BEST PRACTICE PRESENTATION - euskadi.eus … · BEST PRACTICE PRESENTATION Partner: Basque...
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
BEST PRACTICE PRESENTATION
Partner: Basque GovernmentBody implementing the action:
NEIKER – Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (neiker.net)
Location: Basque Country (Biscay)
ActionActionActionActionMICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY AS BIOINDICATOR OF THE MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY AS BIOINDICATOR OF THE MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY AS BIOINDICATOR OF THE MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY AS BIOINDICATOR OF THE
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL HEALTHIMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL HEALTHIMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL HEALTHIMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL HEALTH
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
Background
AGRICULTURE IS THE HUMAN ACTIVITY THATHAS TRANSFORMED MOST OF THE EARTH
MAIN DRIVERS OFGLOBAL CHANGE - Land use change- Climate change- Pollution- Biodiversity loss- Nitrogen deposition- Invasive organisms
Global change is the term used to encompass a multi tude of environmental and ecological changes that have been noticed, meas ured and studied on Earth at a global scale
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
Background
MICROORGANISMS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANISMS IN THIS PLANET
Regarding their importance to the functioning of the Earth system, the ecologically most importantgroup are the prokaryotes followed by the single-celled eukaryotes and then the fungi and plants. The
least important group is the animals
MICROORGANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN MOST OF THOSE MICROORGANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN MOST OF THOSE MICROORGANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN MOST OF THOSE MICROORGANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN MOST OF THOSE ECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEM SERVICES
In addition to moral reasons to preserve it for its own sak e, biodiversityprovides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial to human well-being
Vital role in the mainprocesses of our planet:
- Photosynthesis- Nitrogen fixation- Decomposition of OM- Nutrient cycling
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Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
Background
MICROORGANISMS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANISMS IN THIS PLANET
HUMANSOnly 1/10 th of the cells in a human body are human, 9/10 th are microbes
1,000 species in our mouths1,000 species in our guts500 species on our skins
10% of our dry weight consists ofbacteria
The vast majority of the genes in ourbody are not human
Microbes make up more than one half of theEarth´s biomass (probably much more: >80%)
““““ToToToTo studystudystudystudy biodiversitybiodiversitybiodiversitybiodiversity in in in in thisthisthisthis planetplanetplanetplanet andandandand notnotnotnot totototo considerconsiderconsiderconsidermicrobialmicrobialmicrobialmicrobial biodiversitybiodiversitybiodiversitybiodiversity, , , , isisisis likelikelikelike studyingstudyingstudyingstudying thethethethe human human human human
cardiovascular cardiovascular cardiovascular cardiovascular systemsystemsystemsystem andandandand notnotnotnot totototo includeincludeincludeinclude thethethethe heartheartheartheart””””
MICROORGANISMS IN THE SOIL ECOSYSTEM: ► 80% of the total biomass► 2-6 tonnes per hectare► 4 million species in a ton of soil► < 0.1-1% are cultivable► Natural soil: 3,000-10,000 species g -1
► Agricultural soil: 140-350 species g -1
BelowgroundBelowgroundBelowgroundBelowground biomassbiomassbiomassbiomass: similar (: similar (: similar (: similar (slightlyslightlyslightlyslightly higherhigherhigherhigher) ) ) ) totototo thatthatthatthat abovegroundabovegroundabovegroundabovegroundBelowgroundBelowgroundBelowgroundBelowground biodiversitybiodiversitybiodiversitybiodiversity: : : : severalseveralseveralseveral ordersordersordersorders ofofofof magnitudemagnitudemagnitudemagnitude higherhigherhigherhigher totototo thatthatthatthat abovegroundabovegroundabovegroundaboveground
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
GOALS AND TARGETS1) To study the impact of conventional agricultural pra ctices on soil
health using a variety of soil microbial properties2) To study the beneficial effects of more sustainable a gricultural
practices on soil health using a variety of soil microbial properties3) To use SOIL MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY as biological i ndicator of soil
health4) To develop soil health cards as a tool to bridge the g ap between
farmers, decision-makers and scientistsSOIL HEALTH: the capacity of a given soil to perform its functions and ecosystem services
- Provision of food (medium for plant growth), fibre and fuel- Decomposition of organic matter (recycling of nutrients)- Storing and filtering of water- Habitat for many organisms and reservoir of genetic biodive rsity- Detoxification of contaminants- Carbon sink (agricultural soil: emission of greenhouse ga ses)- Etc.
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Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
METHODOLOGY
HUMAN RESOURCES FINANCIAL RESOURCES
SOIL MICROBIAL ECOLOGY GROUP at NEIKER:1 group leader, 4 postdocs, 2 PhD students
Several reseach projects in the last 10 years funded by:
- The Basque Government- The Biscay County Council- The Spanish Government
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Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
METHODOLOGICAL TOOLSMICROBIAL BIOMASS
Microbial biomass CATPDNA-biomassSubstrate-induced respirationQ-PCR: functional groupsTotal and easily extractable glomalinCultivable heterotrophs
MICROBIAL ACTIVITYBasal respirationMineralizable NNitrification rateDenitrificationMethanogenesisEnzyme activities
MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY : community-level profilesFUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY: community-level physiological profiles with BIOLOG plat es
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY: community-level genetic profiles withPCR-DGGE (taxonomic and functional groups: ammonia-oxi dizers, chitin-degraders, denitrifiers, etc.), DNA-microarrays, genetic profil es through reciprocal hybridization
RESPONSE BIODIVERSITY: stability (resistance and resilience) essays
OTHER TOOLSGene expression (RNA) levelsSoil suppressiveness
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Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
On a regular basis, workshopsare organized to transfer theknowledge to farmers, decision-
makers, scientists, etc.
TEACHINGS OF THE ACTION
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Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
RESULTS: SOME RECENT RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS
● Mijangos I, Albizu I, Epelde L, Amezaga I, Mendarte S, Garbisu C (2010) Effects of liming on soil properties and plant performance of temperate mountainous grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management (in press)
● Mijangos I, Garbisu C (2010) Consequences of soil sampling depth during the assessment of the effects of tillage on soil quality: a common oversight. Soil and Tillage Research (in press)
● Mijangos I, Albizu I, Garbisu C (2010) Beneficial effects of organic fertilization and no-tillage on fine-textured soil properties under two different forage crop rotations. Soil Science 175: 173-185
● Mijangos I, Becerril JM, Albizu I, Epelde L, Garbisu C (2009) Effects of glyphosate on rhizosphere soil microbial communities under two different plant compositions by cultivation-dependent and -independent methodologies. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 505-513
● Mijangos I, Pérez R, Albizu I, Garbisu C (2006) Effects of fertilization and tillage on soil biological parameters. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 40, 100-106
For more publications, please see webpage of the SOIL MICROB IAL ECOLOGY GROUP – NEIKER (http://www.neiker.net/neiker/so il.html)
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
GORBEIA NATURAL PARK
RESULTS: Impact of liming products in grasslands
RYEGRASS FOR SILAGE
Urease
Deshydrogenase
Acidphosphatase Arylsulphatase
β-Glucosidase
CONTROL
LIME
SAND
n
nnmn
m
n
ii
n
ii
SQIT
∑∑
=−==
−−−+ 11
loglog)log(log
log10
LIMEversus
CALCAREOUS SANDversus
WOOD ASH
NEW SOIL QUALITY/HEALTH INDEX
The soil microbial functional diversity (catabolicdiversity: capacity of the soil microbial communityto utilize different C substrates) slightly decreasedin lime-amended soils
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
FORAGE CORN
RESULTS: Impact of fertilization and tillage in intensive rotations
TRITICALE+FORAGE PEA
CHEMICAL INDICATORS versus BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
0
200
CTRL
0
100
CONTROL ORGANIC + NO TILLAGE
MINERAL + CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE
CATABOLIC BIODIVERSITY
ß-Glucosidase
Arylsulphatase
Acid
phosphatase
DehydrogenaseEarthworms
Substrate inducedrespiration
Basal respiration
Mineralizable N
pH
MO
C/N
Total nP
K+
Ca2+NO-TILLAGE
versusCONVENTIONAL TILLAGE
ORGANIC FERTILIZATIONversus
MINERAL FERTILIZATION
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ARE MORE
SENSITIVE THAN CONVENTIONAL
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
RESULTS: Impact of herbicides(glyphosate)
25.7 A
23.3 A
2.90 B22.0 A3.43 A3.17 A28.7 B1.03 B47.0 C47.4 B
2.97 AB2.93 A3.25 A30.7 A1.05 B23.6 B37.4 B
3.08 A3.93 A3.24 A30.7 A1.33 A7.9 A20.8 A
TRITICALE + PEA
2.93 A23.0 A4.41 A3.20 AB30.7 A1.07 C26.2 B36.0 A
3.01 A23.7 A3.97 A3.05 B27.3 B0.79 B10.8 A32.6 A50 mg kg-1 glyphosate
2.95 A23.7 A4.03 A3.22 A30.0 A1.33 A4.7 A21.8 AControl (0 glyphosate)
TRITICALE
H’S
DNA
biomasa Nitrogen
mineralizable
S H’AWCD
DNA-DGGEBIOLOG
NH4+-N
500 mg kg-1 glyphosate
Catabolic diversityusing
Biolog EcoplatesR
Genetic diversityusing
DNA-DGGE electrophoresis
50 mg kg-1 glyphosate
500 mg kg-1 glyphosate
Control (0 glyphosate)
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
Beneficial effects of sustainable agricultural practices in degraded agricultural soils
0,00
100,00
Yield Arylsulfatase
Acid P.
Min.N
B-Gluc.
Urease
DehydrogenaseEarthwormsAWCD
Diversity
OM
100 -Al sat.
CEC
WC Root penetrability
0,00
100,00
ArylsulfataseAcid P.
Min.N
B-Gluc
Urease
Dehydrogenase
EarthwormsAWCD Diversity
OM
100 - Al sat.
CEC
WC
Root penetrability
A-SQI
NT+O NT+ICT+O CT+I
59.8 25.055.1 56.1100
Control
A-SQI
NT+O NT+ICT+O CT+I
12.7 12.712.7 12.7100
Control
AFTER 4 YEARS
A-SQI IMPROVED UNDER ALL MANAGEMENTS
SLURRY (O) INCREASED ENZYME ACTIVITIES, MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND ALLEVIATED SOIL
ACIDITY
NO-TILLAGE (NT) GREATLY ENHANCED DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AND EARTHWORMS ABUNDANCE, BUT CAUSED SOIL COMPACTION
NT+O LED TO HIGHEST A-SQICT+I PRODUCED THE HIGHEST MAIZE YIELD NT-I LED TO THE LOWEST YIELD AND A-SQI
n
nnmnm +
n
i i
n
i i∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑========
−−−−−−−−−−−−1111 11
loglog)log(loglog
SQIA ====−−−− 102
+ log Y - log Ym
ENVIRONMENTAL FITNESS ECONOMIC FITNESS
ANOTHERSOIL QUALITY/HEALTH INDEX
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
FOLLOW UP: Future actionsDevelopment of soil health cards specifically designed for our local farmers
FACT SHEETSWhat is soil microbial diversity?How can be measured?Where can be measured?
DATA INTERPRETATION ACCORDING TO SOIL USE⇒ Quantitative: from 1 – 10
⇒ Qualitative:Very low valueLow valueAverage valueHigh valueVery high value
RECOMMENDATIONSRecommended agricultural practicesto improve soil microbial diversity
SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOIL MICROBIAL PROPERTIES
(MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY)
ECONOMICAL
ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL
DECISIONMAKERS
FARMERS
SCIENTISTS
CARDS
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First First First First InterregionalInterregionalInterregionalInterregional SeminarSeminarSeminarSeminar REVERSEREVERSEREVERSEREVERSE«««« Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and Agriculture and BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity »»»»
Bordeaux, 23/25 June 2010
CONCLUSIONSOIL MICROBIAL PROPERTIES (IN PARTICULAR, SOIL MICR OBIAL
BIODIVERSITY) ARE MOST USEFUL METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL HEALTH
AND, CONCOMITANTLY, AGROECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY
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