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Better Than All the Rest:Finding Maximum-Performance GPU Kernels

Using Auto-Tuning

Cedric Nugteren

GPU Technology ConferenceApril 7, 2016

HPC center of the Netherlands Augmented Reality Technology

How to find the best flight ticket?

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Which airline?

Fly a day earlier or later?

Which route?

Solution:• Evaluate all combinations manually • … or use a flight comparison website

How to find the best flight ticket?

3

Which airline?

Fly a day earlier or later?

Which route?

Solution:• Evaluate all combinations manually • … or use a flight comparison websitethe CLTune auto-tuner

Cache in shared memory?

Thread block sizes?

More work per thread or less?

Example: convolution

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Targets:• GPUs (CUDA & OpenCL) • Multi-core CPUs • Other OpenCL-capable devices

Example: blur filter

X

Y Yf

Xf A

X

B

filter size: Xf by Yf

outputinputinput output

filter coefficients

example: 3 by 3 filter

OpenCL 2D convolution

double for-loop

each thread: one output pixel

Thread coarsening (2D)?

Unroll loops?

work-group / thread-block size?

Vector data-types?

Cache in local / shared memory?

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Search-space explosion

16 x 2 x 16 x 4 x 5 = 10240

3424 configurations

filter illegalconfigurationsLarge search-space:

• Not feasible to explore manually • Perhaps not even feasible automatically?


Unroll loops?

Work-group / thread-block size?

Vector data-types?


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Why do we need an auto-tuner?Large search-space:• Not feasible to explore manually • Perhaps not even feasible automatically?

Wide variety of devices:• Different optimal kernels • Even from the same vendor

User-parameter dependent:• Examples: matrix sizes,

image size, filter sizes, etc.

Vector data-types?


Unroll loops?



X

Y Yf

Xf A

X

B

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Why do we need an auto-tuner?Large search-space:• Not feasible to explore manually • Perhaps not even feasible automatically?

Wide variety of devices:• Different optimal kernels • Even from the same vendor

User-parameter dependent:• Examples: matrix sizes,

image size, filter sizes, etc.

Vector data-types?


Unroll loops?



X

Y Yf

Xf A

X

B

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CLTune in actionExample input data

Verifies output based on optional reference kernel

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Example: matrix-vector multiplication (y = Ax)

with tiling

Tile size (TS):4 possible values

Kernel to tune

CLTune in action

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Tuneable tile-size TS

Handles all the host - device data transfers!

CLTune in action

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Tuneable tile-size TS

Handles all the host - device data transfers!

Search strategiesOption 0: Full search☺ Finds optimal solution ☓Explores all options

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random SA T=2 SA T=4 SA T=6 PSO S=3 PSO S=6

device: K40m

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searchspace

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device: K40m

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searchspace

mean

rotated histogram

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3424 convolution kernels on Tesla K40m GPU

Search strategiesOption 0: Full searchOption 1: Random search☺ Explores arbitrary fraction ☓ Performance varies

Colours: 3 example runssearch progress (steps)

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random on K40m

56%

94%

74%

Example: 107 out of 3424 configurations (1/32th)

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Search strategiesOption 0: Full searchOption 1: Random searchOption 2: Simulated annealing☺ Explores arbitrary fraction ☓ Performance varies ☓ Meta-parameter ☓ Local optima

search progress (steps)

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SA T=4 on K40m91%

64%

84%


Colours: 3 example runs

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Search strategiesOption 0: Full searchOption 1: Random searchOption 2: Simulated annealingOption 3: Particle swarm optim.☺ Explores arbitrary fraction ☓ Performance varies ☓ Meta-parameter ☓ Local optima

Colours: 3 example runssearch progress (steps)

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PSO S=3 on K40m

43%

66%

44%


Line-types: 3 swarms15

Search strategies evaluationpe

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device: K40m

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searchspace

Each search: 107 out of 3424 configurations (1/32th)

average best result of 128 searches

meta-parameters for SA and PSO

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Conclusions:• PSO performs poorly • SA perform good, but not much better

than random search

[1]: C. Nugteren and V. Codreanu. CLTune: A Generic Auto-Tuner for OpenCL Kernels. IEEE MCSoC ’15.

Search strategies evaluationpe

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device: K40m

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searchspace

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device: GTX480

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device: HD7970

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device: Iris

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searchspace

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Solution: machine learning?

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Machine learning an auto-tuner

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Evaluate subset of all configurations

(e.g. 100 out of 3424)Train model with the examples

Predict execution time for all other configurations

Neural network (3-layer fully connected)

Linear regression

(take best 10 and evaluate them on actual hardware)

[2]: T.L. Falch and A.C. Elster. Machine Learning Based Auto-tuning for Enhanced OpenCL Performance Portability.

input: parameter configuration

output: execution time


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Trained on a random subset of convolution example (1/32th)

Zoomed in


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Zoomed in

Trained on a random subset of convolution example (1/32th)

GEMM case-study

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K40m GTX480 HD7970 Iris

GEMM performance comparison this workclBLAScuBLAS

1933

1197

2870 845

318

8823144

2409

240

56

GFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPSGFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPSGFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPS

cuBLASN/A

cuBLASN/A

X

C

+=

Mwg

M

Mwi

KwgK

Nwg

N

Nwi

N

Mwg

Nwg

Nwi

M

Mwi

Per thread tiling

Per workgroup tiling

BAT

Unrolled by a factor Kwi

Mwi x MdimC = Mwg

Conclusions:• Different best parameters for

different devices • Performance better than clBLAS,

but not as good as assembly-tuned cuBLAS

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GEMM case-study

perfo

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ce [%

of d

evic

e−pe

ak]

0

20

40

60

80

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K40m GTX480 HD7970 Iris

GEMM performance comparison this workclBLAScuBLAS

1933

1197

2870 845

318

8823144

2409

240

56

GFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPSGFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPSGFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPS

GFLOPS

cuBLASN/A

cuBLASN/A

X

C

+=

Mwg

M

Mwi

KwgK

Nwg

N

Nwi

N

Mwg

Nwg

Nwi

M

Mwi

Per thread tiling

Per workgroup tiling

BAT

Unrolled by a factor Kwi

Mwi x MdimC = Mwg

Conclusions:• Different best parameters for

different devices • Performance better than clBLAS,

but not as good as assembly-tuned cuBLAS

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Convolution case-studype

rform

ance

[% o

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ice−

peak

]

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3x3 filter 7x7 filter 11x11 filter

device: GTX480

298

125

572

46

787

26GFLOPS

GB/s

GFLOPS

GB/s

GFLOPS

GB/s

Conclusions:• Different best parameters for different:

• devices (see paper) • filter-sizes

• Performance equal or better than the state-of-the-art [3]

[3]: B. Van Werkhoven, J. Maassen, H.E. Bal, and F.J. Seinstra. Optimizing Convolution Operations on GPUs Using Adaptive Tiling.

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What about CUDA support?

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Written for OpenCL, but …• Uses the high-level OpenCL API CLCudaAPI

• And CLCudaAPI also has a CUDA back-end!

• Switch between OpenCL and CUDA with a single include • Uses the CUDA 7.0 driver API and runtime compilation library (nvrtc)

Better Than All the Rest:Finding Maximum-Performance GPU Kernels Using Auto-Tuning

Auto-tuning GPU kernels:• Large search-space • Wide variety of devices • User-parameter dependent Advanced search strategies:• Simulated annealing • Particle swarm optimisation

Case-studies:• Fastest 2D convolution • CLBlast matrix-multiplication

library perfo

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ce [%

of d

evic

e−pe

ak]

0

20

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60

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3x3 filter 7x7 filter 11x11 filter

device: GTX480

298

125

572

46

787

26GFLOPS

GB/s

GFLOPS

GB/s

GFLOPS

GB/s

Machine-learning:• Train a model on a small subset • Use the model to predict the remainder

Source-code on GitHub: https://github.com/CNugteren/CLTune

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[More info]: C. Nugteren and V. Codreanu. CLTune: A Generic Auto-Tuner for OpenCL Kernels. IEEE MCSoC ’15.

Slides available @ www.cedricnugteren.nl

https://github.com/CNugteren/CLTune

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