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![Page 1: Best Practices in Supervision of School Psychologists: Perspectives from the Field and the University Setting Ashley Arnold, MA, LSSP, NCSP Jennifer L.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649c6d5503460f9491ee22/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Best Practices in Supervision of School Psychologists:Perspectives from the Field and the University Setting
Ashley Arnold, MA, LSSP, NCSP
Jennifer L. Schroeder, PhD, LP, LSSP, NCSP
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Objectives
Review legal and ethical guidelines for providing supervision
Review effective techniques for supervision of practicum students, interns, and first-year LSSPs
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NASP Principles for Professional Ethics
Standard IV.4.2
“School psychologists who supervise practicum students and interns are responsible for all professional practices of the supervisee. They ensure that practicum students and interns are adequately supervised as outlined in the NASP Graduate Preparation Standards for School Psychologists. Interns and graduate students are identified as such, and their work is cosigned by the supervising school psychologist.”
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NASP Principles for Professional Ethics
Standard IV.4.3
“School psychologists who employ, supervise, or train professional provide appropriate working conditions, fair and timely evaluation, constructive supervision, and continuing professional development opportunities.”
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NASP Principles for Professional Ethics
Standard IV.4.4
“School psychologists who are faculty members at universities or who supervise graduate education field experiences apply these ethical principles in all work with school psychology graduate students. In addition, they promote the ethical practice of graduate students by providing specific and comprehensive instruction, feedback, and mentoring.”
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Supervisor Qualifications
TSBEP Rule 465.38(5) Supervision may only be provided by a LSSP, who has a
minimum of 3 years of experience providing psychological services in the public schools of this or another state. To meet supervisor qualifications, a licensee must be able to document the required experience by providing documentation from the authority that regulate the provision of psychological services in the public schools of that state…
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Supervisor Qualifications
TSBEP Rule 465.38(5)
(continued)…
…and proof that the licensee provided such services, documented by the public schools in the state in which the services were provided. Any licensed specialist in school psychology may count one full year as an intern or trainee as one of the 3 years of experience required to perform supervision.
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Supervision RulesTSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(A)(i-iv)
(4) Supervision. (A) Direct, systematic, face-to-face supervision must be provided to:
(i) Interns as defined in §463.9 of this title
(ii) Individuals who meet the training requirements of §463.9 of this title and who have passed the National School Psychology Examination at the Texas cutoff score or above and who have been notified in writing of this status by the Board. These individuals may practice under supervision in a Texas public school district for no more than one calendar year. They must be designated as trainees.
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Supervision RulesTSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(A)(i-iv) (continued)
(4) Supervision. (A) Direct, systematic, face-to-face supervision must be provided to:
(iii) LSSPs for a period of one academic year following licensure unless the individual also holds licensure as a psychologist in Texas. This supervision may be waived for individuals who legally provided full-time, unsupervised school psychological services in another state for a minimum of 3 academic years immediately preceding application for licensure in Texas as documented by the public schools where services were provided and who graduated from a training program approved by NASP or accredited in school psychology by APA or who hold NCSP certification.
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Supervision RulesTSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(A)(i-iv) (continued)
(4) Supervision. (A) Direct, systematic, face-to-face supervision must be provided to:
(iv) LSSPs when the individual is providing psychological services outside his or her area of training and supervised experience.
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Supervision RulesTSBEP Rule 465.38(4)(B)
(B) Nothing in this rule applies to administrative supervision of psychology personnel within Texas public schools, performed by non-psychologists, in job functions involving, but not limited to, attendance, time management, completion of assignments, or adherence to school policies and procedures.
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INTERNSHIP AND TRAINEE REQUIREMENTS
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Internship RulesTSBEP 463.9 (c)
(c) Minimum of 1200 hours, of which 600 must be in a public school
Must be provided through a formal course of supervised study from a regionally accredited institution of higher education
Supervised by an individual qualified in accordance with Board rule §465.38 of this title (relating to Psychological Services in the Schools).
Internship which is not obtained in a public school must be supervised by a licensed psychologist.
No experience with a supervisor who is related within the second degree of affinity or within the second degree by consanguinity to the person, or is under Board disciplinary order, may be considered for specialist in school psychology licensure.
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Internship RulesTSBEP 463.9 (c)
Internships may not involve more than two sites (a school district is considered one site) and must be obtained in not less than one or more than two academic years.
These individuals must be designated as interns.
Direct, systematic supervision must involve a minimum of one face-to-face contact hour per week or two consecutive face-to-face contact hours once every two weeks with the intern.
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Internship RulesTSBEP 463.9 (c)
The internship must include direct intern application of assessment, intervention, behavior management, and consultation, for children representing a range of ages, populations and needs.
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Who Can Practice in the Schools?TSBEP Rule 463.9 (g)
(g) Provision of psychological services in the public schools by unlicensed individuals. An unlicensed individual may provide psychological services under supervision in the public schools pursuant to section §501.004(a)(2) of the Act. Services may be provided if:
(1) the individual is enrolled in an internship, practicum or other site based training in a school psychology program in a regionally accredited institution of higher education,
OR
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Who Can Practice in the Schools?TSBEP Rule 463.9 (g)
(g) Provision of psychological services in the public schools by unlicensed individuals. An unlicensed individual may provide psychological services under supervision in the public schools pursuant to section §501.004(a)(2) of the Act. Services may be provided if:
(2) the individual has completed an internship in a school psychology program in a regionally accredited institution of higher education AND has an application for licensure as an LSSP pending before the Board AND the Board has not notified the applicant that he or she does not meet the training requirements for this licensure,
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Who Can Practice in the Schools?TSBEP Rule 463.9 (g)
(g) Provision of psychological services in the public schools by unlicensed individuals. An unlicensed individual may provide psychological services under supervision in the public schools pursuant to section §501.004(a)(2) of the Act. Services may be provided if:
OR
(3) the individual has been issued a trainee status letter by the Board.
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Trainee Requirements TSBEP Rule 463.9 (f)
Trainee Requirements. An applicant for the specialist in school psychology license who meets all requirements, prior to taking and passing the Jurisprudence examination, may, in accordance with Board rule §465.38(4) of this title (relating to Psychological Services in the Schools), practice under supervision as a trainee for not more than one calendar year.
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Qualifications and ObligationsSite Supervisors
Meet the NCSP credentialing requirements
Complete a minimum of 3 years’ supervised experience as a LSSP
Helpful if employed full time in the district
Knowledge that supervision takes considerable time
Possesses significant interpersonal skills
Familiar with basic ethical and legal responsibilities and requirements for field work
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Qualifications and ObligationsUniversity Supervisors
Ensure university and state requirements are met
Serves as liaison between training site and university program
Develop a relationship with the site supervisor
Monitors appropriateness of site
Ensures the student is sufficiently competent to warrant licensure
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Qualifications and ObligationsUniversity Supervisors
Formal opportunities for students to compare notes, ask questions, and formulate conclusions
Makes site visits
If a student encounters difficulty, serves as both mediator and problem solver
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Clinical vs. Administrative Supervision
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Supervision Competencies (Dunsmuir & Leadbetter, 2010)
Profession Specific
Specialist/TherapeuticCore
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Clinical Supervision
Clinical Supervisors:
Demonstrate and teach techniques and skills
Examine student work with supervisees
Help supervisees conceptualize cases
Assist supervisees as they design intervention strategies
Assist supervisees as they disaggregate and interpret data
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Clinical Supervision
Clinical Supervisors:
Ensure that supervisees practice only within areas of professional competence
Help supervisees learn how to work with different types of people
Debrief supervisees after difficult or crisis situations
Provide second opinions
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Clinical Supervision
Clinical Supervisors:
Help supervisees address their blind spots resulting from personal experiences
Provide training and professional development opportunities
Encourage induction into the profession via membership in professional organizations
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Supervisee Experience and Developmental Model (Ronnestad & Skovholt, 2003) Expertise requires 5-7 years of corrected experience to
develop Lifelong, slow, continuous, erratic Relationships have most impact on development, not
workshops
What to expect…the development of competence
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Supervisee Experience and Developmental Model (Ronnestad & Skovholt, 2003)
Six stages of professional growth Lay helpers – sympathetic, advice giving, low emotional
regulation Beginning student – rely heavily on supervisors, highly anxious Advanced students/interns – Excessively thorough, conflicts
during supervision are common due to trying to assert themselves
Novice professionals – Explore their roles, become disillusioned Experienced professionals – lack of interest in professional
development Senior professionals – increased sense of reality in terms of
what they can accomplish
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Developmental Stages Model (Benner, 1984; Stoltenberg et al., 1998)
Focuses on cognitive changes with the practitioner
Five stages Novices – Rule-governed, “know about” not “how to,”
anxious, focus on skill acquisition Advanced beginners – Begin to take into account context,
concerned with learning and mastering techniques Competence – Less preoccupied with own performance,
engage in planning and goal setting Proficiency – Reflect and integrate Experts – Intuitive, efficient
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Developmental Supervision
ALL school psychologists are novices when they encounter situations with which they have no experience
Need to match style with stage at which supervisee is Novice – needs close supervision, encourage, suggest,
integrate Advanced beginner – give more autonomy, introduce
alternative views, provide comments on processes, use tapes, role plays, etc.
Competent – let supervisees lead supervision, case-based Proficient and expert –supervision helps maintain and
upgrade skill, supervising supervisors
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Administrative Supervision
Administrative Supervisors:
Provide leadership
Recruit and hire
Delegate assignments
Conduct formal personnel evaluations
Design corrective action
Take ultimate responsibility for services provided by supervisees
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Can a person be both clinical and administrative supervisor?
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Example of MOU between University and School District
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Rationales for Supervision
Skill Maintenance
Skill Improvement and Expansion
Professional Development
Reduced Stress
Enhanced Accountability
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Challenges in Supervising School Psychological Services
Evaluation Procedures
Supervisory Structures
Lack of Supervision Training Only 11% of supervisors have supervision training (Ross &
Goh, 1993) What kinds of things would training need to include
(develop an idea of what you might need)?
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Training Supervisors
Workshops, Informal Self-Study, and Peer Supervision Networks NASP has an online forum for supervisors
University-Run Training for Field Supervisors
Formal Coursework in Supervision or Administration
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Supervisor Characteristics
Personal Characteristics Integrity Secure Attachment Styles Sufficient Cognitive Development Mentally healthy Sensitive and responsive to multicultural issues
Motivation
Leadership Skills
Delegation Skills
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Theoretical Orientation and Supervision Models
Psychodynamic – focuses on developing relationships
Person-centered – focuses on developing UPR, congruence, empathy and warmth
Behavioral and cognitive behavioral – focuses on teaching appropriate skills and behaviors
Constructivism – construction of stories that influence future behavior
Discrimination model – focuses on matching supervisee needs and supervisor skills
Integrative approaches –combines multiple approaches
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Supervisor Role and Style (Hart & Nance, 2003)
Directive Teacher
Supportive Teacher
Consultant Counselor
High
Direction
Low
High Support Low
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Learning Principles
Provide experiential learning
Provide collaborative and interactive learning
Focus on important information
Tie new information to known information
Space and repeat learning trials
Incorporate corrective feedback
Encourage the monitoring of learning
Ensure comprehension
Foster self-regulation and self-appraisal of learning
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Supervision Goals
Reconcile your goal with the supervisee’s goals early
Write it down (may include in supervision contract)
Treat similar to treatment goals
Begin each supervision session with a working agenda
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Supervision Format
Individual
Individual within a small group
Group (4-8 supervisees)
Peer
Collaborative work
Mixed format
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Technology & Supervision
Email Ensure confidentiality Watch nonverbal cues (e.g., ALL CAPS)
Telephone
Videoconferencing
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Helpful Tips
Have LSSP call parent prior to testing and review informed consent, including informing parent of training status
Sign in blue ink
Maintain copy of trainee letter
Field Supervisor Evaluation
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Helpful Tips
STRUCTURE!!! Regular intervals of evaluation Scheduled time weekly for supervision
Same day, same time
Documentation of supervision time App: Hours Tracker
Structured Forms
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Helpful Tips
Develop a handbook for new supervisees List materials you would want to include
Set goals based on personal interests and developing competencies
Proactive interns are persistent with their supervisors
Adapt with flexibility
Think critically
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Helpful Tips
Handout 1.1 Field Supervisor Competencies
Handout 2.1 Supervisory Strategies to Meet Supervisees’ Psychological Needs
Handout 2.2 Strategies to Reduce Supervisee Anxiety
Handout 14.8 School Psychology Position Interview Questions
Handout 15.15 Intern Evaluation of Internship
Handout 15.17 Supervisor Evaluation
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Who’s responsibility is it to ensure the practicum student/intern/trainee can practice?
Licensees ensure that their supervisees have legal authority to provide psychological services in adherence to Board rules.
TSBEP Rule 465.2(b)
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Do I have to document the supervision in writing?
Yes! Licensees shall document their supervision activities in writing.
TSBEP Rule 465.2(e)
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSSigning Reports
____________________
Kid Rock, School Psychology Practicum Student
Supervised by:
_____________________
Mick Jagger, MA, LSSP
______________________
Derek Holland, LSSP Trainee
______________________
Nolan Ryan, MA, LSSP, NCSP
LSSP Supervisor
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References
Smith Harvey, V. & Struzziero, J. A. (2008). Professional Development and Supervision of School Psychologists (Second ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: National Association of School Psychologists and Corwin Press.
Douglas, K. & Valsamis (2013). Making the Most of Supervision. Communique, 41(8).