusions (false beliefs) of:
grandeur – you are more important than you really are
persecution – people are out to get you
sin or guilt – being responsible for some misfortune influence – being controlled by outside forces “devil”
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Schizophrenia Disorders
Paranoid schizophrenia – delusions , particularly grandeur & persecution; auditory & other hallucinations often support the delusions
Catatonic schizophrenia – variations in voluntary movement; alternates between two phases: excitement and stupor (flat emotions, appear to be in a daze & waxy flexibility)
Disorganized schizophrenia – bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations; visibly disturbed (often described as “crazy”)
Undifferentiated schizophrenia – symptoms that are disturbed but are not clearly consistent with other types
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Schizophrenia ExplanationsBiological Factors: Genetics:
predisposition – higher rates for people w/ sibling or parent (1 in 10) who has it (1 in 100 in general pop); 1 in 2 if identical twin has it
Brain Structure: small amounts of brain tissue & larger fluid-filled spaces thalamus (routes sensory memory) is smaller
Brain Function: less activity in frontal lobes 6x normal number of receptor sites for dopamine
Prenatal Viruses: viral infection during middle of pregnancy (pg. 565)
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Schizophrenia: Biological Explanations
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Schizophrenia Explanations
Psychological Factors: Stress & disturbed
family communications– may contribute to the development of schizophrenia (for those have a predisposition)
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Personality Disorders:General Information
Lasting, rigid patterns of behavior that seriously impair one’s social functioning
Usually evident by adolescence
The person often does not recognize the problem exists
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Personality Disorders(related to anxiety)
Avoidant personality disorder – sensitive about being rejected; personal relationships difficult
Dependent personality disorder – behave in clingy, submissive ways & display a strong need to have others take care of them
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Personality Disorders(odd or eccentric behaviors)
Paranoid personality disorder – shows deep distrust of other people; suspiciousness gets in the way of personal relationships
Schizoid personality disorder – detached from social relationships; hermits; avoid intimate interactions with others
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Personality Disorders(dramatic or impulsive behaviors)
Borderline personality disorder – instability of emotions, self-image, behavior, and relationships
Antisocial personality disorder – (also known as psychopathic or sociopathic) no concern for the rights or feelings of other people; willing to engage in criminal behavior & shows no remorse; occurs more often in males & develops in adolescence ; often charming & clever; difficult to treat