Benthic Habitat Mapping In the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands

Benthic Habitat Mapping Benthic Habitat Mapping In the U.S.In the U.S.--Affiliated Pacific IslandsAffiliated Pacific Islands

Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center – Coral Reef Ecosystem DivisionPacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center –– Coral Reef Ecosystem DivisionCoral Reef Ecosystem Division

Monitoring & Mapping ~55 Island/Atoll Ecosystems

(6)

(18)

Wake Island(24)

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* Tide Gauges* Tide Gauges* Tide Gauges

Pacific RemotePacific RemoteIsland AreasIsland Areas(PRIA) (PRIA) (7)(7)

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Produce comprehensive digital maps of all shallow (<30m) coral reef ecosystems in the

United States and characterize priority moderate-depth reef

systems by 2009.

Produce comprehensive digital maps of all shallow (<30m) coral reef ecosystems in the

United States and characterize priority moderate-depth reef

systems by 2009.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force GoalU.S. Coral Reef Task Force GoalU.S. Coral Reef Task Force Goal222

PIFSC/CRED Benthic Habitat Mapping Methods

PIFSC/CRED Benthic Habitat Mapping Methods

IKONOS ImageryIKONOS Imagery Multibeam Surveys

Optical Groundtruthing –ROV, TOAD, AUV

Optical Groundtruthing –ROV, TOAD, AUV

Optical GroundtruthingTowed Diver Surveys

Optical GroundtruthingTowed Diver Surveys

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Moderate Depth Deep CoverageArea Years 15-200 m (km2) % Covered > 200m ( km2)

NWHI 2002-2006 3,338/12,167 28% 38,367MHI 2005-2006 3,018/5,430 95% n/aCNMI/Guam 2003, 2007 400/464 86% 12,695 Am. Samoa 2004, 2006 410/410 100% 975PRIA 2006 100/121 82% 4,300

7266/18592 39% 56,708

R/V R/V AHIAHIResonReson 8101ER8101ER

(240 kHz)(240 kHz)

NOAA Ship NOAA Ship HiHi’’ialakaiialakaiEM300 (30 kHz)EM300 (30 kHz)

EM3002 (300 kHz)EM3002 (300 kHz)

NOAA CRED and PIBHMC Multibeam Mapping Results (2002-2007)

NOAA CRED and PIBHMC NOAA CRED and PIBHMC Multibeam Mapping Results (2002Multibeam Mapping Results (2002--2007)2007)

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PIFSC-CRED Mapping in American Samoa – 2004 & 2006PIFSC-CRED Mapping in American Samoa – 2004 & 2006

Tutuila Ofu and Olosega

SwainsIsland

RoseAtoll

Ta′u

555

MHI Data Synthesis PIFSC/CRED and Univ. of Hawaii

MHI Data Synthesis PIFSC/CRED and Univ. of Hawaii

Shallow (15-300 m) high resolutionNOAA surveys

2005-2006:Ni′ihau, Kohala,Penguin Bank,

N. Shore Moloka′i

Shallow (15Shallow (15--300 m) 300 m) high resolutionhigh resolutionNOAA surveysNOAA surveys

20052005--2006:2006:NiNi′′ihauihau, , KohalaKohala,,Penguin Bank,Penguin Bank,

N. Shore N. Shore MolokaMoloka′′ii

NiNi′′ihauihau

PenguinPenguinBankBank

N. ShoreN. ShoreMolokaMoloka′′ii

KohalaKohalaBig IslandBig Island

Unmapped areas includeUnmapped areas includeharbor surveys and gaps harbor surveys and gaps

between LIDAR and between LIDAR and multibeam bathymetrymultibeam bathymetry

50-m grid available at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/hmrg/Multibeam/explorer.php5050--m grid available at http://m grid available at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/hmrg/Multibeam/explorer.phpwww.soest.hawaii.edu/hmrg/Multibeam/explorer.php

666

PIFSC/CREDMultibeam Data Collected

in NWHI 2002-2006

Gaps include ~ 9,000 kmGaps include ~ 9,000 km22 of banktop of banktop (15(15--100 m) areas and most of the deep water100 m) areas and most of the deep water

seafloor (> 100 m) within the boundaries of theseafloor (> 100 m) within the boundaries of thePapahPapahāānaumokunaumokuāākeakea Marine National MonumentMarine National Monument

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Multibeam Data Collected in CNMI and Guam: 2003-2007Multibeam Data Collected in CNMI and Guam: 2003-2007

Areas that still need multibeamsurveys are circled in black

Areas that still need multibeamsurveys are circled in black

Maug Pagan

TinianAguijan

Guam

Saipan, TinianSaipan, Tinianand Rota Harborsand Rota Harbors

surveyed tosurveyed toIHO standards in IHO standards in

2007 using R/V 2007 using R/V AHIAHIin collaboration in collaboration

with OCS, with OCS, U.S. Navy and U.S. Navy and

CNMI PortCNMI PortAuthority.Authority.

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JarvisJarvisBakerBaker

Bathymetrygaps

BathymetryBathymetrygapsgaps

Pacific Remote

Island Areas

2006

Pacific RemotePacific Remote

Island Areas Island Areas

20062006

999

PIFSC-CRED Multibeam Mappingat Wake Island -- 2007

PIFSCPIFSC--CRED Multibeam MappingCRED Multibeam Mappingat Wake Island at Wake Island ---- 20072007

101010

Bathymetric Mapping CompletionBathymetric Mapping CompletionBathymetric Mapping Completion• Many areas completely mapped in 20-1000 m.• Guam, Rota, and Aguijan 15-300 m ~ 1 month• Kingman & Johnston 15-50 m ~ 1 week• MHI

– Harbor surveys using R/V AHI are currently under discussion with NOAA Office of Coast Survey (OCS)

– Areas between LIDAR and deeper multibeam coverage could be mapped with R/V AHI ~ 3-6 mos. Need mandate and support from other mgmt. groups.

• NWHI– ~9,000 km2 of bank tops (15-100 m) remain

~ 10-20 years at 15-30 days/yr. – Deep (> 100 m) mapping in MNM ~ 2 mos.

• LIDAR could be used in most areas in < 30 m

•• Many areas completely mapped in 20Many areas completely mapped in 20--1000 m.1000 m.•• Guam, Rota, and Guam, Rota, and AguijanAguijan 1515--300 m ~ 1 month300 m ~ 1 month•• Kingman & Johnston 15Kingman & Johnston 15--50 m ~ 1 week50 m ~ 1 week•• MHI MHI

–– Harbor surveys using R/V Harbor surveys using R/V AHI AHI are currently under are currently under discussion with NOAA Office of Coast Survey (OCS)discussion with NOAA Office of Coast Survey (OCS)

–– Areas between LIDAR and deeper multibeam Areas between LIDAR and deeper multibeam coverage could be mapped with R/V coverage could be mapped with R/V AHI ~ AHI ~ 33--6 mos. 6 mos. Need mandate and support from other mgmt. groups.Need mandate and support from other mgmt. groups.

•• NWHINWHI–– ~9,000 km~9,000 km22 of bank tops (15of bank tops (15--100 m) remain 100 m) remain

~ 10~ 10--20 years at 1520 years at 15--30 days/yr. 30 days/yr. –– Deep (> 100 m) mapping in MNM ~ 2 mos.Deep (> 100 m) mapping in MNM ~ 2 mos.

•• LIDAR could be used in most areas in < 30 mLIDAR could be used in most areas in < 30 m

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Key Mapping PartnershipsKey Mapping Key Mapping PartnershipsPartnerships

• Pacific Consortium of Undersea Habitat Centers (proposed)

• CNMI and Guam– U.S. Navy– NOAA Office of Coast Survey– CNMI Port Authority– National Park Service– U.S. Geological Survey– Guam Fisherman’s Co-op– University of Guam

• Hawaiian Archipelago– Papahānaumokuākea MNM– Div. of Land & Natural Resources– U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service– University of Hawaii – HMRG, HURL– NOAA Office of Coast Survey– NOAA Pacific Services Center

• American Samoa– National Park Service– NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries

• PRIA– U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service– U.S. Air Force

•• Pacific Consortium of Undersea Pacific Consortium of Undersea Habitat Centers (proposed)Habitat Centers (proposed)

•• CNMI and GuamCNMI and Guam–– U.S. NavyU.S. Navy–– NOAA Office of Coast SurveyNOAA Office of Coast Survey–– CNMI Port AuthorityCNMI Port Authority–– National Park ServiceNational Park Service–– U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Geological Survey–– Guam FishermanGuam Fisherman’’s Cos Co--opop–– University of GuamUniversity of Guam

•• Hawaiian ArchipelagoHawaiian Archipelago–– PapahPapahāānaumokunaumokuāākeakea MNMMNM–– Div. of Land & Natural ResourcesDiv. of Land & Natural Resources–– U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service–– University of Hawaii University of Hawaii –– HMRG, HURLHMRG, HURL–– NOAA Office of Coast SurveyNOAA Office of Coast Survey–– NOAA Pacific Services CenterNOAA Pacific Services Center

•• American SamoaAmerican Samoa–– National Park ServiceNational Park Service–– NOAA National Marine SanctuariesNOAA National Marine Sanctuaries

•• PRIAPRIA–– U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service–– U.S. Air ForceU.S. Air ForceSaipan Anchorage Habitat

Survey for U.S. Navy in 2004Saipan Anchorage HabitatSaipan Anchorage Habitat

Survey for U.S. Navy in 2004Survey for U.S. Navy in 2004

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2008 - 2009 Mapping Priorities and AcitivitiesPacific Islands Fisheries Science CenterCoral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED)

2008 2008 -- 2009 Mapping Priorities and 2009 Mapping Priorities and AcitivitiesAcitivitiesPacific Islands Fisheries Science CenterPacific Islands Fisheries Science CenterCoral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED) Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED)

30-day April/May cruise aboard Hi’ialakai using 25’ R/V AHI survey launch is the only scheduled mapping cruise in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) in three field seasons (2007-2009). Multibeam and optical validation data

will be collected at French Frigate Shoals and Pearl and Hermes Reef as first priority. If time allows, surveys may also be done at St. Rogatien bank or Nihoa Island.

30-day April/May cruise aboard Hi’ialakai using 25’ R/V AHI survey launch is the only scheduled mapping cruise in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) in three field seasons (2007-2009). Multibeam and optical validation data

will be collected at French Frigate Shoals and Pearl and Hermes Reef as first priority. If time allows, surveys may also be done at St. Rogatien bank or Nihoa Island.

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French Frigate Shoals Existing Multibeam, IKONOS, and Optical Validation Data

French Frigate Shoals French Frigate Shoals Existing Multibeam, IKONOS, and Optical Validation DataExisting Multibeam, IKONOS, and Optical Validation Data

Yellow circles indicateYellow circles indicateareas scheduled for areas scheduled for multibeam mapping multibeam mapping on May 2008 cruise.on May 2008 cruise.

Optical validation dataOptical validation datawill also be collected.will also be collected.

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Pearl and Hermes Reef Existing Multibeam, IKONOS, and Optical Validation Data

Yellow circles indicateYellow circles indicateareas scheduled for areas scheduled for multibeam mapping multibeam mapping on May 2008 cruise.on May 2008 cruise.

Optical validation dataOptical validation datawill also be collectedwill also be collected..

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IKONOS or Land Sat ImageryIKONOS or Land Sat Imagery

Multibeam Bathymetry & Estimated Depths

Multibeam Bathymetry & Estimated Depths

Multibeam BackscatterMultibeam Backscatter

SlopeSlopeRugosityRugosity

Bathymetric Position IndexBathymetric

Position Index

Optical Dataand LinkedPositions

Optical Dataand LinkedPositions

Appropriatelayers used forsupervised andunsupervised classifications:e.g. hard/soft

Appropriatelayers used forsupervised andunsupervised classifications:e.g. hard/soft

A Layered GIS Approach

to Benthic Habitat Mapping

A Layered A Layered GIS ApproachGIS Approach

to Benthic to Benthic Habitat MappingHabitat Mapping

Integrated Arc GISProjects

Integrated Arc GISProjects

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Multibeam Data Products, Standards and Issues

Multibeam Data Products, Standards and IssuesStandards and Issues

• Data collected using standard hydrographic techniques and equipment with documented calibrations – Few tide stations – No DGPS in most areas until 2007 (NavCom)– Much more (10-20 x) expensive to collect all data to IHO standards because of

bottom coverage requirements and documentation required to meet IHO standards• Multibeam swath data in generic sensor format submitted to NGDC within one

year of collection– Request from State of Hawaii to not make Main Hawaiian Island data in 100-500 m

depths available to public because of Essential Fish Habitat concerns– Metadata creation very time consuming and as yet no “standard” for multibeam

format – this needs to be automated– Much of data is in areas with pre-WWII soundings, but is not being or will not be

used for nautical chart updates• Gridded bathymetric and backscatter data products (with metadata) available

on web at www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc within one year – Metadata produced for all products, time consuming & needs automation– Metadata sent to Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) site

•• Data collected using standard hydrographic techniques and equipmData collected using standard hydrographic techniques and equipment with ent with documented calibrations documented calibrations –– Few tide stations Few tide stations –– No DGPS in most areas until 2007 (No DGPS in most areas until 2007 (NavComNavCom))–– Much more (10Much more (10--20 x) expensive to collect all data to IHO standards because of 20 x) expensive to collect all data to IHO standards because of

bottom coverage requirements and documentation required to meet bottom coverage requirements and documentation required to meet IHO standardsIHO standards•• Multibeam swath data in generic sensor format submitted to NGDC Multibeam swath data in generic sensor format submitted to NGDC within one within one

year of collectionyear of collection–– Request from State of Hawaii to not make Main Hawaiian Island daRequest from State of Hawaii to not make Main Hawaiian Island data in 100ta in 100--500 m 500 m

depths available to public because of Essential Fish Habitat condepths available to public because of Essential Fish Habitat concernscerns–– Metadata creation very time consuming and as yet no Metadata creation very time consuming and as yet no ““standardstandard”” for multibeam for multibeam

format format –– this needs to be automatedthis needs to be automated–– Much of data is in areas with preMuch of data is in areas with pre--WWII soundings, but is not being or will not be WWII soundings, but is not being or will not be

used for nautical chart updatesused for nautical chart updates•• Gridded bathymetric and backscatter data products (with metadataGridded bathymetric and backscatter data products (with metadata) available ) available

on web at on web at www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmcwww.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc within one year within one year –– Metadata produced for all products, time consuming & needs automMetadata produced for all products, time consuming & needs automationation–– Metadata sent to Coral Reef Information System (Metadata sent to Coral Reef Information System (CoRISCoRIS) site) site

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Moderate Depth Optical DataModerate Depth Optical DataModerate Depth Optical Data• Existing coverage is limited• Need much more data• Data collection

– Time consuming– Inaccurate positioning– Difficult in rugged coral areas– Need to use more sophisticated

technique (e.g., terrain-following AUV)

• Data processing– Interpretation techniques– Integration with other data

compromised because of positioning issues

– Metadata, no standards– Time intensive, automation?

•• Existing coverage is limitedExisting coverage is limited•• Need Need much moremuch more datadata•• Data collectionData collection

–– Time consumingTime consuming–– Inaccurate positioningInaccurate positioning–– Difficult in rugged coral areasDifficult in rugged coral areas–– Need to use more sophisticated Need to use more sophisticated

technique (e.g., terraintechnique (e.g., terrain--following AUV)following AUV)

•• Data processingData processing–– Interpretation techniquesInterpretation techniques–– Integration with other data Integration with other data

compromised because of compromised because of positioning issues positioning issues

–– Metadata, no standardsMetadata, no standards–– Time intensive, automation?Time intensive, automation?

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Habitat Mapping ChallengesHabitat Mapping ChallengesHabitat Mapping ChallengesShallow water habitats (<~15 m)

Need bathymetry and backscatterLIDAR works well, but not accessible in remote areas

Moderate depth habitats (~15 – 400 m)Very sparse biological cover informationTerrain-following AUV for optical validation needed

Integration of shallow and deep mappingShallow maps based on optical imagery, lack structureModerate maps based on acoustic mapping, lack biologyNeed seamless mapping products

Need Habitat Utilization MapsWhich organisms utilize which habitats

Shallow water habitats (<~15 m)Shallow water habitats (<~15 m)Need bathymetry and backscatterNeed bathymetry and backscatterLIDAR works well, but not accessible in remote areasLIDAR works well, but not accessible in remote areas

Moderate depth habitats (~15 Moderate depth habitats (~15 –– 400 m)400 m)Very sparse biological cover informationVery sparse biological cover informationTerrainTerrain--following AUV for optical validation neededfollowing AUV for optical validation needed

Integration of shallow and deep mappingIntegration of shallow and deep mappingShallow maps based on optical imagery, lack structureShallow maps based on optical imagery, lack structureModerate maps based on acoustic mapping, lack biologyModerate maps based on acoustic mapping, lack biologyNeed seamless mapping productsNeed seamless mapping products

Need Habitat Utilization MapsNeed Habitat Utilization MapsWhich organisms utilize which habitatsWhich organisms utilize which habitats

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