Berkeley Lab Helios Project. In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1°C.
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Transcript of Berkeley Lab Helios Project. In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1°C.
Berkeley Lab
Helios Project
In the last 100 years, the Earth warmed up by ~1°C
Temperature over the last 420,000 years
Consumption of Energy Increased by 85% between 1970 and 1999
20202015201020051999199519901985198019751970
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Quadrillion Btu
History Projections
By 2020, Consumption will Triple
Global energy consumption (1998)
Total: 12.8 TW U.S.: 3.3 TW (99 Quads)
4.52
2.72.96
0.286
1.21
0.2860.828
0
1
2
3
4
5
TW
Oil Coal Biomass NuclearGas HydroRenewable
Helios
Solve the challenge of efficiently generating chemical fuel at low cost using solar energy
Photosynthesis
cheap but inefficient efficient but expensive
Solar Driven Electrolysis
Berkeley Lab Broad-based Energy Strategy
FusionCarbon
sequestration
Energy Efficiency
Computation and Modelinggeothermal
Fossil recoveryHelios
Helios
Nanoscience Biology
methanolethanol
hydrogen
hydrocarbons
Carbondioxide
Water
Helios
CellulosePlants
Cellulose-degradingmicrobes
Engineeredphotosynthetic microbes
and plants
ArtificialPhotosynthesis
ElectricityPV Electrochemistry
MethanolEthanolHydrogenHydrocarbons
The Target
Light-to-Fuel at 10% Power Efficiency $ 3/GJ (= Gasoline at $0.4/ Gallon) Carbon Neutral Manufacturable and Sustainable Storable and Transportable Fuel
(energy density Spec.)
Energy Density sorted by Wh/l
Material Volumetric Gravimetric
Diesel 10,942Wh/l 13762Wh/kg
Gasoline 9,700 Wh/l 12,200 Wh/kg
LNG 7,216 Wh/l 12,100 Wh/kg
Propane 6,600 Wh/l 13,900 Wh/kg
Ethanol 6,100 Wh/l 7,850 Wh/kg
Methanol 4,600 Wh/l 6,400 Wh/kg
Liquid H2 2,600 Wh/l 39,000* Wh/kg
Energy Density Spec.
Some benchmarks to consider
Biomass-to-fuel: From ~0.35% to 3.6%– At 3.6% efficiency, 100M acres of arable land (25% of total currently
farmed land) will supply all fuel for transportation based on current fuel efficiency.
Light-to-electricity: 20% efficiency at mass production, $0.02/KWh Electricity-to-chemical storage:
– Presently at most 50% energy efficient; over-voltage to drive rates
– Water to hydrogen 4 electrons; CO2 to methanol six electrons
Direct solar-to-fuel– Sunlight oxidizing water: 1.23 volts
– Overall Power Efficiency Requirement: 10% Fuel interconversion:
– 95% selective
– Greater than10,000 turnovers/sec/site
Combine Nanoscience and Biological Research at LBNL
10 nm
Scale of the Helios problemrequires breaking down the
stovepipes
ALS
EETD
Earth Science
Chemical
Science
Foundry
NCEM
Synthetic Biology
JGI
Nanoscience
NERSC
Microbial production of fuelsPlatformsEnergy sources Fuels
Sunlight + CO2
Cellulose
Starch
Alkanes
Alcohols
Hydrogen
Syngas (CO + H2)
E. coliYeast
Synechocystis
Archae (methanogen)
Microbial fuels Energy production
– Production of hydrogen or ethanol– Efficient conversion of waste into energy– Conversion of sunlight into hydrogen
Lignocellulose
Nearly universal component of biomass Consists of three types of polymers:
– Cellulose– Hemicellulose– Lignin
All three are degraded by bacteria and fungi
Component Percent Dry Weight
Cellulose 40-60%
Hemicellulose 20-40%
Lignin 10-25%
Lignocellulose
Cellulose harvesting
http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/images/facbios/leschine2.jpg
Cellulose to Fuel
Catalystsrobust enzymesartificial catalysts
SeparationsExtract ethanol from water
Improve upon the microbial degradation of lignocellulosic materials
Better microbesselectivityratesreduced toxicity
Tractable cellulose
decrease crystallinitydecrease lignin
Some “natural” biofuels
Challenges: To understand the mechanisms (genes and enzymes) of hydrocarbon synthesis in natural organisms
build entirely new pathways
Botryococcus braunii
Direct Solar to Fuel
•Linked light absorption charge transfer catalyst units•Biomimetic assembly•Integration Into a range of “membranes”
ASU
Design of catalytic active sites
Biomimetic active site design--embedded in 3D nanostructure for product separation on the nanoscale
Novel Catalytic Microenvironments
inorganic dendrimers and micelles
Organicdendrimers
•control fluctuations•control “flow” of reactants and products
Inorganic channels
PNNL
Helios metrics for success
Identify key decision points Address showstoppers as quickly as possible Bi-annual international workshops to assess progress Annual plan Milestones and goals for ensuing three years Semi-annual reporting Annual Helios retreat/review with external reviewers
The goal of Helios is to provide a significant breakthrough within ten years
Science and technology trajectory analysis:
Fuels
