Best Practice Manual for the Investigation of Fire Scenes...

BPM for the Investigation of Fire Scenes ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.01) ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.01) BPM for the Investigation of Fire Scenes

ENFSI-BPM-EXP-01

Best Practice Manual for the Investigation of Fire Scenes

ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01Version 01 - November 2015

With the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime ProgrammeEuropean Commission - Directorate -General Home Affairs

BPM for the

for the forensic recovery, identification and analysis of explosives traces ENFSI-BPM-EXP-01

Road Accident Reconstruction

2

Background

This Best Practice Manual (BPM) belongs to a series of 10 BPMs issued by the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) in November 2015. The series covers the following forensic disciplines: 1. Forensic Examination of Digital Technology2. Forensic Examination of Handwriting 3. Chemographic Methods in Gunshot Residue Analysis4. Road Accident Reconstruction5. Microscopic Examination and Comparison of Human and Animal Hair6. Fingerprint Examination7. DNA Pattern Recognition and Comparison8. Application of Molecular Methods for the Forensic Examination of Non-Human Biological

Traces9. ForensicRecovery,IdentificationandAnalysisofExplosivesTraces10. Forensic Investigation of Fire Scenes which have resulted in Fatalities*11. Forensic Investigation of Fire Scenes which involve the Clandestine Manufacture of

Improvised or Homemade Explosive Devices*12. Forensic Investigation of Fire Scenes which Involve the Clandestine Manufacture of Illicit

Synthetic Drugs*

* ThethreespecificareasonForensicInvestigationofFireScenes(numbers10-12)werecombinedintooneBPM‘InvestigationofFireScenes’.

In the years 2014 and 2015, so-called Activity Teams have - in parallel - developed the 10 BPMs. The activities were performed within the project ‘Towards European Forensic Standardisation through Best Practice Manuals (TEFSBPM)’ and co-ordinated by the ENFSI Quality and Competence Committee. The realisation of the BPMs was supported by the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Commission – Directorate General Home Affairs (code: PROJECT HOME/2012/ISEC/MO/4000004278). The core project concept was that the BPMs will enhance the quality of the forensic services available to law enforcement and justice across Europe and thereby encourage forensic standardisation and cross-border cooperation between countries.

ENFSI expects that the issuing of this series will stimulate the improvement of already existing BPMs as well as the creation of new BPMs on disciplines that are not covered yet.

Official language The text may be translated into other languages as required. The English language version remainsthedefinitiveversion.

Copyright The copyright of this text is held by ENFSI. The text may not be copied for resale.

Further information For further information about this publication, contact the ENFSI Secretariat. Please check the website of ENFSI (www.enfsi.eu) for update information.

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ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.01) BPM for the Investigation of Fire Scenes

Best Practice Manual for the investigation of fire scenes

CONTENTS

1. AIMS .......................................................................................................................... 42 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 43. DEFINITIONS AND TERMS ........................................................................................ 44. RESOURCES .............................................................................................................. 45. METHODS ................................................................................................................... 76. VALIDATION AND ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT ............ 77. PROFICIENCY TESTING ............................................................................................ 88. HANDLING ITEMS ...................................................................................................... 89. INITIAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................... 810. PRIORITISATION AND SEQUENCE OF EXAMINATIONS ........................................ 911. RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS .............................................................................. 912. EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION ...................................................................... 913. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE .............................................................................. 1014. HEALTH AND SAFETY ............................................................................................. 1015. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................1116. AMENDMENTS AGAINST PREVIOUS VERSION ....................................................1117. TABLE OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................... 12 A0 - Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 13 A1-ENFSIFireandExplosionInvestigationpracticalguideforfirstresponders tofirescenes....................................................................................................... 14 A2 - ENFSI Fire and Explosion Investigation guide for level two investigators. ......... 37 B1-Investigatingfirefatalities .................................................................................... 38 C1 - Clandestine manufacture of controlled substances ............................................ 40 C2 - Clandestine manufacture of home made explosives .......................................... 47

Acknowledgements NiamhNicDaeid(CentreforAnatomyandHumanIdentification,UniversityofDundee,Scotland,UK),RichardVallance(ScottishPoliceAuthorityForensicServices,Scotland,UK),DominiqueDeHaro(InstitutNationaldePoliceScientifique,LPSToulouse,France),RogerCharles(CollegeofPolicing,UK)AlisonMansfield(ForensicExplosivesLaboratory,dstl,UK),KatharineKonaris(Cyprus),LucinaHackman(CentreforAnatomyandHumanIdentification,UniversityofDundee,Scotland,UK),IreneBreumMuller(DepartmentofForensicMedicins,FacultyofHealthSciences,UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark),ChandaLowther-Harris(MetropolitanPoliceService,UK)andthemembersofENFSIfireandExplosionInvestigationworking group are all gratefully thanked for their invaluable contributions to the preparation of this guidance document.

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BPM for the Investigation of Fire Scenes ENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 (vs.01)

1. AIMSThis Best Practice Manual (BPM) aims to provide a framework of procedures, quality principles, trainingprocessesandapproachesfortheexaminationoffirescenes1. In this series of ENFSI Practice Manuals the term “BPM” has been maintained for reasons of continuity and recognition.

This BPM can be used by Member laboratories of ENFSI, and other forensic science laboratoriestoestablishandmaintainworkingpracticesinthefieldoffiresceneinvestigationthat will deliver reliable results, maximize the quality of the information obtained and produce robust evidence. The use of consistent methodology and the production of more comparable results will facilitate interchange of data between laboratories.

ThisBPMprovidesguidancefortheexaminationoffirescenesincludingasetofappendiceswhich refer to detailed processes and specialist areas.

The term BPM does not imply that the practices laid out in this manual are the only acceptable practices used in fire scene investigation.

2. SCOPEThisBPMisanoverarchingdocumentrelatingtotheinvestigationoffiresceneswhichisunderpinnedbyasetofsubjectspecificappendices.

ThisBPMisaimedatexpertsinthefieldandassumespriorknowledgeinthediscipline.Itisnota standard operating procedure. The BPM addresses the requirements of judicial systems in general terms only.

This document does not address laboratory examination of items, individual competence of practitioners(includingtrainingrequirements),specificjurisdictionalrequirements,orcountryspecificlegalrequirements.

3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMSForthepurposesofthisBestPracticeManual(BPM),therelevanttermsanddefinitionsgiveninENFSIdocuments,theILACG19“ModulesinForensicScienceProcess”,andinstandardssuchasISO9000,ISO17000and17020apply.Otherrelevantandspecificdefinitionsarepresented in each of the appendices.

4. RESOURCESManagementoftheresourcesrequiredforafiresceneinvestigationmusttakeintoconsideration the appropriate and applicable areas of quality standards. It must also be recognisedthatmanyaspectsoffiresceneinvestigationwillnotbespecificallyaddressedinsuch standards.

4.1 PersonnelFire scene investigators have a wide range of experience, training and background knowledge which can be obtained through a variety of routes (academic, continuous professional development, vocational training, operational experience etc.). 1 Firescenesaredefinedasscenesinvolvingfiredamageand/orscenesinvolvinggasphaseexplosions.

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Theclassificationsoffireinvestigatorshavebeendefinedingeneraltermsandarepresentedinappendices A12 and A23.

4.1.2 Competence requirements Fire scene investigators must be competent and trained to their relevant national standards. Table1indicatesknowledgeandskillsrecommendedforfiresceneinvestigators.

Table 1: Knowledge and skill set

1. Understandingtheimportanceandrelevanceofhealthandsafetyatscenesandthatthis may vary depending on the scene.

2. Understandingtheimportanceofastructured,systematicmethodologicalapproachtofiresceneinvestigationandexcavationincludingtherecording(e.g.written,photographic, video) of the scene investigation.

3. Awarenessofaspectsoffirescienceandfireengineeringwhichmayhavearelevancetofireinvestigation(e.g.firedynamics,structuralperformance,passiveandactivefireprotectionsystems,firetests,andhumanbehaviourinfire).

4. Understandingthemechanismsofheattransfer.5. Understandingthedifferingtypesandmechanismsofignition.6. Understandingthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofsolid,liquidandgaseousfuels

and materials as they relate to their thermal decomposition including pyrolysis and combustion and how such fuels and materials will react when exposed to heat and to firefightingactivities.

7. Understandingthemechanismsandinfluencingfactorsoffiregrowthanddevelopmentin a wide range of circumstances.

8. Understandingtheinterpretationofpostfireindicators(includingtheirlimitations)andtheuseofsuchindicatorsinthedeterminationofthearea(s)oforiginofafire.

9. Understandingthepotentialinvolvementofelectricityasacauseoffireandawarenessofthepostfireindicatorsofelectricalinvolvement.

10. Awareness of the importance of the examination of fuses and electrical appliances and theappropriatemeansofsecuringelectricalappliancespostfire.

11. Awareness of diffuse phase explosions and gas explosions including the pattern of damage.

12. Understandingthefactorswhichmaycontributetofirefatalitiesincludingaspectssuchas toxicity of products of pyrolysis and combustion.

13. Understandingtheproceduresrelatingtotherecoveryofitems(includinghumanfatalities)fromfirescenesincludingtheimportanceofcontinuityandintegrityofevidence and chain of custody.

14. Understanding the requirements for contamination control, appropriate packagingmaterialsandtheimportanceofcontrolandcomparisonsamplesinthecollectionoffiredebris suspected to contain ignitable liquids.

15. Understanding of the general characteristics that suggest the production of eitherchemical substances or home made explosives (Appendix C1 and C2).

2 Practical Guide for First Responders to Fire Scenes, ENFSI Fire and Explosion Investigation Working Group.3 PracticalGuideforLevel2FireInvestigators,ENFSIFireandExplosionInvestigationWorkingGroup

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16. Understandingofthefireinvestigatorsroleandresponsibilitiesinrelationtointerviewingwitnesses taking into consideration national legal requirements.

17. Understanding thatfirescene investigation isadestructiveexaminationprocess thatmakes the original observations impossible for re-examination.

18. Keepaccurateandoriginal recordsofcasework. Prepare reportsand/orstatementsappropriate for the national criminal justice systems. Give testimony and communicate theirinvolvementinthecase,theirfindingsandconclusions,inatransparent,traceableandappropriatemannerwithintheirfieldofexpertise.

19. Understandingofthelocalworkingpracticesinrelationtomultiagencyresponsestofireand explosion scene investigation.

20. Awarenessofthewiderspecialismsastheyrelatetofiresceneinvestigation(e.g.forensic chemist, forensic biologist, forensic anthropologist, technical specialists including electrical specialists, engineers etc.) and the requirements of such specialists within the investigative framework.

21. Understandingtherequirementsoflocalcriminaljusticesystemsandinparticulartherulesofevidenceandtheobligationsofbeingawitnesswithfireinvestigationexpertisefor the courts.

4.2 EquipmentAvarietyofequipmentisusedduringafiresceneinvestigationsomeofwhichisdetailedintheappendicestothisBPM(AppendixA1andA2).Whenusingequipmentinfiresceneinvestigation consideration should be given to the following points:

• Equipment should be calibrated and maintained according to the operating manuals and periodic calibration and calibration checks must be recorded in a log book associated with the piece of equipment.

• All tools and non disposable personal protective equipment and clothing must be cleaned and free from contaminants or replaced between use at different scene locations or situations where potential cross contamination would be an issue.

• Equipment and tools must be regularly inspected and replaced if damaged to an extent that cleaning procedures are ineffective.

• Where possible, cleaned utensils and tools should be sampled prior to use and the samples retained for further testing if required.

• Equipment must be stored in such a way as to ensure minimal risk of biological or chemical contamination prior to use.

• Cleaning and sampling records of non disposable equipment must be kept where reasonably practicable.

• Where contamination may have occurred, this must be documented in the examiners scene notes.

4.3 Reference materialsNot Applicable

4.4 Accommodation and environmental conditionsNot Applicable

4.5 Materials and Reagents Incircumstanceswherethefiresceneinvestigatoriscompetenttocarryoutpresumptive


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testing, then only validated materials and reagents (for example for the presumptive testing for blood, or the swabbing of suspected blood) may be used.

5. METHODS

AcomprehensivemethodologyfortheinvestigationoffirescenesispresentedinappendicesA1and A2.

Furtherappendicespresentthemethodologyfortheinvestigationofspecifictypesoffirescenes.

6. VALIDATION AND ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT

6.1 ValidationThevalidationofthefiresceneinvestigationprocessisheavilydependentonthe(1)investigating organisation, (2) the skills and competency of its staff and (3) the techniques and equipment used.

(1). The investigating organisation must provide the appropriate resources to facilitate thefireinvestigationprocesstobeundertaken

(2). Thefiresceneinvestigatormustbeappropriatelyqualifiedandcompetent.Their training must be documented, assessed and they must undertake both continuous professional development and maintain and demonstrate their skills and competency

(3). (a)Theequipmentusedinfiresceneinvestigationmustbevalidatedbytestingrepeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness (including ro-bustness at the scene using control samples where appropriate) either through referencetotheprofessionalliteratureormanufacturersspecificationsorbyin-house methods.

(b) The investigative techniques (for example the recognition and interpreting ofburnpatterns)usedinfiresceneinvestigationcanbevalidatedusingknownground truth data, literature and testing.

6.2 Estimation of uncertainty of measurementThefireinvestigationprocessisdependentontheknowledgeandskillsetofthefireinvestigatoras detailed in Section 4.1.

Theidentificationandspecificationofthemainsourcesofuncertaintyrelatingtothedecisionmaking and hypothesis testing associated must be stated. The determination of origin, cause and,ifrequired,subsequentfiredevelopmentinafiresceneinvestigationmustberecordedintheinvestigatorsdocumentationandpresentedinthefinalreport.

Uncertaintiesintheentirefiresceneinvestigationprocessarisefromanumberofsourceswhichinclude (but may not be limited to):

• Competenceoftheinvestigatorandtheirspecificexpertiseandexperience.• The amount and quality of information received.• Assumptions made during the investigation process.• Specificenvironmentalconditions.

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• Destructionofevidenceduetothefire.• Firefightingactivities.

6.3 Peer ReviewReview of reports is mandatory in some jurisdictions. It is strongly recommended that reports becriticallyreviewedtocheckthatthepresentationofthereportisfitforpurposeandtoensurethat the information available at the time of the investigation and derived from the scene investi-gation has been interpreted appropriately. Such reviews must be recorded.

7. PROFICIENCY TESTING

Therearenoproficiencytestscurrentlyavailableforfiresceneinvestigation.Fireinvestigatorsare advised that they should take part in a relevant collaborative exercise/test for firesceneexaminationperiodicallysothattheircompetencecanbedemonstratedandassessed.Thiscanbeaninternaloranexternaltest.“Guidanceontheconductofproficiencytests and collaborative exercises within ENFSI” provides information for the ENFSI Expert WorkingGroups(EWGs)onhowtoorganiseeffectiveproficiencytests(PTs)andcollaborativeexercises (CEs) for their members.

8. HANDLING ITEMS

8.1 At the sceneAppendices A1 and A2 provide a comprehensive methodology for the recovery of items from firescenesincludingtheavoidanceofcontamination.Furtherappendicesprovideadditionalinformationrelatingtospecifictypesoffirescenes.

8.2 Sampling, preservation, packaging, labelling and documentation.Appendices A1 and A2 provide a comprehensive methodology for the recovery of items from firescenesincludingtheavoidanceofcontamination.Furtherappendicesprovideadditionalinformationrelatingtospecifictypesoffirescenes.

8.3 TransportationThe transfer of recovered items must be carried out according to local operating procedures and legislatedresponsibilitiesusedbytheinvestigatingauthorityorthefireinvestigator.

Duringthisprocessthefireinvestigatormustensurethattheywitnessthehandoverofrecovered items to another person or organisation and ensure that there is a written record within their notes or items list.

Items must be transported and stored in a manner which prevents contamination, degradation or damage while maintaining the security and integrity of the exhibits.

8.4 IntheLaboratoryNot applicable

9. INITIAL ASSESSMENT

Within a given case, an initial scene assessment strategy must be established with all investigators involved in the process. This must be based on the information provided to them at the time and continually reviewed in light of new circumstances and information. The scene


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investigation strategy must also take into account other information and evidence relevant to the specificcase.Thisisexpandeduponwithintheappendices.

10. PRIORITISATION AND SEQUENCE OF EXAMINATIONS

Prioritisationandthesequenceofsceneinvestigationmustnormallybeagreedbetweenthefireinvestigator and investigating authority and in accordance with local agreements (for example a memorandum of understanding or other formal agreement between agencies). Prioritisation and the sequence of scene investigation must be documented so that decisions are recorded and reviewed and must involve an assessment of (but is not limited to) the following:

• Initial information received. • Initial observations of the external/internal examination of the scene.• Potentialvalueoftheexaminationand/orrecoveryofspecificitemswithinasceneto

the overall investigation. • Order of requirements of other specialists if they are required (for example, forensic

chemist, forensic biologist, forensic pathologist, forensic anthropologist, technical specialists including electrical specialists, engineers etc.)

• Time constraints (which may lead to loss of potential evidential materials such as volatile compounds).

• Health and safety implications.• Environmental conditions.

This is expanded upon within the appendices.

11. RECONSTRUCTION OF EVENTS

Reconstructionofeventscanbeparticularlyrelevantinfiresceneinvestigationandcanbeundertaken in a number of different ways. The assumptions and limitations of reconstructions should be noted.

• Physical reconstruction is a process where items are replaced (as far as possible) in their originalpositionsprior to thefire. This canassist in thefire investigator’sinterpretationoftheareaoforigin,causeandsubsequentfiredevelopment.

• Ad-hoc testing (e.g. a test burn for flammability of amaterial) can be carried outeither at the scene or at a later stage in the investigation and must be fully recorded including any assumptions made and the value and limitations of the test.

• Useofcomputermodelling must be approached with caution and all assumptions, limitations and uncertainties associated with the models clearly recorded.

• Full scale fire reconstructions can be carried out in controlled conditions after the initialfiresceneinvestigationandmustusevalidatedequipmente.g.thermocouplesand other monitoring devices.

Further information is available in appendix A2.

12. EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION

A range of hypotheses must be considered during the evaluation and interpretation of all of the informationreceivedandgatheredrelatingtoaspecificsceneinvestigationprocess.Thisisexpanded upon within the appendices.

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Each hypothesis must be explored systematically and, in light of this information, an overall opinionformedofthemostlikelyoriginandcauseofthefire.Interpretationandanevaluativeapproach of the information and physical evidence presented must be used to support or reject each hypothesis. Further information is available in the ENFSI GuidelineforEvaluativeReportinginForensicScience.

13. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE

The overriding duty of those providing expert testimony is to the court. As such, evidence should be provided with honesty, integrity, objectivity and impartiality. Evidence can be provided to the court either orally or in writing.

The manner in which evidence is presented will differ depending on different legal jurisdictions. Fire investigators must comply with their legal obligations and accreditation requirements within the jurisdiction in which they are collecting and presenting their evidence.

Presentation of evidence should clearly state the results of any evaluation and interpretation of the examination.

Written reports should include all the relevant information in a clear, concise, structured and unambiguous manner as required by the relevant legal process. A checklist of the information suggested is expanded upon within the appendices.

Written reports must be peer reviewed where this is a jurisdictional requirement. Reports should clearly state the results of any evaluation and interpretation of the examination.

All viable hypotheses must be evaluated and conclusions supported by an up to date understanding of accepted methodologies and literature.

Recommendations associated with the production of written reports are expanded upon within the appendices.

14. HEALTH AND SAFETY

Health and safety, risk assessments and personal protective equipment are expanded upon within the appendices.

In addition;

• TherelevantnationalHealthandSafetyLegislationmustbecompliedwith.• Specialistequipmentoperatedatthefirescenemustbeusedonlybythosetrainedto

do so. • Wherefirescenescontainspecificriskstohealthandsafety,forexamplechemicalor

biological hazards, special precautions and personal protection equipment (PPE) are required and are detailed in the relevant appendices.

• Counselling should be available to investigators.


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15. REFERENCESBibliography can be found in Appendix A0

16. AMENDMENTS AGAINST PREVIOUS VERSION

Notapplicable(firstversion)

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17. TABLE OF APPENDICES

A0 - BibliographyA1-ENFSIFireandExplosionInvestigationpracticalguideforfirstresponderstofirescenes.A2 - ENFSI Fire and Explosion Investigation guide for level two investigators.B1-InvestigatingfirefatalitiesC1 - Clandestine manufacture of controlled substancesC2 - Clandestine manufacture of home made explosives


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APPENDIX A0 – BIBLIOGRAPHY

Almirall,J.R.andFurton,K.G.(2004)Analysisandinterpretationoffiresceneevidence, CRC Press.

Babrauskas,V.(2003)Ignitionhandbook:principlesandapplicationstofiresafetyengineering,fireinvestigation,riskmanagementandforensicscience, Fire Science Publishers.

De Haan, J. D. and Icove, D. J. (2011) Kirk’sfireinvestigation, Pearson Higher Ed.

Drysdale, D. (2011) An Introduction to Fire Dynamics, 3rd Edition, Wiley Publishers.

Hine, G. A. (2004) Fire Scene Investigation: An Introduction. AnalysisandInterpretationofFireSceneEvidence: 33.

Horswell, J. (2004) Thepracticeofcrimesceneinvestigation, CRC Press.

Icove, D. J., D De Haan, J. and Haynes, G. A. (2012) Forensicfirescenereconstruction, Pearson Higher Ed.

Lentini,J.J.(2006)Scientificprotocolsforfireinvestigation, CRC press.

NicDaeid, N. (2004) Fireinvestigation, CRC Press.

Petrovich, W. (1998) AFireInvestigator’sHandbook:TechnicalSkillsforEntering,DocumentingandTestifyinginaFireSceneInvestigation,CharlesCThomasPublisher,Limited.

Qunitiere,J.G,(1997),Principlesoffirebehavior,DelmarPublishers.

Qunitiere,J.G,(2006),Fundamentalsoffirephenomena,WileyPublishers.

National Fire Protection Association (2014) NFPA 921: Guide for Fire & Explosion Investigations (2014 edition). Quinney MA: NFPA Publications.

SWGDRUG:ScientificWorkingGroupforTheAnalysisofSeizedDrugSWGDRUG)Recommendations.The recommendations include: Code of Professional Practice, Education and Training, Methods of Analysis and Quality assurance, http://www.swgdrug.org/Documents/SWGDRUG%20Recommendations%20Version%207-0.pdf

ILACG19:08/2014,InternationalLaboratoryAccreditationCooperation,http://ilac.org/news/ilac-g19082014-published/

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APPENDIX A1 – FIRE AND EXPLOSION WORKING GROUP PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR FIRST RESPONDERS TO FIRE SCENES.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATION WORKING GROUP

PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR FIRST RESPONDERS TO FIRE SCENES

DOCUMENTTYPE:

PRACTICALGUIDE

REF. CODE:

F&EIWGBPM-001

ISSUENO:003 ISSUEDATE:

23 March 2008

ThismaterialispartofaglobaleducationalprogrammeforallpeopleinvolvedinfireinvestigationinEurope,includingthefireinvestigatorsandforensicspecialists.

This work is a harmonisation of current knowledge and material available, and is the result of a large study of the best practice used by forensic laboratories in Europe.

Thisguideistheresultofauniquecollaborationandwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheefficientand consistent participation of the following ENFSI laboratories and guest members:

NationalBureauofInvestigation-FinlandInstitutdeRechercheCriminelledelaGendarmerieNationale-FranceNetherlandsForensicInstitute-NetherlandsNationalCriminalInvestigationServices-NorwayNationalLaboratoryofForensicScience-SwedenEcoledesSciencesCriminelles,Lausanne-SwitzerlandPoliceCantonaleNeuchateloise–Serviced’identificationjudiciaire-SwitzerlandForensicScienceService-UKCentreforForensicScience,StrathclydeUniversity-UKM-ScanLtd-UKPoliceForensicScienceLaboratoryDundee-UK

This guide is intended for your use and is your own property. If you have any comments, additions, suggestions or remarks, you can contact the authors at: [email protected]


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CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY ......................................................................................................162. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................172.1 Preliminary comments2.2 Safety

3. EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE ...........................................................................173.1 Recording activities/details on approach/arrival, during rescue, duringfirefightingandpostfireperiod3.1.1. En route, and near the site3.1.2. At the scene3.2 Recording the scene (video, photographs and notes)3.3 Generaldatarecording:firstpartofthedatacollectionsheet3.4 Minimise damage to scene/alteration of the scene

4. SECURE AND GUARD THE AREA ...............................................................194.1 Placingsufficientlylargecordonsaroundtheareaandrelatedareastorestrictaccess.4.2 Maintaining a physical presence at the cordon until informed otherwise4.3 Recording the identity of all individuals entering the cordon 4.4 Carry out risk assessment

5. PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ...................................................................195.1 First responder activities which may result in alteration to the scene5.2 Limitingtheremovalofitemsfromthescene5.3 Recording removal of items and where they are placed in consultation with level 25.4 Recording/cover fragile evidence5.5 Reporting relevant activities to level 2 and level 3

6. INFORMATION GATHERING TO HELP THE INVESTIGATION ...................216.1 Completing data collection sheet6.2 Listwitnesses6.3 If appropriate, gather information from witnesses

7. TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION .......................................................................217.1 Providing assistance to level 2 and level 37.2 If appropriate, if cause is clear (or evidence will be destroyed) undertaking a basic

investigation in consultation with level 2 and level 3

8. GLOSSARY – MAIN TECHNICAL TERMS ....................................................229. DATA COLLECTION SHEET ..........................................................................2410. APPENDIX – AIDE MEMOIRE .......................................................................36

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1. SUMMARY

Thisguideisaimedatfirstrespondersattendingfireandexplosion4 scenes and those individualsinvolvedinfireandexplosionsceneinvestigationwiththeaimtoimprovetheirefficiencyandawarenessandtoimprovethequalityofsceneinvestigation.

Manyyearsofexperiencehasshownthatinordertocarryoutfireinvestigationefficientlyandwithmaximumreturnitisnecessarytocarryouttheinvestigationinaspecificorderfromthearrivalofthefirstresponderstoanysubsequentlaboratoryanalyses.Thisguideindicatesthekeystepsrequiredofthefirstresponderinordertoensurethatsubsequentexaminationscanbecarriedouteffectively.Anoverviewofthebasicknowledgerequiredtoperformthefirstre-sponder role is detailed as well as the information needed to facilitate the work of specialists and forensic experts acting later in the process.

Correct and contemporaneous documentation and photography is essential. This means pho-tographing with the time and date recorded, writing notes of your activities with the time, date andyoursignatureoneverypage.Theimportanceoftakingaccurateandsufficientnotesatthetime of the examination cannot be over stated. These are your record of your actions.

How to use this guide?We have decided to separate responders into three categories:

1. First responders to the scene are classed as level one2. Leveltwoarefireandexplosioninvestigatorswithsomespecifictraining3. Levelthreearefireandexplosioninvestigators(specialists)withspecificexperience

and expertise

Thisguideprovidesspecificinformationforfirstresponders(firebrigadeandpolicepersonnel)inordertoensurethatspecificinitialinformationandevidenceisnotlost.Thereare5areasofbroadactivitycoveredandtheroleofthefirstresponderisexplainedforeachstage.Achecklistis provided in order to help with the collection of information. This document is a guidance document and should be used in conjunction with other reporting anddocumentationrequiredbyyourspecificauthoritiesincludinghealthandsafetyandqualitysystem policies and procedures.

Ifyouwanttosearchonaspecifictopic,pleaserefertothecontentsandgodirectlytothechapterconcerned.Overallinvestigationprocessatafirescene-Lookfirstatthesummaryto have an overview. Follow the advice chronologically and note relevant information using the data collection sheet. Technical terminology - See the glossary.Usethedatacollectionsheettoensurethatthecompleteinformationisrecordedateachstage.

4 Inthispracticalguidewhenmentioningfire(scene)investigationitalsoincludesallaspectsofthe investigation of dispersed phase and mechanical explosions.


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2. INTRODUCTION2.1. Preliminary commentsRemember having always the same systematic approach to each scene is essential in order to perform your role correctly and safely.

Preparation is key before attending fire scenes. You should have the following basic equipment:

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (overalls, safety boots, gloves, hard hat, face mask. etc. as appropriate)

• Videoandcamera• Other equipment (tools, cordon, markers, pens, sampling containers etc.)

It is advised that you prepare your own checklist of PPE and other equipment in order that you are fully prepared before attending the scene. This PPE equipment should be put on prior to entering the scene.

2.2 Safety

At the incident site safety is key.It is necessary to carry out a risk assessment of the scene both outside and if possible inside. This is obviously of major importance and if serious risks or hazards are noted, consideration must be given as to whether or not it is possible to enter the scene. Think about your environmental conditions at any time and don’t take any risks.

Risk assessments should be updated regularly during attendance at the incident.

Hazardsincludestructuraldamagetowallsandroofingmakingtheminsecure,electricalhazards, gas supply, partially damaged fuel tanks, hot or cutting metallic parts, the presence offlammableand/ortoxicvapoursandfumesforexamplepressurisedgasbottlesthatcanexplodeseveralhoursafterthefirehasbeenextinguished(acetylene:upto24hours),etc.Consideration should also be given to the possibility that there may be incendiary devices present which have not operated.

Briefingmeetingstopassonthisinformationshouldbeheld.

3. EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

All information should be recorded on a data collection sheet. The data collection sheet inthisdocumentmaybeadaptedforyou/yourownorganisationsspecificneeds.

3.1 Recordactivities/detailsonapproach/arrival,duringrescue,duringfirefightingandpostfireperiod

3.1.1. En route, and near the site

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Record information such as:

- The time of call and any information initially given- People who are present (witnesses, bystanders, reporters, others) - Cars which are present- Anyone leaving the scene as you approach.- Strangeorspecificactivitiesofanyindividualspresent

The prevailing weather conditions: general wind; velocity and direction should be recorded. Any changes in weather should also be recorded, this information can help in some cases to explain thespreadoffire.

3.1.2. At the sceneAssesssafety,evacuate/rescuepersonnelandstop/extinguishthefire.Makesurepublicsafetyis ensured. Record your activities as soon as is practical.

Thenumberoffireappliancesinattendanceandtheactivitiesoffirefightersshouldalsoberecorded.

Observe those who are present as bystanders, if they seem to be especially interested or if they show unusual behaviour. Photographing bystanders can also be useful. Ensure that photographs are correctly dated and time is included.

Recordwhentheownerarrivesatthefiresceneandtheirreactionstoreceivingtheinformationrelating to the incident.

3.2. Recording the scene (video, photographs and notes)It is important to undertake photography and documentation as early as possible in order to record the scene fully. This should include all angles and aspects of the scene including parts whichmaynotbeonfireatthetime.

Takephotographsofthefirefightingactivitiespayingparticularattentiontothepositionsofsmokeandflameatthetimeofarrival.Recordingtheincidentusingvideoisalsouseful.Ensurethat the video is dated and includes the time.

3.3 Generaldatarecording:firstpartofthedatacollectionsheetAt this stage it is also possible to start collecting information from the rescue service commander(orequivalent)andthefirefighters.Youcanalsoobtainvaluableinformationfromwitnesses and the property owner at an early stage. Complete the relevant parts of the data collection sheet.

3.4. Minimise damage to scene/alteration of the sceneIt is important to any subsequent investigation that nothing within or outside of the scene ismovedunnecessarily.Whileitisrecognisedthatfirefightingactivitieswillresultinthemovement of some objects and damage (e.g. to gain entry) the removal of such objects from the scene must be minimised, photographed (with time and date) and written down (with time and date). First responders should be aware that trace evidence (not always visible to the naked eye) can be added to or removed from the scene by them. Such evidence includes footwearimpressions,DNAandfingerprintsetc.Potentialforcontaminationanddisturbancemust be carefully considered. Ways to avoid this may be by ensuring the use of items such as


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disposable gloves, overshoes and scene suits together with restricting access.

Firstrespondersshouldbeawarethatanymodificationtothescenebeforearrivalofthefireinvestigator (level 2 and/or level 3) must be recorded and well documented.

4. SECURE AND GUARD THE AREA

Strict surveillance and security measures must be put in place and maintained before and duringthefireinvestigation.

4.1 PlaceasufficientlylargecordonaroundtheareaandrelatedareastorestrictaccessCordonoffasufficientlylargeareaaroundthesceneofthefireinordertoprotectevidenceandavoiddamagetothescene.Ensurethatasfewpeopleaspossiblehaveaccesstothearea.Youmayuseaninnerandoutercordonifthatisbestpractice.Ensurethattheoutercordonissuffi-ciently large as to encompass all areas of possible evidence.

4.2. Maintain a physical presence at the cordon until informed otherwiseCordoningoffwithcordontapealoneisnotanefficientmeansofpreservingasite;itisenoughto keep the general public away, but it will not stop or prevent entry into the site. For this to be effectiveahumanpresence(policeofficerorfirefighter)atthecordonisvital.Thispresenceshouldideallybemaintainedatthesceneuntilthefireinvestigationiscomplete.

4.3. Record the identity of all individuals entering and leaving the cordon.The identity and contact details of all individuals entering the scene needs to be recorded and logged. If the scene is declared a crime scene then normal crime scene practices of maintaining a cordon log should be used. Bear in mind that the property owner or workers at the incident may become suspects at a later date and their entry to and from the premised must be monitored.

4.4. Carry out risk assessment The outside area should be assessed for risks and hazards. These include structural safety of the building (mechanical, electrical, roof, walls, the presence of sharps such as glass or other debris etc). If necessary specialist advice may be required.

Other information about the contents and possible hazards within the site should also be noted (eg. electrical gases, asbestos, chemical hazards, other hazardous contents, aerosols and potential danger of secondary explosions).

This information needs to be communicated to the all personnel on site and in particular to the level 2 and level 3 investigators on their arrival.

5. PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE

Fire investigation is a field of forensic science where preserving evidence is of major importance

5.1. First responder activities which may result in alteration to the scene.Itisimportantforanysubsequentinvestigationthattheactivitiesofthefirstresponderarerecorded and the information given to subsequent investigators. Such information should include:

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• Breaking of doors or windows • Generalandspecificfirefightingactivities• Subsequent damping down activities

In particular if items are moved from their original positions this must be recorded.

5.2. Do not remove any items from the scene if it can be avoidedThetechnicalinvestigationofthefireiscompletelydependentonthepreservationofevidenceinandaroundthesceneofthefire.Makesurethatobjectsarenottakenfromtheareaandifpossiblediscusswithfireservice,healthandsafetyandinsurancecompanypersonnelhowmuch of the scene needs to be demolished and what must be preserved.

IT IS MOST IMPORTANT THAT AS FAR AS IS POSSIBLE YOU SHOULD MOVE NOTHING WITHIN THE SCENE. It is very important that everything is kept in its original place.

5.3. If items are removed, record removal of items and where they are placed in consultation with level 2

If items must be removed from the scene, their original positions should be photographed and documented correctly. Only after this is completed should the items be removed. Items should only be removed if there is no alternative. The packaging should be in the container designatedassuitableforthecollectionoffiresamplesorflammableliquids(forexamplemetal cans, glass jars, nylon or duo bags) in accordance with relevant protocols. Items should be packaged separately to avoid cross-contamination. Particular care should be taken where packaging involves wet or damp material, sharp or heavy objects, volatile materials, potentially dangerous materials e.g. biohazards, corrosive, explosives etc both to prevent loss and avoid contamination.

All items taken should be labelled with a unique identifying mark, to allow the name of the personresponsibleforcollectingandpackagingthematerialtobeidentified,aconciseandaccurate description of the material, when the item was taken, location or person from where or from whom the material has been taken.

Once removed the items should be packaged and then disturbed as little as possible. Items should be stored carefully to minimise damage and contamination and signed over to the appropriate level 2 or level 3 investigator as soon as practicable.

5.4. Record/cover fragile evidenceWhere there are items of potential evidence which are fragile they may require protection in situ at the scene. Their original positions should be photographed and documented correctly. The items should be covered in situ with an appropriate container and marked as fragile. Such items includefootwearmarks,toolmarksandotherforensicevidencesuchasfingerprints.Ifafireorintruderalarmispresenttheremaybeonlyafewhoursinwhichinformationcanberecovered from it therefore immediate steps must be taken to secure this.

5.5. Report relevant activities to level 2 and level 3All activities undertaken involving the gathering of information, scene preservation or the gathering of potential evidential material should be communicated to the appropriate level 2 or level 3 investigator as soon as practicable.


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6. INFORMATION GATHERING TO HELP THE INVESTIGATION

Afterafire,thepoliceofficer,firefighter,fireinvestigatororspecialistmayfindthemselveswithtwo extreme situations:

1. Firepropagationislimited:itisthereforequiteeasytolocalisetheoriginofthefire.2. Severe or complete destruction of a property. Extensive excavation may be required to

determinetheoriginofthefire.

Theinformationgatheredbythefirstrespondercanhelpinbothofthesetypesofinvestigations.Some information is time dependent such as surveillance images or alarm system information and should be recovered by an appropriate person.

6.1. Complete data collection sheetEnsure that the data collection sheet can be completed to aid in gathering the maximum amount of relevant information.

6.2. ListwitnessesMake a list of possible witnesses and their contact details.

6.3 If appropriate, gather information from witnessesWithinyourjurisdictionalroleasafirstresponderitmayberelevantforwitnessinterviewingtobe undertaken. Ensure that such interviews comply with legislation.

Alternatively gathering information (as opposed to formal interview) from witnesses may be undertaken.

Make sure a written record is kept with the witness name and contact details. Make sure to date and sign the written record.

7. TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

Thetechnicalinvestigationiscarriedoutnormallybylevel2orlevel3fireinvestigators.Theobjectiveistodeterminetheoriginandcauseofthefireaswellasgatheringinformationaboutfirespreadthroughoutthescene.Technicalinvestigationsmayalsobemorespecificinnatureandinvolvetheinspectionofspecificelectricalappliances,vehiclecomponentsorchemicalanalyses,scenereconstructionsand computer modelling amongst other activities.

7.1. Provide assistance to level 2 and level 3Provide such assistance to the scene investigation as required by appropriate level 2 or level 3 investigators.

7.2 If appropriate, if cause is clear (or evidence will be destroyed) undertake basic investigation in consultation with level 2 and level 3

If appropriate level 2 or level 3 investigators are not available and evidence may be lost or destroyed carry out a basic examination of the scene to determine the origin and cause of thefire.Remembertotakemeasurestoavoidcontamination.Alsotorecordanddocumentitems in situ before removal, package and label any items taken appropriately, maintain

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contemporaneous notes and sign and date all notes relating to the incident. On occasion it may be necessary to consult other experts e.g. Forensic Scientists. Be careful not to overstep your area of expertise.

8. GLOSSARY – MAIN TECHNICAL TERMS

Accelerant:aneasilyignitablefuelusedtospeeduptherateoffiregrowthorfacilitatefirespread; normally an ignitable liquid, but could also be a chemical mixture.Backdraft:adeflagrativeexplosionofgasesandsmoke;occurswhenair(oxygen)isintroducedintoaconfinedareawhereanestablishedfirehasdepletedtheavailableoxygenviathe combustion process. Combustion: a chemical reaction (oxidation) producing heat and light.Contemporaneous: something that happens or is made/produced at the same time.Cordon: a barrier encircling an area so as to prevent or control access into and out of it.Deep-seated:fireoccurringdeepwithinabodyoffuelasopposedtoonthesurface.Deflagration: very rapid combustion producing a low energy pressure wave that travels at a speed less than the speed of sound (subsonic); for example, a gas explosion.Detonation: extremely rapid combustion producing an intense, high energy pressure wave that travels at a speed equal to or greater than the speed of sound (supersonic); damage tends to be acute and most severe at the point of origin; possible presence of a crater.Device:anychemicalormechanicalentityusedtoinitiateafireorexplosion.Dropdown: collapse of burning material that causes separate, low level ignition; “curtain effect”.Explosion:suddenconversionofenergyproducingamechanicalpressurewave;deflagrationor detonation event.Fire load:thetotalamountoffuelinvolvedinafire.Flame: a cloud of burning gas that produces heat, light and often smoke.Flameover:flamingignitionofthehigh-levelhotgasandsmokelayerinadevelopingcompartmentfire.Flashover: the transition phase at which all combustible items within a compartment ignite; the finalstageoffiregrowth.Fuel: any material capable of combustion.Ignition:tosetonfire/causeanexplosion;occurswhensufficientenergy,normallyintheformof heat, has been transferred to a fuel so that combustion results.Ignition, spontaneous:internalchemicalorbiologicalprocessthatproducessufficientheattoignite the reacting fuel; occurs without any external ignition source.Liquid, combustible: liquid that is capable of burning but which cannot be ignited at ambient temperature; requires heating for ignition to occur.Liquid, ignitable: liquid that can be ignited at ambient temperature; combustion is self-sustaining.Origin, point of:theexactlocationatwhichafireorexplosionwasfirstignited.Oxidation: chemical reaction involving the combination of oxygen with a fuel.Plume:thecolumnofhotgasesgeneratedbyaflame;gasmovementoccursbyconvection.Propagation:firespreadfromoneareatoanother.Scene: cordoned off area that is of interest to an investigation.Seat of fire:generalareawherethemainbodyoffiredamagewassustained;notalwaysthepoint of origin.Smouldering:combustionwithoutvisibleflames;directreactionbetweenasolidfuelandatmospheric oxygen that produces heat and often light and smoke.Soot: solid residue, produced by incomplete combustion, that is deposited on objects as a resultofafire.


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Trailer: fuel that physically links more than one area of a scene, deliberately placed so as to facilitatefirepropagation.Vented: fireand/orsmokethatextendsoutsideofastructureorcompartment;occursthroughdestruction of windows, doors and/or the roof.Volatile: combustible substance that evaporates easily; liquid with a low boiling point.“V” pattern: pattern produced on a vertical surface that results from the combustion of a compact area of fuel; not necessarily the point of origin.

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9. DATA COLLECTION SHEET

INITIAL CALLDate: _______________________________ Time: ______________________

Location/addressofincident:

Type of property:

Owner:

Ifthefireinvolvedavehicle

Manufacturer: __________________ Model: ____________ Colour: _____________

VIN:________________________________NumberPlate:____________________

Type of Fuel: ______________________________

Details of the call:

Recorded call (yes / no)

Signature/initials: Date:

FIRST RESPONDER Name/Organisation: _________________________________________________

Phone number: _____________________________________________________

Date and time of call to the scene _______________________________________

Date and time of attendance ___________________________________________



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FIRE BRIGADE

Date and time of call____________________________________________________

Date and time of arrival at the scene _______________________________________

Dateandtimefirewasextinguished_______________________________________

What fuel-driven equipment did the Fire Service use? Indicate the equipment and type of fuel_____________________________________________________________________


Details of access gained by Fire Service


What methods of extinguishing were used by the Fire Service (where and when)


What damage to the property was caused by the Fire Service? What tools were used?


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SAFETY

HaveyoucarriedoutyourriskassessmentofthesceneYES/NO

HasthebuildingbeenassessedforsafetyYES/NO

Isthereelectricalsupply?YES/NO

Haselectricsupplybeendisconnected?YES/NO

Isthereagassupply?YES/NO

Hasgasbeendisconnected?YES/NO

Isitworthnotingdownhazardsidentified?

Please give details including contact details of anyone involved in any of the above.


Wereanyflamesobservedfromthegassupplyifpresent?YES/NO

Any other available information on safety aspects of the property (e.g. from the owner)



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GENERAL INFORMATION

Colour of Smoke ________________ Smell of Smoke______________________

FlameColour________________Intensityofflames_____________________

Ifappropriate–recordthisherefordifferentareasofthefire.


Generalweatherconditionsduringfire(windspeed/direction,thunderstormsetc.)


Anyfire/smoke/burglaralarms?(Deleteasappropriate)

Ifyes,haveyoucontactedanyonetoensuretherecoveryofavailableinformation.YES/NO

Anyobvioussignsofforcedentry?YES/NO

Detailsofwindows(anybreakages,causedbyfire/other,orderofbreaking/signsofforce)


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Details of doors and locks (open/closed/blocked/forced etc).


Were there any electrical appliances (including lights) or gas appliances still operating, if so where?


Didyoufindanyindicationofignitableliquidsatornearscene?(smell,containers,etc)


Anyevidenceofmultipleseatsoffire?Ifyes,explain.



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Details of victims and current location (either within the scene or elsewhere). If a fatality record the position of the body and clothing at the time of your attendance.


Details of occupants (name/date of birth /sex/ contact details etc.)


Details of witnesses (name, address, contact phone number).


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Further observations regarding witnesses (injuries, clothing etc)

Details of any other persons in the vicinity of the scene and their activities. Have these people been noticed at scenes before? Were they acting unusually?


Are there any tyre tracks or footwear marks leading to/from the scene. If yes have you ensured their protection – give details.


‘Couldbloodstaining,fingerprintsorotherforensicevidencebeimportant?Ifyeshaveyouen-sured their protection - give details’

Haveyounoticedanysurveillancecamerasnearby?YES/NO(note the location on your sketch)

Haveyoualertedtherelevantauthoritysotheimagescanbeseized?YES/NO


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Didanymemberofthepublicmakeanyvideorecordingortakephotographsofthefire?Ifsogive contact details.


Has any Infra Red video/photography been used? If so give contact details.


Usingseparatesheet,sketchthepropertyandindicateextentofdamageonarrivalandfireprogression. Indicate on the sketch the position of any stock/furniture and electrical and gas appliances.Alsoindicateifanyitemsthathavebeenmovedormodifiedbythefirebrigadeduring the extinguishing process and any unusual blockages of furniture which may have been present. Also indicate the position of any bodies, tools or weapons discovered.

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SKETCH of the site

Smoke traces Indicate North on the sketch

Outlineoffireasseenbythefirstwitness Partial burned areas

Heat effected areas

Outline of burned area

Flame progression


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10. APPENDIX – AIDE MEMOIRE

ACTIONS FOR THE FIRST RESPONDER TO FIRE SCENES

• Consider your personal safety and that of others.

• Record all activities using video, photographs and notes at all stages including the date and time.

• Secure the area to restrict access.

• Minimise damage or alteration of the scene.

• Preserve evidence in situ whenever possible.

• Gather information using the data collection sheet.

• Contact the appropriate investigator as soon as possible and pass all information including the data collection sheet on to them.


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APPENDIX A2 – FIRE AND EXPLOSION WORKING GROUP GUIDE FOR LEVEL TWO INVESTIGATORS.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATION WORKING GROUP

GUIDE FOR LEVEL TWO INVESTIGATORS

DOCUMENTTYPE:

PRACTICALGUIDE

REF. CODE: ISSUENO: ISSUEDATE:

DUE 2016

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APPENDIX B1 - INVESTIGATING FIRE FATALITIES

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Whenhumanremainsarefoundorsuspectedtobewithinafirescenetheirrecoverymustbeundertakenbypractitionerswhohavethecompetencetodoso.However,allfiresceneinvestigators must have an awareness of how such remains should be preserved and protected duringthefiresceneinvestigationprocess.

1.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Thereareanumberofspecificrisksassociatedwiththelocationandrecoveryofhumanremainswithinafirescene.Theserisksvaryintypeandseveritydependingonthedegreeof damage to the body. Full personal protective equipment (including masks and goggles) for biologicalhazardsmustbewornbasedonthehazardsidentified.Counselingmustbeavailablefor anyone who comes in contact with human remains.

1.2.1 SharpsAsaresultofthefire,abodyisexposedtobothheatandimpactdamageforexampleduetofallingdebrisandstructuralcollapse.Lossofsofttissueduetoheatcanexposefracturedbonewhich in turn pose a sharps risk to those handling the remains.

1.2.2 Biological hazardsSofttissuedamagecanexposeinternalorgansandbodilyfluidswhichcancontainpotentiallyharmful bacterial and virus’, these in turn pose a risk to those handling the remains both by inhalation and by direct contact.

1.2.3 Psychological risksObserving and handling human remains carries the potential for psychological distress.

1.3 GENERAL INDICATORS OF THE PRESENCE OF HUMAN REMAINS

Thephysicalconditionofhumanremainswillvarydependentupontheseverityofthefireand/orthelengthoftimewhichthebodyhasbeenexposedtotheheatfluxwithinthefirescene.Heatandfirefightingactivitiescancauseextensivefragmentationanddispersionoftheremainshowever the remains are still present within the scene to be recovered. The stages of damage listedbelowarenotclearlydefinedbutarepartofadynamicprocessthatwillvaryonasceneby scene basis.

• Minimal heat damage, • Pugilistic pose associated with some soft tissue damage• Pugilistic pose associated with fragmentation of limb bones and exposure of the skull.• Extensive loss of soft tissue, fragmentation of limb bones, exposure and fragmentation

of skull and ribs, some loss of tissue and fragmentation of torso.• Complete loss of soft tissue and fragmentation of bones, those left powder on touch.

1.4 SCENE EVALUATION

If human remains are suspected to be present in a scene at any stage of the scene examination, standard operating procedures for the recovery of human remains should

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be initiated and re-evaluation of the risks and handling of the scene must be carried out. Consultation with the appropriate specialist/expert must be part of this process of re-evaluation, such specialists could include a forensic pathologist, forensic anthropologist etc.

In cases where the recovery of human remains is required the following procedures must be followed ;

1. The location of the body (including nearby debris on or surrounding the body and protected areas under or near the body) must be recorded and include a measured plan of the environment.

2. The position of the body must be recorded. 3. Photographyoftheteethandfingerprintingshouldbeconsideredpriortohandlingof

the body depending on its condition.4. Handling of the remains must be kept to a minimum.5. Based on the condition of the body and the agreed scene examination strategy,

samples(fingernailscrapings,biologicalevidence,traceevidence,clothingetc.)maybe taken insitu. This is particularly the case if areas of the body have been protected fromtheeffectsofthefireforexamplebyclothingorfallendebris.

6. Personal possessions and any clothing or wrapping associated with the body must be photographed and documented insitu prior to recovering, packaging and labelling.

7. Where applicable the body should be turned over within the scene and photographed. The area underneath the body should be recorded and carefully excavated.

8. For bodies that have become fragmented, the fragments may have spread as a result offiresuppressionactivitiesandallattemptsshouldbemadetomaximisetherecoveryof these fragments in such cases consultation with forensic anthropologists or forensic pathologistsisadvisabletoensuremaximumrecovery.Discussingfiresuppressionactivitieswiththefirstresponderswillhelpinthisrespect.Thelocationofallfragmentsmust be recorded.

9. For situations where bone is exposed and has become fragile through heat exposure, stabilisingchemicalsorwrappingmaterials(suchasclingfilm)canbeconsiderediftheir use prevents further fragmentation or deterioration. Chemicals must be used with extreme caution and control samples of any chemicals and wrapping materials should also be supplied.

10. Body fragments can adhere to other items of debris (melty bits) and this debris should be carefully checked prior to removal from the scene.

11. In scenes where human remains are in danger of further damage and the body cannot berecoveredquickly,itistheroleofthefireinvestigatortoinitiatecontactwiththeappropriate specialists as soon as possible and act upon the advice of these specialists in relation to the protection of the remains.

12. Human remains must be placed in cold storage as soon as possible after recovery.

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APPENDIX C1 – CLANDESTINE MANUFACTURE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A clandestine laboratory is any laboratory or facility that illegally manufactures controlled substances, or converts precursor chemicals into controlled substances. This includes the production of stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens and narcotics, (e.g. methamphetamine, amphetamine, heroin, cannabis), as well as an ever changing number of controlled analogs and designer substances collectively known as New Psychoactive Substances (e.g. substituted cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids). It also includes chemical processes which convert pre-precursor chemicals (e.g. APAAN) into precursor chemicals.

Clandestine laboratory premises can be encountered in almost any location usually houses, garages, industrial buildings, warehouses, motor vehicles and caravans. The chemical processes use equipment and recipes of varying degree of sophistication. Many of the chemicals found at a clandestine laboratory have a wide range of legal uses from which they have been diverted.

Cannabis has traditionally been grown outdoors but there has been an increasing tendency for indoor cultivation. This can be found in domestic or commercial premises and can be located in closets, basements etc. depending on the scale and sophistication of the production. Indoor cultivation is often hydroponic where plant nutrients and water are fed into the growing medium.


It is critical for all responders to the scene to be able to identify the levels of risk as well as types of protection needed for the particular incident under investigation. Full personal protective equipment (including breathing apparatus) for chemical hazards must be worn based on the scaleoftheproductionprocessandthenatureofthechemicalorbiologicalhazardsidentified.Basedonthehazardsidentified,appropriatedecontaminationproceduresmustbedeployed.

Clandestinelaboratoriesposespecificandserioushealththreatsdueto;

1.2.1 ChemicalsTherearemanyhazardoushighlyflammablechemicals(e.g.largeamountsofsolvents),explosive and corrosive chemicals (e.g. strong acids, bases), as well as toxic and carcinogenic substances. These pose immediate and long term risks to human health and the environment. Dangers also arise where mixtures of chemical waste are present and chemical spills can further result in inhalation of toxic levels of solvents, acids, cyanide etc. Additional dangers arise from a lack of control measures, unlabeled or mislabeled chemicals and inappropriate ventilation within the ‘laboratory’ that can increase the risk to responders.

1.2.2 StructuralmodificationsPremisesareoftenmodifiedinordertofacilitatethelaboratoryfunction.Thismaycauseincreased risk to building integrity and reduced ventilation by removal or alteration of supporting structures. Poor ventilation can cause risk of inhalation of chemicals as well as high humidity levels which can result in elevated airborne levels of mould spores posing potential health hazards e.g. respiratory diseases.

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Gasandelectricitysuppliesmaybealteredcausinganincreasedriskoffire,explosionandelectrocution.Modificationtowatersuppliesmayposeariskduetoreductioninwaterfloworcontamination of water by chemicals.

1.2.3 EquipmentHomemadeand/ormodifiedequipmentcanresultintheircatastrophicfailureleadingtoanincreasedriskofexplosionandfire.

Thepresenceofgascylinderscauseanincreasedriskofexplosionandfire.

Carbon dioxide generators are utilised in cannabis cultivation and pose a risk of suffocation.

1.2.4 Booby-trapsAll responders should be aware of the possible presence of booby traps such as (but not limitedto)electrifiedmetalplatesatdoorthresholds,wiringdoorandwindowhandlestomainselectricity supplies and the use of sharp objects strategically placed at entry points.

1.3 GENERAL INDICATORS OF CLANDESTINE MANUFACTURE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

Indicatorswhichmayalertfireinvestigatorstothepossiblepresenceofaclandestinelaboratoryduring the initial assessment may include the following:

• Unusualodorssuchassolvents,ammoniaetc.• Covered or painted over windows.• Unusualorexcessivesecuritymeasuresforthetypeofpremisese.g.cameras,high

fences, locked/chained gates, bars on windows, guard dogs, booby traps.• Laboratoryglassware/equipment.• Chemicals, marked and unmarked chemical containers, unusual amounts of cold

remedies. • Unusualuseorlocationofheating,coolingorpressurizedequipment.• Unusualventilationequipment(pipes,fansetc.).• Largeamountsoffulland/oremptychemicalcontainerskeptinsideorinthevicinityof

the premises.• Observation by neighbours of odours, smoke, dumping of waste.• Evidence of cooking rings and burnt utensils.• Chemical and/or oil spillages and stains on surfaces. • Unusualstainedcoffeefilters.• Discardedclingfilmandfoil.• Drug recipe books and notes (hand written and printed). • Internet references for drug production.

1.3.1 Cannabis cultivationSomespecificequipmentassociatedwiththecultivationofcannabisinclude;

• Growing medium eg clay pebbles, perlite, coco shell, rockwool.• Seeds.• Germinating discs. • Nutrients, fertilizer, vitamins, minerals and/or pesticides.• pH meters.

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• Electrical conductivity meters.• Thermometers.• Carbon dioxide cylinders/generators. • Extractor fans.• Ventilationducting.• Carbonfilters.• Lightbulbsegneon,LED,silverhalide,highpressuresodium.• Lightreflectors.• Electrical timers. • Extensive wiring.• Aluminium foil sheeting for lining walls and ceilings.• Watering system eg drip feed system with associated piping, capillary mats, misters,

water pump.• Written instructions on cultivation process including watering/ lighting/ feeding.• Variouspotsandtrays.• Plant and growing medium waste.

1.4 SCENE EVALUATION

If a clandestine manufacturing process is suspected at any stage of the scene examination, standard operating procedures for the handling of hazardous materials must be initiated and re-evaluation of the risks and handling of the scene must be carried out. Consultation with the appropriate specialist/expert must be part of this process of re-evaluation.

Inadditiontothefireinvestigationaseparatesceneinvestigationmaybecarriedouttoinvestigate the chemical manufacturing process. This will involve appropriate specialists which mayinclude,forensicchemists,safetyofficers,environmentalofficersanddecontamination/clean up personnel etc.

An overall strategy should be discussed and agreed to prior to any activities commencing in relationtoboththefiresceneinvestigationandtheinvestigationofthechemicalmanufacturingprocess. This must include (but is not limited to);

• scene preservation including restriction of access to the scene.• health and safety including the chemical or biological hazards present. • evacuation of the immediate area or extension of a ‘safe zone’.• safe shut down of any chemical processes in operation.• identificationofthechemicalprocessinvolvedwherepossible.• prioritisation of the scene examination in order to maximize the recovery of relevant

evidenceforboththefiresceneinvestigationandtheinvestigationoftheclandestinelaboratory.

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FLOW CHART A : CHEMICALS USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED DRUG SUBSTANCES.

FLOW CHART A : CHEMICALS USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED DRUG SUBSTANCES.

Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetaldehyde Acetonitrile Aluminium chloride Ammonia (gas) Ammonium acetate Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chloride Ammonium formate Ammonium hydroxide Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzyl chloride Bromobenzene Butylamine Calcium hydroxide Copper (metal) Chloroform Ephedrine Ethyl acetate Ethanol Ethyl ether n-Ethyl ephedrine n Ethyl pseudoephedrine Ferric chloride Formamide Formic acid Hexane Hydriodic Acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Iodine Isopropanol Lithium Aluminium Chloride Magnesium (metal) Mercury (metal) Mercuric chloride Methanol Methylamine Methylene chloride N Methyl ephedrine

Amphetamine, Methamphetamine

Methyl formamide N Methyl pseudoephedrine Nitric acid Nitroethane Norpseudoephedrine Oxalic acid Palladium black Perchloric acid Petroleum ether Phenylacetic acid 1-Phenyl-2-propanone (P2P,BMK) Phenyl propanolamine Red phosphorus Phosphorous pentachloride Platinum (metal) Platinum (IV) dioxide Potassium Potassium hydroxide Pseudoephedrine Pyridine Raney Nickel Sodium (metal) Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium borohydrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Tetrahydrofuran Thionyl chloride Toluene

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Acetic acid Acetone Aluminium (metal) Aluminium chloride Ammonia (gas) Ammonium acetate Ammonium chloride Ammonium hydroxide Benzene Chloroform Cuprous oxide Dibromethane Diethylamine Dimethylformamide Ethylamine Ethanol Ethyl ether Formic acid Hydrochloric acid Isopropanol Isosafrole Mercuric bromide Mercuric chloride Methanol Methylamine Methylenedichloride (Dichloromethane) 3,4Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (PMK) PMK Glycidate Oxalic acid Palladium black Piperonal Piperonyl alcohol Platinum metal Platinum dioxide Potassium hydroxide Raney Nickel Safrole Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium dichromate Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid Toluene

Controlled Substances

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FLOW CHART A (CONTINUED) : CHEMICALS USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED DRUG SUBSTANCES .

FLOW CHART A (CONTINUED) : CHEMICALS USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED DRUG SUBSTANCES .

Controlled Substances

Heroin

Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetyl chloride Activated carbon Aluminium chloride Ammonium chloride Ammonium hydroxide Boron tribromide Calcium bicarbonate Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) Chloroform Ethyl acetate Ethanol Ethyl ether Ethylidene diacetate Glacial acetic acid Hydrochloric acid Methanol Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) Phosphorous pentachloride Phosphorous trichloride Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium hydroxide Pyridine Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid Tartaric Acid Thionyl chloride

Cocaine

Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Ammonium hydroxide Benzene n-Butanol n-Butyl acetate 2-Butyl acetate Calcium carbonate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chloroform Ethyl acetate Ethanol Ethyl ether Hexane Hydrochloric acid Isopropanol Kerosene Methylene dichloride (Dichloromethane) Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) Methanol Petroleum ether Potassium carbonate Potassium hycroxide Potassium permanganate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium hypochlorite Sodium sulphae Sulfuric acid Toluene xylene

Phenyl-2-propanone (P2P, BMK)

!-Phenylacetoacetonitrile APAAN conc Phosphoric acid conc Sulfuric acid conc Hydrochloric acid Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic soda) Sodium bicarbonate

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FLOW CHART B : EQUIPMENT COMMONLY USED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED DRUG SUBSTANCES.

FLOW CHART B : EQUIPMENT COMMONLY USED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED DRUG SUBSTANCES.

Common equipment : Balances, thermometers, freezers, buckets, barrels, tubs; mixing devices; pH meter or paper; separation funnels, centrifuge, glass jars or modified soft drink bottles, packaging equipment, tableting press, heat sealing equipment, cling film, polythene bags, drying cupboard or drying rack.

Equipment used for the synthesis of specific controlled substances

Methamphetamine Amphetamine

Heat source e.g. electric heating mantles, Gas burners Glass reaction vessels, Custom made glassware Reflux condenser Separation funnels, Steam distillation equipment, Tubing Vacuum pump Large scale industrial equipment e.g. stainless steel reaction vessels, condenser tubes, refluxers, distillation and separation apparatus

Methylenedioxy- methamphetamine (MDMA)

Heat source e.g. electric heating mantles Reaction vessel (jerry can, plastic container or stainless steel vessel); Condenser tube; Glassware. Distillation equipment (industrial and/or custom-made); Vacuum flask; Buchner funnel with filtration paper; Vacuum pump; Gas bottles; Vacuum separator

Heat source e.g. heating mantles, hot plates, Bunsen burners, camping stoves Cans of camping fuel Match boxes or striking surfaces from match boxes Flares (pyrotechnic) Filtration equipment e.g. vacuum filtration, coffee filters, filter papers, funnels, cotton wool balls, adapted petrol can/gas canisters Hair dryer, fan Freezer

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FLOW CHART C : HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS COMMONLY USED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF METHAMPHETAMINE.

FLOW CHART C : HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS COMMONLY USED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF METHAMPHETAMINE.

Household products Chemical

Precursor chemicals Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine Ephedra Phenylpropanolamine Essential chemicals Aluminum foil Methylamine Lithium Red phosphorous Iodine Mercuric chloride Hydrogen peroxide Phosphinic acid Platinum Sodium chloride Magnesium sulfate Solvents Mineral spirits Charcoal lighter fluid Camping fuel Ethanol Acetone Dichloromethane Methylated spirit Anhydrous ammonia Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol Benzene Ethyl ether Methanol Sodium hydroxide Toluene Hydrochloric acid Hydriodic acid Sulfuric acid Trichloroethylene Acetic acid

Precursor source Weight loss products, Cold medication e.g.Sudafed,

Plant material Vasoconstrictor

Source of Essential chemical

Aluminum foil Photographic development solvent

Lithium batteries Matchbooks and matchbook striker surface

Iodine tinctures Etching solvent, wood preserver

Hair bleach Food preservative

Precious metals, jewellery, dentistry Table salt

Epsom salt, fertilizer

Source of Solvents Mineral spirits

Charcoal lighter fluid Camping fuel

Denatured alcohol Nail varnish remover

Paint remover Methylated spirit

Air conditioning refrigerant, crop fertilizer Antifreeze

Dyes, lacquers ,varnish Engine starter fluid

Gas line, antifreeze, brake cleaner fluid Lye, drain cleaner, caustic soda

Paint thinner, brake cleaner Concrete cleaner

Concrete cleaner, disinfectant Battery acid

Dry cleaning fluid Vinegar

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ENFSI-BPM-EXP-01

APPENDIX C2 – CLANDESTINE MANUFACTURE OF HOME MADE EXPLOSIVES

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Explosive materials include conventional high explosives, quantities of small arms propellant, fireworks,otherpyrotechnicmaterials,incendiarymixturesandhomemadeexplosivemixtures.Explosives are sensitive to heat, shock, friction and electrostatic discharge; sensitivity will vary based on the type of explosive. However, all can explode violently if mishandled. Some home made explosives may be manufactured in a cold water bath or be stored in a refrigerator or packed in ice to ensure that they remain inert.

Home made explosives can be made from commonly available chemicals. They can be more or less sensitive than commercial explosives depending on the formulation, starting materials, purity and the methods of manufacture.

Many chemicals can be obtained from chemical companies in pure form or from readily available household or industrial products. Flowchart D provides some examples of the commonly encountered chemicals used in the manufacture of home made explosives, together with their physical appearance.

1.1.1 AppearanceSome home made explosives may be found as crystalline solids that have settled to the bottom ofaliquidfilledcontainer.Somemayfloatonthetopofaliquid.Otherhomemadeexplosivesmay appear as non-crystalline solids. Residues of explosives may be left in mixing or storage containers; these can be extremely hazardous.

Colour and smell is not always a good indicator of the presence of explosives as this will vary depending on several factors, including starting products and purity.


It is important to look at the circumstances of a scene in their entirety. These types of scenes are not always clean and tidy environments, and time should be taken to assess the scene carefully.

DONOTHANDLEanyitemsbelievedtobeinvolvedinthemanufactureofhomemadeexplosives; contact an expert immediately.

1.3 GENERAL INDICATORS OF HOME MADE MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES

Themanufactureofhomemadeexplosivesdoesnotrequirespecialistscientificequipmentinclude but are not limited to:

• food mixers, • coffee grinders and blenders; • beakers, glass jars, glass containers, • buckets and bowls; • saucepans • conventional kitchen hob or electric hot plate; • cold water bath or ice bath.

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Specialisttoolsarealsonotrequired.ManytoolsusedinhouseholdDIYaresuitableandinclude but are not limited to:

• pliers, • screwdrivers, • soldering iron and solder, • hammers, • batteries, • bulbs, • wires, • circuit boards, • commercial electronic items such as switches, timers and clocks• Home made detonators.• Modifiedmobilephones.

1.4. SCENE EVALUATION

If the manufacture of home made explosives is suspected, procedures for the handling of hazardous materials must be initiated and re-evaluation of the risks and handling of the scene must be carried out. Consultation with the appropriate specialist in explosives ordnance disposal (EOD, Bomb disposal) must be part of this process of re-evaluation.

Inadditiontothefireinvestigation,aseparatesceneinvestigationmaybecarriedouttoinvestigate the home made explosive manufacturing process. This will involve appropriate specialistswhichmayincludeexplosiveexperts,safetyofficersanddecontamination/cleanuppersonnel etc.

An overall multi agency strategy should be discussed and agreed prior to any activities commencing.Thestrategyshouldincludeboththefiresceneinvestigationandthehomemadeexplosive manufacturing process. It should be borne in mind that further destruction may be required if the home made explosive material needs to be made safe by EOD or bomb disposal specialists.

The strategy must include (but is not limited to);

• evacuation plan of the immediate area.• scene preservation including restriction of access to the scene, creation of different

zones within the scene etc.• health and safety including the chemical and explosive hazards present. • identification of the homemade explosive manufacturing process involved where

possible. • safe shut down of any chemical processes in operation.• prioritisation of the scene examination in order to maximize the recovery of relevant

evidenceforboththefiresceneinvestigationandtheinvestigationofthepreparationof the home made explosive material(s).

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FLOW CHART D1 : MATERIALS COMMONLY USED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF HOMEMADE EXPLOSIVES


Grinders Blenders

Ammonium Nitrate

Chlorate / Perchlorate

Black Powder

Mixtures

Potassium nitrate Sulfur Charcoal

Potassium Perchlorate Aluminium powder Magnesium Sodium chlorate Sugar Phosphorus

Ammonium nitrate, (fertilizer) Sugar Aluminium powder Fuel Oil

Specific equipment encountered

Type of explosive

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Filtration equipment Glassware

Ice bath Mixer

Hot plate

Hydrogen Peroxide mixtures

Peroxides

TATP HMTD MEKP

Urea Nitrate

Urea (fertilizer) Nitric acid

Urea Nitrate

Hydrogen peroxide Acetone Sulfuric acid Hydrochloric acid Citric acid

Hydrogen peroxide Hexamine (camping fuel) Sulfuric acid Hydrochloric acid Citric acid

Hydrogen peroxide Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) Sulfuric acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid

Hydrogen peroxide Nitromethane Ethanol Methanol Glycerol Aluminium powder Sulfur Pepper Cumin Flour Honey Semolina Corn flour Rice Almost anything!

Specific equipment encountered

Type of explosive

ENFSI-BPM-EXP-01

Best Practice Manual for the Investigation of Fire ScenesENFSI-BPM-FEI-01 Version 01 - November 2015

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