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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST1. Phagocytosis 2. Simple Di!sio" #. Osmosis

• The .................. are also used for

feeding.

• Amoeba sp. engulfs ........ by

phagocytosis.

• Amoeba sp. is a ..................

organisms which feed on microscopicorganisms such as bacteria.

• The presence of food causes Amoeba

sp.to advance by ................. its

pseupodia.

• The pseupodia encloses the food

which is then packaged in

food .....................

• The food .............. fuses with

lysosome and the food is digested by

.................. enzyme called lysozyme.

• The resulting nutrients are absorbed

into the ..............................

• Net movement of molecules or ions

from a region of ..............

concentration to a region

of ................. concentration.

• Going down concentration gradient

until an ............................. isachieved.

• The particles are

distibuted ....................... throughout

the system.

• The concentration gradient provides

energy to move the molecules into

and out of the cells.

• Net movement of freely

moving ............ from a region

of ............. solute concentration to a

region of ............. solute

concentration through

a .................................. membrane.//• Net movement of .......... from

region ............ water concentration

to a region of ................ water

concentration.//

• Net movement of .............

from ................... region

to .................... region.

$. %acilitate& Di!sio" 5. 'cti(e T)a"spo)t *. '"imal a"& pla"t cells i" a"

isoto"ic sol!tio"

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• or ............... soluble molecules //

molecules which are not soluble

in ............. !ions" nucleic acid" amino

acids and glucose#

• $arrier %rotein The carrier protein function

by ................ to the molecules topass through the plasma

membrane. The molecules move to the

carrier protein which

is ..................... for the

molecules. &olecules bind with the carrier

protein at the ........................... $arrier protein changes

its ................... and pass the

molecules through

the ..............................................

&ovement of molecules or

ions ...................... the concentration

gradient across the plasma

membranes. 'e(uires both carrier proteins and

e)penditure of ........................ *nergy from +T% !adenosine

triphosphate# that is generated

during respiration in

the ....................................... ,as ....................... which bind to the

+T% molecules. The carrier protein

changes ................. when the

phosphate group from the +T%

molecule binds to it Then the solute is moved across the

plasma membrane.

• -olution in which the solute

concentration is .................. to that

of the cytoplasmic uid.

• ater di0use in and out of the cells

at ............. rate.

• No net movement of water.

•

$ells retain its ..................... shape.

+. ,ypoto"ic sol!tio" . ,ype)to"ic sol!tio" . P)ese)(atio" o/ sh a"&

(egetales-olution which contains a ................

concentration of solute relative to

another solution

+nimal cells

• $ell placed in hypotonic solution.

• Net movement of water ............

the cells via osmosis.

• $ell swells up.

• hen e)tremely hypotonic" cells

will eventually .....................

• $annot withstand

the ........................ because of

-olution which contains a ..............

concentration of solute relative to

another solution

+nimal cells

• Net movement of water

from ............ to the ....................

of the cell.

• $ells ...................." internal

pressure decrease.

• 'ed blood cells immersed in

hypertonic solution" the cell

shrink and ................................

ish

• ish is covered by salt solution

which is ........................ to body

uid/cell/tissue.

• &ore water di0uses ............ from

tissues into salt solution via

osmosis.• ish becomes ...........................

• %revents ................... growth in

sh tissues.

• acteria cells are also

plasmolysed // crenated.

• %revent decay // 3ast longer.

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTthin plasma membrane.

• *.g 5 red blood cells

!.............................#

%lant cells

• 6o not ................

•

'igid ....................• ater di0use into vacuole of cell

via osmosis.

• $ell swells up and

becomes ...................

• Tugor pressure in plant.

• -upporting the plant.

crinkles up.

• $ell

undergone ..............................

%lant cells

• ater di0use .............. via

osmosis.• 7acuole and

cytoplasm .................. and

plasma membrane ....................

from the cell wall.

• This process

called ............................

• $ell becomes .........................

7egetables

• 7egetables are immersed

in ................ which is acidic//has

low p,.

• .............. di0uses into vegetables

tissues.• 7egetables tissues becomes

acidic//has low p,.

• %revents ...................... growth in

tissues.

• %reventing decay//last longer.

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST10. Die)e"ces between /acilitate& &i!sio" and acti(e t)a"spo)t

%acilitate& &i!sio"

B!t

'cti(e t)a"spo)t6

1

*

1

................... the concentration gradient

&olecules moves from ................. concentration to .............

concentration

......................... the concentration gradient

&olecules moves from ................ concentration

to ................... concentration

62

*

2

&olecules move in ............... direction across the plasmamembrane

&olecules can move through pore protein or/and carrier

protein

&olecules move in ....... direction across theplasma membrane

&olecules move through carrier protein

6

4

*

4

No +T%/energy used

&olecule can move through ........................ without binding

+T%/energy is used

*nergy needed for binding/bind

with ........................

6

8

&olecules need carrier protein and pore protein to help the

movement

Need carrier protein only to help movement

69

$ould achieve .............................. ill not achieve ............................../result inaccumulation

6

:

Not depend on ................................... 6epend on ........................................

11. Simila)ities etee" /acilitate&

&i!sio" a"& acti(e t)a"spo)t

12. The Impo)ta"ce o/ ate) 1#. Ge"e)al cha)acte)istics o/

e"3ymes

• oth !ways of

transportation#need .............................

...........

• To bind with

molecules/ion/substrate/e)amples

• oth transport specic molecules only.

• ecause the carrier protein have

specic site to certain molecules.

• oth processes occur

in ..........................

• ater is a .................. molecule

and act as a solvent.

• Transport ................ in the blood"

lymphatic" e)cretory and digestive

systems and in the vascular tissues

of plant.

• +s a medium for .........................

reaction.

• ,elps in lubricant.

• 'egulates/maintaining

• +lter or .................... the rates of

chemical reactions

• 'emain ........................ at the end of

reaction.• 6o not ................. by reactions they

catalysed.

• ,ave specic sites called .................

to bind with specic substrates.

• Needed in .................. (uantities.

• 'eaction are ..........................

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• ecause carrier protein need/can

change shape to allow substances to

move across.

body ......................

• %roviding ................. to the cell.

• ,igh surface tension

and .......................

• %roviding ..................... !respiratory

surfaces such as alveoli#.

• &aintaining ...................... balance

and turgidity.

• $an be slowed down or stopped

by ................. *.g5 lead and mercury

• 'e(uire helper molecules"

called ...................

• ;norganic cofactor 5 ferum" copper

• <rganic cofactor5 water soluble

vitamins" vitamins .

1$. E4t)acell!la) e"3yme 15. Loc6 a"& 7ey8 hypothesis 1*. Eects o/ tempe)at!)e o"

e"3yme acti(ity *)tracellular enzyme is produced in a

cell" then packed and secreted fromthe cell.;t catalyses its reaction ................. thecell. +n e)ample is amylase.

The nucleus contains ............. which

carries the information for synthesis of enzymes.

%roteins that are synthesised at

the ................ are transported throughthe spaces withinthe ...................................................

%roteins that depart from the rough *'

wrapped in .................. that bud o0from the membrane of the rough *'.

These transport vesicle then fuse withthe membranes ofthe .......................... and empty theircontents into the membranous space.

The proteins are further modied

during their transport in the Golgiapparatus. or e)ample"carbohydrates are added to protein to

The ................... molecule ts into

the ............................ of the

enzyme molecule.

The substrate is the ............... thatts into the enzyme which is

the ................. 7arious types of bonds such as

hydrogen and ionic bonds hold the

substrate The binding of substrate and

enzyme at the ...........................

forming

the ...........................................

comple). <nce the comple) is formed" the

enzyme changes the substrate to

its ........................ The product leaves

the ....................... The enzyme is not altered by the

reaction and it can

+t ............... temperature" reaction

takes place slowly. +s temperature ....................."

movement of substrate increase. ;ncrease their chances of .................

with each other and with the active

site of the enzymes. +t ......................... temperature" the

reaction is at ma)imum rate. eyond the ....................

temperature" rate of reaction will not

increase. onds that hold enzyme molecules

begin to break. +ctives sites .......................

*nzyme ...............................

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTform .......................................

......................... vesicles containing

these modied protein bud o0 fromthe Golgi apparatus and travel to theplasma membrane.

*nzymes are released.

be ........................

1+. P)ophase 1. 9etaphase 1. '"aphase♣ $hromosomes in the

nucleus ....................

♣ $hromosomes appear shorter

and ...............

♣ $onsist of sister ................. =oined at

the centromere.

♣ -pindle ............... begin to form.

♣ ........................ migrate at opposite

poles.

♣

+t the end" .................... disappearsand the .................................

disintegrates.

♣ $hromosomes ................. at the

metaphase plate//e(uatorial

plate//middle of the cell.

♣ &itotic spindle are fully formed.

♣ Two sister .................. are still

attached to one another at the

centromere.

♣ *nds when the

centromere ...................

♣ Two sister ................. separate at the

centromere.

♣ -ister ................... pulled ...............

at opposite poles.

♣ $hromatids are referred to

as ......................... chromosomes.

20. Telophase 21. :yto6i"esis 22. ;"co"t)olle& mitosis

♣ $hromosomes ................. the

opposite poles of the cell.

♣ $hromosomes .................... and

revert to their e)tended state

!......................#.♣ The spindle bres .............................

and new .....................................

forms around each set of the

chromosomes.

♣ The .............................. re>forms in

each nucleus

♣ %rocess of ............................ division

to form two ............................ cells.

♣ egins before nuclear division is

completed.

;n animal cells

♣ ................... laments in the

cytoplasm contracts and pull plasma

membrane ..........................

♣ Groove of .......................... furrow

pinches at the e(uator between two

♣ $ell divides through mitosis

repeatedly without ..................

♣ %roduce ................... cells.

♣ $ancer is a genetic disease caused

by ................................. mitosis.♣ 6isruption of cell cycle.

♣ $ancerous cells divide freely and

uncontrollably not according to the

cell ...............

♣ These cells compete with

surrounding normal cells for energy

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTnuclei.

♣ The ..................... furrow deepens

until the cell separates into

two ........................ cells

;n plant cells

♣ &embrane>enclosed .....................

gather at the e(uator between the

two nuclei.

♣ 7esicles =oin to form a

cell ...................

♣ $ell plate grows ................... until its

edges fuse with the plasma

membrane of the cell.

♣ New cell ................. and plasma

membrane are formed.

♣ The cell plate divides the cell into

two ........................ cells.

♣ .................... are produced by the cell

to strengthen the new cell walls.

and ......................

♣ $ancer cells formed ......................

♣ Tumours invade and ...................

neighbouring cells.

2#. '"imal clo"i"g 2$. Tiss!e c!lt!)e 25. '&(a"tages o/ clo"i"g

♦ -omatic cells !from the mammary

gland cells# are removed and grown

in a .....................

♦ $ells stop ..................... and enter a

♦ -mall pieces of root" shoot

or ................ tissue are taken from

the parent plant.

♦ The tissues are

♦ +llows .................................... to

multiply copies of useful genes or

clones.

♦ $lones can be produced in

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTnon>diving phase.

♦ ....................... egg is obtained. The

nucleus is sucked ..............." leaving

the cytoplasm and organelles without

any chromosomes.

♦ *lectric pulse stimulates

the ................. between the somatic

cells and egg cell without nucleus.

♦ $ells divide repeatedly forming

an ...................

♦ The embryo is then ........................ in

a surrogate mother.

♦ The embryo grows normally into a

cloned sheep of the somatic

cell ..................

called .........................

♦ *nzymes are used to digest

the ........................ of tissue.

♦ $ells are naked !protoplast#.

♦ *)plant/protoplast are steriled then

placed in a glass container which

contains a ................... medium.

♦ +pparatus must be steriled to make

sure free from .......................

♦ p, and temperature must be at

optimum level.

♦ *)plants divide by .................... and

develop into .................

!undi0erentiated mass of tissue#

♦ ............... develops into somatic

embryo and plantlet.

♦ %lantlet can be transferred to the soil

for growth.

a ................. time and in large

numbers.

♦ $reates ........................ crops which

are resistant

to .........................." .................

and ..............................

♦ $loned plants" can produced owers

and fruits within a shorter period.

♦ $lones are better (uality.

♦ 6elayed ...................

♦ 6oes not need ............... agents.

♦ %ropagation can take place at any

time.

A

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST2*. Disa&(a"tages o/ clo"i"g 2+. 9eiosis I 2. 9eiosis II

B 3ong>term side e0ects are not yet

known.B &ay undergo natural ...................

6isrupt the natural e(uilibrium of an

ecosystem.B $lones do not show any

genetic .....................B ,as the ................. level of

resistance towards certain disease.B $ertain transgenic crops contain

genes that are resistant

to .............................B These genes may be transferred

to .................. through viruses. These

weeds would then become resistant

to herbicides.

B $loned animals hasshorter .........................

1. 6uring prophase ;" homologouschromosomes pair up !................#and ........................ between non>sister chromatids occurs.

2. 6uring &etaphase ;" homologouschromosomes .............. at the

metaphase plate !e(uator" middle#of the cell.4. 6uring +naphase ;" homologous

chromosomes ................ and moveto opposite poles. -ister chromatidsare still attached together andmove as a unit.

8. +t the end of Telophase;" .....................and ....................................... re>appear.

9. $ytokinesis occurs and

two .................. daughter cells areformed.

1. 6uring %rophase ;;" synapsis of

homologous chromosomes and

crossing over between non>sister

chromatids ................. take place.2. 6uring &etaphase ;;" chromosomes

consisting of two sister .................

align at the metaphase plate

!e(uator/middle# of cell.4. 6uring +naphase ;;" sister chromatids

separate" becoming .....................

chromosomes that move to opposite

poles.8. +t the end of Telophase

;;" .....................

and ....................................... re>

appear.

9. $ytokinesis occurs andfour .................. daughter cells are

formed.

2. $omparison between meiosis and mitosis

9EIOSIS Die)e"ces 9ITOSIS<ccurs in ....................... organs 3ocation of cell division <ccurs in ..............................cells%roduces .................... for se)ual

reproduction%urpose

%roduces new cells for ...................

and ................

Number of cell division/cytokinesis.......................................... pair up

through synapsis

during ...................................

-ynapsis...................................... do not pair up

through synapsis

<ccurs between ...................................

during ............................$rossing over 6oes not occur

,omologous chromosomes line up side

by side at the metaphase plate

+rrangement of chromosome The individual chromosomes are

arranged ................... at the metaphase

1C

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTduring ............................... plate during .......................

Number of daughter cell producedNumber of chromosomes of the

daughter cells............ from the parent cell and from

one anotherGenetic content of daughter cells

........................... to the parent cell and to

one another7ariation

#0. Digestio" i" mo!th #1. Digestio" i" stomach #2. Digestio" i" small i"testi"e

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

♠ -ecretion of ............. by three pairsof salivary glands

♠ -aliva contains the enzymesalivary ................

♠ egins the hydrolysis of ..............to ...............

-tarch D water maltose

♠ +n additional digestive processoccurs further along the alimentarycanal to convert .............to ..................

♠ p, is maintained at .................

♠ *pithelial lining of the stomachcontains ................. glands.

♠ These glands secrete ......................$onsists of mucus" ,$3 and enzymepepsin and renin.

♠ ,$3 make the p, around 2.C.

♠ ,igh acidity destroys bacteria.

♠ +cidity stops the activity of salivaryamylase enzyme.

%rotein D water polypeptides

♠ 'enin coagulate milk by convertingthe soluble milkprotein" ..................... intosoluble .......................

♠ -tomach contents become a semi>

uid called ..................♠ $hyme gradually enter

the ...............................

♠ 6uodenum received chyme fromstomach and secretion fromthe ................... and .................

♠ -tarch" protein and lipids aredigested.

♠ ............ which produced by the liver

and stored in the gall bladder enter

the duodenum via the bile duct.♠ ile helps .................. the acidic

chyme and optimise the p, forenzyme action in duodenum.

♠ ile salts ..................... lipids"

breaking them down into tinydroplets.

♠ %roviding high T-+ for digestion.

♠ %ancreas secretes ......................

=uice into duodenum via pancreaticduct.

♠ %ancreatic =uice contains pancreaticamylase" ................ and ...................

♠ %ancreatic amylase complete thedigestion of starch to .....................

♠ Trypsin digests polypeptidesinto ...................

♠ 3ipase completes the digestion oflipid into ..................and ....................

♠ Glands in the ileum !small intestine#secrete intestinal =uice which contain

digestive enzyme needed tocomplete the digestion of ..................and ...........................

♠ %eptides digested by ............ intoamino acids.

♠ &altose digested by .............. intoglucose.

♠ 6isaccharides digested by its own

12

-alivary

pepsin

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTenzyme into monosaccharide andglucose.

##. Digestio" o/ cell!lose y #$. Digestio" o/ cell!lose y )o&e"t #5. Digestio"

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST)!mi"a"t

%artially chewed food is passed to

the ............. !largest compartment of

the stomach#. $ellulose is broken down

by .................... produced by

bacteria. %art of the breakdown products are

absorbed by bacteria" the rest by the

host. ood enters the ..............................

$ellulose undergoes further

hydrolysis. The content of the reticulum" called

the cud" is then ....................... bit by

bit into the mouth to be thoroughly

chewed.

,elps soften and break downcellulose" making it more accessible

to further microbial action. The cud is reswallowed and moved to

the ................................... ,ere" the large particles of food are

broken down into smaller pieces by

peristalsis. ..................... is removed from the

cud.

ood particles movedinto ..................." the true stomach of

the ruminant. !e.g 5 cow#. Gastric =uices complete the digestion

of protein and other food substances. The food then passes through the

small intestine to be digested and

absorbed in the normal way.

................... and ................... are

enlarged to store the cellulose>

digesting bacteria. The breakdown products pass

through the alimentary

canal ................. The faeces in the rst batch are

usually produced at night. aeces are then eaten again. To

absorb the products of bacterial

breakdown. The second batch of the faeces is

harder and .................. +llows rodent to recover the

nutrients initially lost with the faeces.

P)otei"

> ;n stomach" ................ breakdown

protein into polypeptides.> ,$3 being secreted to provide acidic

medium for the digestion to occur.> ;n duodenum" ...................

breakdown polypeptides intopeptides.

> ;n small intestine" .............. break

down peptides into amino acids.

%ats

> ................ salts breaking up fats into

small fat droplets in the duodenum.> ;n duodenum/small

intestine" ................... breaks lipids

into fatty acids and glycerol.

:a)ohy&)ates

> ;n mouth" salivary ....................

hydrolyse starch into maltose.> ;n duodenum" ..................... amylase

hydrolyse starch into maltose.> ;n small intestine" .....................

hydrolyse maltose into glucose.

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST#*. 'so)ptio" o/ &igeste& /oo& #+. 'ssimilatio" o/ &igeste& /oo& #. %o)matio" /aeces

+bsorption of digested food occur in

the ...................... Glucose/amino acids initially di0use

into ....................................... The remaining of the glucose/amino

acids actively transport into blood

capillaries. +ll blood capillaries converge into

hepatic portal vein" which lead to the................ !and transport to all partsof the body#.

Glycerol and fatty acids di0use to the

epithelial cell which lining the ileum#and combine toform ..............................

atty acids and glycerol then enter

the .................... !lymphatic system#. 'eturn back to the blood stream at

left ............................. vein.

*)plain the assimilation of glucose and

amino acid in body cells.

• Glucose is o)idised to

produce ................." ..........................

. and ................... by cellular

respiration.

• +mino acid is used to

synthesis ............................ !the

component of cell#. y this way new

cells will be synthesised causing

growth.

• +mino acid also can be used to

synthesis .........................." ...............

......... or ......................

aeces which contain dead cells that

are shed from intestinal linings" to)ic

substances and bile pigments enter

the .................. by action

of ........................ ;n colon" more water

is ......................... The undigested

food residues harden to become

faeces. aeces contain indigestible residues

that remain after the process of

digestion and absorption of nutrients

that take place in the small intestine.

#. Die)e"ces etee" the st!)!ct!)e o/ &igesti(e a"& &igestio" p)ocess o/ )!mi"a"ts a"& )o&e"ts

'spects <!mi"a"t =has>

B!t

<o&e"t =has>Number of stomach chamber 61

*1

.............. stomach chamber

,ave to digest .....................

.................... stomach chamber

6o not have to digest .........................-ize of caecum 62

*2

................./................ caecum

6o not digest cellulose

.................../..................... caecum

+ place to digest celluloseacteria 64

*4

;n .....................

or secrete cellulase enzyme

;n ........................

or secrete cellulase enzymeNumber of times the food

passes through the stomach

chamber

68

*8

.....................

To complete the digestion//

.......................

To absorb digested food

'egurgitated 69 ................ in mouth cavity .................. in mouth cavity

1:

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

$0. Simila)ities etee" the st!)!ct!)e o/ &igesti(e a"& &igestio" p)ocess o/ )!mi"a"ts a"& )o&e"ts

-1 oth alimentary canal contains bacteria/protozoa

%1 •

To secrete ................... enzyme%2 • To digest cellulose into ...................

-2 oth have large surface area%1 • To increase rate of .................. // hydrolysed food

$1=a> .Photosy"thesis

mecha"ism

$1=>. Photosy"thesis

mecha"ism

$2. ;ses o/ e"3yme =:hapte) $>

• %1 5 The formation of starch inplants is by the process ofphotosynthesis which occursin .................................

• %2 5 The two stages inphotosynthesis are the light anddark reactions.

3ight reaction5

• %45Takes place in ...............

• %85 ................ captures light

energy which e)cites theelectrons of chlorophyll moleculesto higher energy levels.

• %95 ;n the e)cited state" the

electrons can leave thechlorophyll molecules.

• %:5 3ight energy is also used tosplit ............. molecules intohydrogen ion !,D# and hydro)ylions !<,># !%hotolysis of water#.

• %?5 The hydrogen ions thencombine with the electrons

6ark 'eaction5

• %115 Take place in ..............

• %125 6o not re(uire ................

energy.• %145 The hydrogen atoms are

used to ) ............................ in aseries of reactions catalysed byphotosynthetic enzymes

• %185 and caused the reduction ofcarbon dio)ideinto ...........................

• %195 The glucose monomers thenundergo condensation toform ................... which is

temporarily stored as starchgrains in the chloroplasts.

• *nzymes are used as biological detergents.E ................ degrades coagulated proteinsinto soluble short>chain peptides.E .................... degrades fat or oil stains into

soluble fatty acid and glycerol.E ..................... degrades starch into solubleshorter>chain polysaccharides and sugars.

• *nzymes are used in the baking industry.E %rotease is used in the breakdownof ................. in our for the production ofbiscuits.E +mylase is used in the breakdown of somestarch to .................... in our for makingwhite bread" buns and rolls.

• *nzymes are used in the medical eld.E ...................... is used to remove bloodclots and to clean wounds.E 7arious other enzymes are used inbiosensors.

• *nzymes are used in industries because5EThey are e0ective.

1?

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTreleased by chlorophyll to formhydrogen ..................

EThey are cheap and easy to use.EThey can be ......................" thus only smallamounts are needed.E They donFt re(uire high ...........................to work" thus this reduces fuel costs.

$#. 'e)oic )espi)atio" $$.'"ae)oic )espi)atio" i"

h!ma" m!scle

$5. '"ae)oic )espi)atio" i" yeast

• $ontinuous supply of o)ygen.

• Glucose molecules are o)idisedby .......................

• $omplete breakdown of glucose inthe presence of o)ygen.

• + large amount of .....................released.

• $arbon dio)ide and water areproduced as .................. products.

• &ost of the energy released is used

to synthesise adenosine triphosphate!+T%# from adenosine diphosphate!+6%# and inorganic phosphate.

• +T% acts as instant energy source.

• +T% consists of phosphate bondswhich can be easily broken down torelease energy.

+T% +6% D phosphate Denergy

• 6uring a vigorous e)ercise!running#" the ........................ rateis increased.

• This is to supplymore .................... to the musclesfor rapid muscular contraction.

• ,owever" the supply of o)ygen tomuscles is still insucient.

• The muscles have to carry outanaerobic respiration to

release ................• The glucose is converted

into .................." with only alimited amount of energy beingproduced.

• +n o)ygen .............. builds up inthe body" when no o)ygen use inenergy production.

• ,igh level of ............... in the

muscles cause them to ache.

• +fter running" the athlete breathesmore rapidly and deeply thannormal fortwenty minutes.

• There is ............... period after 1C

minutes until it reaches 2Cminutes when o)ygen is paid backduring aerobic respiration.

• +bout 1/: lactic acid is o)idized tocarbon dio)ide" water and energy.

• Heast normally respires aerobically.

• Inder anaerobic condition" yeast carryout anaerobic respiration.

• %roduces ...................

• %rocess known as ....................

• $atalysed by the enzyme .....................

> *thanol produced can be used inmaking ................. and ........................

> ;n bread making" the carbon dio)ide

released during fermentation of yeastcauses the dough to .....................

1@

*nergy

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1A

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$*=a>. B)eathi"g mecha"ism i"ma"

$*=>. B)eathi"g mecha"ism i" ma" $+. T)a"spo)t o/ O2 a"& :O2 i" h!ma"o&y

• 6iaphragm is a muscular sheet in

the body cavity separatingthe ............... from the abdomen.

• +t the start of inhalation" the

muscles of thediaphragm ................ " making itless arched.

• This helps to increasethe ................ of the thoraciccavity and reduce the .................of the thoracic cavity.

• +ir rushes into the ..................

• hen the muscles of the

diaphragm ............... " it returns toits arched condition" reducing

the ............... of the thoracic cavityand increasing the ................ ofthe thoracic cavity.

• +ir is forced out of the ................

• The muscles between the ribs areknown as ......................... muscles.

• 6uring inhalation the ......................

intercostals muscle contracts andraise the lower ribs.

• This helps to increase the ..................

of the thoracic cavity and reducethe ..................... of the thoraciccavity.

• +ir rushes into the lungs.

• 6uring e)halation the ..................intercostals muscles rela)es" the ribsreturn to their original position"reduce the ............... of the thoraciccavity.

• +ir is forced out of the lungs.

•

The alveoli are thin>walled air sacswith the lungs.

• These sacs are surrounded by anetworkof ...........................................

• 6uring inhalation the alveoli are lledwith air and gaseous e)change occursbetween the alveoli and thecapillaries.

• ..................... from the alveoli di0uses

into the capillaries

while .............................. di0usesfrom the capillaries into the alveoli.

• Gaseous e)change across the alveolus

occurs by ......................

• 6i0usion of gas depends ondi0erences in .....................................

between two regions.• The partial pressure/concentration of

o)ygen in the air of the alveoliis .................. compared to the partialpressure/concentration of o)ygen inthe blood capillaries.

• Therefore" o)ygen di0use across thesurface of the alveolus and bloodcapillaries into ................

• The transport of o)ygen is carried outby the blood circulatory system.

•

<)ygen combines with respiratorypigment called ..................... in the redblood cells.

• To form .................................

• hen the blood passed the tissue with.............. partial pressure ofo)ygen" ................................dissociates to release o)ygen.

• $arbon dio)ide released by repairingcells can be transported by J> dissolve carbon dio)ide in the blood

plasma.> bind to the haemoglobinas ..............................> in form of ......................... ions.

• The partial pressure/concentration ofcarbon dio)ide in the blood capillariesis .................. compared to the partialpressure/concentration of carbondio)ide the air of the alveoli

2C

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• $arbon dio)ide is e)pelled with watervapour from the lung.

$. E4plai" ho e"e)gy ?os th)o!ghthe /oo& chai" a"& ho it is lost to the

e"(i)o"me"t.

$. :olo"isatio" a"& s!ccessio" i" ma"g)o(e samps

• *nergy ows through the food chain inone direction.

• ;n the rst food chain" the plant isthe ............" the rat is the ...............consumer" the snake is the ....................consumer and the eagle is

the ....................... consumer.• ;n the second food chain" the plant is the

.................." the ...................... is theprimary consumer" the .............. is thesecondary consumer and the snake/eagle is the .............. consumer.

• *ach level of food chain is calleda ................. level.

• The ........................ species of a mangrove swamp are the Sonneratia sp.

and Avicennia sp.

• The presence of this species gradually changes the physical environment of

the habitat.

• The e)tensive root systems of these plants trap and collects sediments"including organic matter from ...................... plant parts.

• +s time passes" the soil becomes more compact and rm. This condition

favours the .............. of Rhizophora sp. Gradually the Rhizophora sp.

replaces the pioneer species.

• The .................. root system of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt and mud"

creating a rmer soil structure over time.

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• *nergy is transferred fromone ................ level toanother ..................... level.

• hen energy is transferred fromone ................ level to another level asmuch as ACK of the chemical energy inthe food consumed by primary consumer

is used for its metabolic activities andlost as .......................

• <nly 1CK of the energy in an organism is

passed on to the organism at the

ne)t .................. level.

• The ground becomes higher. +s a result" the soil is .............. because it is

less submerged by sea water.

• The condition now becomes more suitable for the Bruguiera sp." which

replaces the Rhizophora sp.

• The ................. root system of the Bruguiera sp. forms loops which e)tend

from the soil to trap more silt and mud.

• +s more sediment is deposited" the shore e)tends further to the sea. The

old shore is now further away from the sea and is like ........................

ground.

• <ver time" terrestrial plants like nipah palm and Pandanus sp. begin to

replace the Bruguiera sp.

50. G)ee" ho!se eects 51. E4plai" )ie?y hy h!ma"sca))y o!t the acti(ity as sho" i"

&iag)am ao(e

52. E4plai" the impacts o/ theacti(ity sho" ao(e o" the

e"(i)o"me"t

• Iltra violet !uv# from solar radiation

is absorbed by the ................ andsome of them is reected back to theatmosphere in the form ofheat/infrared.

• ,eat or infrared radiation cannot bereected back to the atmospherebecause it is trappedby ....................... gases such as$<2" nitrogen dio)ide and methane.

• ,eat/infrared warmed the surface ofearth.

•

*arth temperature .............................

• The human population grows rapidly. The demands for food and housing

areas have ......................• 7ast areas of forest are ....................

for agricultural and commercialpurposes.

• Irbanization and industrializationhave caused more forests to becleared for road ..................... andhousing areas.

• 6eforestation causes

soil ........................"landslides" ................... oods andglobal..........................

• $auses the soil to become loose andless stable.

• ithout the protection of greenplants" the soil is e)posed to theforces of ............. and ............

• The top layer of soil is washed away

gradually by the .........................

• This is known as soil erosion.• -oil erosion causes the ............... of

minerals from the soil" therefore thesoil becomes ........................ andunsuitable for agriculture.

• ..................... may happen on steephillsides during heavy rain.

• ;t is because rainwater ows (uickly

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• ............................ is also caused bythe demands for timber and fuelwood.

and causes the top layer of the soilto crumble.

• 'ivers and drains are silted and theow of water is ...........................

• Therefore" water ows inland andthis causes ash oods in the lowerareas during ....................... seasons.

%O<9 5

5#. ,!ma" loo& (essels 5$. :i)c!lato)y system i" sh a"&

h!ma"

55. Bloo& clotti"g

+rteries

carries blood ............. from heart

transport blood (uickly" at .............

pressure

muscle of tissue enables the artery

to constrict and dilate

walls of arteries are strong

and ............" have ................. lumen

$apillaries

.................. walled blood vessels

allow rapid gaseous e)change

via ....................

nutrients" wastes and hormones are

-imilarities

♦ both have .................. circulation

♦ both have a .................

6i0erences

%ish,as ............ circulation ,as ............ circulation,eart divides into .......... chambers ,eart is divided into ............

chambers-eptum is ................ -eptum is ..................6eo)ygenated blood ows from

heart to ................

6eo)ygenated blood ows from

heart to ..................

♣ $lumped platelets" damaged cells"

clotting factors form

activators " ..............................

♣ ........................... together

with .................. ions and vitamin

L" converts .......................... to

thrombin

♣ Thrombin catalyses the conversion

of soluble protein" ....................

into insoluble protein" brin

♣ ibrin is a brous protein which

combines to form a mesh of long

threads over the wounds"

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTalso e)changed across here

............... cell thick

7eins

blood returns from capillaries

to .................. through veins

blood ows in ................ pressure

have ................ lumensand .................. !prevent bloodMs

back ow#

<)ygenated blood ows from gills

to ...................

<)ygenated blood ows from lungs

to ................

trapping ......................... cells and

sealing the wound.

♣ lood clot hardens when e)posed

to air forming .................

5*. Die)e"ce etee" loo& a"&lymph

5+. Type o/ imm!"ity 5. Phagocytosis

3ymph has a ................ numbers of

lymphocyte compare to blood

3ymphocyte is produced by

lymph ................. in lymph system

3ymph has ........................ content of

o)ygen compare to blood

+ctive immunity" body .................. its

own antibodies in response to

stimulation by an antigen

%assive immunity" body ......................

an antibodies from outside source

The phagocyte is attracted by

chemicals produced by bacterium

%hagocytes e)tend

its ........................ !legs# towards

bacterium to engulf it.

;ngestion of bacterium forms

phagosome

%hagosome combines with

lysosome

3ysosome releases .....................

into phagosome

acterium inside the phagosome

will be destroyed

by ......................

%hagocyte releases the digested

products from cell

5. Lymph @ /o)me& - )o!ght

ac6 i"to the loo& ci)c!lato)y

system.

*0. <espi)ato)y gases *1. 'cti(e imm!"ity @ Passi(e

imm!"ity

hen blood ows from arteries

into capillaries" there is

Transportation in respiratory gas.

<)ygen enters alveoli

+ctive immunity

☺ <btained by .............................

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESThigher ...........................

pressure at arterial end of

capillaries

,igh pressure causes some

plasma to pass through

capillary walls

into ......................... spaces

............................ uid lls the

spaces between cells and

constantly bathes the cells

ACK of interstitial

uid ...................... back into

blood capillary

1CK of interstitial uid goes into

the lymph capillaries and known

as .................

3ymph capillaries unite forming

larger lymphatic vessels

rom lymphatic vessels" lymph

eventually passes

into ....................... duct

,ence lymph drains back into

blood via ............................ vein

during ..........................

Gaseous e)change occurred at alveoli

!o)ygen di0used into blood capillaries

while carbon dio)ide di0used out#

The di0usion of these gases caused

by ...................... of partial pressure of

both gaseous

%artial pressure of o)ygen in alveoli

is .................. than partial pressure of

o)ygen in blood capillaries

<)ygen di0used in cytoplasm

of .............................

<)ygen combines with haemoglobin

forming ..................................

.................................. then sent to all

parts of body

,eart pumped the o)ygenated blood toall body cells

<)ygen di0used from blood capillaries

to cell because partial pressure of

o)ygen in blood capillaries

is ................... than in cell

$arbon dio)ide di0use from cell to blood

capillaries because partial pressure of

carbon dio)ide in cell is ............... than

in blood capillaries

6eo)ygenated blood going back to heartby ........................... and to lungs by

pulmonary artery

!articially ac(uired#

☺ 7accine contains dead/weakened

bacteria/pathogen/virus

☺ hite blood cells stimulated to

produce ............................. against

pathogen

☺ +lso obtained when an individual has

............................ from certain

diseases!naturally ac(uired#

☺ + readymade supply of antibody will

give immunity towards the disease

%assive immunity

☺ <btained by in=ecting

antibodies /...................... !articially

ac(uired#

☺ No antigen is put into body" so body

does not produce its

own .......................

☺ <btained by a baby when antibodies

from motherMs blood plasma di0use

into foetus through ....................

!naturally ac(uired#

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST*2=a> 9o(eme"t o/ ate) /)om )oot

to lea(es*2=>. 9o(eme"t o/ ate) /)om )oot

to lea(es*#. Eect o/ "o lig"i" /o)matio" o"

the /!"ctio" o/ tiss!e 4ylem&ovement of water from root to leaves

aided by root pressure" capillary action

and .......................... pull.

'oot pressure

• cell sap of root

hair!usually# ........................ to

surrounding soil solution

• water di0uses into root

by ..........................

• cell cap becomes more dilute

compared to neighbouring cell

• water moves to these ad=acent cells

which become more diluted

themselves" so osmosis continues

across the corte)

• !at the same time# ions from soil are

actively secreted into )ylem vessels

and causes osmotic pressure

to ..............................

• ater ows continuously into )ylem

and create a pressure!root pressure#

• 'oot pressure gives an initial upward

force to water and mineral ions in

)ylem

$apillary action

• water moves up through )ylem in

stems by capillarity

• capillary action is due to combined

force of ......................!water

molecules have attraction for each

other# and ..................... !water

molecules are attracted to the side of

vessels#

• water molecule form a continuous

water column in )ylem vessel !due to

cohesion and adhesion#

• the cohesion of water prevent the

water column in )ylem breaking

apart

• the adhesion of water prevents

gravity from pulling the water down

the column

Transpirational pull

• the lost of water from ..................

cells during transpiration is replaces

by water which ows in from )ylem

vessels in leaves

•

this creates a tension/suction force inwater column because water has

cohesive properties called

transpiration pull

• the transpiration pull draws water

from ............ in the

leaves/stem/roots

• lignin is important to make tissue)ylem strong> without lignin" tissue )ylem

will ................

> therefore" it cannot form a

continuous hollow tube> to allow water to ow upwards

continuously

• lignin makes the tissue become

impermeable

> materials cannot pass in )ylem

cells

> causes the tissue to

become ....................> allows continuous ow of water

2:

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• the continuous ow of water through

plant is known as transpiration

stream

2?

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST*$. Light i"te"sity a"& stomata a"&

cells eect the )ate o/ ate) loss

*5. '&aptatio" o/ the m!scle hich

e"ales it to co"t)acts

**. 9o(eme"t ta6es place i"(ol(es

m!sclesA te"&o"sA o"esA ligame"ts

a"& oi"ts1> from C9CC to C1?C!time/hours#" rate

of water loss increases

• *1> light intensity ..........................

• *2> stimulates photosynthesis in

guard cells

• *4> this makes energy available for

potassium to move into guard cells

by ..............................

• *8> guard cells

become ....................... !compared to

cell sap# of epidermal cells

• *9> water molecules from epidermal

cells di0use into guard cells

by .............................

• *:> causing guard cells tobend .......................

• *?> stoma ................. !allows water

to escape#

2> from C1?C to C4CC!time/hours# rate

of water loss decreases

• *@> light intensity ................. / rate of

photosynthesis ..........................

• *A> guard cells become accid and

bend ........................• *1C> stoma ....................." prevents

water from escaping

• Notes5 !1 D any 9*s# D !2 D 4*s#

> the skeletal muscle consist of

bundles of muscle bres and a large

supply of nerves

and ........................................

> a muscle bre is made up of bundles

of smaller units

called ............................

> each myobril is made up of 2 types

of protein laments5 the ................

and the ........................... which

interact and cause muscle

contractions

> the muscleMs nerve endings control

its contractions

9!scle

> (uadriceps femoris .................. while

biceps femoris muscles ...............

!leg straightened#

> biceps femoris ................ while

(uadriceps femoris .............. !leg

bent#

> calf muscles contract to lift up

the ...............

> feet push downwards

and ........................

> repeated contraction and rela)ation

of muscle result in running

movement

Ligame"ts> it connects two .................. together

> give support and strength

to ............... for movement

> strong and ....................

Coi"ts

> a .................. =oint allow the

movement of leg to swing back and

forth

Te"&o"

> connect muscles to ...................> strong and .............................

> force is transferred to bones through

tendons

Bo"es

> femur/ thigh bone is long" heavy

and ..............

2@

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST> provide ................... to body weight

2A

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST*+. '&aptatio" o/ pla"t hich

e"ale it to ?oat

*. S6eletal system o/ ea)tho)m

a"& sh a&apte& /o) its mo(eme"t

*. '&apti(e /eat!)es hich helpsi" i)&s a"& sh locomotio"

♣ have ne ....................... a tissues

!plants become more lighter#

♣ have air spaces/air sacs !becomes

more easy to oat#

♣ have big and swell stem/petiole

!increase the air to help plant

oating#

♣ have ne and many ................ !trap

gas bubbles#

Movements in earthworm

♣ earthworm has ..........................

skeleton

♣ moves by changing hydrostatic

pressure of uid in its segment

♣ each segment of the body has its

own set of muscles

♦ an outer layer of ........................

muscles running around the body

causes the worm to become long

and thin when they contract

♦ an inner layer of ..........................

muscles causes the worm to get

short and thick when they

contract♣ as the circular

muscles ......................" the

longitudinal muscles

will .................... simultaneously in

antagonistic action

♣ causes the hydrostatic pressure to be

transferred from .................. part

to ...................... part causing the

worm to move forward

Movements in fsh

♣ sh has an ....................................

♣ it provides place for attachment of

muscles

♣ when the left myotome .................."

right myotome will .................. in

Bird

♣ ................ wing to generate the

upward lift

♣ a pair of antagonistic muscle

!....................... ma=or and minor#

pulled down and up the wings

♣ single organ !one

testes/kidney#//small skull to

reduce .........................

♣ ........................... body shape

reduce air resistance

♣ waterproof feather avoid increase

in body weight

during ...............................

Fish

♣ ........................... body reduce

water resistance

♣ myotome muscle are /7 shaped

which act antagonistically

♣ air sac maintain ..................... in

water

♣ ns

dorsal and ventral n

prevent/helps in ........................and .....................

tail n provides thrust and

controls .................................

pelvin and pectoral n act as

brakes/to .................................

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTantagonistic action

♣ causes the vertebral column to curve

toward the ......................

♣ the sh also has ..................... with

di0erent functions for locomotion

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST+0. S!ppo)t is achie(e& i"

s!me)ge& a"& ?oati"g pla"ts

+1. Osteopo)osis a"& osteoa)th)itis

happe" - p)e(e"te&

+2=a>. Impo)ta"t to ha(e healthy

m!sc!los6eletal system - ays

mai"tai"i"g a healthy

m!sc!los6eletal-ubmerged plants

• posses ................... within the leaves

and the stem to help the plant to

stay upright in water

• water buoyancy provides support

• have very few woody tissue/vascular

tissue

• thin/narrow/e)ible leaves provide

little ............................... to water

ow

loating plants

•

stem have plenty of ........................• ................................. tissues helps to

stay aoat in water

• do not have ...................... tissues

• natural water buoyancy to help them

oat

• have ................. leaves that are rm

but e)ible to resist being torn by

wave action

Osteopo)osis

• a disease in which bone mass is

reduced and the boned

become ................... and lighter

• occurs most often in old people"

partially women who have

gone .................................

• bodies of postmenopausal women do

not produce se)

hormone" .............................

• causes more bone minerals to be lost

than deposited

•

as a results" bones become softand ................

• can be prevented by

♦ doing weight>bearing e)ercise"

strengthen the muscles

and ...................

♦ taking diet rich in ......................"

phosphorus and vitamin 6

♦ taking in vitamin $" increase bone

mass

♦ refraining from smoking

Osteoa)th)itis

• <steoarthritis is part of ageing

process due to wear and tear

of .......................... between bones at

certain =oints

The musculoskeletal system where

bones" ............................." ligaments

and ....................... work together like a

machine to bring about movement

☺ musculoskeletal helps to ...................

our body

☺ if any part of system in=ured" we will

e)perience discomfort" pain and loss

of ..................................

☺ it also a0ect other organs and

physiological processes in body

!respiration/digestion#

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

• %atient has ......................" swollen

sti0 knees which restrict daily

activities !walking" climbing#

• ;f treatment fails to relieve the pain"

a surgeon can replace the damaged

=oints with .......................... ones

made of plastic or metal

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST+2=>. Impo)ta"t to ha(e healthym!sc!los6eletal system - ays

mai"tai"i"g a healthym!sc!los6eletal

+#. 9!sc!la) &yst)ophy a"&

osteopo)osis

+$=a>. S!ppo)t system i" oo&y

pla"ts &ie)s /)om that o/ "o"-

oo&y pla"ts

Ways to maintain

☺ having balanced .............. Take diet

rich in proteins" vitamins +" $ n 6

together with minerals !calcium"phosphate n iron# for building strong

bones. 6rinking ....................... water

will also harden the bones

☺ adopt a good posture while standing"

sitting" walking and while performing

certain tasks to ensure that our body

is always supported. This is

important because bad posture will

put undue pressure on our musclesand .............. and this will in turn

a0ect the functions of our internal

organs !lungs" heart and stomach#

☺ wear proper attire for daily activities.

ear loose and comfortable clothes.

Tight clothes .................... our

movement. oman wearing high

heels tilt the body forwards. To

counteract this" the woman bendsher knees and throws her trunk

forwards" causing the spine to curve

even more

☺ taking precautions during .................

activities

9!sc!la) &yst)ophy

muscle destroying disorder

weakness/weakening of muscles

mostly in ......................... a0ect the heart muscle

heart .....................

results in poor balance/wobbling/poor

movement

Osteopo)osis

condition characterized by lost of

normal density of bone

resulting in ...................... bone

bone fracture

no symptom before any bone

fracture

conse(uences fracture of

vertebrae//reduction of in height over

time//stooped posture

o"-oo&y pla"ts =he)aceo!s

pla"ts>

• !support in herbaceous plants is#

provided by the .................................of parenchyma/collenchyma cells

• !when there is enough warm in the

ground# the cells take in water

by ....................... and become turgid

• The turgor pressure of uids in the

vacuoles pushes the cell

contents/plasma membrane against

the ................................

• $reating support for its

stem/roots/leaves• The thin thickening die cell walls with

cellulose/collenchyma cells gives

support to herbaceous plants

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

☺ practice correct and safe techni(ues

when e)ercising to prevent

serious ..................... to the

musculoskeletal system

49

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST+$=>. S!ppo)t system i" oo&ypla"ts &ie)s /)om that o/ "o"-

oo&y pla"ts

+5. Sy"apse @ The e(e"t as a "e)(e

imp!lse is t)a"smitte& ac)oss a

sy"apse

+*. 7"ee e)6

oody plants

• woody plants have specialized

tissues/...............................

tissues/)ylem vessels/tracheids to

give them support

• these tissues have ...........................

walls which have deposits of lignin

for added strength

• ............................. cells have very

thick walls !do not allow water to

pass through#

• !these cells are dead cells# their

function is to provide support

• Oylem vessels have thick walls of

lignin which are deposited during the

plantMs ............................ growth

• The lignied )ylem vessels form the

woody tissues of the stem

• This makes the plant stronger and

also provides support for the plant

• Tracheids are also dead cells with

thick walls and very

........................diameters• They are found with )ylem vessels

and together they support the plants

-ynapse is a narrow .......... between

an a)on terminal and a dendrite of

another ad=acent neuron.

+ chemical is used by neuron to

transmit an impulse across a

synapse. The chemical is

called ..............................................

The transmission of information

across a synapse involves the

conversion of electrical signal

into ........................... signal in the

form of neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter is produced in

vesicles in a swollen part of the a)on

terminal called

synaptic ......................

-ynaptic knob contains

abundant .................................. to

generate energy for the transmission

hen an impulse arrived at the

synaptic knob" the vesicles release

the neurotransmitters into the

synapse

The neurotransmitters molecules

di0use ............................. the

synapse to the dendrite of another

neurons

The dendrite of another neurons is

stimulated to trigger a new impulse

which travel down a long neuron

the knee =erk action involves two

types of neurons

named .....................

and ............................. neurons

a hammer hits a tendon that connect

to (uadriceps muscle in the thigh to

a bone in the lower leg

as the hammer strike" the force

stretches the (uadriceps muscle and

stimulates the stretch receptors in

the muscles" triggering nerve

impulse

a0erent neurons transmit the

information to the (uadriceps muscle

and the muscle contracts swing the

leg .............................

if the patient is able to swing the leg

forward" it indicates that the

patientMs nerve system is still

functioning

if there is no response" it shows that

the patientMs nervous system fails to

function properly

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST

4?

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST++. he" the ha"& to!ches a hot

oect

+. <oles o/ ce)eell!m a"&

me&!lla olo"gata - )e?e4 actio"

he" "ge) ei"g st!"g y a ee

+. %o)matio" o/ glome)!la) lt)ate

♠ the heat on the ob=ect stimulates the

nerve endings !receptors# in skin

♠ impulses are .............................

♠ impulses travel along the

sensory/a0erent neuron

to .................................

♠ in spinal cord" the impulses are

transmitted rst across a synapse to

the ............................ and then

across another synapse to the

motor/e0erent neurone

+t synapse

♠

when an impulse reach a presynapticmembrane" it triggers the synaptic

vesicles to

release ............................... into the

synaptic cleft

♠ the neurotransmitter di0use across

the synaptic cleft

♠ and bind to receptors which are

attached to the postsynaptic

membrane

♠ the binding of the neurotransmitterto the receptors leads to the

generation of a new impulse

♠ impulses leave the spinal cord along

the motor/e0erent neurone to

the ........................

♠ the e0ector is the biceps muscle

:e)eell!m

............................... of movement

controls of balance/posture

9e&!lla olo"gata

controls/increase ...............................

.

controls/increase heart rate

controls blood pressure/sweating

<e?e4 actio"

receptors in the skin of the nger

detects ........................

nerve impulse is generated in pain

receptor

electrical impulses are sent via

the ........................!sensory# neurone

to spinal cord

impulses are transferred to

the ......................................in the

spinal cord

interneurone sents impulses to

the ........................... neurone

e0erent neurone sents impulses tobiceps/muscle

biceps/muscle contract !triceps

rela)# causing the arm

to ............................

when blood enters the

glomerulus" .......................................

.. takes place

because blood from the aorta

reaches the nephron/glomerulus at

high ...........................

and due to the di0erent a0erent

arteriole and e0erent arteriole" the

high pressure forces uid through the

ltration membrane into capsular

space forming glomerular ltrate

4@

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTwhich then .............................. This

brings about a sudden withdrawal of

the hand

4A

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST0. St)!ct!)e a"& the )ole o/

"eph)o" - /o)matio" o/ !)i"e

1. %o)matio" o/ !)i"e 2. :o"seF!e"ces o/ 6i&"ey

/ail!)eStructure and the role of nephron

> nephron is the functional unit of

a ......................

> a nephron consist of 4 ma=or parts →

glomerulus" the owmanMs capsuleand its associated vessels

> a long narrow tube called the renal

tubule" which made up of pro)imal

convoluted

tubule" .................................... and

distal convoluted tubule

> the distal convoluted tubules of

several nephrons =oin to a common

collecting ....................................

> the loop oh ,enle is a long hairpin>shaped region of the nephron that

descends into the medulla and then

returns to

the .......................................

☺ ultraltration" reabsoprtion andsecretion

☺ blood is under relatively high pressure

when it reaches the ..............................

☺ high blood pressure in glomerulus"forces uid to lter through the

ltration membrane into the lumen of

owmanMs ............................

☺ forming glomerular ltrate

☺ contains water" glucose" amino acids"

mineral salts and other small molecules

☺ the glomerular ltrate will ow

into ................ convoluted tubule

☺ selective reabsoption occurs

☺

by active and passive transport☺ forming relatively high solute

concentration in the peritubular

capillaries

☺ thus large volume of water is

reabsorbed into the blood

by .................................

☺ increase the concentration

of .................. in the convoluted tubule

☺ glomerular ltrate then ow

into ...................... and distalconvoluted tubule

☺ more water and minerals

being ......................... back into the

blood

☺ take place in the distal convoluted

tubule

> if both kidneys stop functioning"

the blood ......................... pressure

and blood volume cannot be

maintained

> the built up of to)ic wastes in the

body can result in life>threateningconditions

> they have to

undergo ..................................

> another treatment for impaired

kidney functions is

the ............................. of a healthy

kidney from a donor to the patient

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST☺ urea/to)ins/ammonia/ect being

secreted by passive di0usion and

active transport from blood capillary

into distal convoluted tubule

☺ ltrate reaches the

collecting ................. !now called

urine#. ows down the ureter" the

bladder and urethra and is nallye)creted

#. '(oi& &)!g a"& alcohol @ hy @

aects - coo)&i"atio" systems

$. Geot)opism is )o!ght ao!t i" a

pla"t )oot a"& shoot - a&(a"tages

5. Tips o/ shoot co"t)i!te to

g)oth i" oat see&li"gs6rugs

B some drugs are stimulants/cocaine

B ......................... the activities of thecentral nervous system

B e)cessive use leads to

temporary .................. followed by

depression

B causes the user to see/hear/perceive

things that do not e)ist

B some drugs like

narcotic/heroin/morphine

B ...................... pain signals

B induce feelings of euphoria/slowsdown nerve impulses

+lcohol

B strong depressant

B a0ects coordination and =udgement

B ........................... releases of +6,

Shoot

the ............... that is produced at the

tip of shoot au)in moves ....................../accumulate

on the underside of the shoot tip due to

the pull of gravity

the high concentration of

au)in ......................... the growth

stimulating greater

cell ........................... on the underside

relative to the cells on the upper side

this di0erential elongation causes the

shoot to bend ................... fromgravity/grow upwards

Root

the ..................... that is produced at

the tip of root

au)in moves

Pwithout tip of a shoot" an oat

seedling cannot grow

• this proves elongation of plumuleis dependent on the presence of

the tip of the shoot

Pif the tip of the coleoptile is rst

removed and placed on an agar block

which is transferred onto the cut

stump of another oat seedling the

plumule still grows straight upwards

• this means that the tip of the

shoot carried chemical

messengers which has di0usedinto the agar block

• the chemical messenger then

di0uses into the plumule and

causes the plumule to elongate

Pif the agar block is placed

asymmetrically !a little to one scale of

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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTfrom posterior pituitary

B ................. water will be absorbed

into blood stream/ .....................

urine produced

B alcohol/drugs are addictive

B develop dependence on

alcohol/drugs/develop severewithdrawal e0ects

B long term usage can damage organs

B brain damage/stomach ulcers

........................../accumulates on the

underside of the root tip due to the pull

of gravity

the high concentration of

au)in ..................... the growth

slowing down cell ....................... on the

underside relative to the cells on the

upper side

this di0erential elongation causes the

shoot to bend ....................... gravity

the center#" the shoots bend away

from the scale with the agar block as

though it is growing towards the light

• This is because a higher

concentration of the growth

promoting chemical messenger

accumulates below the agar block

• This means that the agar block

contains a chemical messenger

produced in the shoot

• The chemical stimulates growth as

it di0uses down into the shoot

• The chemical messenger is au)in

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