Berlin Post Capitalist City

+P

OST + LE

ED

S SCH

OO

L OF A

RC

HITE

CTU

RE

20

13 STUD

IO C

RA

SH TE

ST

berlinPOST CAPITALIST CITY

2013

BERLIN

12

8

9

10

11

12

5

6

4

7

1

2

89

10

11

12 5

6

4

7

3

3

Friedrichshain Kruzberg

B e r l i n d i s t r i c t s

Lichtenburg

Mitte

Pankow

Tempelhof-Schoneberg

Reinickendorf

Neukolln

Spandau

Treptow- Kopenick

Chalottenburg-Wilmersdorf

Marzahn Hellersdorf

Steglitz-Zehlendorf

B e r l i n i i p o st c a p i ta l i st c i t y a research analysis document by Leeds School of Architecture. It aims to explore the historical context, current urban fabric and change Move / Shop / Work / Live within Berlin. This study provides a vision to improve Berlins sustainability, connectivity and new collaborating societies.

f o r e W o r d 1

h i s t o r y / h e r i ta g e 4

B i o d i v e r s i t y / e c o l o g y 3 2

B i o r e g i o n a l a n a ly s i s 2 0

W at e r 5 0

d e n s i t y s t u d i e s 6 0

n e t W o r k a n a ly s i s 6 8

m at e r i a l f l o W s 7 6

l a n d u s e 8 6

e n e r g y / e x e r g y a n a ly s i s 9 6

g e o l o g y / g e o m o r p h o l o g y 1 0 6

a g r i c u lt u r e 1 1 4

m o B i l i t i e s 1 2 4

p o s t c a p i ta l i s t c i t y 1 3 4

a c k n o W l e d g m e n t s 1 8 0

BER

LIN

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

The global fi nancial crisis that began in 2007, the repercussions of which are still being felt more than 6 years later, highlights the frailties of an economic system dependent upon growth. Capitalism is entrenched in the need for continued pecuniary infl ation. Infi nite expansion is impractical, unsustainable. In short it is impossible. Consequently a recession is no longer a negative value for the percentage rate of increase in gross domestic product, but a rebalancing of costs that have grown exponentially and gotten out of hand. The Triple Dip Recession is the real time manifestation of this, a 21st Century capitalist axiom. Financial contraction will become the norm, interspersed with spells of growth, until a fl at line graph is generated. What then? What happens once Capitalism refuses to function? What is Post-Capitalism?

This book seeks to address the notion of Post-Capitalism through the sphere of architectural responses in a world where fi nancial growth is no longer the end goal. To begin, it concentrates on Berlin. As the capital of Germany following the reunifi cation in 1990, Berlin has a long history of social upheaval and associated fi scal models being tested upon its urban fabric. Contemporary Berlin is the epitome of the German Economic Model, a model where vocational training and innovative industrial relations forge strong relationships between the fi nancial sector and manufacturing industries to nurture fi nancial stability through resilience and strength in depth, rather than a deep-set reliance on growth. Combined, these two aspects make Berlin the perfect location to establish how the world can function post capitalism.

f o r e W o r d

Part one, BERLIN RESEARCH, of the book acts as a knowledge repository. It seeks to discover a series of important and interesting facts that contribute to 2013 Berlin, covering; CHAPTER TITLES. This information then provides the basis for POST+, which considers how Berlin might be transformed Post Capitalism.

Part two, POST CAPITALIST PROPOSITION, is a collection of propositions by MArch 1 students at the Leeds School of Architecture in response to a competition brief set by College Competitions, www.collegelab.org:

what if ? What if the change was tomorrow? What would be the characteristics of a system not based on profi t making? What would be the consequences of a new system for the way in which we use urban spaces? Would cities enter a transformation process, becoming specialised centres in a globalized system? Would the global network of cities tend to erase borders or affi rm and reinforce them? What is could be the scale the impact of the change?

The competition suggests four elements of the City are discussed; Shop, Work, Live, Move.

berlin reSearchPART ONE

BERLIN

h i s t o r y / h e r i ta g e

6B e r l i n : a h i s t o r y

Berlin has grown from the twin merchant settlements of Berlin & Colln. It takes its official date of foundation from the first mention of Colln; 1237, making it one of the youngest European capital cities.

united front to outsiders

1307

1237

1360 13801390

1400

1411 1415

1432

1443

1539 1571

1648

1658

1671

1685

BerlinColln joins the

written records of the town.

pop.8.5k

pop.12k

pop.6k

pop.20kControl of the

Hohenzollern, Friedrich VI. This

of Hohenzollern rule in Berlin

Hohenzollerns power in the

Friedrich II ends joint

Berlins first Inn is opened,

it is destroyed in 1943 but rebuilt for posterity in 1987.

Sees the end of

Berlins Jewish community is

Friedrich Wilhelm issues Berlin

Colln

The Hohenzollern Coat of Arms

7Berlin has grown from the twin merchant settlements of Berlin & Colln. It takes its official date of foundation from the first mention of Colln; 1237, making it one of the youngest European capital cities.

united front to outsiders

1307

1237

1360 13801390

1400

1411 1415

1432

1443

1539 1571

1648

1658

1671

1685

BerlinColln joins the

written records of the town.

pop.8.5k

pop.12k

pop.6k

pop.20kControl of the

Hohenzollern, Friedrich VI. This

of Hohenzollern rule in Berlin

Hohenzollerns power in the

Friedrich II ends joint

Berlins first Inn is opened,

it is destroyed in 1943 but rebuilt for posterity in 1987.

Sees the end of

Berlins Jewish community is

Friedrich Wilhelm issues Berlin

Colln

The Hohenzollern Coat of Arms

81816

1824

182618301837

1732

18051701

1709

1709

1791

1795

1800

1806 1809

1810

1838

1846 1848 1856

1861

1869

1871

1871

1875

18th January sees Berlin become Royal residence of Kingdom of Prussia when Friedrich III has himself crowned Friedrich I.

Five Towns around Berlin

merge to enlarge Berlin.

pop.50k

pop.170k

pop.550k

pop.930k

pop.80k

Until 1739, around 1200 Bohemians settle to escape religious persecution.

Fortified walls removed and replaced by customwall. Areas within wall = 1,330 HA with a population of 80,000. The area remained virtually unchanged until 1841

Brandenburg gate is completed and opened. Construction

started in 1788 under the supervision of Architect and builder Carl Gotthard

Langhans. The gate recieves its Quadriga crown in 1793, designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow.

In 1792 the new road from Berlin to Potsdam is built as Prussias first paved road.

Berlin gets first steam engine, which is brought over from England by cotton manufacturer Johan Georg Sieburg to

power his spinning machines and marks Berlins entry in to the

industrial revolution.

Population reaches 170,000, with 25,000 soldiers. Berlin now has 7,200 Buildings.

Alexanderplatz is named in honour of Russian Tsar Alexander I.

October 27th French Emporer Napoleon Bonaparte marches his troops through

Brandenburg gate. French troops

occupy the city until December 1808, with

French rule over Prussia lasting until 1841.

New legislation allows Berlin greater powers of self government. Mayoral candidate put forward to be approved by the king. Berlins first

university, Humboldt University is opened in

the Prince Heinrich palace on Unter den Linden, with Johan Gottlieb Fichte as its first president.

Europes first steam locomotive was manufactured in royal iron foundry.

Economic and population growth leads to Berlins first tenements.

Gas lighting introduced to Unter den Linden.

The Altes museum, Prussias first purpose built museum is opened on spree island.

August Borsig lays foundation stone for machine factory in wedding. Many more follow, including Siemans (1847)

Prussias first rail road, between Berlin and Potsdam, is constructed

A counterpart to the (Royal) Tiergarten

park, Volkspark Friedrichshain, is opened on the grounds of an old

vineyard and covers 52 HA. It is the first public recreation space in the Densely

population east of the city and the first space that can be used by all public classes.

A Democratic, middle class revolution breaks out

due to social hardship and curtailment of political freedoms. Although initially successful, the Revolt in quashed by 13,000 Prussian Soldiers under the command of General Friedrich Von Wrangel.

Berlins first waterworks is opened as part of

a plan for a modern

system.

the official city boundary increases the area from 35km2 to 59km2.

The new town hall, still in use today, is completed and is dubbed the Red Hall due to its red brick construction, not its later association

with communist East Berlin.

City Population: 826,815Suburb population: 105,169

Berlin becomes home of the German Reich which brings economic and political prosperity leading to industrial and economic boom. Berlin becomes political, scientific, cultural and economic capital

The General Workers

Association and the Social Democratic Workers Party unite to form the Socialist Workers Party of Germany.

In 1890 the party renames itself the Social Democratic

Party of Germany (SDP)

Friedrich

I

of Prussia

Napoleon Bonaparte

Brandenburg Gate

Gen

eral Friedri

ch Von Wrangel

91816

1824

182618301837

1732

18051701

1709

1709

1791

1795

1800

1806 1809

1810

1838

1846 1848 1856

1861

1869

1871

1871

1875

18th January sees Berlin become Royal residence of Kingdom of Prussia when Friedrich III has himself crowned Friedrich I.

Five Towns around Berlin

merge to enlarge Berlin.

pop.50k

pop.170k

pop.550k

pop.930k

pop.80k

Until 1739, around 1200 Bohemians settle to escape religious persecution.

Fortified walls removed and replaced by customwall. Areas within wall = 1,330 HA with a population of 80,000. The area remained virtually unchanged until 1841

Brandenburg gate is completed and opened. Construction

started in 1788 under the supervision of Architect and builder Carl Gotthard

Langhans. The gate recieves its Quadriga crown in 1793, designed by Johann Gottfried Schadow.

In 1792 the new road from Berlin to Potsdam is built as Prussias first paved road.

Berlin gets first steam engine, which is brought over from England by cotton manufacturer Johan Georg Sieburg to

power his spinning machines and marks Berlins entry in to the

industrial revolution.

Population reaches 170,000, with 25,000 soldiers. Berlin now has 7,200 Buildings.

Alexanderplatz is named in honour of Russian Tsar Alexander I.

October 27th French Emporer Napoleon Bonaparte marches his troops through

Brandenburg gate. French troops

occupy the city until December 1808, with

French rule over Prussia lasting until 1841.

New legislation allows Berlin greater powers of self government. Mayoral candidate put forward to be approved by the king. Berlins first

university, Humboldt University is opened in

the Prince Heinrich palace on Unter den Linden, with Johan Gottlieb Fichte as its first president.

Europes first steam locomotive was manufactured in royal iron foundry.

Economic and population growth leads to Berlins first tenements.

Gas lighting introduced to Unter den Linden.

The Altes museum, Prussias first purpose built museum is opened on spree island.

August Borsig lays foundation stone for machine factory in wedding. Many more follow, including Siemans (1847)

Prussias first rail road, between Berlin and Potsdam, is constructed

A counterpart to the (Royal) Tiergarten

park, Volkspark Friedrichshain, is opened on the grounds of an old

vineyard and covers 52 HA. It is the first public recreation space in the Densely

population east of the city and the first space that can be used by all public classes.

A Democratic, middle class revolution breaks out

due to social hardship and curtailment of political freedoms. Although initially successful, the Revolt in quashed by 13,000 Prussian Soldiers under the command of General Friedrich Von Wrangel.

Berlins first waterworks is opened as part of

a plan for a modern

system.

the official city boundary increases the area from 35km2 to 59km2.

The new town hall, still in use today, is completed and is dubbed the Red Hall due to its red brick construction, not its later association

with communist East Berlin.

City Population: 826,815Suburb population: 105,169

Berlin becomes home of the German Reich which brings economic and political prosperity leading to industrial and economic boom. Berlin becomes political, scientific, cultural and economic capital

The General Workers

Association and the Social Democratic Workers Party unite to form the Socialist Workers Party of Germany.

In 1890 the party renames itself the Social Democratic

Party of Germany (SDP)

Friedrich

I

of Prussia

Napoleon Bonaparte

Brandenburg Gate

Gen

eral Friedri

ch Von Wrangel

10

March 13 sees a coup by the army and other military

organisations as a response to the order

to disband as aprt of the treaty of Versailles, post WWI. They overthrow the Government and proclaim right wing politician Wolfgang Kapp as Chancellor. However this all collapses on March 17th after a general strike organised by the elected members of the SPD ans USPD.

October 1st sees The Greater Berlin Act incorporate 7 towns, 59 rural communities and 27 estate districts into Berlin and divides the city into 20 districts. The municiple district is now 13 times its previous size growing from 6,500 Ha to 878km2. This now makes Berlin Europes largest city and paves the way for it to become a legendary 1920s cultural metropolis. Berlin becomes home to many noatble names of the era including Otto Dix, Lionel Fieninger, Bertolt Brecht, Arnold Zweig, Albert Einstein and Fritz Haber.

pop.1m+

pop.1.9m

pop.2m+

pop.3.8m

Organisations, publications and meetings of social democrats are outlawews and they are viewed as enemies of the German Reich. The legislation stands until 1890.

1878

1879

1882

1890

1900

1902

Worlds First electric railway presented at Berlin

industrial exhibition. In 1881 the worlds first electric street car was introduced in Lichterfelde.

The log road between the city and the royal hunting

lodge at Grundewald is revamped in the style of the champs-elysees. This creates a new prominent area around halensee in the new west attracting wealthy residents making the area a popular place to meet for the cultural sect.

The first may day celebrations of the workers movement take place and absolute majority of Berliners votes for the social democrat (SPD) in the Reichstag elections. In 1891 the Berlin mechanical engineer Otto Lilienthal makes the first successful gliding flight in history (25 meters).

Berlin is worlds largest tenement city total of 1,000,000 apt, 400,000 of which only have 1

room, a further 300,000 only have 2 rooms.

First U-Bahn opened

between Warschauer Brucke and Knie

(Ernst Reciter Platz).

1911

1911/12

1914 1920

1918

1919

Kaiser Wilhelm society for the promotion of science is founded

(now Max Planck Society). Science, culture, business and research fl ourish. See Max Lieberman, Walter, Adolf Von Harnake, Max Planck, and Theodor Mommsen.

Berlin joins with Charlottenburg, Schoneberg Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Spandau and the

Niederbarnim and Teltow districts to

form Greater Berlin.

WW1 makes it difficult to feed the millions in Berlin and this coupled with war weariness at the increasingly bloody confl ict leads to massive strikes by the end of the war.

As WW1 ends Berlin is hit by revolution. On November 9th, Chancellor, Prince Von Baden declares the abdication of Kaiser Wilhem II. The Government is handed over to Friederich Ebert, the leader of the Socialist SDP. Almost simultaneously Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the Free German Republic from the balcony at the Reichstag, whilst Karl Liebknecht proclaims a Free Socialist German Republic. The Kaiser seeks exile in the Netherlands and Ebert becomes German Chancellor.

On December 30th Karl Liebnecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Wilhelm Pieck form the German Communist Party (KPD) in the Grand Hall of the Prussian Representatives.

An uprising of the KPD and the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) is crushed in Berlin.

Karl Liebnecht and Rosa Luxemburg are murdered in the Tiergarten by Freikorps troops on January 15th.

A new city assembley is elected on February 29th. This is the first time elections have been held to the three class system. The USPD claim 47 seats with the SPD winning 46, giving the two parties 93 of 144 seats.

25 women are represented in the city parliment and Gustav Boss is Lord Mayor.

Karl L iebknecht

Rosa Luxemburg

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Em

pire

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 led to a

series of events that beought the world to war.

11

March 13 sees a coup by the army and other military

organisations as a response to the order

to disband as aprt of the treaty of Versailles, post WWI. They overthrow the Government and proclaim right wing politician Wolfgang Kapp as Chancellor. However this all collapses on March 17th after a general strike organised by the elected members of the SPD ans USPD.

October 1st sees The Greater Berlin Act incorporate 7 towns, 59 rural communities and 27 estate districts into Berlin and divides the city into 20 districts. The municiple district is now 13 times its previous size growing from 6,500 Ha to 878km2. This now makes Berlin Europes largest city and paves the way for it to become a legendary 1920s cultural metropolis. Berlin becomes home to many noatble names of the era including Otto Dix, Lionel Fieninger, Bertolt Brecht, Arnold Zweig, Albert Einstein and Fritz Haber.

pop.1m+

pop.1.9m

pop.2m+

pop.3.8m

Organisations, publications and meetings of social democrats are outlawews and they are viewed as enemies of the German Reich. The legislation stands until 1890.

1878

1879

1882

1890

1900

1902

Worlds First electric railway presented at Berlin

industrial exhibition. In 1881 the worlds first electric street car was introduced in Lichterfelde.

The log road between the city and the royal hunting

lodge at Grundewald is revamped in the style of the champs-elysees. This creates a new prominent area around halensee in the new west attracting wealthy residents making the area a popular place to meet for the cultural sect.

The first may day celebrations of the workers movement take place and absolute majority of Berliners votes for the social democrat (SPD) in the Reichstag elections. In 1891 the Berlin mechanical engineer Otto Lilienthal makes the first successful gliding flight in history (25 meters).

Berlin is worlds largest tenement city total of 1,000,000 apt, 400,000 of which only have 1

room, a further 300,000 only have 2 rooms.

First U-Bahn opened

between Warschauer Brucke and Knie

(Ernst Reciter Platz).

1911

1911/12

1914 1920

1918

1919

Kaiser Wilhelm society for the promotion of science is founded

(now Max Planck Society). Science, culture, business and research fl ourish. See Max Lieberman, Walter, Adolf Von Harnake, Max Planck, and Theodor Mommsen.

Berlin joins with Charlottenburg, Schoneberg Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Spandau and the

Niederbarnim and Teltow districts to

form Greater Berlin.

WW1 makes it difficult to feed the millions in Berlin and this coupled with war weariness at the increasingly bloody confl ict leads to massive strikes by the end of the war.

As WW1 ends Berlin is hit by revolution. On November 9th, Chancellor, Prince Von Baden declares the abdication of Kaiser Wilhem II. The Government is handed over to Friederich Ebert, the leader of the Socialist SDP. Almost simultaneously Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the Free German Republic from the balcony at the Reichstag, whilst Karl Liebknecht proclaims a Free Socialist German Republic. The Kaiser seeks exile in the Netherlands and Ebert becomes German Chancellor.

On December 30th Karl Liebnecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Wilhelm Pieck form the German Communist Party (KPD) in the Grand Hall of the Prussian Representatives.

An uprising of the KPD and the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) is crushed in Berlin.

Karl Liebnecht and Rosa Luxemburg are murdered in the Tiergarten by Freikorps troops on January 15th.

A new city assembley is elected on February 29th. This is the first time elections have been held to the three class system. The USPD claim 47 seats with the SPD winning 46, giving the two parties 93 of 144 seats.

25 women are represented in the city parliment and Gustav Boss is Lord Mayor.

Karl L iebknecht

Rosa Luxemburg

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Em

pire

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 led to a

series of events that beought the world to war.

12

pop.4m+

5.3%the percentage of the vote the Nazi party receives in the 1929 election securing 13 seats in parliment.

1922

1923

1925

1929

1932 1934/35

1936

1937

1942

1938

1939

1940

1933 1933German Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau is murdered by right wing soldiers in front of his house on June 24th. He had negotiated the treaty of Rapallo in April which had initiated the union between The German Reich and the state that would become the Soviet Union (officially founded December 30th 1922).

Infl ation reaches its peak with a Kilo of Rye bread costing 3,600,000 marks and a street car ticket costing 150,000 marks.

On October 8th construction begins at Templehoff Airport.

City Councillor Martin Wagner and Architect Bruno Taut start the Hufeisen housing project in Britz. When the development is finished in 1931 it is regarded as the first example of truly modern living in Berlin.

Berlin is hit by the Great Depression and 664 businesses in the city are bankrupted. In February 450,000

people are unemployed. This leads to violent unrest and demonstrations. This period becomes known as Bloody May as

30 people die and hundreds are injured.

During the years elections the NSDAP (National Socialists) receive 5.3% of the vote, securing 13 seats in Parliment. This is the beginning of their rise to power.

Unemployment reaches 630,000 and violent clashes between left and right wing supporters lead to many

deaths. The NSDAP has experienced support over this period

and becomes the strongest party in parliment with 33.1% of the vote. With 25.9% of citizens in Berlin voting for them. This majority

marks the rise to the top of German politics for Adolf Hitler.

Adolf Hitlers rise to power leads to a Nazi take

over and the end of German democracy.

March 14: Herman Goring is assigned as State Comissioner for the Capital City to assist Lord Mayor Heinrich Sahm, but in fact takes full control of the city behind the scenes.

March 20: Communist MPs are removed form parliment, followed by Social

democrats in July.

March 21: Germanys first Concentration Camp is opened at Sachenhausen, near Oraniburg for regime opponents, not Jews. April 1: First organised boycott of Jewish businesses, Doctors and Lawyers.

May 10: Book burning on Bebel Platz outside Alte Bibliothek (Old Library) as part of a campaign against Un-German Spirit.

All of the cities elected bodies are disbanded and the city administration is forced into line. 1300 civil servants are fired . Dec 1935: Heinrich Sahm resigns.

The summer of 1936 saw Berlin host the XI Summer Olympic Games between the 1 - 16 August. During the games all anti-semetic signs and placards were removed. This was to be a Nazi and German show of power. However 4 gold medals from Black American Jesse Owens ruined that for Hitler.

700th

WWII Begins as Germany declares war on Poland on September 1st.

Berlin celebrates its

Anniversary

March 12th: The annexation of Austria makes Berlin the capital of

The Greater German Reich.

November 9th: The SS and SA burn 12 synagogues in a program dubbed the night

of broken glass and also loot Jewish Shops and businesses, terrorise Jewish citizens and arrest almost 1200 of them. Most of these are sent to the Concentration Camp.

Of 160,000 Jews

living in Berlin 90,000 escaped Germany, 60,000 were killed throughout the war in Concentration Camps and around 1400 Jews survived by being hidden by Berlin

citizens.

Berlin is bombed by

enemy planes fo the first time

January 20: The Final Solution of the Jewish Question is answered at the Wanasee Conference, outside

Berlin. The SS decide on the systematic annihilation of

all European Jews using gas chambers at the Concentration Camps. The Holocaust begins.

13

pop.4m+

5.3%the percentage of the vote the Nazi party receives in the 1929 election securing 13 seats in parliment.

1922

1923

1925

1929

1932 1934/35

1936

1937

1942

1938

1939

1940

1933 1933German Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau is murdered by right wing soldiers in front of his house on June 24th. He had negotiated the treaty of Rapallo in April which had initiated the union between The German Reich and the state that would become the Soviet Union (officially founded December 30th 1922).

Infl ation reaches its peak with a Kilo of Rye bread costing 3,600,000 marks and a street car ticket costing 150,000 marks.

On October 8th construction begins at Templehoff Airport.

City Councillor Martin Wagner and Architect Bruno Taut start the Hufeisen housing project in Britz. When the development is finished in 1931 it is regarded as the first example of truly modern living in Berlin.

Berlin is hit by the Great Depression and 664 businesses in the city are bankrupted. In February 450,000

people are unemployed. This leads to violent unrest and demonstrations. This period becomes known as Bloody May as

30 people die and hundreds are injured.

During the years elections the NSDAP (National Socialists) receive 5.3% of the vote, securing 13 seats in Parliment. This is the beginning of their rise to power.

Unemployment reaches 630,000 and violent clashes between left and right wing supporters lead to many

deaths. The NSDAP has experienced support over this period

and becomes the strongest party in parliment with 33.1% of the vote. With 25.9% of citizens in Berlin voting for them. This majority

marks the rise to the top of German politics for Adolf Hitler.

Adolf Hitlers rise to power leads to a Nazi take

over and the end of German democracy.

March 14: Herman Goring is assigned as State Comissioner for the Capital City to assist Lord Mayor Heinrich Sahm, but in fact takes full control of the city behind the scenes.

March 20: Communist MPs are removed form parliment, followed by Social

democrats in July.

March 21: Germanys first Concentration Camp is opened at Sachenhausen, near Oraniburg for regime opponents, not Jews. April 1: First organised boycott of Jewish businesses, Doctors and Lawyers.

May 10: Book burning on Bebel Platz outside Alte Bibliothek (Old Library) as part of a campaign against Un-German Spirit.

All of the cities elected bodies are disbanded and the city administration is forced into line. 1300 civil servants are fired . Dec 1935: Heinrich Sahm resigns.

The summer of 1936 saw Berlin host the XI Summer Olympic Games between the 1 - 16 August. During the games all anti-semetic signs and placards were removed. This was to be a Nazi and German show of power. However 4 gold medals from Black American Jesse Owens ruined that for Hitler.

700th

WWII Begins as Germany declares war on Poland on September 1st.

Berlin celebrates its

Anniversary

March 12th: The annexation of Austria makes Berlin the capital of

The Greater German Reich.

November 9th: The SS and SA burn 12 synagogues in a program dubbed the night

of broken glass and also loot Jewish Shops and businesses, terrorise Jewish citizens and arrest almost 1200 of them. Most of these are sent to the Concentration Camp.

Of 160,000 Jews

living in Berlin 90,000 escaped Germany, 60,000 were killed throughout the war in Concentration Camps and around 1400 Jews survived by being hidden by Berlin

citizens.

Berlin is bombed by

enemy planes fo the first time

January 20: The Final Solution of the Jewish Question is answered at the Wanasee Conference, outside

Berlin. The SS decide on the systematic annihilation of

all European Jews using gas chambers at the Concentration Camps. The Holocaust begins.

14

1953

1955

1957

June 16th: Workers on Stalin Allee development go o strike against state mandated rises in work quotas. On June 17th the strike becomes an uprising that spreads to many other cities in the GDR that culminates in the demand that the SED be removed from government and free elections be held in a united Germany. The uprising is brutally quashed by soviet troops. Several hunderd are killed, over a thousand are injured and many arrested. In reaction the West German parliment declares June 17th The Day of German Unity, a national day of rememberance.

August 22nd: A refugee transit camp is opened in Marienfelde, West Berlin to take people in fl eeing the GDR.

Schonefeld airport taken over from Soviet occupying powers and becomes GDRs first commercial airport. The old town hall is restored and handed back to the Lord Mayor of East Berlin.

The new construction in the city centre in the 1950s

culminates with the International Building Exhibition (Interbau) held in West Berlin. Much of the design is in conscious opposition to the socialist housing on Stalinallee. The restored New Guardhouse, built in 1818 on Unter den Linden in East Berlin, is reopened in August. From 1960 - 90 it is a GDR Memorial for the Victims of Fascism and Militarism. in 1993 it beomes a central memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany.

19581958

1959

1960

1960

In September, in one of the few joint projects to take place during the Cold War, the

restoration of Brandenburg Gate, badly damaged during the war, is concluded when the quadriga (restored in West Berlin) is returned to the top of this historic monument

(located in East Berlin).

On November 27, Soviet party and government head Nikita Khrushchev responds to the constant stream of refugees leaving the GDR for the West via Berlin by issuing an ultimatum to the three western Allies,

demanding that they withdraw from Berlin and that West Berlin be turned into a demilitarized free city. Khrushchevs ultimatum is the first grave threat to West Berlins survival since the blockade of 1948/1949.

On June 18, Germanys president Theodor Heuss (FDP), takes Bellevue Palace (Schloss Bellevue), located in the Tiergarten park, as his

official seat in Berlin.

In response to rising coercive measures in the GDR (forced collectivization), almost 200,000 GDR residents flee to West Berlin over the course of the year via the sectors open borders.

July 25th: U.S. president John F. Kennedy announces that the western protecting powers have three essential interests in Berlin: 1. the right of the Allies to be in Berlin, 2. their right

of access to Berlin, and 3. the survival and right of

self-determination of West Berlin.

In July, 30,415 GDR residents leave the country for West Berlin, the highest number in a month since 1953.

August 13: the GDR starts construction on a wall

that runs along the sector border and seals the two parts of the city off from one another. Some streets on the border of the wall were carved up

indescriminantly. For instance, Bernauer Strasse, where the sidewalks belonged to the Wedding borough (West) and the southern row of houses

to Mitte (East), were integrated into the fortifications: the GDR had the front entrances and ground floor windows

bricked up. Residents could get to their apartments only via the courtyard, which was in

East Berlin.

Large housing estates are built in West Berlin on the city outskirts until the end of the 1970s (construction on Gropiusstadt begins in 1962 and on Mrkisches Viertel and Falkenhagener Feld in 1963).

The city center of East Berlin, as the capital of the GDR, is outfitted with large representative buildings around Alexanderplatz and Marx-Engels-Platz.

U.S. president John F. Kennedy visits the city on June 26th and in his famous speech in front of the Schneberg Town Hall assures the people of Berlin of his solidarity with them.

December 17th: The signing of the first entry permit agreement allows West Berliners to visit relatives in the East and is valid for the period from 19 December 1963 to 5 January 1964; 1.2 million West Berliners take advantage of this opportunity.

Two thousand years

ago, the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ["I

am a Roman citizen"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner!... All free men, wherever they may live,

are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take

pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner!

April 7th: The German

Bundestag holds a plenary session in Berlins Congress Hall.

In protest against the unlawful involvement of West Berlin in the

political system of the Federal Republic of Germany, the GDR forbids Bundestag members

to use its routes to Berlin. Soviet aircraft disrupt the session with flights over the Hall and sonic

booms.

Willy Brandt resigns as Governing Mayor on December 1st and assumes the office of deputy chancellor and foreign minister.

June 2nd: Student Benno Ohnesorg is shot by a policeman during a student protest against the visit of the Shah of Persia to West Berlin. His death and the following clashes focus public attention on the student movement in Berlin. With their opposition to the universities outdated traditions, the paralysis of the coalition government, and the injustice of a global order based on oppressing the Third World.

April 11th: The attempt to assassinate the Berlin student leader Rudi Dutschke on the avenue Kurfrstendamm marks another dramatic climax in the

conflicts surrounding the student movement in

Berlin.

Willy Brandt (SPD) is elected chancellor on October 21 and indicates his interest in pursuing negotiations between the two German states. On December 16, the western Allies propose talks to the Soviet Union aimed at solving problems related to Berlin.

Negotiations over Berlin between the four former Allies, the Second World Wars victorious powers, begin on

March 26 in the building of the Allied Control Council in

West Berlin.

On April 19, a 19-meter-high Lenin monument is unveiled at Leninplatz (known as Platz der Vereinten Nationen starting in 1992) in the East Berlin borough of Friedrichshain. It is dismantled in 1991.

The Berlin TV tower is built btween

1965 and 1969 by the GDR becoming an icon for the city, and

remains so today.

15

June 16th: Workers on Stalin Allee development go o strike against state mandated rises in work quotas. On June 17th the strike becomes an uprising that spreads to many other cities in the GDR that culminates in the demand that the SED be removed from government and free elections be held in a united Germany. The uprising is brutally quashed by soviet troops. Several hunderd are killed, over a thousand are injured and many arrested. In reaction the West German parliment declares June 17th The Day of German Unity, a national day of rememberance.

August 22nd: A refugee transit camp is opened in Marienfelde, West Berlin to take people in fl eeing the GDR.

Schonefeld airport taken over from Soviet occupying powers and becomes GDRs first commercial airport. The old town hall is restored and handed back to the Lord Mayor of East Berlin.

The new construction in the city centre in the 1950s

culminates with the International Building Exhibition (Interbau) held in West Berlin. Much of the design is in conscious opposition to the socialist housing on Stalinallee. The restored New Guardhouse, built in 1818 on Unter den Linden in East Berlin, is reopened in August. From 1960 - 90 it is a GDR Memorial for the Victims of Fascism and Militarism. in 1993 it beomes a central memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany.

1962

1963

19651967

1968

1969

1970

1966In September, in one of the few joint projects to take place during the Cold War, the restoration of Brandenburg Gate, badly damaged during the war, is concluded

when the quadriga (restored in West Berlin) is returned to the top of this historic monument (located in East Berlin).

On November 27, Soviet party and government head Nikita Khrushchev responds to the constant stream of refugees leaving the GDR for the West via Berlin by issuing an ultimatum to the three western Allies,

demanding that they withdraw from Berlin and that West Berlin be turned into a demilitarized free city. Khrushchevs ultimatum is the first grave threat to West Berlins survival since the blockade of 1948/1949.

On June 18, Germanys president Theodor Heuss (FDP), takes Bellevue Palace (Schloss Bellevue), located in the Tiergarten park, as his

official seat in Berlin.

In response to rising coercive measures in the GDR (forced collectivization), almost 200,000 GDR residents flee to West Berlin over the course of the year via the sectors open borders.

July 25th: U.S. president John F. Kennedy announces that the western protecting powers have three essential interests in Berlin: 1. the right of the Allies to be in Berlin, 2. their right

of access to Berlin, and 3. the survival and right of

self-determination of West Berlin.

In July, 30,415 GDR residents leave the country for West Berlin, the highest number in a month since 1953.

August 13: the GDR starts construction on a wall

that runs along the sector border and seals the two parts of the city off from one another. Some streets on the border of the wall were carved up

indescriminantly. For instance, Bernauer Strasse, where the sidewalks belonged to the Wedding borough (West) and the southern row of houses

to Mitte (East), were integrated into the fortifications: the GDR had the front entrances and ground floor windows

bricked up. Residents could get to their apartments only via the courtyard, which was in

East Berlin.

Large housing estates are built in West Berlin on the city outskirts until the end of the 1970s (construction on Gropiusstadt begins in 1962 and on Mrkisches Viertel and Falkenhagener Feld in 1963).

The city center of East Berlin, as the capital of the GDR, is outfitted with large representative buildings around Alexanderplatz and Marx-Engels-Platz.

U.S. president John F. Kennedy visits the city on June 26th and in his famous speech in front of the Schneberg Town Hall assures the people of Berlin of his solidarity with them.

December 17th: The signing of the first entry permit agreement allows West Berliners to visit relatives in the East and is valid for the period from 19 December 1963 to 5 January 1964; 1.2 million West Berliners take advantage of this opportunity.

Two thousand years

ago, the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ["I

am a Roman citizen"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner!... All free men, wherever they may live,

are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take

pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner!

April 7th: The German

Bundestag holds a plenary session in Berlins Congress Hall.

In protest against the unlawful involvement of West Berlin in the

political system of the Federal Republic of Germany, the GDR forbids Bundestag members

to use its routes to Berlin. Soviet aircraft disrupt the session with flights over the Hall and sonic

booms.

Willy Brandt resigns as Governing Mayor on December 1st and assumes the office of deputy chancellor and foreign minister.

June 2nd: Student Benno Ohnesorg is shot by a policeman during a student protest against the visit of the Shah of Persia to West Berlin. His death and the following clashes focus public attention on the student movement in Berlin. With their opposition to the universities outdated traditions, the paralysis of the coalition government, and the injustice of a global order based on oppressing the Third World.

April 11th: The attempt to assassinate the Berlin student leader Rudi Dutschke on the avenue Kurfrstendamm marks another dramatic climax in the

conflicts surrounding the student movement in

Berlin.

Willy Brandt (SPD) is elected chancellor on October 21 and indicates his interest in pursuing negotiations between the two German states. On December 16, the western Allies propose talks to the Soviet Union aimed at solving problems related to Berlin.

Negotiations over Berlin between the four former Allies, the Second World Wars victorious powers, begin on

March 26 in the building of the Allied Control Council in

West Berlin.

On April 19, a 19-meter-high Lenin monument is unveiled at Leninplatz (known as Platz der Vereinten Nationen starting in 1992) in the East Berlin borough of Friedrichshain. It is dismantled in 1991.

The Berlin TV tower is built btween

1965 and 1969 by the GDR becoming an icon for the city, and

remains so today.

16

1971

1972

1974

1975

1976

1978

1979

1980

19821984

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990Ten direct telephones lines are reconnected between West and East Berlin on January 31 for the first time since 1952.

September 3rd: The ambassadors of the four victorious powers sign the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin in West Berlin. It clarifies the ties between Berlin and the Federal Republic of Germany, thereby facilitating a number of practical arrangements benefiting the people of the city.

December 17th: The Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR sign a transit agreement improving the fl ow of traffic on the access routes to West Berlin.

June 3rd: The four foreign ministers sign the Final

Quadripartite Protocol to the Berlin agreement of 1971. East & West conclude the Basic Treaty. West Berlin becomes part of the dtente process.

November 1st: Tegel Airport opens on in West Berlin.

On the basis of an agreement between the GDR

federation of Protestant churches and the GDR government, reconstruction work begins on the Berlin Cathedral, heavily damaged by the war, located on the Spree island in East Berlins Mitte borough (completed in 1993).

On April 23, the

Palace of the Republic is opened on the grounds of the former City Palace in Mitte. Starting in 1990, the building remains empty for years until it demolished in 2006. It is making way for the construction of a replica of the City Palace torn down in 1950.

December 15: The State Library, designed by Hans Scharoun, opens near the Kulturforum in West Berlin.

With the new Marzahn development at its center, the

borough of Marzahn is established in January as the first of three new boroughs in East Berlin, followed by Hohenschnhausen and Hellersdorf.

Construction begins in Hellersdorf, an area in East Berlin, on another new housing estate for 90,000 residents. The development is completed in 1986.

November 20th:

The new transit highway to Hamburg is officially

opened.

January 9th: West Berlins public transport company BVG take over the S-Bahn in West Berlin from the GDRs Reichsbahn.

February 8th: The GDR lay the foundation stone for the new development in Hohenschnhausen. By 1990, 30,000 apartments were built.

October 1st: The reconstructed Schauspielhaus theater, originally designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and badly damaged during the war, reopens on at Platz der Akademie in Mitte.

The Marx-Engels Forum is opened in East Berlin.

April 5th: A bomb explodes at the West Berlin disco La Belle killing two people and injuring 193 others.

Attempts to hold a joint celebration of the

750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin fail. Both sides hold their own celebrations.

The International Building Exhibition takes place in West Berlin. Under the heading of The inner city as a residential area, it explores issues like careful urban renewal in Kreuzberg and critical reconstruction in new development, as with the construction of townhouses and energy-efficient housing in the Tiergarten borough.

June 12: U.S. president Ronald

Reagan gives his famous speech at Brandenburg Gate: Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr.

Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

West Berlins governing mayor Eberhard Diepgen (from the conservative CDU) meets with

GDR head of government Erich Honecker on February 11 at East Berlins Schloss Niederschnhausen. They discuss

easing restrictions on travel and visitor traffic, the exchange of emissions data, territorial exchanges, opening additional border crossing

points, and railway traffic.

The symbolic laying of the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the New Synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse in Mitte takes place on November 10.

October 7th: the GDR celebrates the

40th anniversary of its founding in East Berlin. Guests include the Soviet

Unions party and government head Michail Gorbachev.

October 18th: at the 9th meeting of the SED Central Committee Egon Krenz succeeds Erich Honecker as SED general secretary.

November 4th: more than 500,000 East Berliners gather at Alexanderplatz for a demonstration,

demanding freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. The SED leadership promises that restrictions on travel to the West will be eased.

November 9th: The confl icts over the new travel regulations escalate to the point that the GDR gives way to public pressure and, opens the Wall in Berlin and along the German-German border.The Berlin Wall has fallen.

March 18th: The first and only free elections to the East

German parliament are held and followed in May by the first free

elections to the East Berlin city assembly since 1946. The Second World Wars victorious powers and the two German states sign the Two Plus Four Treaty in Moscow on September 12, arranging for unification under international law. Germany is given full sovereignty, and Berlins Four-Power status expires. The unification of Germany enters into force on October 3 with a state ceremony in Berlin, after which the Berlin House of Representatives and the German Bundestag hold new elections.

Michail Gorbachev

17

1971

1972

1974

1975

1976

1978

1979

1980

19821984

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990Ten direct telephones lines are reconnected between West and East Berlin on January 31 for the first time since 1952.

September 3rd: The ambassadors of the four victorious powers sign the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin in West Berlin. It clarifies the ties between Berlin and the Federal Republic of Germany, thereby facilitating a number of practical arrangements benefiting the people of the city.

December 17th: The Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR sign a transit agreement improving the fl ow of traffic on the access routes to West Berlin.

June 3rd: The four foreign ministers sign the Final

Quadripartite Protocol to the Berlin agreement of 1971. East & West conclude the Basic Treaty. West Berlin becomes part of the dtente process.

November 1st: Tegel Airport opens on in West Berlin.

On the basis of an agreement between the GDR

federation of Protestant churches and the GDR government, reconstruction work begins on the Berlin Cathedral, heavily damaged by the war, located on the Spree island in East Berlins Mitte borough (completed in 1993).

On April 23, the

Palace of the Republic is opened on the grounds of the former City Palace in Mitte. Starting in 1990, the building remains empty for years until it demolished in 2006. It is making way for the construction of a replica of the City Palace torn down in 1950.

December 15: The State Library, designed by Hans Scharoun, opens near the Kulturforum in West Berlin.

With the new Marzahn development at its center, the

borough of Marzahn is established in January as the first of three new boroughs in East Berlin, followed by Hohenschnhausen and Hellersdorf.

Construction begins in Hellersdorf, an area in East Berlin, on another new housing estate for 90,000 residents. The development is completed in 1986.

November 20th:

The new transit highway to Hamburg is officially

opened.

January 9th: West Berlins public transport company BVG take over the S-Bahn in West Berlin from the GDRs Reichsbahn.

February 8th: The GDR lay the foundation stone for the new development in Hohenschnhausen. By 1990, 30,000 apartments were built.

October 1st: The reconstructed Schauspielhaus theater, originally designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and badly damaged during the war, reopens on at Platz der Akademie in Mitte.

The Marx-Engels Forum is opened in East Berlin.

April 5th: A bomb explodes at the West Berlin disco La Belle killing two people and injuring 193 others.

Attempts to hold a joint celebration of the

750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin fail. Both sides hold their own celebrations.

The International Building Exhibition takes place in West Berlin. Under the heading of The inner city as a residential area, it explores issues like careful urban renewal in Kreuzberg and critical reconstruction in new development, as with the construction of townhouses and energy-efficient housing in the Tiergarten borough.

June 12: U.S. president Ronald

Reagan gives his famous speech at Brandenburg Gate: Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr.

Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

West Berlins governing mayor Eberhard Diepgen (from the conservative CDU) meets with

GDR head of government Erich Honecker on February 11 at East Berlins Schloss Niederschnhausen. They discuss

easing restrictions on travel and visitor traffic, the exchange of emissions data, territorial exchanges, opening additional border crossing

points, and railway traffic.

The symbolic laying of the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the New Synagogue on Oranienburger Strasse in Mitte takes place on November 10.

October 7th: the GDR celebrates the

40th anniversary of its founding in East Berlin. Guests include the Soviet

Unions party and government head Michail Gorbachev.

October 18th: at the 9th meeting of the SED Central Committee Egon Krenz succeeds Erich Honecker as SED general secretary.

November 4th: more than 500,000 East Berliners gather at Alexanderplatz for a demonstration,

demanding freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. The SED leadership promises that restrictions on travel to the West will be eased.

November 9th: The confl icts over the new travel regulations escalate to the point that the GDR gives way to public pressure and, opens the Wall in Berlin and along the German-German border.The Berlin Wall has fallen.

March 18th: The first and only free elections to the East

German parliament are held and followed in May by the first free

elections to the East Berlin city assembly since 1946. The Second World Wars victorious powers and the two German states sign the Two Plus Four Treaty in Moscow on September 12, arranging for unification under international law. Germany is given full sovereignty, and Berlins Four-Power status expires. The unification of Germany enters into force on October 3 with a state ceremony in Berlin, after which the Berlin House of Representatives and the German Bundestag hold new elections.

Michail Gorbachev

18

1991

1994

1995

1990/2000

2001

2002

2004

2005

2007

2009

2009

January 11th: The House of Representatives elects the first Senate responsible for governing all of Berlin.

June 20th: In Bonn, the German Bundestag decides to move the seat of the German government and parliament to Berlin, Germanys new capital. That same year, Berlins governing mayor and Senate Chancellery move from Schneberg Town Hall to the Berlin Town Hall (Red Town Hall) in the Mitte borough.

In the summer, American, British, French, and Russian troops bid farewell to the people of Berlin with ceremonies. The German armed forces perform a Grand Tattoo at Pariser Platz in honour of the former protecting powers.

October 22nd: Berlins constitution is approved with 75.1 percent of the votes cast in a national referendum. The bulk of the document is taken from the constitution adopted in West Berlin in 1950, with some important new elements which include; actionable fundamental rights are reinforced and new state goals (such as the right to employment, education, and adequate housing) are added. Official constitutional status is also given to issues of environmental conservation and right to privacy. Instruments of direct democracy like popular initiatives, petitions, and referendums enhance citizens rights to participation in the political process. Berlins constitutional

court monitors compliance with the constitution.

The first session is held at the newly designed and refurbished Reichstag building. The Bundesrat (Federal Council akin to the House of Lords in England or the Upper House in USA) moves from Bonn to Berlin and many countries move their embassies to Berlin.

The move of the Bundestag to the capital is complete when the new Chancellary is occupied in May. Other office buildings go up near the Reichstag building: the Jakob Kaiser House for members of parliament, the Paul

Lbe House for parliamentary committees, and the Marie Elisabeth

Lders House for the library and reference and research

services.

October 3rd: Celebrations mark the Day of German Unity outside the newly refurbished Brandenburg Gate.

June 30th: After four years of work, the refurbishment of the Olympic stadium is complete.

May 10th: Berlins Holocaust memrorial,

designed by Peter Eisenman, is opened. The site receives over 60,000

visitors over the first month of its opening.

It is the 50th anniversary of the Tierpark, the zoo at Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. It receives two baby elephants, Cinta and Yoma, who become the zoos biggest attractions.

Humboldt Universitys Museum of Natural History reopens on June 13 after two years of renovation work. A special highlight is the 12.5-meter skeleton of a Brachiosaurus.

The Olympic stadium hosts the Athletic World Championships

The Neues Museum reopens after its renovation by David Chipperfield Architects. It houses the world famous bust of Nefertiti.

Berlin celebrates a Science Year to mark major anniversaries of some of its most important academic institutions:

350 years: The State Library 300 years: The Charit (Hospital) and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and

Humanities 200 years: Humboldt University

100 years: The Max Planck Society.

Berlin Today

Berlin has had a very robust, interesting and at times tragic history. However, it has emerged from that history as one of the most interesting and powerful cities in the world.

It is the seat of the most powerful and infl uencial government in Europe and is famed for its rich cultural, educational and ethnic diversity.

Berlins economy is primarily based on high tech industries, the service sector, creative industries, research facilities and the media. It is the home of world class universities, orchestras, theatres, museums and galleries.

This all allows for Berlin to be a cultural, educational and creative melting pot. Its diversity in terms of race, religion and education give the city a rich and interesting tapestry of subcultures all of which work beneath the obvious and

often painful history of the city.

May 6th: Berlins new main station, Hauptbahnhof, is opened creating a new landmark for the city designed by Gerkan, Marg and Partners in Hamburg.

June 7th - July 9th: Germany hosts the football world cup. Berlin hosts 4 group games, a quarter final and the final, which is held at the Olympic Stadium.

December 5th: Two Polar bear cubs are born at Berlin zoo, the first for over 30 years. Only one survives, he is called Knut.

2006

19

1991

1994

1995

1990/2000

2001

2002

2004

2005

2007

2009

2009

January 11th: The House of Representatives elects the first Senate responsible for governing all of Berlin.

June 20th: In Bonn, the German Bundestag decides to move the seat of the German government and parliament to Berlin, Germanys new capital. That same year, Berlins governing mayor and Senate Chancellery move from Schneberg Town Hall to the Berlin Town Hall (Red Town Hall) in the Mitte borough.

In the summer, American, British, French, and Russian troops bid farewell to the people of Berlin with ceremonies. The German armed forces perform a Grand Tattoo at Pariser Platz in honour of the former protecting powers.

October 22nd: Berlins constitution is approved with 75.1 percent of the votes cast in a national referendum. The bulk of the document is taken from the constitution adopted in West Berlin in 1950, with some important new elements which include; actionable fundamental rights are reinforced and new state goals (such as the right to employment, education, and adequate housing) are added. Official constitutional status is also given to issues of environmental conservation and right to privacy. Instruments of direct democracy like popular initiatives, petitions, and referendums enhance citizens rights to participation in the political process. Berlins constitutional

court monitors compliance with the constitution.

The first session is held at the newly designed and refurbished Reichstag building. The Bundesrat (Federal Council akin to the House of Lords in England or the Upper House in USA) moves from Bonn to Berlin and many countries move their embassies to Berlin.

The move of the Bundestag to the capital is complete when the new Chancellary is occupied in May. Other office buildings go up near the Reichstag building: the Jakob Kaiser House for members of parliament, the Paul

Lbe House for parliamentary committees, and the Marie Elisabeth

Lders House for the library and reference and research

services.

October 3rd: Celebrations mark the Day of German Unity outside the newly refurbished Brandenburg Gate.

June 30th: After four years of work, the refurbishment of the Olympic stadium is complete.

May 10th: Berlins Holocaust memrorial,

designed by Peter Eisenman, is opened. The site receives over 60,000

visitors over the first month of its opening.

It is the 50th anniversary of the Tierpark, the zoo at Berlin-Friedrichsfelde. It receives two baby elephants, Cinta and Yoma, who become the zoos biggest attractions.

Humboldt Universitys Museum of Natural History reopens on June 13 after two years of renovation work. A special highlight is the 12.5-meter skeleton of a Brachiosaurus.

The Olympic stadium hosts the Athletic World Championships

The Neues Museum reopens after its renovation by David Chipperfield Architects. It houses the world famous bust of Nefertiti.

Berlin celebrates a Science Year to mark major anniversaries of some of its most important academic institutions:

350 years: The State Library 300 years: The Charit (Hospital) and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and

Humanities 200 years: Humboldt University

100 years: The Max Planck Society.

Berlin Today

Berlin has had a very robust, interesting and at times tragic history. However, it has emerged from that history as one of the most interesting and powerful cities in the world.

It is the seat of the most powerful and infl uencial government in Europe and is famed for its rich cultural, educational and ethnic diversity.

Berlins economy is primarily based on high tech industries, the service sector, creative industries, research facilities and the media. It is the home of world class universities, orchestras, theatres, museums and galleries.

This all allows for Berlin to be a cultural, educational and creative melting pot. Its diversity in terms of race, religion and education give the city a rich and interesting tapestry of subcultures all of which work beneath the obvious and

often painful history of the city.

May 6th: Berlins new main station, Hauptbahnhof, is opened creating a new landmark for the city designed by Gerkan, Marg and Partners in Hamburg.

June 7th - July 9th: Germany hosts the football world cup. Berlin hosts 4 group games, a quarter final and the final, which is held at the Olympic Stadium.

December 5th: Two Polar bear cubs are born at Berlin zoo, the first for over 30 years. Only one survives, he is called Knut.

2006

B i o r e g i o n a l a n a ly s i s

22

"A bioregion is a geographic area defi ned by natural characteristics, including watersheds, landforms, soils, geological qualities, native plants and animals, climate and weather. These characteristics are continuous; in other words, when there are changes in these characteristics you have gone from one bioregion to another. Obviously these borders are soft and wide, as opposed to linear and sharp in the present geopolitical sense of boundary. Bioregionalism includes human beings as a species in the interplay of these natural characteristics of a bioregion in an appropriate way. At this point in history such an attitude exists only among so-called primitive people or as a matter of historical record. For most people on the planet today it would be necessary to become a rein habitant in order to fi t into the natural characteristics of the bioregions they occupy. A bioregion is a geographic terrain and a terrain of consciousness. It is a cultural idea based on characteristics usually associated with the natural sciences. Put simply, a bioregion is a life-lace, the natural place around you that is alive and contains your life as well as the lives of other species."

Peter Berg

24

The Elbe is one of the major rivers of Central Europe, the fourth largest basin and spans 4 countries

25

Source - 1384 m

1091 km

24.6m

e l B e W at e r s h e d

The North Sea - 0 m

148,268 km2

26

Number of inhabitants > 1m

Number of inhabitants > 90k

The Elbe consists of 3 main tributaries and 7 other important tributaries

Berlin

27

The North Sea - 0 m

870 m3/s

308 m3/s

Cldlina 4.66Mrlina 1.58

Jizera 23.8Ploucnice 8.6Kamenice 2.65Kimitrach 1.5Lachsbach 3.1Wesenitz 2.5

Schwarze Elster 25.3Nuthe 1.7

Havel 103Stepenitz 3

Elde 11Luckitz 4.6

Sude 14Elbe-lubeck-kanal 1.8Bille 3.9Alster 6.5Pinnau 4Kruckau 2,5Rhin 1.3

Stor 20Nord-ostsee-kanal 17

Upa 6.99Metuje 5.73

Orlice 21.3Loucna 4.28Chrudimka 6Doubrava 3.12

Vltava 150Ohre 37.9

Billna 5.51Gottleuba 2.7

MuglitzWelBeritz 3.6

Hablach 1.7

Mulde 75Saale 117

ohre 4.9Aland 7.3Saege 1.9

JeetzelUmenau 18

Seeve 5.1Este 3.4Luhe 2

Schwinge 2.5

Oste 17Medem 4.7

a n n u a l d i s c h a r g e

28

p r o t e c t e d l a n d

22% czech rep

88% Germany

29

l a n d c o v e r

i n d u s t r i e s

30%

11%

45%

14%

at 55%, agriculture is the largest industry

30

B e r l i n l a n d u s e

WaterForestParkGardensOrchard Meadows

FallowArableLawnBuildings greenedBuidings

Industrial/CommercialSports FacilitiesRoadwaysTrack SystemsStadiums

AirportsBuildings med green

31

p r o d u c e a n d c o n s u m p t i o n

2012 statistics

39785688

3388

3941

741.6

3244402.1

1151

2699245.9

largest organic consumer market in europe

B i o d i v e r s i t y / e c o l o g y

34

B e r l i n i n c o m p a r i s o n

Berlin has a large amount of green space most is unused, the potential for Berlins biodiversity is great due to conservation and city adapted wildlife. It is commonly assumed that cities and rich biodiversity are incompatible, but the fact is that many cities have high species richness and several are even located within globally recognised Biodiversity Hot Spots.

Berlins green strips create a pedestrian cycle link and a soft visual perspective against the hard city blocks. Throughout the city nature and greenspace conservation is widely recognised. An estimate in 2000 found nearly 20% of its total space in protected woodland, and less than 50% of total space developed. Berlin exhibits a range of practices that boost biodiversity, such as varied habitats, human introduction of species, and dispersion of species from large-scale protected areas. Berlins highly praised planning practices for urban nature include the Biotope Area Factor and the Compensation Measure.

The Berlin-Brandenburg Region has both large spatial contrasts, and variation of population density. Berlins core has a population density of 12,000 per sq km, but its suburbs have just 800-1,500 humans per sq km, its periurban area 180 people per sq km, and its outer area 40 people per sq km, or less. This allows multiple habitats to thrive.

35

New York

BERLIN

Cape Town

Mumbai

Stockholm

Vienna

BIODIVERSE CITIES

HOT SPOTS

Chicago

36

7000 species of p

lants

CONSERVATIONWE CONSUME

HABITAT DESTRUCTION THREATS TO SPECIES

INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE SPECIESBIODIVERSE CITIES

1/2 of

70% of the worlds poor depend directly on biodiversity

synthetic drugs have a natural origin

8%

13% of Land

2% of Water

$4.9

The world bank has $4.9 billion invested in active vulnerable landscapes

protect

and secure livelihoods in 65 countries.

Theres are currently 130,000 protected areas this covers

of global forest for harvesting is now certified as sustainably managed

22%

of the worlds population relies of forests for there livelihood

19,817 species are listed endangered

of ocean fisheries are categorized as exploited

NILE PERCH

ZEBRA MUSSELS

WATER HYACINTH

Invasive alien species were a factor in more than 50% of vertebrate extinctions where the cause was known and they were the sole cause of 20% of extinctions.

The extinction rate today is more than 100x the level it was before humans walked the earth

Dredging, very year fishing nets kills up to 300,000 whales, dolphins and purpoises.

Hunting and poaching of species increaseing endangered numbers

Pollution to the environment air, land and sea is creating large amounts of destruction

Global warming is increasing the temperature of the oceans and making them more acidic

t h e s tat e o f t h e W o r l d B i o d i v e r s i t y

37

7000 species of p

lants

CONSERVATIONWE CONSUME

HABITAT DESTRUCTION THREATS TO SPECIES

INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE SPECIESBIODIVERSE CITIES

1/2 of

70% of the worlds poor depend directly on biodiversity

synthetic drugs have a natural origin

8%

13% of Land

2% of Water

$4.9

The world bank has $4.9 billion invested in active vulnerable landscapes

protect

and secure livelihoods in 65 countries.

Theres are currently 130,000 protected areas this covers

of global forest for harvesting is now certified as sustainably managed

22%

of the worlds population relies of forests for there livelihood

19,817 species are listed endangered

of ocean fisheries are categorized as exploited

NILE PERCH

ZEBRA MUSSELS

WATER HYACINTH

Invasive alien species were a factor in more than 50% of vertebrate extinctions where the cause was known and they were the sole cause of 20% of extinctions.

The extinction rate today is more than 100x the level it was before humans walked the earth

Ecosystem services must be integrated in urban policy and planning

Dredging, very year fishing nets kills up to 300,000 whales, dolphins and purpoises.

Hunting and poaching of species increaseing endangered numbers

Pollution to the environment air, land and sea is creating large amounts of destruction

Global warming is increasing the temperature of the oceans and making them more acidic

38

t i m e l i n e B e r l i n s g r e e n s p a c e s

In 1748 Berlins city centre was fortifi ed, smaller than the Berlin of today, the surrounding areas were all green space.

39

By 1889 the city had spread and so green space was depleting with the boom of Berlins population

40

1969 Plans for Berlin Green spaces divided into west and east sides, each created a green strip running along the river routes of recreational green space.

Muggelpark

Trep Tower park

Burger park

Tegeler Forest

41

Today there are large amounts of green space in the form of recreation parks and forests, within the city centre the green space needs planning.

Green links and green open spaces

Forest scenery

Awning culture

42

p l a n t s p e c i e s

Hypn

um M

oss

Hypn

um M

oss

Knot-G

rass Trodd

en Sward

Shrubs w

ith Cou

ch Grass

Shrubs w

ith Weeds

IN BUILT-UP AR

EA

AGRICULTURALLY USED

IN BODIES OF WATER

IN FORESTAL AREAS

IN M

IRE TYPES

IN SETTLED

OPEN SPACES

Woo

dy Shrub

Ornam

ental Law

ns

Alluvial Forest R

eminan

ts

Predom

inan

tly O

rnam

ental Law

ns

Trimmed Law

ns

Summer ann

ual P

lantations

Rye Crops

Vegetable an

d Maize Crops w

ith Furnitory

Vegetable an

d Maize Crops w

ith Weeds

Cou

ch Grass and

Italian Re

grass

Tall Oat Grass

Wet M

eado

ws Cab

bage Thistle

Typical P

ine -Durmast O

ak Forest

Pine

Forest

Blue

berry

-Pine-Durmast O

ak Forest

Chickweed-Pine

_Durmast O

ak Forest

Com

mon

Oak-Birch Forest

Beech-Oak Forest

Lind

en-O

ak Forest

Woo

druff-Be

ech Forest

Durmast O

ak-Hornb

eam Forest

English Oak-Hornb

eam Forest

Alluvial Forest

Alder Forest

Alder S

wam

p Forest

Birch Sw

amp Forest

Penren

nial Ryegrass

Ornam

ental Law

ns

Ornam

ental Park Trees

Ona

men

tal Forest Trees

Park Forest w

ith W

ood Meado

w

Heavily used Park Law

ns - M

eado

ws


ns - Forests

Flow

er Beds

Annu

al Rud

eral Com

mun

ities

Semi-D

ry Cou

ch Grass

Glasswort a

nd Herbicidal Vegetation

Sand

y Dry Grassland

Pion

eer C

rops

Spha

gnum

Moss

Hypn

um M

oss

Bur M

arigold Mud

Fields

Com

mon

grass re

eds

Cow

Lilys

43

Hypn

um M

oss

Hypn

um M

oss

Knot-G

rass Trodd

en Sward

Shrubs w

ith Cou

ch Grass

Shrubs w

ith Weeds

IN BUILT-UP AR

EA

AGRICULTURALLY USED

IN BODIES OF WATER

IN FORESTAL AREAS

IN M

IRE TYPES

IN SETTLED

OPEN SPACES

Woo

dy Shrub

Ornam

ental Law

ns

Alluvial Forest R

eminan

ts

Predom

inan

tly O

rnam

ental Law

ns

Trimmed Law

ns

Summer ann

ual P

lantations

Rye Crops

Vegetable an

d Maize Crops w

ith Furnitory

Vegetable an

d Maize Crops w

ith Weeds

Cou

ch Grass and

Italian Re

grass

Tall Oat Grass

Wet M

eado

ws Cab

bage Thistle

Typical P

ine -Durmast O

ak Forest

Pine

Forest

Blue

berry

-Pine-Durmast O

ak Forest

Chickweed-Pine

_Durmast O

ak Forest

Com

mon

Oak-Birch Forest

Beech-Oak Forest

Lind

en-O

ak Forest

Woo

druff-Be

ech Forest

Durmast O

ak-Hornb

eam Forest

English Oak-Hornb

eam Forest

Alluvial Forest

Alder Forest

Alder S

wam

p Forest

Birch Sw

amp Forest

Penren

nial Ryegrass

Ornam

ental Law

ns

Ornam

ental Park Trees

Ona

men

tal Forest Trees

Park Forest w

ith W

ood Meado

w


ns - M

eado

ws


ns - Forests

Flow

er Beds

Annu

al Rud

eral Com

mun

ities

Semi-D

ry Cou

ch Grass

Glasswort a

nd Herbicidal Vegetation

Sand

y Dry Grassland

Pion

eer C

rops

Spha

gnum

Moss

Hypn

um M

oss

Bur M

arigold Mud

Fields

Com

mon

grass re

eds

Cow

Lilys

44

WILD CARROT

CHICORY

JAPANESE

QUINCE

JERUSA

LEM AR

TICHO

KES

TURK

ISH TA

IL COMMON HOP

JAPANESE KNOTWEED

POKEWEED

WOLFBERRY (GOJI BERRY)

EUROPEAN YEW For Centuries used for Weapon making ( British Longbow )

Dried berries are often featured in soups and teas

Were often used to make

red dyes

Weeds can cause widespread

structural damage, shoots eaten

Cultivated for brewing beerUse

d in C

hinese

medi

cine

to boos

t the im

mune

system

common

well bef

ore pota

toes

become

common

place

Jams and je

llies, traditio

nally

used as an

anti inflama

tory

Wild carrot see

ds natural solut

ion

for birth control

Egyptians used as an edible an

d

medicinal herb

Europe

AsiaUSA Japan

Germany Europe / China / Japan

Europe and Germany Eastern AsiaEverywhere

MediteranianNATIVE COUNTRY

WILD CARROT

CHICORY

JAPANESE

QUINCE

JERUSA

LEM AR

TICHO

KES

TURK

ISH TA

IL COMMON HOP

JAPANESE KNOTWEED

POKEWEED





red dyes




d in C

hinese

medi

cine

to boos

t the im

mune

system

common

well bef

ore pota

toes

become

common

place

Jams and je

llies, traditio

nally

used as an

anti inflama

tory

Wild carrot see

ds natural solut

ion

for birth control


d

medicinal herb

Europe

AsiaUSA Japan




WILD CARROT

CHICORY

JAPANESE

QUINCE

JERUSA

LEM AR

TICHO

KES

TURK

ISH TA

IL COMMON HOP

JAPANESE KNOTWEED

POKEWEED





red dyes




d in C

hinese

medi

cine

to boos

t the im

mune

system

common

well bef

ore pota

toes

become

common

place

Jams and je

llies, traditio

nally

used as an

anti inflama

tory

Wild carrot see

ds natural solut

ion

for birth control


d

medicinal herb

Europe

AsiaUSA Japan




W i l d p l a n t p o p u l at i o n

As Berlin has a variety of natural environments this creates an expansive habitat for all types of plants to grow in the wild, no matter its native origin. All of these plants have been found within grassy wastelands or the forest areas of Berlin, next time your in Berlin go on a forage.

45

WILD CARROT

CHICORY

JAPANESE

QUINCE

JERUSA

LEM AR

TICHO

KES

TURK

ISH TA

IL COMMON HOP

JAPANESE KNOTWEED

POKEWEED





red dyes




d in C

hinese

medi

cine

to boos

t the im

mune

system

common

well bef

ore pota

toes

become

common

place

Jams and je

llies, traditio

nally

used as an

anti inflama

tory

Wild carrot see

ds natural solut

ion

for birth control


d

medicinal herb

Europe

AsiaUSA Japan




WILD CARROT

CHICORY

JAPANESE

QUINCE

JERUSA

LEM AR

TICHO

KES

TURK

ISH TA

IL COMMON HOP

JAPANESE KNOTWEED

POKEWEED





red dyes




d in C

hinese

medi

cine

to boos

t the im

mune

system

common

well bef

ore pota

toes

become

common

place

Jams and je

llies, traditio

nally

used as an

anti inflama

tory

Wild carrot see

ds natural solut

ion

for birth control


d

medicinal herb

Europe

AsiaUSA Japan




46

As Berlin has a variety of natural environments this creates an expansive habitat for all types of plants to grow in the wild, no matter its native origin. Next time your in Berlin go on a forage.

a n i m a l p o p u l at i o n

47

600 families of racoons are estimated to live in Berlin

1,500 - 2,500 estimated city foxes in Berlin which is 5x more than the amount in forest areas

10,000 Crows estimated in Berlin some have been known to attack

3,500 Wild Boar population estimated in Berlin

48

a n i m a l p o p u l at i o n

Chub - Leuciscus Cephalus

Weather Fish (Misgurnus

Fossilis

Mos

t end

ange

red

Most Thriving

Burbot lota lota

Nine-Spined Stickleback

Ruffe gymnocephalus cemua

Perch Carp

Bream

49

River Lakes 16 - 18

NUMBER OF FISH SPECIES IN WATER TYPE

Still Water Man made 8 - 10

Still Water Natural Lake 10 - 12

Naturally Running Water 15 - 17

Canal 11 - 13

Pond / Pool 4 - 6

W at e r

52

W at e r s i t u at i o n

Berlin has a special water situation

Low flow rates

High portions of advanced treated waste water in the partly closed water cycles

A shallow fresh water aquifer

Due to the favourable hydro geological conditions, important principles of water supply have been adhered to. Only water from the ground is used for drinking water without any use of chemicals and disinfection agents. In addition, a water treatment process lose to nature without chemicals can be maintained.

The inhabitants of Berlin consume nowadays 117 litres per capita per day. Since Berlins reunifi cation drinking water consumption in the whole city of Berlin has reduced by more than 40%!

Approximately 6% of the area of Berlin consists of freshwater

Lakes e.g. Schlachtensee

River lakes e.g. Tegeler See, Muggelsee, Wannsee

Rivers e.g. Panke, Wuhle, Erpe

Regulated rivers e.g. Spree, Havel and Dahme

Canals e.g. Landwehrkanal, Teltowkanal

The water bodies are intensively used for different purposes. For the population of the region the water bodies have a high recreational value but on the other hand they have an economic use such as for inland fi shery and waterways for shipping, and they are important also for water supply. The Berliner Wasserbetriebe extracts its groundwater from the Berlin Warsaw glacial valley that was formed during the ice age 10,000 years ago. The glacial sediments sand, gravel, marly till and clay found in the Berlin region are excellent aquifers.

53

W at e r t r e at m e n t

Water Works

Havel

Wuhle

Panke

Teltowkanal

Oder-Spree-Kanal

SpreeErpe

Surface Water Treatment Plant

Groundwater Replenishment

Waste Water Treatment Works and Discharge of Treated Sweage

Major Water Bodies

54

f r o m t h e W e l l t o t h e h o m e

1 2 3 4 5 6Deep Well

Aeration System Reaction TanksRapid Filler System Clean Water Tank Pumping Station

7Homes

In Berlin, there are almost 300,000 house connections to the supply mains.

There are approximately 60,000 hydrants and 90,000 shutoff valves.

There are 7800km of drinking water, mains and water supply pipes beneath the roads.

The average pressure is between 4.5 and 5.5 bar, allowing for water to be supplied to the top fl oor of a fi ve storey building.

55

1 2 3 4 5 6Deep Well

Aeration System Reaction TanksRapid Filler System Clean Water Tank Pumping Station

7Homes

Berlin does not operate water towers any longer.

Every day, an average 500,000m3 of drinking water is made available to households, industry and trade, which is about half of what is possible at maximum.

Each day on average a resident of Berlin uses just over 100 litres of water.

56

1 2 3 4 5 6Wastewater Pumping Station Screening Plant Grit Chamber Primary Treatment Tank Aeration Tank Final Clarification Tank

7River Spree

f r o m t h e s e W e r t o t h e r i v e r

However, low water consumption has had some negative impacts.

Sewers have to be fl ushed occasionally with injected drinking water in order to prevent stagnation of raw sewage.

There are concerns about potable water contamination due to low fl ows.

Water tables are rising and cause damage to the foundations of buildings because of decreased pumping of groundwater by utilities.

57

1 2 3 4 5 6Wastewater Pumping Station Screening Plant Grit Chamber Primary Treatment Tank Aeration Tank Final Clarification Tank

7River Spree

During dry conditions, Berlin's six wastewater treatment plants clean approximately 620,000m3 of wastewater every day.

Treated wastewater or effl uent fl ows into the Spree and the Havel either directly of via the Erpe, Panke, Nordgraben or Teltow Canal.

58

p i n k p i p e s ?

Why does one often see them running along streets, sneaking around corners, looping above crossroads, crossing fences, vanishing into bushes and appearing out of treetops?

There is a simple and very practical answer to it: Berlin has got wet feet.

Groundwater level is quite high at an average 2 meters below the surface. Therefor almost every building has its ankles in a subterranean puddle. When a new building project starts impeding groundwater needs to be drained off the foundation pit. The pipes are to pump away the water towards the next river or canal.

And why are they given these quirky turns and twists? There is a practical answer to this, too. During cold winters when temperatures fall to 15 Celsius below zero or less there is threat of material shrinkage and b

Berlin Post Capitalist City

Documents

Transcript of Berlin Post Capitalist City