Berlin, June 7, 2017 - Youth 20 Dialogue · Berlin, June 7, 2017 ... opportunities for youth ......
Transcript of Berlin, June 7, 2017 - Youth 20 Dialogue · Berlin, June 7, 2017 ... opportunities for youth ......
SHAPING AN INTERCONNECTED WORLD. EINE VERNETZTE WELT GESTALTEN. 2
Preamble
We,theY20Summit2017delegation,metinBerlin,Germanyon2-8thJune2017.
WeweredrawnfromnationsandorganisationsacrosstheglobeincludingtheG20members:Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,France,Germany,India,Indonesia,Italy,Japan,RepublicofKorea,Mexico,Russia,SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,Turkey,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheEuropeanUnion;guestcountriesTheNetherlands,Norway,Singapore,Spain;andrepresentativesfromtheAfricanUnion,Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC),InternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO),NewPartnershipforAfrica'sDevelopment(NEPAD)Agency,OrganisationforEconomicCo-OperationandDevelopment(OECD),WorldTradeOrganisation(WTO),UnitedNationsMajorGroupforChildrenandYouth(UNMGCY),andUnitedNationsInter-AgencyNetworkonYouthDevelopment'sWorkingGrouponYouth&GenderEquality.
WewereinvitedbytheGermanG20PresidencytodiscussimportantchallengesthatyoungpeoplefacetodayandtoprovideourinputandrecommendationsfromayouthperspectivefortheupcomingG20Summit.WewelcomethisopportunitytocontributetotheG20debate.
Therefore,ourapproachtotheY20Summitreflectednotonlydifferentnationalities,butalsodiverseprofessional,academicandculturalbackgrounds.Werecognisethediversityofyoutheverywhereandtheneedtoensurethattheirviewsarenotonlyheard,butalsoincorporatedintothepoliticalprocess.
Ourdiscussionshavefocusedon11outofthe15G20agendatopics.However,weholdtheviewthatallG20agendatopicsareequallyimportantinpromotinggrowthandshouldbeaddressed.OursuggestedactionsandpolicyrecommendationsfortheG20areoutlinedinthispositionpaper.
Wealsonoteinthisdocumentthegrowingmistrustinpoliticalinstitutionsfrommanyyoungpeoplearoundtheworld.Inlightofthisrealisation,wemusthighlighttheimportanceofinclusiveandtransparentglobalgovernance;weencouragetheG20toupholdthehigheststandardsinthisregard.WealsoencouragetheG20todevelopandadoptcreativesolutions,someofwhicharesuggestedinthisdocument,toaddressoursharedchallenges.
YouthparticipationisahumanrightandtheG20shouldtakeleadershipinensuringthatyoungpeoplehaveaccesstotherighttoparticipate.TheG20mustpromotetheactiveengagementofyouth,youthcouncils,andorganisationswhilemakingdecisionsthroughopenandparticipativestructures.WeencouragetheG20tostrengthenamulti-stakeholderapproachinitsdeliberations.
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WethereforehighlyappreciatetheeffortsoftheGermanG20PresidencytoorganiseandfinancethissummitallowingyoungpeopletomeaningfullyparticipateintheG20process.Furthermore,weencouragethe2018ArgentineG20PresidencytoenhancethisyouthdialogueduringtheirpresidencytomaintainstructuredcollaborationwiththeG20process.
Youngpeopleneedthechancetolive,prosper,andsucceed.Throughourcontinuedefforts,andwiththesupportoftheG20,wecanensurethattogetherwecanbuildabetterfutureforourgenerationandallgenerationstocome.
Y20youth,inparticular,arefacingcommonanddeep-rootedchallenges:lackofeconomicopportunitiesforyouth,andlackofyouthinvolvementintheglobaleconomy.In2017,globalyouthunemploymentratesisexpectedtoreach13.1percent1.Whatisevenmorealarmingisthefactthat25percentofyouthinmiddle-incomenationsand15percentinhighincomenationsareNEETs:notineducation,employmentortraining2.
1ILO,2017.2OECD,2017.
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TheStateoftheGlobalEconomy
Challengesandopportunitiesfromayouthperspective
Theglobaleconomyisatacrossroads.AsG20leadersgathertomapoutstrategiesforglobaleconomicresilience,itisimportanttotakeintoaccountglobaleconomicchallengesfacedbyyouth.Youthrepresentroughlyaquarteroftheworld’spopulation,and85percentliveindevelopingcountries.Althoughthechallengeswefacevaryfromcountrytocountry,weallarelivingintheshadowofaglobaleconomiccrisis.Thelackofeconomicopportunitiesforyouth,andthelackofyouthinvolvementintheglobaleconomycontributetothegreatestsecurityanddevelopmentchallengesoftoday.
In2017,theglobalyouthunemploymentrateisexpectedtoreach13.1percent.Whatisevenmorealarmingisthefactthatnearlyaquarteroftheworld'syoungpeopleareNEETs:notineducation,employmentortraining.Theeconomiclossfromdisengagedyouthunderemployment,inequality,ormarginalisationissignificant.Failuretoprovideyoungpeoplewithopportunitiesnotonlylowerseconomicgrowthtoday,butalsothreatensthefutureoftheglobaleconomy.
Whileeducationisthekeytomoreproductiveandprosperouseconomies,inclusivequalityeducationforyouthremainsachallenge.Housinghasgrownmorecostly,too,especiallyinthegloballyconnectedmegacitieswherethebestjobsarelocated.
WhatgovernmentsandpolicymakersdecideintheG20Summitwillhaveprofoundconsequencesonyounggenerationsaroundtheworld.Itisthereforeessentialtodevelopstrategiestoharnesstheincrediblepowerofyouth’sdynamismtogenerateglobalandsustainableeconomicgrowth.
TheY20youthcallonmembersoftheG20to:
1. Enhanceglobaleconomicpolicy:● Ensureglobaleconomicpoliciesandpartnershipsarewell-planned,transparentand
organisedtoachievestrong,sustainable,balancedandinclusivegrowth;● Usemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesintandeminordertosupporteconomicactivityandensure
pricestability;● Utilisefiscalpolicyincludingfairtaxationandresponsiblepublicexpenditureincludinghigh
qualityinvestment;● Reaffirmglobalexchangeratecommitmentstoavoidtheintensityandrecurrencesof
devaluations;
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2. Ensureeconomicstability:
● Ensurethatmember-statesarevigilantabouttheriseofeconomiccrisesandpublicdebtsaroundtheworld;
● Reiteratetheneedforstrongerandstricterregulationsacrossdifferentsectorsthatarepronetoeconomicadversity;
● Advocatetheimportanceofeconomicdiversificationforallcountries,includingdevelopingandresource-dependentcountries.
3. Supportthesharingeconomy:
● Invitekeystakeholderstocollectdataonconsumptionandwastepatternsinordertoprovidethesolidfoundationforenterprisestodesigneffectivesharingmodels;
● Clarifypoliciesdirectlyaddressingspecificaspectsofthesharedeconomyincludingtaxation,insurance,licensing,socialrightsanddataprotection;
● Promotenewformsofpeer-to-peerlendingandfundraisingplatformstosupportyoungentrepreneurs.
4. Fosterglobalmicro,smallandmediumenterprise(MSME)growth:
● Createanentrepreneurialecosystemwhichpromotesathrivingentrepreneurialculturetodriveinnovationandemployment;
● PromoteasetofcoordinatedpolicytoolsandresourcestoempoweryouthinMSMEssuchasmicro-financing,informationservices,publicadvisoryservicesandriskevaluationservices;
● EstablishandimproveasustainabletechnologytransferdatabasetailoredforMSMEsglobally.
5. Sustaineconomicequality:
● Establishafairwealthredistributionsystemtoimproveopportunitiesofyoungpeople;● Enhance the basic infrastructures in developing countries through long-term partnership
projectsandalternativeformsofaid.
Youthareattheforefrontofchangeforasociety.Theirinnovativeideasandenergycanbeaforceforsocialandeconomicchange.Youthunderstandthemainissuesthatareplaguingthemselvesthebest.Aframeworkfortheinclusionofyouthinpolicymakingneedstobecreated.Policymakersalsoneedtoutiliseglobalplatformsandyouthorganisationstopromotetheinclusionofyouthleadersingovernment.Foryouthtobecomecatalystsforchangeandeconomicgrowth,governmentsandpolicymakersneedtobecomecatalystsforyouthinclusioninpolicymaking.
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GlobalTrade
Rethinking21stCenturyGlobalTrade
GiventherisingtendencyofprotectionisminsomeG20economiesandtheageofdigitalisation,theY20Summitacknowledgesthediverse21stcenturychallengesthatareputtingimmensestressonthecurrentglobaltradeenvironment.Duetotheunevenimpactsoftrade,alackofproperresourceredistributionandtradeliteracy,therehasbeenincreasingskepticismtowardfreetrade.Assuch,thereisanurgentcalltoexaminetheevidencetorethinkglobaltradetowardsamoreinclusiveandresponsive21stcentury.1. InclusiveTradeWereiteratethatthebasisforinclusivetradeisarules-basedtradingsystem.Suchasystemiscrucialforpredictions,forwardplanning,andcooperation.G20Members,asWTOMembers,shouldrefrainfromunilateralismandactwithintheframeworkoftheWTO,whichensuresanequal,levelplayingfieldforallcountries.Nevertheless,thetradingsystemcouldalsoworkbetterforallbyconsideringtheecologicalandsocialconsequencesoftrade.Furthermore,itisessentialtoempowermicro,small,andmediumenterprisestointegrateyouthandwomeninglobaltrade.Toachievethis,werecommendthattheG20Members:
● Ensurethehighestrespectofinternationalstandardsbyalltraders,throughoutglobalvaluechains,byrequiringpublicdisclosureoftraders’laborandenvironmentalindicatorsonpublicwebsites,encouragingcompliancewithinternationalstandards3andenhancingaccountability;
● Enhancebenefitsoftradeforall,particularlyby:
• Workingfurtherwithinternationalorganisationstoagreeonbestpracticesfortradeadjustmentprograms,toprovidesafetynetsforthoseleftoutfromglobalisation;
• Consideringopeningdiscussionstodevelopanagreementonanti-corruptionintheWTOcontext,toensureintegritythroughoutglobalvaluechains;and
• Empoweringcommunitiesininternationaltrade,especiallyyouthandwomen,throughfundingforinfrastructure;humancapacitybuildingthrougheducation;andvocationaltrainings.
3 InlinewithOECDGuidelinesforMultinationalEnterprisesandtakingintoaccounttheILOWorstFormsofChildLabourConvention,theILOForcedLabourConventionanditsadditionalProtocol,aswellastheTripartiteDeclarationofPrinciplesconcerningMultinationalEnterprisesandSocialPolicyandtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.
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Committodeveloplabourmarketreformsforincreasedflexibilityforworkerstocrossbordersandtheinclusionofyouth,womenandolderworkers.
● ReduceunnecessarytradecoststhatareespeciallyburdensomeforMSMEs,particularlyby:
• Offeringeasyaccesstoinformationaboutregulationsinplacethroughacentralisedonlineplatform4;
• Co-operatinginternationallyinregulatoryprocesseswhenfacingcommonpolicychallenges;
• Clarifyingthelegislationapplicabletoe-commerce,particularlyoncross-bordermarketplaces;and
• DevelopingfocusedtrainingprogrammesforMSMEsontheTradeFacilitationAgreementtoreduceredtapeattheborderandsimplifyaccesstoexports.
2. ImprovingTradeLiteracyWearefacingaconundrum:howdoweeducatepeopleonthebenefitsandchallengesofinternationaltradewhenthediscussionsrequirespecialised,technicalknowledge?TheY20Summitaffirmstheimportanceofyouthsholdinginformedopinionabouttradetocontributetodebates.WethereforerecommendthatG20Membersenhancetradeliteracythrough:
● Simplifyinformation:Disseminatingexistingstudiesabouttraderegulationdevelopedbyinternationalorganisationsthroughamorecitizen-orientedapproach,includinginfographics,videosanddifferentpresentationsinlocallanguages;and
● Conductinclusiveoutreach:Publiccampaignsinsocialmediaandothermediaoutletstoreachouttoaudiencesotherthanspecialisedtradersandbusinessmen.Additionally,tradecanbeincludedasatopicinschoolcurriculasostudentscanbeexposedtoabasicfunctioningofinternationaltradefromanearlyage.Trainingprogramsforbusinesses,especiallyMSMEs,canbesupportedtoenhanceknowledgeonintegratingintoglobalvaluechains.
3. TransparencyinTradeNegotiation
Thereiswidespreaddemandformoretransparencyintradenegotiations.WerecommendthatG20MemberscommittoapplyingdomesticgoodregulatorypracticesasrecommendedbytheOECD5throughoutallphasesofthenegotiationoftradeagreements,including:
4 ThiscouldenhancetheexistingplatformfornotificationsofdraftmeasuresdevelopedbyWTO,ITCandUNODC:http://www.epingalert.org
5 OECDRecommendationonRegulatoryPolicyandGovernance:http://www.oecd.org/governance/regulatory-
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● Independentregulatoryimpactassessmentsaboutthecontentandscopeoftrade
agreementspriortothelaunchofthenegotiations;
● Inclusivenessoftradenegotiationsviaregularstakeholderconsultations;and
● Transparencyoftradenegotiations:Overall,ensureeasyaccesstoon-goingtradenegotiationsbycitizensandstakeholdersworldwide,throughanopenonlineplatformsuchastheWTORegionalTradeAgreementInformationSystem.
policy/49990817.pdf
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Employment
TheFutureofWork
Factorssuchastechnology,digitalisation,andglobalisationarereshapingtheworldofwork.Whileweseethesedevelopmentsasopportunities,theyalsobringchallengesforyoungpeople.Thisisintheformofskillsmismatches,unstableemploymentopportunities,andtheriskoferodingworkers’voicesinsocialdialogue.Weacknowledgethatlabourmarketsarerapidlychangingandwebelievethatthecurrentformsofsocialdialogueandsocialprotectionmustbeadapted.
Over70millionyoungpeoplebetweentheagesof15and24areunemployed,withaglobalyouthunemploymentrateapproximatelythreetimeshigherthanadults-withsomecountriesreachingupto50percent.AshighlightedbytheGlobalInitiativeonDecentJobsforYouth,jobqualityremainsapersistentchallenge,withmanyyoungworkerslivinginpoverty,underemployed,orininformalemployment.
Weunderlinetheroleofyouthorganisationsinthecreationandimplementationofemployabilityprogramstargetingyouth,astheyarebestplacedtoreachthemostvulnerableandexcludedyouth.Webelievethatprovidingsupportforandpromotingyouthorganisationsisanimperative.
Newskillsforthefutureofwork
Thechanginglabourmarketdemandsdifferentskillsets.Thedemandforsocialandcreativeskillsisincreasing,astheseskillsaredifficulttoreplacewithnewtechnology.Globalisationanddigitalisationenableawiderangeoflearningpaths,includingnon-formaleducationandinformallearning.Wealsorecognisetheimportanceofmigrantworkersforeconomicgrowth.Therefore,wetheY20urgefor:
● Implementationofnationalskillsrecognitionsystemstoassessskillsacquiredoutsideof
formaleducationandtrainingsystems,includingthosegainedfromparticipationinyouthorganisationsandvolunteering;
● Interconnectednationalandinternationalqualificationframeworksthatrecognisequalificationsacrossborders;
● Thepromotionoflifelonglearningtoguidepeopletowardsqualityemploymentandlong-termcareerprospects;
● Aholisticapproachtoeducation,focusingonthedevelopmentofcoreskills;● Tailoredcareerguidanceforyoungpeopleprovidedaspartofsecondaryandtertiary
educationandthroughpublicemploymentservicesandagencies;and● Therespectoflabourrightsformigrantworkers.
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Qualityworkplacelearning
WerecognisetheworkoftheG20LabourandEmploymentGroup,specificallytheInitiativetoPromoteQualityApprenticeships.Wecallforthedevelopment,harmonisationandimplementationofqualityandadequateapprenticeshipprograms.Wealsobelievethatqualityvocationaleducationandtraining(VET),internshipsandapprenticeshipsplayakeyroleinthetransitionfromeducationtoemployment.Unfortunately,socialstigmaregardingVETandapprenticeshipsleadstoalowdemandfortheselearningpaths.Therefore,wetheY20urgefor:
● Activepublic-privatecooperationandtheinclusionofemployer,employee,andstudentorganisationsincurriculumbuildingforVETprogrammes;
● CompliancewiththecommitmentstakenundertheChineseG20Presidencytoincreasethequality,quantity,attractiveness,anddiversityofapprenticeships;
● UpdatingandadaptingtheG20trainingstrategytoconsiderthefutureofwork;● Theabolitionofunpaidinternshipsandpromotionofqualityinternshipsbasedonthe
EuropeanQualityCharteronInternshipsandApprenticeships.
Futureofthesocialdialogueandnewformsofwork
Manyworkersarenotbeingheardinsocialdialogue.Newformsofworksuchasworkingremotely,crowd-work,andplatformworkbroughtaboutbythedigitalrevolutionposeachallengetothefutureofsocialdialogue.Traditionally,tradeunionsonlyrepresentworkersonstandardcontractsandintraditionalindustries.Whilecurrentlyrepresentingaminorityoftotalemployment,thenewformsofworkareexpectedtogrowexponentiallyinthenearfuture6.WetheY20urgefor:
● Increasedeffortstoincludeworkerswithnon-standardcontracts,self-employed,andrepresentativesofapprenticesinsocialdialogue;
● Thepromotionofnewformsofsocialdialoguethatensurebroaderworkers’representation.Non-standardformsofworkandsocialprotection
Weacknowledgetheflexibilitythatnon-standardformsofworkprovideandareawarethatthecontributionsofworkersinthistypeofworkareoftennotreflectedinsocialsystems.Therefore,theseworkershavebeenunabletoobtainsocialbenefitssuchaspensions,unemployment,ormaternityandpaternitybenefits.WetheY20urgefor:
● Non-discriminatoryemploymentandsocialpoliciessuchastaxincentivesforbusinessesto
employyoungpeopleinsteadoflowerminimumwagesforyoungpeople;● Allyoungworkersbeingprovidedsocialprotections,regardlessofthetypeofthecontract.
6 InternationalLabourOrganization,2016.
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Digitalisation
Challenges and Recommendations for a Digital Future
Webelievethatdigitalisationisofutmostimportancetoyouthfortworeasons:● Atrulyglobal,internationallygoverned,andreliableInternetenablessustainableand
inclusiveeconomicgrowthforourgeneration;and● Wearethemosttech-savvygenerationyetandhavethegreatestpotentialtoadopt
groundbreakingtechnologies.
Wefirmlybelieveinthefutureofaglobally-connected,sustainablesocietyandthusurgeG20memberstocooperateandensurethestablefunctioningofInternetinfrastructureandopenaccesstodigitalconnectivity.TheY20summitaffirmsthecommitmentsmadeinHangzhoutotheConnect2020Agendaofprovidingdigitalaccesstothenext1.5billionpeopleby2020,butmuchmoreneedstobedone.
Thethreebiggestchallengesourgenerationiscurrentlyfacinginthedigitalsphereare:● Thedigitalgap.Althoughdigitalaccessincreasedfrom4percentto40percentoftheworld
populationinthelast20years,onlyabout12percentofpeopleinemergingeconomieshaveabroadbanddataconnection7.Weneedtointensifyoureffortstobridgethegapthatstillexistsduetovariousdisparitiesbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries;
● TheabsenceofaninternationallyrecognisedlegalframeworkontheInternetincluding.managementandrulesregulatingtheconductofstatesandnon-stateactors(NSAs)incyberspace;and
● Obsoleteskills.Accordingtoa2016PWCreport8,21-38percentofjobs,especiallylow-skilledones9,couldbelosttoautomationby2030andcancriticallyaffectyouthemployment.Youngpeoplewillneedmorerelevantskills.
Wethereforeneedbetterpoliciestoensurethatyouthcanthriveinanincreasinglydigitalisedworld.
7 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/09/how-can-we-achieve-universal-internet-access/8https://www.pwc.co.uk/economic-services/ukeo/pwcukeo-section-4-automation-march-2017-v2.pdf9http://www.measureofamerica.org/youth-disconnection-2015/
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Ourkeyrecommendationsare:
● EnsureUniversalDigitalAccess.Weneedtoensurethatallnations,especiallydevelopingones,haveaccesstodigitalinfrastructure-thebasisforfurtherinnovation.Governmentsandbusinessesshouldcooperatetonarrowthedigitaldividebyincreasingconnectivity,improvingproductivity,andfosteringgrowth.
WetheY20urgetheG20memberstoestablishPublic-PrivatePartnerships(PPPs)toconductnecessaryscientificresearch,builddigitalframeworksthatprovideequalaccesstotheinternet,andsupportthedesignofinexpensivetechnologiesthatsuittheneedsofthedevelopingworld.Propergovernmentalregulationofthesectorisneededtopreventtheformationofnetworkmonopolies;
● ImplementDigitalEducationAndLiteracyProgramsAstechnologyplaysamorepervasivepartinourlives,weneedeffectiveandrelevantdigitaleducationthatencompassesformalschoolingandreal-worldexperience.Currentandfuturegenerationsstandtobenefitgreatlyfrominvestmentsindigitaleducationandliteracy,inparticularforlifelonglearning,andwecallontheG20nationstomakethisakeypriority.Wehighlighttheneedtoorganiseprogramsforthevulnerableandlessdigitallyliterategroupssuchasyoungwomen,rural,disabledandilliteratepopulations.Educationondigitalethics,includingtheconsequencesofInternetuseandanonymity,iscrucialtopreventcyberattacksandcybercrime.
WeproposeestablishingPPPswithrelevantcompaniestoorganisebetterwork-studyprogrammesthatincorporatedigitalskillsenablingyouthstoeffectivelyutilisetechnologiesinreal-worldsettings;
● CreateAnInternationallyRecognisedLegalFrameworkForInternetGovernance
WeconsiderthatthemanagementoftheInternetshouldbeanopen,democraticandpeople-centeredprocessbasedonuniversallyrecognisedprinciplesofinternationallaw.WebelievethereisanurgentneedtocreateanappropriateframeworkundertheauspicesoftheUN.StatesshouldhaveanequalstakeinregulatingtheInternetandrefrainfromcensorshiporrestriction.Itiscrucialtoensureaproperbalancebetweenprotectingfundamentalrightstoprivacyandnationalsecurity.RulesanddefinitionsareneededtoharmonisetheinteractionandroleofstatesandcompaniesintheICTsector.
Weshouldworktowardstheimplementationoftheprincipalsofnetneutralityonaglobalscale,preventingthestiflingofinnovationbyunfairtreatmentofdata.Anindependentandadequatelyempoweredbody,suchastheITU,mustbeinchargeofimplementingandmonitoringthesegoals;
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● StrengthenCyberSecurityCybersecurityincreasesinimportancewiththeriseofindividualsanddevicesconnectedtotheInternet.AcommonunderstandingofInternetsecurityisindispensableforfurthercooperationbetweengovernmentsandNSAsaimedatprotectingcyberspace.StatesshouldexchangerelevantexpertisetodeveloptheInternet,improveitssecurity,andassisteachotherinconductingassessmentsandR&Dtobenefitdevelopingcountries.WeurgetheG20memberstoestablishamechanismthroughwhichgovernmentsandcorporationscanshareinformationregardingcybersecurity,includingbestpractices,vulnerabilitiesand,solutions.SecuritystandardsforcriticalinfrastructureandtheInternetofthingsshouldbedevelopedandenforcedtopreventattacksandavoidcreatingbotnetsofunprecedentedscaleviatheIoT.Emergingtechnologiessuchasblockchainsshouldbeemployedinprotectingcitizens’datafromcyberrisks;and
● PromoteE-GovernanceTechnologiesWeunderstande-governanceasintegrationofICTforthesakeofpromotingtwo-waygovernment-citizencommunication,addressingtheneedsofpeople,anddeliveringeffectiveservices.Itcansignificantlyimprovecivicparticipationofyoungpeopleandincreasetransparencyofgovernmentalstructures.Westronglyencouragethedevelopmentofnetworksconnectingpublicservantsandpromotingthefreeflowofinformationbetweenagencies-increasingefficiency,accountability,andtransparency.
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ClimateFirst
YoungIdeasforaSustainableFuture
Climatechangeisreal.Thereisoverwhelmingscientificevidencetosupporttheexistenceofanthropogenicclimatechangeanditsnegativeconsequencesonourplanet.Wehaveagreatopportunitytotakeactionnow.Inthissection,wedescribethemostpressingproblemsfromyoungpeople’sperspectivealongwithpotentialsolutions.Althoughclimatechangeposesasignificantchallengetothefuturesofyoungpeople,wearecapable,creative,andreadytoaddressthesechallengesheadon.
InternationalClimateChangeAgreements,suchastheParisAgreement,shouldbehonouredandgreaterincentivesforjoiningandremainingsignatoriesmustbeadopted.WetheY20urgeG20membersto:
● Increasethenumberofrelevantstakeholdersbyinvolvingsub-stateactors,suchascitygovernments,regionalgovernments,youthorganizationsandreligiousinstitutions,inclimatenegotiations.Asaresult,anyattenuationofnationalgovernmentalsupportwillnotindicatethecompletewithdrawalofthenation-state.Amoreintegratedsystemofimplementationwillstrengthenthelong-termfeasibilityofsuchagreements;
● Accountability:SimilartothemonitoringofsignatorynationsoftheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild,thereshouldbeanenhancedandactivemonitorisationbytheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeofinternationalclimatechangeagreements;and
● Avoidinga‘DominoEffect’:Climateagreementsfunctionbestwhenallpartiesoperateonalevelplayingfield.Theinternationalcommunitymustbetoughonnationswhowithdrawfromclimateagreementsandshouldactinapunitivemannertoincentiviseothernationstoremainintheagreement.
Empoweringsustainablesolutionstoenvironmentalproblemswillonlybepossiblebyprovidingtechnicalandlegislativeresourceswhileincreasinginvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaswellasintechnologytransfer.WetheY20urgeG20membersto:
● Wastemanagement:DevelopacomprehensiveapproachtowastemanagementthroughtheIntegratedSolidWasteManagement(ISWM)model.Thisisthroughconsciouslydesigningandmanufacturingproductstomaketheseparation,transport,andprocessingofwastemoreefficient,leadingtoacirculareconomy;
● Agriculture:Providesupporttolocalfoodproducerstopromotesmallscalecultivation;sustainablefarmingpractices,suchascroprotation;andirrigationtechnologies,inadditiontotheirimplementation.Reducelarge-scalelivestockproductionandconcentrateonfoodproductionfordirecthumanconsumptionformoreefficientuseoflandwhilesimultaneouslyreducinganimalemissions;
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● Energy:Developnovelwaystogenerate,store,andutilisesourcesofrenewableenergysuchasbio-waste,wind,andsolar.Additionally,finddiversewaystointegratethesedevelopmentsintoproductsandserviceswhilstsimultaneouslyassistingthedevelopmentofthesetechnologiesindevelopingeconomies;and
● Market-basedsolutions:Empowerandemploymarket-basedsolutionstoenvironmentalproblemswhenappropriate.Therighttopollutehasacost.Thefightagainstclimatechangeandthefreemarketeconomycanbecompatiblewiththedevelopmentofefficientmarketbasedsolutionstoclimatechangesuchastradingsystems,especiallycarbonemissiontradingaswellaspunitivetaxesandsubsidiesremoval.10
Raisingawarenessisrequiredtopromotetheresponsibleconsumptionofourlimitednaturalresources.TheG20Summitisanopportunitytodiscussimportantinitiativestoenhancethewellbeingoftheglobalcommonswhichcanbethenfollowedbytherestoftheworld.WetheY20urgeG20membersto:
● Education:Createandsupportformalandinformaleducationprogramsthatdevelopenvironmentalawarenessfromayoungandimpressionableage,byincorporatinginformationregardingclimatechangeandtheenvironmentintocurricula.Informationregardingclimateandenergyshouldbemadeavailablethroughtheinternetandsocialmedia(inspirationcanbegainedbyexaminingtheClimateLiteracyandEnergyAwarenessNetwork),inadditiontothecreationofgreenspacesateducationalinstitutions;
● Participation:Youthengagementandawarenessaboutclimatechangeanditsconsequencescanbeincreasedbyorganisingvariouscompetitionsandactivitiesnationallyandinternationally.Futuregenerationsmustbepassionateaboutplanetearthinordertoprotectit;and
● Awarenesscampaigns:Raiseawarenessonactionsthatcanbetakentocontributetothefightagainstclimatechange,suchasthecreationofguidesdistributedthroughsocialmediaandnationalcampaignstomakevarioussocietalsectorspartofthechange.
10 OECD(2017),InvestinginClimate,InvestinginGrowth,OECDPublishing,Paris.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273528-en
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The2030Agenda
AYouthPerspective
Whilewelcomingthereaffirmationofyourcommitmentstothe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentinthe2016HangzhouSummitCommunique11,wefirmlybelievethatthisnewsocialcontractshouldbecometheleadingagendaforallG20membersandwithintheircooperation.Allgoalsshouldbeequallyrespectedandareinterconnected.Weemphasisethespecialroleoforganisedandnon-organisedyouthnotonlyintheimplementation,butalsointhemonitoring,reviewing,andevaluationprocessesofAgenda2030.Thereshouldbeafocusonraisingawarenessofthe2030Agendawithallpeopleglobally.WesharetheunderstandingthattheG20representsacriticallyimportantforumtoimplementtheSDGs,whichhavetheimperativepurposeofbenefitingallcountriesandpeople.
PartI:RecommendationsfortheEffectiveRealisationofthe2030Agenda
WeurgetheG20membersto:● Vigorouslypursuecollaborationwithcivilsocietyorganisationsandstakeholdersatthelocal
leveltoapplyacrucialbottom-upapproachtotheimplementationoftheAgendainalllevelsofgovernment;
● IncorporatetheAgenda’sframeworkthroughformalandnon-formaleducationsystemssuchasincludingtheSDGsincurriculaforchildren,aswellasthroughyouthtrainings,andcivilsocietyprogramming;
● Createandensureeffectivenessofnationalcommitteesandbodies(forexampleanindependentcouncilforSustainableDevelopment)thatensurestheholisticconsiderationoftheAgendaindecision-makingprocesses,highlightingspecificSDG-relateddisparitiesandchallengesonanationallevel.Meaningfulyouthmembershipinthesebodiesiscrucial,e.g.asco-authors;
● ReaffirmthatthecorefunctionoftheUNHigh-LevelPoliticalForumistoopenlymonitorandreviewprogress,andsharebestpracticesandchallenges;
● Strengthenexistingmechanismsforyouthparticipation,suchasMajorGroupsandOtherStakeholdersintheHighLevelPoliticalForum,includingthroughincreasedfunding;
● IncludeofficialUNyouthdelegatesduringtheUNHigh-LevelPoliticalForum.Theyshouldalsocollaboratewithtransparently-chosenyouthrepresentatives(forexamplefromnon-governmental,independent,self-organisedNationalYouthCouncils)toprovideayouthlensinalldiscussionsattheforum,whileensuringanimpactfulrole;
11 C.f.CommuniqueHangzhouG20Leaders’Summit2016Article33.
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● EnsuremoretransparentandeffectivefinancingsystemsinaccordancewiththeAddisAbabaActionAgendaonFinancingforDevelopment,12andimmediatelycommittocontributingnolessthan0.7percentofacountry’stotalGDPtoannualoverseasdevelopmentassistance,andencourageincreasingthecommitmenttoatleast1percent;
● Systematicallyintegrateyouthanalysisandyouthbudgetingintocountryagendas,growthstrategy,andpolicyframeworks.Thismustincludeimprovingyouth-disaggregateddatacollectionforevidence-basedpolicymakingandprogressmonitoring;
● CreatetransparentSDGmonitoringsystemsbyestablishingnationalindicatorframeworksthatclearlyandpubliclycommunicateastate’sprogresstowardtheAgenda2030,forexamplethroughanonlineplatformconsistingofbothnationalandglobaldatasetsonimplementation;
● Facilitateparliamentarymechanisms(commissionsorcommittees)onanationallevel,aimedatexecuting‘SDGchecks’whichverifythatallnewandexistingpoliciesandlawsareinaccordancewiththeframeworkoftheAgenda;
● FormalisetheroleoftheDevelopmentWorkingGroupwithintheG20draftingframework.
PartII:RecommendationsonSpecificGoals
ThoughnotprioritisinganyoneoftheSDGsasmostimportant,wewouldliketheG20topayattentiontothetwofollowinggoalswhichwebelievehavenotbeenaddressedsufficientlytodate:
● ConcerningSDG17whichasksto“revitalisetheglobalpartnership”13,werecognisethatinordertoachievethe2030Agenda,theremustbestrengthenedcooperationandpartnershipbeyondtheG20states.Thisincludescriticalpartnershipswithleast-developedcountriesinlinewithAgenda2030attheinternationalandlocallevelsandtheprivatesectoronanationallevel.WeurgetheArgentinePresidencytocontinuetheprogressmadeontheCompactwithAfricaoverthecourseoftheGermanPresidency;
● ConcerningSDG16whichcallsonallstatesto“build[…]accountableinstitutions,”14weacknowledgetheconcernsraisedbysomeyoungpeopleregardingtheG20andurgethatactivitiesoftheG20bebasedupontrulyopen,transparentandinclusiveprocesses,toelicitgreateracceptanceofthedialogueitself.Forexamplethismightbeachievedbyincreasingthenumberofnon-G20observerstatesintheprocess,orbycommunicatingtheentireagendaandallitemsthathavebeendiscussed.
12 CommuniqueHangzhouG20Leaders’Summit2016Article33.13Transformingourworld:The2030Agendaforsustainabledevelopment14ibid.
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EmpoweringWomen
YoungWomen’sRighttoEconomicEmpowermentandParticipationinLeadershipandDecision-MakingPositions
Genderequalityisahumanright,butourworldfacesapersistentgapinaccesstoopportunitiesanddecision-makingpowerforyoungwomenandgirls.Globally,whilegendergapsineducationandhealthhavenarrowedconsiderably,womenarestillgenerallyunderrepresentedineconomicandpoliticalspheresoflife.Advancingyoungwomen’sandgirl’shumanrights,economicempowerment,andpoliticalparticipationarecriticalforachievinggenderequality,eradicatingpoverty,andpromotinginclusivesustainabledevelopment.Reflectingthevoices,expertise,rightfulopinionsandexperiencesofyoungpeople,andreferringtotheoutcomedocumentofthe61stCommissiononStatusofWomenYouthForum15,wepresentourrecommendationson“EmpoweringWomen”totheG20headsofstates.
Womenareatriskoflosingoutontomorrow’sbestjobopportunities,whetherinthepublicorprivatesectors,asanemployee,orasanentrepreneur.Thisisespeciallysowithinthescientific,technological,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)fields.Recognisingthateducationiskeyinwomen’sempowerment,werecommend:
● Creatingvocationaleducationaltraininginordertoeasilyprovideyoungwomentheprofessionalskillsnecessarytobecomeeconomicallyindependent;
● CallingontheG20memberstoprioritiseeducation(especiallyforgirls&youngwomen)bycallingontheWorldBank,regionaldevelopmentbanks,anddonorstoestablishanInternationalFinanceFacilityforEducation(IFFEd)16inordertoannuallymobilise$10billionormoreinnewandadditionalresourcesby2020–andupwardsof$20billionby2030(anincreaseof$3.5billionperyeartoday);
● EstablishingSTEMscholarshipsandprogramsfromhighschooluntiluniversityandincentivisingfemaleentry-levelprogramsfocusingontheSTEMfield;
● Ensuringeducationalcurriculaforbothgirlsandboystoincludehumanrights&gendersensitiveeducation,andessentialskillsforeconomicempowermentincludingleadership,problem-solving,financialliteracy,self-esteem,digitalliteracyandentrepreneurialskills17;and
● Creatingmentorshipprogramsinordertosupportwomenintheearlystagesoftheircareers–especiallyinthosefieldswomenareunderrepresented.
15
http://fesplanet.org/Youth%20CSW%20Forum%202017%20Declaration.pdf16http://educationcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/IFFEd-Overview-4-17.pdf17CSW58AgreedConclusions,E/CN.6/2014/L.7,sectionA,para(u)
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Femaleleadershipinpoliticalandeconomiclifeiscrucialtoachievinggenderequality,yetwomenaregreatlyunderrepresentedinbothnationalparliamentaryandmanagerialpositions.Werecommend:
● Establishingsystems,forexample,quotas,forleadershippositionsinpublicadministrationsandlargeprivateandpubliccompaniesinordertocreatespaceforwomen'spoliticalandeconomicparticipation;
● Creatingorenhancingtheworkofnationalbodiesthatmonitorandreportontherolesofwomenandmenincompaniesatalllevelsofleadershipanddecision-makingprocesses.
RecallingthecommitmentofG20leaders,andreiteratingW20Germany’s18calltoreducethegapinlabourforceparticipationbetweenwomenandmenby25percentby2025;19acknowledgingthatwhenpaidandunpaidcareworkaretakentogetherwomenworklongerhoursthanmenwerecommend:
● Supportingyoungwomenandmentobetterreconcilework-familyresponsibilitiesthroughintegratedpoliciesthatrangefromchildcarefacilitiesandchildcaresubsidiestoparentalleaveschemesthatenableandencouragementoincreasinglycontributetocareandfamilywork;
● Promotingflexibleworkarrangements,whilealsoensuringadequatesocialprotectionsandbenefits,withtheaimofboostingfemaleemployment;and
● Providingwomenaccessto,andcontrolof,personalfinances,bankaccounts,andlendingthroughlegislativereformandpublic-privatepartnerships.
Thewagegapbetweenmenandwomenpersistsacrosscountriesbecausewomen’sworkisundervaluedandwomentendtobeoverrepresentedinlow-payingsectors.Forwomenofcolour,immigrantwomen,andmothers,thegapisevenwider.Alarmedbythepersistentlyhighgenderpaygap,werecommend:
● Establishingandstrengtheninglegislationmandatingnon-discriminatoryhiringpracticesthatensureequalpayforequalwork;
● Increasingtheemploymentandnetincomesofyoungwomenandmen,especiallyyoungparents,throughtaxcreditsandsubsidies;and
● Championingpoliciesthataimtoincreaseyoungwomen’srepresentationinleadershiproles,particularlywithinlow-payingjobsthatareofteninsufficientlycoveredbyminimumwageprovisionsandcollectivebargainingagreements.
18
Women20Germany2017CommuniquéApril2017http://www.w20-germany.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/W20_Communique_Final.pdf19G20Leaders’CommuniquéBrisbaneSummit2014,http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Downloads/G20-Dokumente/2014-Australien-Abschlusserklaerung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1
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Violenceagainstwomenandgirlsisagraveviolationofhumanrights.Itsimpactsrangefromimmediatetolong-termandincludephysical,sexual,andmentalconsequencesforwomenandgirls–whichsometimesleadtodeath.Werecommend:
● Creatinglegislationtosupportwomensufferingfromdomesticabuse,humantrafficking,andforcedprostitution;
● Takingallnecessarymeasurestoprovideprotectionfromallformsofviolenceandharassmentrelatedtosexualorientationandgenderidentity20;
● Providinghealthandjusticesystemstoyoungwomenandgirlsimpactedbygender-basedandsexualviolence,includingchildrenbornasaresultofrape;
● Ensuringuniversalaccesstoarangeofsexualandreproductivehealthservices,includingsafeandeffectivecontraceptives,maternalhealthcare,safeandlegalabortionandpostabortioncare,freefromcoercion,discriminationandviolence21;
● Enforcingseverepunishmentsforviolenceagainstwomenwhileensuringthatwomenwillnotbeundulyconstrainedandharassedbylawenforcementagencies;and
● Engagingwithyoungmenandboysfromanearlyageinordertoteachthemtoactinsolidarityagainstgender-basedviolence(GBV).
20
SeeYogyakartaPrinciplesArticle5A,http://www.glen.ie/attachments/The_Yogyakarta_Principles.pdf21SeeCommissionontheStatusofWomen58(2014),AgreedConclusion,para42(o)
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RefugeesandAsylum-Seekers
AYouthPerspective
TheworldfacesthelargesthumanitariancrisissincetheoutbreakofWorldWarII.22Morethanadozenconflictshavebrokenoutinthepastyearsindifferentregionsoftheworld,includingSyria,Iraq,SouthSudanandUkraineforcingmanypeopletofleetheirhomes.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),oneinevery113humanbeingsworldwideisnoweitherarefugee,internallydisplaced,orseekingasylum.23Globally,everysecondrefugeeisachild.24
Weacknowledgetheexistenceoftheproblemsfacedbymigrantsworldwide.However,thecontextofthefollowingrecommendationsprimarilyconcernrefugeesandasylumseekers.AccordingtoUNHCR,migrantissuesarecoveredbynationalimmigrationlawsandprocesses,whereasrefugeeandasylumseekerarecoveredbybothnationalandinternationallaw.
Exposuretoviolenceandwarharmschildren’sandyoungpeople’scultural,intellectual,physical,psychologicalandsocialdevelopment.Childrenandyoutharenotonlyaffectedbywhathappenstothem,butalsobywhattheyaredeprivedof(forexample,theirrighttoeducation).
PreventiveMeasures
Conflictsandwarsaremajordriversofmigration.Inothercasesthelackoffutureopportunities,thedestructionofnaturalresources,aswellaseffectsofclimatechangearedecisiveforthedecisiontomigrate.WecallontheG20leadersandresponsibleorganisationsandinstitutionsto:
• StrengthenandfullyimplementtheUNSecurityCouncilResolution2250onYouth,PeaceandSecuritytomaintainpeace;
• ContinueeffortstowardsmoresustainablepoliciesashighlightedintheParisAgreementandintheAgenda2030;and
• ForimprovedcoordinationofnationalandinternationalstrategiesaimedateconomicandinstitutionalcooperationbetweenfragilestatesandtheG20basedonatafairandequitableexchange.
22http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/syria_en.pdf23http://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html24http://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2015/migrant-situation-eu-takes-heavy-toll-children
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InternationalStandardsandHumanRights
Currentexistinglegalframeworksoftenfailtofullyensurehumanrightsofrefugeesandasylum-seekers.WecallontheG20leadersandresponsibleinstitutionsto:
• Definethestatusofclimaterefugeesanddesignmeasuresaimedatprotectingthem;• Supportcivilsocietyorganizationsandyouthorganisationsinthemonitoringhumanrights;• DefineG20guidelinesforfairandjustasylumprocedures:forexample,through
conductinginterviewsinanapplicant’sfirstlanguageandkeepinginterviewstoareasonablelength;
• Createlegalchannelsforasylum-seekerstoensureasafepassageandtherighttoasylum,forexample,atembassiesorconsulates;
• DevelopamechanismamongtheG20statestoshareresponsibilityinallocatingrefugeepopulationorprovideappropriatelevelsofsupport.
TheRoleofYouthandYouthOrganisations
Youthareimportantcontributorstoenhancinganinclusivesocietyforallyoungrefugees;empoweringyouthleadstoamoreactivecitizenry.WecallontheG20leadersandresponsibleinstitutionsto:
• Recognisetheworkofyouthorganisationsinthereceptionandinclusionofyoungrefugeesintosociety;mobilizesufficientresourceswhileensuringtherecognitionofskillsobtainedbyyoungrefugeesandasylum-seekers;and
• Fostercooperationwithyouthorganisationsinordertoincorporatehumanrightsandinterculturaldialogueintoschoolcurricula.
InclusionandNon-Discrimination
Inclusionmeansequalopportunities,freefromanyformofdiscrimination,intheparticipationofkeyareasofsociallifeforallpeople.Policiesinthisrealmshouldfollowaholisticandcross-cuttingapproachinordertosupportthelong-termautonomyofyoungasylum-seekersandrefugees.WecallontheG20leadersandresponsibleinstitutionsto:
• Ensuretherighttoinclusiveandqualityeducation;andprovidelanguageeducationduringtheasylumprocess;
• Grantaccesstothelabourmarketandqualityjobsaftermaximumoneyearofpendingasylumprocedureandfacilitatesocio-economicinclusionthroughjobtraining;
• Ensurethatasylum-seekersandrefugeeshaveaccesstoservicesfortheirwell-being,includingmentalhealth,tosupporttheirrecoveryfrompasttrauma.
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CombattingTerrorism
Thespreadofterrorismhasbecomeagrowingthreattotheinternationalcommunity.Youngpeoplehavefallenvictimtoincreasingfearandinsecurity.Consideringtheborderlessnatureoftheproblem,asuccessfulresponsecanonlybeeffectivethroughclosecollaborationatthelocal,nationalandgloballevels.
Thereareamultitudeofcomplexchallengestheinternationalcommunityfaceinthefightagainstterrorism.Amongthemarethelackofeffectivenessinglobalcitizenshipeducationinschoolcurriculumsaroundtheworld,thelackofpoliticalcooperation,lackofinformationsharingamongcountries,andthedangersofisolationasapathtowardsradicalisationandultimately,terrorism.
GlobalCitizenshipEducation(GCED)aimstoempowerlearnerstoassumeactiverolestofaceandresolveglobalchallengesandtobecomeproactivecontributorstoamorepeaceful,tolerant,inclusiveandsecureworld.AccordingtotheUNESCO,while86percentofcountrieshavemadeglobalcitizenshipeducationmandatoryintheirnationalcurricula,only46percentofcountriesaremeasuringitseffectiveness.Withoutmeasurement,governmentsmisstheopportunitytoimprovecurriculumandensureitseffectiveness.
Numerousterroristgroupshavebeenoperatingacrossnationalborders,runningtrainingcamps,acquiringfinancialresources,operatingmediaoutletstodisseminatetheirpropagandaandglorifytheirviciousactsabroad.Thelackofjudicialcooperationandknowledgesharingbetweengovernmentsenablesperpetratorsofterroracts,mentorsandsupporterstoescapejustice,travelfreely,andrecruitpeoplefromaroundtheworld.
AsdelegatesoftheY20Summit,weurgegovernmentstoeffectivelyengageandempowercivilsocietytobeapartofthesolutionincombattingthespreadofradicalisationandterrorism.G20governmentsneedtobemoreefficientatcommunicatingwithcivilsociety.Weproposecreatingadigitalplatformthatenablesproductiveinteractionbetweengovernments,localcommunitiesandindividuals.Thisdigitalplatformwillbringcommunitiestogetherandempowerthemtotakeanactivepartincounteringradicalisationandterrorism.Thedigitalplatformwillbeintheformofanappandwebsitesthatwillincludethefollowing:
• GovernmentInformation:Awarenessonterrorism,informationofdifferentformsofterrorism,notificationsofterroristthreatsinthearea,safetymeasurespeoplecantakeintheaftermathofattacksorwhileexposedtothreat,waystoidentifypotentialterroristthreats,waystoreportpotentialradicalisation,andmore;
• CivicEngagement:Provideopportunitiestobringcommunitiestogether(forexamplebyprovidinginformationonlocalorganisationsthataimtopromoteunityincommunitiesandforpeopletogetinvolvedintheircommunities);
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• Database:Pollsmeasuringtheeffectivenessofgovernmentresponsetoterroristthreats,sentimentsaroundacountry’ssafety,leveloftoleranceincommunities,andotherdatagovernmentsareinterestedincollectingfromcitizens;
• SecurityMeasures:Theuseofstrictidentificationandauthenticationmethodstoensurethesafetyandauthenticityoftheinformationprovidedbythedigitalplatformandthedatacollectedfrompublicusers;
• Incentives:Toincreaseusageandvisibilityofthedigitalplatforms,werecommendgovernmentsprovideincentives.Wesuggestincentivesbeintheformofpublicworkrecognition,advantagesinapplyingforgovernmentalprogramsandscholarships;and
• Consistency:Theframeworkoftheappshouldremainsimilaracrosscountriesandinformationshouldbelocalisedandmanagedbyrespectivestatesindividually.
Ultimately,webelievethisdigitalplatformwillenablegovernmentstoaccomplishthreemainobjectives:disseminateimportantinformationthatcaninformandempowerpeopletobeactiveparticipantsinthefightagainstterrorism;providegovernmentswithascaledandeffectivemethodofcollectingdatathatcanbeusedtocounterterrorismatthegloballevel;andprovidepeoplewithopportunitiestobuildstrongercommunitiesthatareinclusive,tolerant,andhaveasenseofglobalcitizenship.Thedigitalplatformcanonlyfulfilitsmandateifallmembercountriescooperatefully.
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Anti-Corruption
TacklingaPersistentChallenge
Combattingcorruptionisapersistentchallengeworldwide.Corruptiondivertsresourcesthatcouldbechanneledintosocio-economicdevelopment.Recentestimatesshowthattheannualcostofbriberyalonestandsataround2percentofglobalGDP.25Pervasivecorruptioncontributestorisinginequality,polarisation,andillicitactivitieswhilealsounderminingthecredibilityofinstitutions.Thiscandiscouragethepoliticalparticipationofyouth,creatingaviciouscyclethaterodestrustingovernancemechanisms.
Therefore,wewelcometheG20'songoingdiscussionofthisissue,aswellastheinclusionofanti-corruptioncommitmentsunderGoal16ofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Theseareimportanteffortsthatmustbesustained,implemented,andmonitored.Tostrengthenthiswork,webelievethattheG20canactinseveralmattersoutlinedbelow.
Civicengagement
Thelackofknowledgeonparticipationanddecision-makingmechanismscreatesinformationgapsandallowscorruptiontothrive.Improvingknowledgeofexistingmechanismsforpoliticalparticipationcanenhancecitizens’senseofdutytoholdpublicandprivatestakeholdersaccountable.Youth-targetedpoliciescanhelpbuildthiscivicengagementfromanearlyage.TheG20Anti-CorruptionActionPlan(ACAP)2017-2018doesnotaddresstheseissues.Therefore,weencourageG20membersto:
● Incorporateand/orstrengthenciviceducationelementsintonationaleducationplansbyusingavailabletechnologicaltoolsandinvolvingrelevantpartners;
● Createand/orstrengthenplatformsthatallowyouthtobecomefamiliarwithandparticipateinpoliticalandaccountabilityprocessesatalllevelsofgovernment.
25 Thisestimatefor2015isanextrapolationbyDanielKaufmannbasedonhisearlierestimateof$1.1trillioninKaufmann(2005),citedbyIMFStaffDiscussionNoteCorruption:CostsandMitigatingStrategies(2016).
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Transparency
Webelievetransparencyisapillarofgoodgovernanceandafundamentalelementtocombatcorruption.Lackofaccesstoinformationongovernmentalandbusinesspracticespreventseffectiveaccountabilityprocesses.
TheG20ACAPhassetobjectivesrelatedtothistopic,butwebelievefurtherelementsshouldbeincorporatedtoincreasetransparency.Therefore,wesuggestG20members:
● Ensurethatinformationaboutgovernmentalpracticesatlocal,regional,andnationallevels,includingtransactionswiththeprivatesector,ispubliclyavailableonlineinstructureddatabases;
● Createpublic,country-by-countryonlinedatabaseswhichlistindividualsandentitiesinvolvedincorruptpractices.
Systematicmonitoring
TheG20hasagreedonaseriesofHighLevelPrinciplesrelatedtocorruption.IthasalsoestablishedanAnti-CorruptionWorkingGroup(ACWG)guidedbybiennialactionplans.TheACWGhasthemandatetoreviewtheimplementationoftheActionPlans.However,publicinformationonthissubjectisfragmentedbetweenthewebsitesofG20presidenciesandpartnerorganisations.ToensurethesystematicmonitoringofG20members’commitmentsinanti-corruption,wesuggest:
● AllinformationrelatedtocorruptionintheG20frameworkiscentralisedinaone-stop-shopportalthatincludes:
● OutcomesofallG20Summitsoncorruption;● ACWGreportsontheprogressofactionplans;● Reportsmadebypartners.
● ImplementationoftheACAPshouldbesubjecttopeer-review.● StatusonACAPcommitmentsbyG20membersshouldberegularlyupdatedintheportal,
notonlyduringthefinalisationofreports.
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HealthandWellbeing
Werecognisehealthasafundamentalhumanrightforeveryone.Inparticularwestresstheneedforuniversalhealthcoverage(UHC)tofulfillthisright,andrecognisethefinancialbenefitsofinvestinginsustainablehealthsystemsandthehealthworkforce.Atthesametime,wealsoemphasizetheneedtoattendtothedeterminantsofhealthsuchaseconomics,governance,commercialfactors,andsocialprotection.A‘healthinallpolicies’approachisnecessaryforthis.Therefore,wewarmlywelcometheinclusionofahealthministermeetinginthisyear’sG20process,andhopethistraditionwillcontinue.Healthandwellbeingisaholisticissue,andwewouldliketohighlighttheimportanceofaddressingtheburdenofyouthincludingmentalhealth.Finally,youngpeopleareaffectedbyhealthissuesbothinthepresentandfuture,andshouldhaveavoiceinthebuildingofahealthyfuture.
Accesstohealthcareanduniversalhealthcoverage
Accesstohealthcareservicesiscrucial,anduniversalhealthcoverage(UHC)isnamedasoneofthegoalsforthe2030Agenda.Promotingaccesstohealthcareisafoundationofeconomicprosperityandsecurity.Nooneshouldbeleftbehind.Therefore,werecommend:
● Ensuringaccesstohealthcarethroughde-linkinghealthservicesfromsocio-economic(forexample,reducing‘out-of-pocket’payments)andlegalstatus(forexample,migratorystatus,employmentandhousing);
● RecognisesexualandreproductivehealthandrightsasanessentialcomponentofallUHCframeworks;and
● G20memberstoalignthemselveswiththerecommendationsoftheHigh-LevelCommissiononHealthEmploymentandEconomicGrowth,andinparticularimplementguidelinesforethicalrecruitmentofhealthworkerstoavoidaggravatinghealthcrisesinothercountries.
Healthandeconomy
Werecognisethateconomicstructures,tradeagreements,commercialinterestsandprivatesectorregulationshaveasignificanthealthimpactandweencouragetheG20totakefullmeasurestopromoteandprotecthealthinthiscontext.Therefore,wecallontheG20to:
● ImplementtherecommendationsoftheUNHigh-LevelPanelonAccesstoMedicinesandtheLancetYouthCommissiononEssentialMedicinesPolicies,andtoensurethatTRIPSflexibilitymechanismsareinplacetoprovideaccesstoessentialmedicines;
● Ensurethatinternationaltradeagreementsprioritize,promoteandprotecthealthandtheenvironmentovercommercialinterests,andensurethattradeagreementsinnowaylimittheabilityofgovernmentstoprotectpublichealthinterests,includinglimitationsbroughtonbyinvestor-statedisputesettlementsorotherinvestmentprotectionmechanisms;
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● Takeactiononcommercialdeterminantsofhealththroughregulationsofharmfulandunhealthyproducts,incentivisehealthylifestylesandimplementtheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl;and
● Reaffirmtheessentialroleofgovernmentsinprovisionofhealthservicesandavoidrelianceonprivate-publicpartnershipstodeliversuchservices.
Globalhealthgovernance
Cross-borderpublichealthemergencieshavedemonstratedtheunpreparednessofhealthsystems.Wethereforeneedtoestablishresilienthealthcare,strengtheningglobalhealthgovernanceandaccountability.WethereforecallontheG20membersto:
● ReaffirmandstrengthentheroleoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),throughensuringappropriatefinancingandsupportingtheproposed10percentincreaseinassessedcontributions;
● CommittogreaterinternationalcooperationamongstG20memberstoaddressoutbreaksandotherhealthemergencies,includingbuildingcapacityfortheimplementationoftheInternationalHealthRegulations;
● Implementaneffectivedonorstrategyforhealthsystemstrengtheningindevelopingcountriesbymovingawayfromanoverrelianceonverticalfundingmodelsanddirectingfundingtowardsbroad-basedinvestments,designedtostrengthenlocalinstitutionsandprovidecountrieswithsustainablecapacitytoimprovethelong-termhealthoftheirpopulation;
● EnsuregreateraccountabilitybyunifyingdifferentreportingmechanismsundertheWHO;
● IncreaseeffortsonOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)bycommittingto0.1percentofGNItoODAforhealth,asrecommendedbytheWHOCommissiononMacroeconomicsandHealth;and
● Recognisethecentralityofhealthtoachievingthe2030AgendabycommittingtoG20healthministermeetingsunderthepresidencyofArgentinaandbeyond.
Improvinglives
Over1billionpeoplelivewithadisabilityand/orchronichealthconditionandapproximately200millionofthemareyoung.Thesepeopleareoftenthesubjectofstigmaanddiscrimination.Abouthalfofalldisabilitiesworldwidecouldhavebeenpreventedbygoodaccesstosuitablehealthcareincludingearlyinterventionandpreventivemeasures.ThereforewerecommendthattheG20:
● Affirmthatpeoplewithdisabilitieshavetherighttoeducationandworkwithoutdiscriminationonthebasisofequalopportunities,inclusiveandaccessibleeducationsystemsandmeaningfulworkatalllevels.Promotetherealizationoftherighttoeducationandworkbyenshriningthisinlaw;
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● Extendlegalprotectiontoaddressdiscriminationagainstpeoplewithdisabilitiesandthosewithchronichealthconditions;
● Ensurethathealthcareandotherwelfareservicesrelatedtothedisabledareadaptedtotheirageandneeds.Therighttocodeterminationintheirowndailylivesshouldplayamajorrole.
● Promotesocialpoliciesthatareconducivetomentalhealthandwellbeingandestablishprogrammesforearlyintervention.
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ParticipantsoftheY20Dialogue
SamuelAkinsola,SelmanAksünger,NorahY.Alajaji,FahadA.Al-Thenayyan,JuliaAmerikaner,SandraMorrellAndrews,CarinaAutengruber,AnnaBarker,JerónimoBatistaBucher,JonasBausch,LoïcBisson,JasminBurgermeister,LauraCifuentesFranco,AliceClaeson,CorradoCok,JacksonDougan,LucyFagan,MelvinHade,DanielaHallLagunes,SophieHammer,AlexanderYaoGuangHan,WanlingHe,EmmeliHedvald,RupertSebastianHeindl,TienHoang,MariannaKarttunen,TeganKeizer,SeonkyungKim,BenjaminKingshott,GizemKorun,MariannaLandimBarboza,ClaraLatini,IvoLeijten,JasonLiddell,CamillaLyngen,SaketMani,ZakaDianaMawoko,EwanMcCall,TumeloMonare,PegahMoulana,AngelicaMunoz,AlenaNikolaeva,PatrickOchiba,SamuelOliveira,KristófPapp,CocoPeet,KelebogilePega,NicolPerez,StelaRubinová,AditiRungta,SherleyMegaSandiori,LenaSophieSimosek,SaileshSushilaSunilSinghal,StephanieSiow,AnaEstherSolanoMartìn,EkaterinaSorokova,CamiloSotoCrespo,YuriSzaboYamashita,RirikaTakahashi,PengruTan,TanguyVaast,ZuzanaVanecková,JohannesWagner,MasahiroWatanabe,AmélieWerdmüller,KellyWilliamson,HyunsuYoo,XueyingZhang.