BEPAA-Integrated Health Sciences (IHS) Curriculum Guidebook -Student Interactive Version
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BEPAABoard for the Education of People of African Ancestry
286 Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031Integrated Health Sciences Program
For H.S. students interested in pursuing careers in the health professions.
Designed and Facilitated by
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
MODULE I
Anatomy and Physiology with Clinical Relevancy
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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CURRIULUM ORIENTATION &LESSONS GUIDEBOOK(A *STEMStandards Compliant Program)
Academic Alignment
All content and methods deployed from the BEPAAIntegrated Health Sciences (IHS) Program
curriculum have been aligned to the NYS Next
Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and
National Science Education Benchmarks (at
Grades 9-12) contained in specific math andscience core academic courses.Link to learn more
BEPAA- STEM Standards, NGSS, NY MST and OtherDocumentation
* desktop
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Towards%20Understanding%20STEM%20Fields%20&%20Education%20(V3-01-14).pdfhttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Towards%20Understanding%20STEM%20Fields%20&%20Education%20(V3-01-14).pdf -
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3
NYS STEM Ed Collaborativeworking
definition of "STEM Education"
STEM Education refers to utilizing the
NYS MST Standards in the teaching andlearning of the Science, Technology
Education, Engineering and Math (STEM)
disciplines, in an innovative, integrated,
collaborative, and applied fashion to a
level of challenge sufficient for collegeand/or career readiness.
NGSS Website
(Next Generation Science Standards)BEPAA- STEM Standards, NGSS, NY MST and
Other Documentation
http://www.nysstemeducation.org/index.htmlhttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharinghttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttp://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standardshttp://www.nysstemeducation.org/index.html -
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4
Anatomy and Physiology Mathematics
Chemistry and Physics
Medical Microbiology
Four 10 Week (sequenced) Modules
FULL COURSE OF STUDY (120 Hours)40 LESSONS @ 3 Hours per Session
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Logistics (Management of the flow of resources betweenthe point of origin and the point of consumption)
5
Program Number IMPF-AP #01-04-14
Sponsor BEPAA | James McIntosh, M.D. Chairman
Target Audience H.S. Grade Levels 9-12
Course Length (30 hrs.) 10 Week@3 hours per session
Teacher / Facilitator Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Class Time See distributed daily schedule
Location Clarke House, 286 Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031
Point of Contact [email protected] or BEPAA Ph. 212-283-7287
Textbooks An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012
Learning Tools Cloud
Folders
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-
tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharing#
Reference Website https://www.youtube.com/user/drimhoteptv
Public Web Network https://plus.google.com/116076656300830754274/posts
mailto:[email protected]://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://www.youtube.com/user/drimhoteptvhttps://plus.google.com/116076656300830754274/postshttps://plus.google.com/116076656300830754274/postshttps://www.youtube.com/user/drimhoteptvhttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharingmailto:[email protected] -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
How It Works
6
BEPAA IHS curriculum integrates science and math subject matters and
applies the theoretical to real-life clinical relevancy, making learning
easier, faster and fun
Humor is integrated to engage; and video animations, 3D simulationsand graphics are incorporated throughout the curriculum to enhance
the learning experience
-------------------------------------
Tools Needed to fully engage the curriculum A computer or mobile device with Internet access
(for out-of-class reading and homework assignments)
A four subject loose-leaf notebook and writing utensil
A calculator (particularly for math, chemistry and physics modules)
Accessing Learning/ Teaching Tools Video
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZaWZWaTdZWkF3MHc/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZaWZWaTdZWkF3MHc/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZaWZWaTdZWkF3MHc/edit?usp=sharing -
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Learning Tools Cloud Folders/ Facilitator View
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Learning Tools Cloud Folders/ Learners View (clickable)
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8&usp=sharing -
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HISTORICAL DATA
https://docs.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZU2VTNV9RUFJGcU0/edit -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 10
Two Classic Books
http://ttps//drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZX3p3SEhlRFkzQ0U&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8http://ttps//drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZX3p3SEhlRFkzQ0U&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8 -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 11
(clickable)Africans, Medicine and Science
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZX3p3SEhlRFkzQ0U&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8 -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 12
(clickable)Syllabus, Textbook, Guides, Notes and Tools
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZZXFyV1NJcFJ3blE&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8 -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 13
(clickable)STEM Standards, NGSS, NY MST and Other Documentation
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZSGJGOEhVaTVMYVU&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8 -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Learning Components of Each Lesson
14
1. Objectives and Key Terms
Objectives and key terms are presented at the beginning of
each lesson to help easily identify key topics, concepts and
mechanisms
It is also helpful to review the objectives and key terms afteryou have completed independent-study review of a lesson
Test yourself to see whether you can answer each objective
and define each key term
If you cannot answer each objective and define each keyterm, you will know which areas tostudy again
2. Phonetic pronunciations follow selected key terms to assist the
learner with pronouncing medical terms correctly
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Learning Components of Each Unit (2)
15
3. Special Focus
The Special Focus feature provides in-depth information on areas of
particular interest that relate to concepts presented in the respective
lectures and textbook reading
Two of the main classic example we will cover are homeostasis
and the fight-or-flight response
4. Quotes , Notes and Pearls
The Quotes and Notes feature gives health science related tidbits and
facts along with learning hints and inspirational messages
Thesequotes and notes will also include professional caveots and
pearl of wisdom regarding keys to success in academics and career
pursuits in the biomedical sciences from the primary facilitators
experience
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Learning Components (3)
16
5. Clinical Relevancy
The Clinical Relevancy component helps bridge the gap between theoryand practice
Real-life clinical medicine analogies and examples illustrate how
theoretical material in life science and math applies to the scientific
foundation of clinical medicine, thus re-enforcing learning and
encourages further study6. Professional Profiles
The Professional Profiles describe a variety of health professions, and include
informational documents that serve as a portal of entry into detailed online
resources in healthcare professions
(The cloud Healthcare careers folder has four areas of focus) , Including
Allied Healthcare professions, Nursing , Medical Technology and
Physician, Surgeon and Psychiatrist (M.D.)
*N.B.-The learner is encouraged to visit the healthcare careers folder to discover
health careers and opportunities that might meet their aptitude and interest------------------------------------
*Latin phrase nota bene , meaning note well. It is used to emphasize an important point.
https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZY3Y3OGN2T2ljV0k&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8https://drive.google.com/a/imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZY3Y3OGN2T2ljV0k&usp=sharing&tid=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3YwTUwxejRpQW8 -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Learning Components (4)
17
7. Pop-Quiz and and Review The Pop- Quiz and Review at the end of lessons facilitate group participation,
reinforcement of learning, global reflection
8. Video-Animations (all clips are professionally produced evidence-based medical
science presentations.)
This component is most critical to the learners appreciation of the richness, funand long term reward of the learning experience, particularly for those with a
desire to pursue high-end careers in the healthcare industry
The curriculum cloud folders are organized into numerous 1 to 5 min. video
clips|animations
Topics include molecular and cell biology, anatomy/autopsy cases (45 min.each), physiology, pathophysiology and pathology, microbiology and
immunology, biochemistry and pharmacology
reinforce material learned in the classroom
N.B.-The learner is encouraged to view all video clips corresponding to
lecture topics provided as to receive the most out of this enrichment program
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Learning Components (5)
18
9. Full-Color Illustrations and Photos (textbook)
Full-color illustrations and photos help clarify the lectures, classroom
discussions text and visually reinforce concepts and mechanism.
Cartoon graphics support learning through humor
FOR SUPER-LERNERS
Chapter Reviews in the Book The Chapter Review section of the primary text includes review
questions, a real-life issues, a applications section, and suggested
additional learning activities
This combined review approach helps learners assess theirunderstanding of the unit/ chapter material and develop a
health science mind-set and higher order thinking skills, in
addition to enhancing their problem-solving and critical-thinking
skills
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Evaluation Methods
19
1. The facilitator will use oral quizzing and the Socratic Methodthroughout
the enrichment experience to access student progress
2. A Summative Examination with a combination of MCQ, Fill in the
Blank, Matching and Short-answer format questions will be administered
at the end of each module
3. A learner s performance evaluationinstrument will be filled on each
student accessing class participation, peer and facilitator interaction, ability
to gather and record of information, homework assignment completion,
organizational skills, understanding of the scientific concepts, mechanisms and
theories of health science, research skills and overall academic growth in the
biological and chemical science and related mathmethics
All of the above will be weigh together by the facilitator and the learner will
be provided performance feedback on an H= Honors, HP= High Pass, P=Pass,
F= Fail scale.
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Module I
Anatomy and PhysiologyRational: This course of study leads-off with anatomy and
physiology because you will be dealing with the human
body in your chosen health profession
Also, having a fund of knowledge in anatomy and
physiology will facilitate your understanding of the
examples used later in the chemistry, math, and medical
microbiology modules
20
ANATOMY AND CHEMISTRY BASICS NOTES
CloudTONICITY, OSMOSIS, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, AND
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY ILLUSTRATED, with
MEDICAL RELAVANCY NOTES
Cloud
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZdnRTcnFjTmZfR0E/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZRGs1UEE0TFB3TXM/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZRGs1UEE0TFB3TXM/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZdnRTcnFjTmZfR0E/edit?usp=sharing -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Anatomy and Physiology
Units/Lessons
21
I. Medical Terminology: The Language of Medicine
II. Overview of the Human Body
III. The Raw Materials: Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems
IV. The Integumentary SystemV. The Skeletal System
VI. The Muscular System
VII.The Nervous System
VIII.The Endocrine SystemIX. The Respiratory System
X. The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
XI. The Gastrointestinal System
XII.Urinary and Reproductive Systems
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
UNIT I Medical Terminology:The Language of Medicine
22
Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, you should be able toDefine the components of a medical term
List several medical roots, combining forms, prefixes, and
suffixes, along with their meanings
Relate several medical abbreviations and theirmeanings
Construct proper medical terms
MEDICALESE: the specialized terminology of the medical profession
http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/medicalesehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/medicalese -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Whats in a word?
23
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
General SchemaPrefix + Root + Suffix
24
A medical term may be taken apart to determine its meaning.
Hypogastricmeans pertaining to below the stomach
Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning
In general we read and interpret medical terms
starting with the suffix to the prefix to the root
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Key Terms
25
abdominal (ab-DOM-ih-nal)bacteriology
(back-TEER-ih-OL-oh-jee)
cardiology (kar-dee-OL-oh-jee)
combining form
compound words
cytologist (sigh-TOL-oh-jist)
cytology (sigh-TOL-oh-jee)
cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plaz-im)
dermatitis (der-mah-TYE-tis)
dermatologist
(der-mah-TOL-oh-jist)
endorphins (en-DORF-fins)
epinephrine (ep-ih-NEF-rin)
erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sites)
histologist (hiss-TOL-oh-jist)
histology (hiss-TOL-oh-jee)hypertension
(high-per-TEN-shun)
hypotension
(high-poh-TEN-shun)
immunology
(im-you-NOL-oh-jee)leukocytes (LOO-koh-sites)
leukocytopenia (LOO kohSIGH
toePEE nee ah)
pathogen (PATH-oh-gen)
pathologist (pah-THOL-oh-jist)
prefix
prenatal (pre-NAY-tal)
suffix
word root
superior
system
thoracic (tho-RASS-ick)
tissue
transverse plane (trans-VERSE)
venous system (VEE-nus)ventral (VEN-tral)
vertebral (VER-teh-brall)
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
TABLE 1-1Common Word Roots and Their Combining Forms
26
Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 6
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
TABLE 1-2 Common Prefixes
27
Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e,
Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 6
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
TABLE 1-3 Common Suffixes (1)
28
Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar
Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 7
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
TABLE 1-3 Common Suffixes (2)
29
Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar
Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-1, pg. 7
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 30
Word roots for parts of the human body
Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e,
Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 1-4, pg. 9
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program 31
Explaining Medicalese in Plain English
You are working at a large urban medical center. The patients doctor wants to
explain the patients condition to the patients family. The problem is that the doctor
speaks only *medicalese
Read the following excerpt from the patients chart. Using common, nonmedical terms,
how would you explain the patients condition to the family?
Pt. with COPD and ASHD admitted to hospital with rt. lower quadrant pain and
FUO. EKG with normal parameters, slight hypertension noted. CBC normal with
exception of elevated WBCs. Prepped for OR for laparoscopy. Procedure
revealed appendicitis. Following excision, pt. returned to room. Will consultcardiologist and monitor for post-op complications
*Learn more: How to Turn Medicalese into Plain English, by Neil Wagnerhttp://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.html
Real Life Issues and ApplicationsFrom: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: pg. 13
http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.htmlhttp://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.htmlhttp://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/healthcare/art2681.html -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Inside the Living Body
32
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
National Geographic - Inside the Living BodyP.J. Brown (Actor), Kate Burton (Actor), Kirk Simon (Director), Karen Goodman (Director) (07)
33
National Geographic provides a whole new perspective on
the extraordinary processes involved in human life with this
primarily internal look at the human life cycle from
conception through old age. Thanks to amazing
technological advances like camera pills and high-
definition endoscopes, physicians and scientists can now
obtain actual camera footage and images of body
processes as well as create elaborate computer simulations
to aid in the research and understanding of how the human
body works. This 95-minute exploration of the human body
and its processes follows human life from fetaldevelopment through the amazing changes demanded of
virtually every organ in the hours after birth, childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, and old ageView the video
http://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.phphttp://www.imhotepvirtualmedsch.com/inside-the-living-body.php -
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Common Medical Abbreviations(1)
34
Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-4, pg.10
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Common Medical Abbreviations(2)
35
Redrawn after An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: TABLE 1-4, pg.10
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Pop Quiz|Review of Med. Abbrs.
36
Give the medical abbreviation for the following:
a. ______ a drug is to be given twice a day
b. ______ procedure performed on a pulseless person
c. _______ an electrical recording of the heartd. ______ the unit patients are taken to when they have a heart
attack
e. ______ as part of prep for surgery, patient is not allowed to eat
or drink anything
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
UNIT II: Overview of the Human Body
37
Objectives
Upon completion of this units, you should be able to
Define and differentiate the terms anatomy and physiology
Define and state the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, andsystems
Describe the various directional terms in relationship to the human
organism
Discuss the concept of cyanosis
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BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program
Key Terms
38
abdominalacrocyanosis
(AK roh SIGH ah NO sis)
anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-me)
anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)
arterial (ar-TEER-ree-al)
body planes
caudal (KAWD-al)
cavity
cells
central cyanosis
cranial (KRAY-nee-al)
cyanosis (sigh-ah-NO-sis)
deoxygenated
(dee-OK-see-jen-AY-ted)
distal (DIS-tal)
dorsal (DOOR-sal)
erythrocyte (eh-RITH-roh-site)
frontal plane
hemoglobin
(HE-moh-GLOW-bin)
horizontal
inferior
lateral
medial (MEE-dee-all)
median plane (MEE-dee-an)
midsagittal plane
(mid-SADJ-ih-tal)
organ
pathophysiology
pelvic (PEL-vick)
peripheral (per-IF-er-al)
physiology (fiz-ee-OL-oh-gee)
posterior (pos-TEER-ee-or)superior
system
thoracic (tho-RASS-ick)
tissue
transverse plane (trans-VERSE)
venous system (VEE-nus)ventral (VEN-tral)
vertebral (VER-teh-brall)
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What are Anatomy and Physiology?
39
Anatomyis the
study of the form
and structure
of an organism.
Physiologyis the
study of the
processes
of an organism, or
in other words,how and why
something works.
Anatomy and Physiology
Video-Animations I
Anatomy and Physiology
Video Animations II
Anatomy for Beginners
via Autopsy-Digestion
and Circulation
Autopsy Cases Learning
Series
Cli i l R l A t i l i i h d j
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Clinical RelevancyANATOMICAL IMAGINGView document
Source of graphics: Seeley R R. et al. Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013:Table 1.1. 3.
Anatomical imaging has made a major
contribution to the progress of medicine.
It allows medical personnel to look inside the
body with amazing accuracy and without the
trauma and risk of exploratory surgery.
M k f h H B d
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Makeup of the Human Body
Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning
The components of the
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The components of the
human organism
Source: An Integrated Approach to
Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage
Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-1, pg.18
A t i l L d k |B d Pl d
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Anatomical Landmarks|Body Planes andDirectional Terms
The median (midsagittal) plane, transverse plane, and frontal plane with their corresponding directional terms.
Source: An Integrated Approach to HealthSciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning
2012: FIGURE 2-3, pg.19
Normal Anatomical Position
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Pop Quiz|Review on Anatomical Position
44
a. List five anatomical structures found on the
anterior, or ventral, surface of the body.
b. List five anatomical structures found on theposterior, or dorsal, surface of the body.
QUOTES & NOTES
An additional important directional concept is left versus
right.
In assessing and treating patients, you ALWAYSrefer to the
patients left and right.
Body Cavities (5)
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Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e , Delmar
Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-4, pg. 21
The dorsal body cavities (cranial cavity and vertebral cavity) and the ventral
body cavities (thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity).
Body Cavities (5)
Anterior view of organs within the body cavities
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Notes and Quotes:
If you removed the small intestine from the cavity and stretched it out
on the floor and measured it, it would be approximately 23 feet long!
Anterior view of organs within the body cavities
Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-5, pg. 22
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The abdominal cavity is such a large regionand houses so many organs that it is even
further subdivided into smaller units called
quadrants for clinical assessment.
These quadrants help identify the underlying
problem.For example A patient complaining of pain the right
lower quadrant (RLQ) would need to be
tested for appendicitis.
A patient complaining of pain in the left
upper quadrant (LUQ) would be
suspicious for stomach problems.
Source: An Integrated Approach to Health Sciences 2e,
Delmar Cengage Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-6, pg. 22
Clinical RelevancyThe Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants and corresponding organs.
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Pop Quiz|Review
48
Give the opposite of the following terms:
a. central _________________
b. distal _________________
c. caudal ________________
d. anterior ________________e. dorsal ________________
f. medial __________________
List the cavity where the following organs are found:
g. spleen ________________h. urinary bladder ________________
i. lungs ________________
j. large intestine ________________
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UNIT III: The Raw Materials: Cells, Tissues,Organs, and Systems
Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to
Discuss the various functions that cells need to perform
Define and identify common cellular structures and their functionsList and describe two methods of cellular transport across the cell membrane
Describe the processes of mitosis and meiosis
Define and discuss concepts pertaining to body tissues
Differentiate epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues
Differentiate organs and systemsList and describe the organs contained within the body systems
Relate medical terminology to body organs and systems----------------------------------
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*Biochemistry vs. Molecular Biology vs. Cell Biology
50
Molecular biology focuses on DNA, RNA, replication,transcription, translation and regulation of these mechanisms, as
well as protein production in the cell.
Biochemistryis more focused on enzymes, vitamins, nutrients,
bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism and inborn errors ofmetabolismCloud Folder:
Biochemistry Video Animations-DNA, RNA, PROTEIN and ENZYMES
Cell biology focuses on the whole cells, cell types and IDing them,the cell cycle, the condition of cells, cellular organelles (Golgi
apparatus , ER, mitochondria etc.), culturing cells*As you can see there is large overlap between the disciplines
We will demonstrate those relationship by way of integrated learning|teaching
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Key Terms
51
axon (ACK-son)cardiovascular system
cartilage (KAR-tih-lidj)
cell
centriole (SEN-tree-ol)
centrosome (SEN-tro-sohm)
chromatin (KRO-mah-tin)
chromosomes
(KROH-moh-sohmz)
connective tissue
deoxyribonucleic acid (deeAWK
see RYE boh new KLEE ick)
diffusion
endoplasmic reticulum
(en-doe-PLAZ-mik ree-TICKyou-lim)
endothelium (en-doh-THEE-lee-um)
epithelium (ep-ih-THEE-lee-al)genes
Golgi apparatus (GOAL-je)
lysosomes (LIE-so-sohmz)
microorganism
mitochondria (my-toe-KON-dree-ah)
mitosis (my-TOH-sis)
neurons (NEW-rons)
nucleolus (NEW-klee-OL-us)
nucleus (NEW-klee-us)
organelle (or-gah-NEL)
osmosis
protoplasm (PRO-toe-plaz-im)
respiration
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribosomes (RYE-boh-sohmz)
semipermeability
tissue
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The CELL:
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The CELL:The fundamental microscopic structure of life
Source: An Integrated Approach to
Health Sciences 2e, Delmar Cengage
Learning 2012: FIGURE 2-5, pg. 22
Major components of the cell.
Diagram of a typical animal cell
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Diagram of a typical animal cell.Organelles are labeled as follows:Companion notes: Cell Biology
1. Nucleolus2. Nucleus
3. Ribosome (the dots)
4. Vesicle
5. Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
6. Golgi apparatus7. Cytoskeleton
8. Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
9. Mitochondrion
10. Vacuole
11. Cytosol12. Lysosome
13. Centriole
14. Cell membrane
Cell Biology Video-Animations
Illustration depicting major structures inside a eukaryotic
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUFN5UjMxbzZDODg/edit?usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Cell%20Biology%20Video-Animationshttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-tlCbPSHvfZUFN5UjMxbzZDODg/edit?usp=sharinghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg -
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animal cell
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Cellular Structure and Function Table
56
The Cell and Fluid HomeostasisTeacher Desktop
Online Cloud
Nucleus- Controls most cellular
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Pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus meaning kernel-
a membrane-enclosed organelle found ineukaryotic cells
It contains the cell's genetic material,
organized as multiple long linear DNA
molecules that form chromosomes
The genes within these chromosomes are the
cell's nuclear genome
The function of the nucleus is to maintain the
integrity of these genes and to control the
activities of the cell by regulating gene
expression
the nucleus is, therefore, the control
center of the cell.
Cells stained for the cell nucleus DNA with the
Blue Hoechst dye. The central and rightmost
cell are in interphase, thus their entire nuclei
are labeled. On the left, a cell is going
through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_s
tained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg
Nucleus Controls most cellularactivity and reproduction
Nucleolus-Build and repair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg -
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Found in the nucleus of cells
It forms around specific
chromosomal regions in the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Made up of proteins and
ribonucleic acids
Function to transcribe ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) and combine it with
proteins to form incomplete
ribosomes
Nucleolus-Build and repairContains ribosomes made of RNA;synthesizes and produces protein
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg
Ribosome- translational apparatus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg -
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Ribosome translational apparatus
The ribosome (from ribonucleic acid and
the Greek soma, meaning "body") serves
as the primary site of biological protein
synthesis (translation)
Ribosomes link amino acids together in the
order specified by messenger RNA
(mRNA) molecules
Ribosomes consist of two major subunits
the small ribosomal subunit reads the
mRNA, while the large subunit joins amino
acids to form a polypeptide chain
Each subunit is composed of one or more
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a
variety of proteins
The ribosome assembles polymeric protein molecules whosesequence is controlled by the sequence of messenger RNA
molecules. This is required by all living cells and associated
viruses. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gif
Ribosome (2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.png -
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Ribosome (2)
Large (red) and small (blue) subunit fit together
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png
Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together and
work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide
chain during protein synthesis
Ribosome (3)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Ribosome_shape.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png -
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Ribosome (3)Prokaryoteshave 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S) and a large (50S)
subunit.
Eukaryoteshave 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S)
subunit.
Atomic structure of the 30S Subunit.
Proteins are shown in blue and the single
RNA chain in orange.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_sm
all_subunit.gif
Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit Proteinsare shown in blue and the two RNA chains in
orange and yellow. The small patch of green
in the center of the subunit is the active site.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_s
ubunit.gif
Vesicle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_large_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_small_subunit.gif -
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Vesicle Enclosed by lipid bilayer, vesicles can
form naturally, for example, during
endocytosis.
Alternatively, they may be prepared
artificially, in which case they are called
liposomes
Because it is separated from the cytosol,the inside of the vesicle can be made to
be different from the cytosolic
environment.
Vesicles are a basic tool used by the cellfor organizing cellular substances.
Vesicles are involved in metabolism,
transport, buoyancy control and enzyme
storage.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7
/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpg
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpg -
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum Intracellular communication
Network of tubes that facilitates transport
of materials in and out of nucleus
Synthesizes and stores protein
The membranes of the ER are continuous
with the outer membrane of the nuclearenvelope.
The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum is studded with
ribosomes that are the sites of protein
synthesis.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially
prominent in cells such as hepatocytes
where active protein synthesis occurs.
Micrograph of rough endoplasmic reticulum network around
the nucleus (shown in lower right-hand side of the picture).
Dark small circles in the network are mitochondria.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Clara_cell_lung_-_TEM.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.png -
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Blausen_0350_
EndoplasmicReticulum.png
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Abbreviated SER- has functions in several metabolic processes
It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes,
ovaries, and skin oil glands have a great deal of SER
SER also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, drugdetoxification steroid metabolism
In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration and is called
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the
sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and pumps calcium ions.
Golgi apparatus-Stores and packages
-
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Golgi apparatus-Stores and packagessecretions for removal
Also known as the Golgicomplex, Golgi body, or
simply the Golgi
Packages proteins inside thecell before they are sent to
their destination
Important in the processing ofproteins for secretion
Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a stack of
semicircular black rings near the bottom. Numerous
circular vesicles can be seen in proximity to theorganelle.
Golgi apparatus (2)
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Cells synthesize a large number of
different macromolecules
GA is integral in modifying,
sorting, and packaging
macromolecules for cell secretion
(exocytosis) or use within the cell
Proteins are delivered from the
rough endoplasmic reticulum tothe
Golgi
Golgi also involved in the transport
of lipids around the cell, and
the creation of lysosomes
Golgi apparatus (2)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png -
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png
C t k l t
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Cytoskeleton
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are shown in
red, microtubules in green, and the nuclei are in blue.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Fluore
scentCells.jpg
Also CSK-It is a cellular scaffolding or
skeleton contained within a cell'scytoplasm.
It forms structures such as flagellaand
ciliaand plays important roles in both
intracellular transport (the movement of
vesicles and organelles, for example) andcellular division
The cytoskeleton allows certain cells such
as neutrophils and macrophages to makeamoeboid movements
The network is composed of three
elements: microtubules, actin filaments,
and intermediate fibers
Mitochondrion
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Mitochondrion The mitochondrion (plural
mitochondria) is a membrane-bound
organelle found in most eukaryoticcells (the cells that make up
plants, animals, fungi).
Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0
micrometer (m) in diameter.
Known as "cellular power plants"
because they generate most of the
cell's supply of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), used as a source
of chemical energy
Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue
displaying their matrix and membranes as shown
by electron microscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg
Mitochondrion (2)
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oc o d o ( )
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Blaus
en_0644_Mitochondria.png
Cytosol
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Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or
cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found
inside cells
The cytosol is a complex mixture of
substances dissolved in water. Water
forms the large majority of the cytosol
The concentrations of ions such as sodium
and potassium are different in the cytosol
than in the extracellular fluid; differences
in ion levels are important in processes
such as osmoregulation and cell signaling.
Cytosol also contains large amounts of
macromolecules
Picture of cytosol, showing microtubules (light blue), actinfilaments (dark blue), ribosomes (yellow and purple),
soluble proteins (light blue), kinesin (red), small molecules
(white) and RNA (pink).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowded_cytosol.png
Lysosome
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Lysosome Lysosomes (derived from the Greek words
lysis, meaning "to separate", and soma,
"body") are the cell's waste disposal systemand can digest some compounds.
They are used for thedigestion of
macromolecules from phagocytosis (ingestion
of other dying cells or larger extracellular
material, like foreign invading microbes),
Endocytosis(where receptor proteins are
recycled from the cell surface), and
Autophagy(wherein old or unneeded
organelles or proteins, or microbes that haveinvaded the cytoplasm are delivered to the
lysosome).
Centriole
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YzAtCLapBdz8TM&tbnid=engtCfKXyspuLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nauka.bg/taxonomy/term/13?page=1&ei=-ffmUtyYOozMkAfX9IDgBA&bvm=bv.59930103,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGMcjr2mbmyGm61KCaQp2v3Nnq97w&ust=1390954869397667http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Centriole.svg -
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Centriole Centrioles are cylindrical structures that
are composed of groupings of
microtubulesarranged in a 9 + 3pattern.
The pattern is so named because a
ring of nine microtubule "triplets" are
arranged at right angles to one
another.
Centrioles help to organize the
assembly of microtubules during cell
division. Centrioles replicate during the
interphase stage of mitosis and meiosis.
Centrioles called basal bodies form
cilia and flagella.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cytokinesis-
electron-micrograph.jpg
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Centriole (2)
75
Cell membrane
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Cell membrane
Also the present topic should not be confused
with what are sometimes called "internal cell
membranes," such as the nuclear membranethat surrounds the cell nucleus.
The 'cell membrane' (also known as the
plasma membrane or cytoplasmic
membrane) is a biological membrane that
separates the interior of all cells from theoutside environment.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable
to ions and organic molecules and controls
the movement of substances in and out of
cells. The basic function of the cell membrane
is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins.
Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membranehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/
Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg
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Cell membrane(2)
77
A detailed diagram of the cell membranehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg
Summary sequence of protein
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1. Nuclear membrane
2. Nuclear pore3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(rER)
4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(sER)5. Ribosome attached to rER
6. Macromolecules
7. Transport vesicles
8. Golgi apparatus
9. Cisface of Golgi apparatus
10.Transface of Golgi apparatus
11.Cisternae of Golgi apparatus
Secretory pathway diagram,
including nucleus, endoplasmic
reticulum and golgi apparatus.
production and secretion
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6
/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg
(1) Chromosome duplication (Interphase).
(2) P h (3) M t h (4) A h
Molecular Biology
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The stages of mitosis
(2) Prophase. (3) Metaphase. (4) Anaphase.
(5) Telophase. (6) Two new identical cells.
2.Prophase (pro = before). Here the
nucleus disappears in the original cell andthe chromosomes become visible.
Centrioles separate and spindle fibers
form to function as anchor lines.3. Metaphase (meta = between). The
chromosomes line up in the center of the
cell.4. Anaphase (an = without). The
chromosomes split with the spindle fibers
pulling them apart.5. Telophase (tele = the end). Here the
divided chromosomes go to the far end
of the cell.6. The spindle fibers then begin to
disappear, and the two nuclei reappear.
Now we have two identical cells
formed from one original cell.
The M Phase of the Cell Cycle
and GeneticsGenetics Videos-Animations
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZeVZNTHk5ZmVPck0&usp=sharing -
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Mitosis- simplified
80
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_events_in_mitosis.svg
MeiosisEvents involving meiosis, showing chromosomal crossover. The two grey chromosomes represent one set and the two
d h th t h t i i ll f
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Meiosisis a special type of cell division necessary for sexual
reproductionin eukaryotes The number of sets of chromosomes in the cell undergoing meiosis is
reduced to half the original number, typically from two sets (diploid) to one
set (haploid)
The cells produced by meiosis are gametes
In humans gametes are called sperm in males and egg cells or ova infemales.
Since meiosis has halved the number of sets of chromosomes, when two
gametes fuse during fertilization, the number of sets of chromosomes in
the resulting zygoteis restored to the original number
Meiosis red chromosomes another set,each set originally from oneof the two parents
Hu
man chromosomes hybridized withchromosome painting probes
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Source website: http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/
chromosome painting probes.http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/html2.jpg
Th ll l
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The cell cycle
83
Thecell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a
cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces twodaughter cell.
In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via a process
termed binary fission.
In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in three
periods: interphaseduring which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients
needed for mitosis preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNAand
the mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells
called "daughter cells" and the final phase, cytokinesis, where thenew cell
is completely divided.
The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized
egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by whichhair,
skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed.
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Table of the cell cycle states
84
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle
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Schematic of the cell cycle
85
Outer ring:I = Interphase,
M = Mitosis;
Inner ring:M = Mitosis,
G1 = Gap 1,
G2 = Gap 2,
S = Synthesis;
Not in ring:
G0 = Gap 0/Resting. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle
*Nucleus and Chromosomes Illustrated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cyclehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cell_Cycle_2-2.svg -
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Nucleus and Chromosomes Illustrated
Interphase nucleus and
metaphase human
chromosomes with
centromeres stained
yellow.
*If you are viewing this slide whileonline you may click the image for an
expanded view or follow the link to the
webpage for context.
Source website : http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L331-Surzycki/
What
is a Nucleic acid
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Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large
biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life.Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers
known as nucleotides
Each nucleotide has three components:
1. a 5-carbon sugar,
2. a phosphate group, and3. a nitrogenous base
If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer isDNA.
If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA.
What is a Nucleic acid
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What is a Nucleic acid (2)
88
Together with proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are
the most important biological macromolecules; each is
found in abundance in all living things, where they function in
encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information
In other words, information is conveyed through the nucleic
acid sequence, or the order of nucleotides within a DNA or
RNA molecule
Strings of nucleotides strung together in a specific sequence
are the mechanism for storing and transmitting hereditary, or
genetic, information via protein synthesis
Nitrogenous bases- Notable Purines
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There are many naturally
occurring purines Two of the five bases
in nucleic acids,
adenineand guanine
are purines
In DNA, these bases formhydrogen bonds with their
complementary pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine,
respectively
Nitrogenous bases Notable Purines
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purines.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png -
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Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-
comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png
Two of the five bases in
nucleic acids, adenineand
guanineare purines.
In DNA, these bases form
hydrogen bonds with theircomplementary
pyrimidinesthymineand
cytosine, respectively
Science or Science Fiction - 11 More Cutting-Edge Advances in Medicine
The HGP and Genomic Medicine
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Science%20or%20Science%20Fiction-%2011%20More%20Cutting-Edge%20Advances%20in%20Medicine.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Science%20or%20Science%20Fiction-%2011%20More%20Cutting-Edge%20Advances%20in%20Medicine.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Science%20or%20Science%20Fiction-%2011%20More%20Cutting-Edge%20Advances%20in%20Medicine.pdfhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png -
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Human Genome Project Cloud Folder
91
Also see Mitochondrial DNA
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3Uza0JYa1pVZlU&usp=sharinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Biological%20Pathways%20and%20the%20HGP-mic-01-14.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Mitochondrial%20DNA.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Biological%20Pathways%20and%20the%20HGP-mic-01-14.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Mitochondrial%20DNA.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Mitochondrial%20DNA.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Biological%20Pathways%20and%20the%20HGP-mic-01-14.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Guide%20to%20Your%20Genome%2007-vs2.pdfhttps://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B-tlCbPSHvfZR3Uza0JYa1pVZlU&usp=sharing -
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Clinical Relevancy: Gene therapy
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y pyGene therapy is the use of DNA as a
pharmaceutical agent to treat disease.
It derives its name from the idea that DNA canbe used to supplement or alter genes within an
individual's cells as a therapy to treat disease.The most common form of gene therapy
involves using DNA that encodes a functional,
therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene.
Other forms involve directly correcting amutation, or using DNA that encodes a
therapeutic protein drug (rather than a natural
human gene) to provide treatment. In gene
therapy, DNA that encodes a therapeutic
protein is packaged within a "vector", which is
used to get the DNA inside cells within the body.Once inside, the DNA becomes expressed by the
cell machinery, resulting in the production of
therapeutic protein, which in turn treats the
patient's disease.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy -
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Tissues
94
As stated earlier, a grouping of similar cells
can form tissues that will have specialized
functions in the human body.
This section will discuss the various tissues that
comprise the human body and the purposes
they serve.
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Cells Tissues
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Cells that are alike
will join together to
form tissues
The four main groupsof tissues formed are
1. epithelial,
2. connective,3. nerve, and
4. muscleSource: Delmar/Cengage Learning
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Epithelial Tissues
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Found in the skin and envelops the
body.
Also lines body cavities and organs
such as the lungs and intestines and
forms the glands in our bodies.
Two types of epithelial tissue:epithelium and endothelium.
Epithelium(epi meaning
outer) covers the outside of
the body. The skin is an
example of epithelium tissue. Endothelium (endo meaning
within) is the specialized
forms the lining of internal
organs and blood vessels.
Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning
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Connective Tissues
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The primary purposes of
connective tissue are support
and protection. There are two
types of connective tissue:
1. soft connective tissue, which is
2. also called adipose or fatty
tissue, hard connective tissue,
which forms cartilage andbone.
Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning
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Nerve Tissues (excitable)
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The third type of tissue is nerve
tissue. This tissue is made up of the
specialized nerve cells called
neurons.
This tissue allows messages to beconducted to and from the brain
and throughout the entire body.
Nerve tissue is, of course, found in
the nervous system, which comprises thebrain, spinal cord, and various nerves.
Source: Delmar/Cengage Learning
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