Appendix

FOR MORE INFORMATION

We have compiled a listing of national organizations in the United States that specifi­cally deal with the various movement disorders discussed. These organizations may provide further information for both patients and health care providers. Some of the organizations send out periodic newsletters, and some provide other educational mate­rials. Additionally, some of these organizations provide research funding through grants to researchers and academic institutions.

ATAXIA

National Ataxia Foundation 2600 Fembrook Lane, Suite 119 Minneapolis, MN 55447 Tel: (612) 553-0020 Fax: (612) 553-0167 E-mail address: naf@mr.net Web site: http://www .ataxia.org

DYSTONIA

Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 12468 Beaumont, TX 77726-2468 Tel: (409) 832-0788 Fax: (409) 832-0890 E-mail address: bebrf@ih2000.net Web site: http://www.blepharospasm.org/ bebrf/

Dystonia Medical Research Foundation One East Wacker Drive, Suite 2430 Chicago, IL 60601-1905 Tel: (312) 755-0198; (800) 377-3978 Fax: (312) 803-0138 E-mail address: dystonia@dystonia-foundation.org Web site: http://www .dystonia-foundation.org/

From: Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for the Practicing Physician

Edited by: C. H. Adler and J. E. Ahlskog ©Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN

453

454

National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association One East Wacker Drive, Suite 2430 Chicago, IL 60601-1905 Tel: (312) 755-0198; (800) 795-6732 Fax: (312) 803-0138 E-mail address: nsda@aol.com Web site: http://www .dystonia-foundation.org/spasdysp.html

National Spasmodic Torticollis Association 9920 Talbert Avenue, Suite 233 Fountain Valley, CA 92708 Tel: (714) 378-7838; (800) 487-8385 Fax: (714) 378-7830 E-mail address: NSTAmail@aol.com Web site: http://www.torticollis.org

Spasmodic Torticollis/Dystonia, Inc. P.O. Box 64 Waupaca, WI 54981 Tel: (888) 445-4588 Fax: (715) 258-8757 E-mail address: info@spasmodictorticollis.org Web site: http://www .spasmodictorticollis.org

HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

Huntington's Disease Society of America 158 West 29th Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10001-5300 Tel: (212) 242-1968 Fax: (212) 239-3430 E-mail address: curehd@idt.net Web site: http://www.hdsa.org/

MYOCLONUS

Myoclonus Research Foundation 200 Old Palisade Road, Suite 17D Fort Lee, NJ 07024 Tel: (201) 585-0770 Fax: (201) 585-8114 E-mail address: research@myoclonus.com Web site: http://www.myoclonus.com

Adler and Ahlskog

Appendix

PARKINSON'S DISEASE

The American Parkinson Disease Association, Inc. 1250 Rylan Boulevard, Suite 4B Staten Island, NY 10305-1946 Tel: (718) 981-8001; (800) 223-2732 Fax: (718) 981-4399 E-mail address: apda@admin.con2.com Web site: http://www.apdaparkinson.com

National Parkinson Foundation, Inc. Bob Hope Parkinson Research Center 1501 N.W. 9th Avenue/Bob Hope Road Miami, FL 33136-1494 Tel: (305) 547-6666; (800) 327-4545 Fax: (305) 243-4403 E-mail address: mailbox@npf.med.miami.edu Web site: http://www.parkinson.org/

Parkinson's Disease Foundation William Black Medical Building Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center 710 West 168th Street, 3rd Floor New York, NY 10032-9982 Tel: (212) 923-4700; (800) 457-6676 Fax: (212) 923-4778 E-mail address: info@pdf.org Web site: http://www.parkinsons-foundation.org/

Parkinson's Disease Foundation Midwest Regional Office 833 West Washington Boulevard Chicago, IL 60607 Tel: (312) 733-1893 Fax: (312)733-1896 E-mail address: pdfchgo@enteract.com Web site: http://www.pdf.org

PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY

Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Inc. Woodholme Medical Building 1838 Greene Tree Road, Suite 515 Baltimore, MD 21208 Tel: (800) 457-4777 Fax: ( 410) 486-4283 E-mail address: spsp@erols.com Web site: http://www.psp.org

455

456

RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME

Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation 819 Second Street S.W. Rochester, MN 55902-2985 Tel: (507) 287-6465 Fax: (507) 287-6312 E-mail address: RLSFoundation@rls.org Web site: http://www.rls.org

Adler and Ahlskog

TARDIVE DYSKINESIA, TARDIVE DYSTONIA

Tardive Dyskinesia/I'ardive Dystonia National Association 4424 University Way N.E. P.O. Box 45732 Seattle, WA 98145-0732 Tel: (206) 522-3166 Fax: (206) 522-3166 E-mail address: skjaer@halcyon.com

TOURETTE'S SYNDROME

Tourette Syndrome Association 42-40 Bell Boulevard Bayside, NY 11361-2820 Tel: (718) 224-2999; (800) 237-0717 Fax: (718) 279-9596 E-mail address: tourette@ix.netcom.com Web site: http:/ffSA.mgh.harvard.edu

International Tremor Foundation 7046 West 1 05th Street Overland Park, KS 66212-1803 Tel: (913) 341-3880 Fax: (913) 341-1296

TREMOR

E-mail address: IntTremorFnd@worldnet.att.net Web site: http://www .essentialtremor.org

Appendix

WILSON'S DISEASE

Wilson's Disease Association 4 Navaho Drive Brookfield, CT 06810 Tel: (203) 775-9666; (800) 399-0266 Fax: (203) 743-6196 E-mail address: hasellner@worldnet.att.net Web site: http://www. wilsonsdisease.org/

WE MOVE

WORLDWIDE EDUCATION AND AWARENESS FOR MOVEMENT DISORDERS (WE MOVE)

204 West 84th Street New York, NY 10024 Tel: (212) 241-8567; (800) 437-6682 Fax: (212) 987-7363 E-mail address: wemove@wemove.org Web site: http://www.wemove.org

457

INDEX

A

Acalculia, 269 Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration, chorea

and,328 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),

220--221 Action myoclonus, 342 Action-postural tremor, 274-275

differential diagnosis, 276t Action tremor, 29, 73 Activities of daily living, PD and, 205 Adalat, see Nifedipine Adductor spasmodic dysphonia, 303 Aerobic exercise, PD and, 128, 203-204 Age factors

anticholinergics, 130 ET, 285 hypotension, 130--131 PD, 87

Aged, see Elderly Agoraphobia, 75 Akathisia, motor responses, assessment of, 27 Akinesia-bradykinesia, PD and, 69 Alcohol

ET, 285,289 RLS, 378

Alien limb phenomenon, CBD and, 255 Alpha-tocopherol, 109 Alprazolam

ET, 291 RLS, 382

Alzheimer's disease myoclonus, 342 parkinsonism, 264-266 PD, 83 vs. CBD, 259

Amantadine, 251 ET, 291 PD, 112, 127, 146, 179

Ambien, see Zolpidem Amitriptyline, TD and, 335 Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TM), WD and,

406--407,409 Amoxapine, 182 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 421

parkinsonism, 267 Anterior horn cell, inputs for, 352f

459

Anterocollis, 300 Anticholinergics

adverse effects, 179 age factors, 130, 179 dystonia, 308 PD, 127-128, 144-146

Antidepressants, 181-182 Antiemetics, 123

drug-induced parkinsonism, 80 parkinsonism exacerbation, 132-133

Antioxidants, PD and, 109-11 0 Antiparkinsonian medications, autonomic func­

tion of, 161-162, 162f Antipsychotic drugs, drug-induced parkinsonism

from, 80 Anxietas tibiarum, 3 73 Anxiety, PD and, 78 Aphasia, CBD and, 257 Apomorphine, 142 Apoptosis, PD and, 97 Apraxilf, 23-25

CBD,260 constructional, 269 dressing, 268-269 eye movements, 16 gestural, 268 limb, 268 speech, 50--51

CBD, 257 Apraxic agraphia, 269 Arm swing, diagnosis from, 9 Artane, see Trihexyphenidyl Asendin, see Amoxapine Asterixis, 28 Asymmetrical cortical degeneration syndromes,

parkinsonism and, 266--267 Ataxia, 23

cerebellar, MSA and, 238 episodic, 249-250 familial episodic, 360 genetic causes, 246t national organizations, 453 progressive, evaluation of, 250--251 sensory, 422-423 spinocerebellar, 247

Ataxias, Friedreich's, 245-247 Ataxia-telangiectasia, 249 Ataxic dysarthria, 45

460

Ataxic eye movements, 16 Atherosclerotic parkinsonism, 216-218 Athetosis, assessment of, 31 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

366 Atypical parkinsonism, assessment of, 22 Autonomic testing, PD and, 172-173 Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA),

Harding classification of, 244t Awakening myoclonus ofJanz, 341

B

Babinski's sign, 10 MSA, 238

Baclofen dystonia, 308 RLS, 383 stiff-man syndrome, 354

Balance age effects, 415--417, 416f evaluation, 41St PD, 204

Ballism, defined, 271 Ballismus, 329

assessment of, 31 Basal ganglia

chorea, 326 PD, 64--68 SN, 62, 62f

Behavioral management, motor speech disorders and, 52-53

Belly dancer dyskinesia, extremity trauma from, 433

Benign cramps, 358 Benserazide-levodopa, 146 Benzodiazepines

dystonia, 308 ET, 291

Benztropine myoclonus, 350 PD, 127-128, 144

Bereitschaftspotential, 3 78 Beta-adrenergic blockers, ET and, 289-290 Beta-MAA (beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine), PD

and,88 Binswanger's disease, 216-217 Biphasic dyskinesia, 140-141, 14lf Bitemporal syndromes, parkinsonism and, 266 Blepharospasm

BTX, 388-389 essential, 302 vs. HFS, 316

Blink rate, PD and, 75 Blink reflexes, HFS and, 314 Botulinum toxin (BTX)

dystonia, 308 ET, 292

HFS, 316-317 motor speech disorders, 52 tics, 370

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), 385-393 action mechanisms, 385-387, 386f, 387t adverse effects, 392 clinical indications, 387-392, 388t contraindications, 393, 393t secondary nonresponsiveness, 392-393

Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, 173 Bradykinesia, PD and, 75 Bradyphrenia, 65 Brain, assessment of, 21-22 Bromocriptine

with levodopa, 108 PD, 103, 107-108, 147 RLS, 381 side effects, 125-126 TD, 336 vs. levodopa, 107-108

Bupropion, 182 BuSpar, see Buspirone Buspirone, 251

Huntington's disease, 325

c Caffeine, RLS and, 378 Calcium, osteoporosis and, 201 Calories, PD and, 197-200 Carbamazepine

Huntington's disease, 325 myoclonus, 350 RLS, 383

Carbidopa, initial treatment of PD with, 118-119 RLS and, 380-381

Carbidopa-1evodopa adverse effects, 179 DRD, 306 dystonia, 307-308 PD

advancing treatment, 146-147

Index

initial treatment, 118-122, 119t, 12lt RLS, 383-384

Carbon disulfide, PD and, 216 Carbon monoxide poisoning, PD and, 216 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, ET and, 291 Cardene, see Nicardipine Cardizem, see Diltiazem Cardura, see Doxazosin Catapres, see Clonidine Catechol 0-methyltransferase (COMT), 63, 138,

148-149 Cautious gait, 419 Celiac disease, myoclonus and, 348 Central nervous system

infection, 99

Index

motor control systems, 23t neurologic examination, 21-25

Cephalic tetanus, 354-356 Cerebellar ataxia, MSA and, 238 Cerebellar disorders, 23

gait, 420-421 RAMs, 12

Cerebellar outflow tremor, 275 Cerebellar tremor, severe, 279 Cerebellum, 6f Cerebral transplantation, PD and, 128, 192-

194 Ceruloplasmin, WD and, 402, 402t Cervical dystonia, 300--302

abnormal head postures, 300, 30lf BTX, 389-390

Chaddock sign, I 0 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 360 Chorea

acquired hepatocerebral degeneration, 328

assessment, 30--31 basal ganglia lesions, 326 causes, 322t Graves' disease, 327 hyperkinetic dysarthria, 4 7 hyperthyroidism, 327 levodopa, 123-124 lupus erythematosus, 327-328 neuroacanthocytosis, 329 nonprogressive, 329 oral contraceptives, 326-327 paroxysmal, 329 polycythemia vera, 328 senile, 329 Sydenham's, 327

Chorea gravidarum, 328 Choreic gait disorders, 421 Choreiform dyskinesias, 139 Chronic acquired hypoparathyroidism, 221 Cinnarizine, 214 Cirrhosis, WD and, 398 Cisapride, 168 Clasp-knife reflex, 10 Classic orobuccolingual dyskinesia (OBLD), 332,

333t Clonazepam

dystonia, 308 ET, 291 hereditary hyperekplexia, 357 Huntington's disease, 325 myoclonus, 350 RBD, 157 RLS, 382 stiff-man syndrome, 354 TD, 336 WD tremor, 280

Clonidine ET, 292 GTS, 367, 370 RLS, 383

Clonus, 10 Clostridium botulinum, 385 Clostridium tetani, 354 Clozapine

adverse effects, 158 ET, 292 PD, 213 refractory psychosis, 180 TD,335,337-338

Clozaril, see Clozapine Codeine, RLS and, 382 Cogentin, see Benztropine Cognitive impairment, 65, 78 Cogwheel rigidity, 9 Cogwheeling, 74, 217 Communicating hydrocephalus, 218 Communication, PD and, 205 Compazine, see Prochlorperazine Compression stockings, 166 Comtan, see Entacapone Conjugate gaze disorders, 15-16 Constipation

diet, 201-202 PD, 167-168, 168t

Constructional apraxia, 269

461

Conversational speech, motor speech disorders and, 39 Coordination, assessment of, 12 Copper

food content, 406t WD,402,403,404-408

Coprolalia, 366 Copropraxia, 366 Cortical degeneration syndromes, asymmetrical,

266-267 Cortical dementia, 263-264 Cortical reflex myoclonus, 343 Cortical sensory loss, CBD and, 255 Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), 253-261

clinical features, 254-257, 254t, 257t clinicopathologic heterogeneity, 260 differential diagnosis, 259-260 laboratory findings, 258 management, 260--261 neuropathology, 258-259 parkinsonism, 268-269 PD,83

Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, 232 Corticospinal system, 23 Corticospinal tract, origins of, 5f Cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS), 358-359 Cramps,33,357-358,359t

benign, 358 occupational, 303

462

peripheral neuropathy, 19 writer's, 33, 303

Cranial dystonia, 302-303 Cranial musculature, ET and, 284 Cranial reflexes, 10-11 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 250

myoclonus, 342 Cyanide intoxication, PD and, 215 Cycad flour, PD and, 88, 202

D

Darvon, see Propoxyphene DATA TOP, 110-111,200 Day-night reversal, 158-159 Deep brain stimulation, PD and, 128, 190-192 Deep tendon reflex, 1 0 Delayed onset sleep, PD and, 152-153 Delirium tremens, 278 Dementia, 263

CBD, 255 PD, 78, 101, 135

Dementia complex, parkinsonism and, 267 Dementia syndromes, 264t Demser, see Metyrosine Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA),

249,326 Depakote, see Valproic acid Deprenyl, PD and, 110-111 Depression

Huntington's disease, 325 PD, 78, 181-182 sleep disorders, 156

Desipramine, tics and, 3 71 Detro!, see Tolterodine Diazepam

RLS, 382 stiff-man syndrome, 354

DID response, 140-141, 141f Diet, PD and, 197-202 Dietary supplementation, osteoporosis and,

201 Diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD)

myoclonus, 342-343 parkinsonism, 26~270

Dilantin, see Phenytoin Diltiazem, TD and, 336 Dirty tie sign, 230 Disequilibrium, PD and, 163, 163f Dishing, 323 Dizziness, PD and, 163, 163f Domperidone, nausea from, 123 Dopamine, 63~4 Dopamine agonists

adverse effects, 130-131 PD, 107-108

advancing treatment, 147-148 early use, 112

initial treatment, 125-126, 125t with levodopa, I 08

Index

Dopamine blocking agents (DBAs), TD and, 331-332

Dopamine receptor blockers, dystonia and, 308 Dopaminergic agents, sleep and, 155 Dopaminergic agonists, adverse effects of, 179 Dopaminergic synapse, diagram, 74f Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD), 306 Double simultaneous stimulation, 15 Doxazosin, 1 71 Doxorubicin, HFS and, 317 Dressing, PD and, 205 Dressing apraxia, 268-269 Driving, PD and, 205 Drooling

excessive, 169 WD, 398

Drug-induced dystonia, 306--307 Drug-induced parkinsonism, 80, 88, 211-214,

213t-214t, 227 Dysarthria, 3~50, 40t

ataxic, 45 flaccid, 3~0, 44 hyperkinetic, 4 7-49 mixed, 50 spastic, 44-45 unilateral upper motor neuron, 4~50 WD, 398,401

Dyskinesias, 123-124 belly dancer, extremity trauma from, 433 biphasic, 140-141, 14lf choreiform, 139 classic orobuccolingual, 332, 333t dystonic, 139 levodopa-induced, 134, 13~140 orobuccolingual, 32-33 paroxysmal nocturnal, from head trauma, 430 peak-dose, 139-140, 140f-141f tardive, 32, 331-338

epidemiology, 331-332 national organizations, 456

treatment, 13~142 Dyskinesias while awake (DWA), 375 Dysphagia

CBD, 257 PD, 168-169

Dysphonia adductor spasmodic, 303 spasmodic, 48

Dystonia, 10, 297-310 assessment, 30 CBD, 255 cervical, 300-302

abnormal head postures, 300, 301 f BTX, 38~390

classification, 298, 298t-299t

Index

cranial, 302-303 defined,271 dopa-responsive, 306 drug-induced, 306-307 evaluation, 307 extremity trauma, 432 finger flexion, 304 focal, 304-305 head trauma, 429 hereditary progressive, 306 hyperkinetic dysarthria, 48 idiopathic torsion, 297

PMD, 446-447 intorted foot, 9 laryngeal, 48, 303

BTX, 390-391 limb, 303-304

BTX, 391 lingual, 303 national organizations, 453-454 oromandibular, 302

BTX, 390 peripheral neuropathy, 19 pharyngeal, 303 primary, 298-304 primary focal, 299-304

lower extremity, 304 primary generalized, 298-299 secondary,304-307

acquired structural lesions, 304-305 spinal trauma, 431-432 tardive, 334

national organizations, 456 treatment, 336-337

torsion tics, 367 vs. tardive dystonia, 334

treatment,307-308,309t truncal, 304 vs. cramps, 33 vs. tremor, 28, 281 WD, 401 writer's, 33

Dystonia musculorum deformans, 298-299 Dystonic dyskinesias, 139 Dystonic gait disorders, 421 Dystonic tremor, 30

E

Early Parkinson's disease (PD), presenting fea-tures of, 72-73, 72f

Echolalia, 366 Eldepryl, see Selegiline Elderly

anticholinergics, 130, 179 disequilibrium, 163, 163f falls, 417

gait disorders, 412 hypotension, 130-131

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 182 Encephalitis lethargica, 58-59, 81, 89, 220 Entacapone, 148-149

drug interactions, 165 Environmental factors, PD and, 93

463

Environmental toxins, PD and, 88 Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, myoclonus and, 348 Ephedrine, 166 Epi1epsia partialis continua, vs. tremor, 281 Epilepsy

focal, vs. HFS, 315 juvenile myoclonic, 341 progressive myoclonic, 342

Epileptic myoclonus, diagnosis, 341-342 Episodic ataxias, 249-250 Erythropoietin, 167 Essential blepharospasm, 302 Essential myoclonus, diagnosis, 341 Essential tremor (ET), 278, 283-295

clinical presentation, 284-287 body regions affected, 284, 285t disease onset and progression, 285 factors influencing, 285

clinical variants, 286-287, 287t diagnostic criteria, 287t diagnostic pitfalls, 286 disabilities, 286, 286t etiology, 283-284 genetics, 283-284 pathophysiology, 287-288 PD, 287, 288t prevalence, 283 treatment, 289-294

Estrogen, PD and, 87~8 Exaggerated startle syndromes, 349 Excessive drooling, PD and, 169 Executive function, 65 Exercise, PD and, 203-204 Extinction burst, 443 Extrapyramidal disorders, motor neuron disease

and,20 Extrapyramidal system, 7f, 25 Extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus

(EVOH), 218 Extremity trauma, 431-433 Eye movements, 15-17

F

apraxia, 16 conjugate gaze disorders, 15-16 nystagmus, 16-17 opsoclonus, 17

Facial nerve, flaccid dysarthria and, 40, 44 Falls

elderly, 417 PD,204 PSP, 230-231

464

Familial adult-onset spinocerebellar degenera-tions, 243-252

clinical classification, 243-244, 244t genetic classification, 244-245 therapy, 251-252 types, 245----251

Familial basal ganglia calcification, 222 Familial episodic ataxia, 360 Family history, see Genetic factors Fasciculations, 358, 359t Finger flexion dystonia, 304 Flaccid dysarthria, 39-40, 44 Flavoxate hydrochloride, 170 Flomax, see Tamsulosin Florinef, see Fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone, 166 Flunarizine, 214

ET, 292 Fluphenazine

GTS,370 Huntington's disease, 325

Flycatcher's tongue, 323 Focal dystonia, 304-305 Focal epilepsy, vs. HFS, 315 Focal myokymia, 359-360 Foot, intorted, dystonia and, 9 Fragmented sleep, PD and, 152-153 Freezing, 142, 204 Freezing gait, 76-77, 76f, 135 Friedreich's ataxia, 245----247 Frontal gait disorder, 417-419 Frontoparietal praxis circuits, 23-25 Frontotemporal syndromes, parkinsonism and, 266 F waves, HFS and, 314

G

Gabapentin ET, 292 RLS, 383 WD tremor, 280

Gait age effects, 415-417, 416f cautious, 419 cerebellar disorders, 420-421 freezing, 76-77, 76f parkinsonian, 420 peripheral neuropathy, 19 spastic, 419-420 spastic hemiparetic, 419

Gait disorders, 411-412, 414t choreic, 421 dystonic, 421 elderly, 412 frontal, 417-419 initial evaluation, 413-415, 4l5t management algorithm, 422f-423f neuropathy, 421-422

Index

PD, 76-77 peripheral neuromuscular system, 421-424 PMD,447 primary progressive freezing, 419 psychogenic, 424 voluntary muscle disorders, 423-424

Gait freezing, 76-77, 76f, 135 Gait syndromes, classification of, 418t Gait training, PD and, 204 Gastrointestinal dysautonomia, 167-169 Gaze disorders, conjugate, 15----16 Gegenhalten, 10, 74,217 Gender, PD and, 88 Gene-environment interaction, PD and, 89 Generalized myokymia, 359-360 Gene therapy, PD and, 194-195 Genetic factors ofPD, 88-89,97-98, 206 Genetic testing for WD, 404 Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease, 250 Gestural apraxia, 268 Gilles de Ia Tourette's syndrome (GTS), 365----371

clinical features, 365----366 diagnostic assessment, 368 differential diagnosis, 367-368, 368t etiology, 366 pathophysiology, 367 prognosis, 371 treatment, 369t, 370-371

Glabellar response, II Glutamate excitoxicity, PD and, 105, 112 Graphesthesia, 15 Graves' disease, chorea, 327 Guam disease, 202 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 280 Guillain-Mollaret triangle, 49

H

Haldol, see Haloperidol Hallucinations, PD and, 78, 176 Hallucinations syndrome, sleep and, 157-158 Haloperidol

GTS, 367, 370 Huntington's disease, 325

Handedness, ET and, 285 Hands, ET and, 284 Handwriting, ET and, 284 Harding classification, ADCA and, 244t Harmaline, 288 Head trauma, 428-431 Hemidystonia, 304-305 Hemifacial spasm (HFS), 313-318

assessment, 19-20 BTX, 316-317,391 diagnostic testing, 316 differential diagnosis, 315----316, 315t medical therapy, 316, 317t pathophysiology, 314-315 surgery, 317-318

Index

Hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy, 221 Hemolytic anemia, WD and, 400 Herbicides, PD and, 88 Hereditary hyperekplexia, 357 Hereditary progressive dystonia, 306 Heredodegenerative diseases, 305, 305t Hoehn and Yahr Scale, 79, 79t Huntington's disease, 222, 321-326

autosomal dominant inheritance, 323 chorea, 322-323 diagnosis, 324 mental status, 323 myoclonus, 342 national organizations, 454 parkinsonism, 268 pathophysiology, 323-324 tics, 367 treatment, 324--326

Hydrocephalus communicating, 218 extraventricular obstructive, 218 intraventricular obstructive, 218 nonobstructive, 218 normal pressure, 81 secondary parkinsonism, 218-220

6-Hydroxydopamine, 94 5-Hydroxytryptophan, myoclonus and, 350 Hyoscyamine, 170 Hyperactive detrusor, PD and, 170 Hyperekplexia

head trauma, 430 hereditary, 357

Hyperhidrosis, PD and, 172 Hyperkinetic disorders, 25-34

irresistible internal urge, 26-27 outside conscious awareness, 27-34

Hyperkinetic dysarthria, 47-49 chorea, 47 dystonia, 48 palatopharyngolaryngeal myoclonus, 49 tremor, 48-49

Hyperkinetic movement disorders, 271-272 Hyperthyroidism, chorea and, 327 Hypoactive detrusor, PD and, 170--171 Hypoglossal nerve, flaccid dysarthria and, 44 Hypokinetic dysarthria, 46

CBD, 257 Hypometric saccades, 15-16 Hypoparathyroidism, chronic acquired, 221 Hypotension

age factors, 130--131 orthostatic, see Orthostatic hypotension postural, MSA and, 237-238

Hypothermia, PD and, 172 Hypotonia, 10 Hypoxia, myoclonus and, 343 Hytrin, 171

465

I

ldazoxan, see Terazosin Idiopathic parkinsonism, see Parkinson's disease Idiopathic torsion dystonia, 297

PMD, 446-447 Idiopathic torticollis, clinical characteristics of,

431, 43lt Imipramine, 170

RLS, 383 Impaired muscle relaxation syndromes, 333-334 Indomethacin, 167 Infectious parkinsonism, 219--221, 220t Influenza A, 99 Intention tremor, 275-276 Insomnia

PD, 143, 153, 154t, 155 secondary, 155-156

Internet, 451-453 PD, 206-207

Intorted foot, dystonia, 9 Intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus

(IVOH), 218 Iron deficiency anemia, RLS and, 376 Isaacs' syndrome, 360 Isoproterenol, drug interactions with, 165 Isoptin, see Verapamil Isuprel, see Isoproterenol

J

Jerk nystagmus, 16-17 Jobst stockings, 166 Jumping stump

extremity trauma, 433 Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 341

K

Kayser-Fleischer rings, 368 WD, 399,403

Klonopin, see Clonazepam

L

Laryngeal dystonia, 48, 303 BTX, 390--391

Laterocollis, 300 Lead-pipe rigidity, 74 Leg jitters, 373 Levodopa

AD, parkinsonism and, 265 adverse effects, 130--131, 1 79 CBD, 255, 260 insomnia, 154t MSA,240 PD

administration, 131-132 delaying, 106-107 early use, 112

466

formulation, 132 initial therapy, 117 initial treatment, 118-122 limiting dosage, I 07 liquid form, 138, 147 suboptimal response, 136--137, 137t wearing off, 137-138

PSP, 233 side effects, 123-124 sleep, 155 toxicity, 108-109

Levodopa-induced dyskinesias, 134, 139-140 Lewy bodies, 50, 61f, 232

parkinsonism, 264-266 Limb apraxia, 268 Limb dystonia, 303-304 ·

BTX, 391 Lingual dystonia, 303 Lioresal, see Baclofen Liver biopsy, WD and, 403 Liver transplantation, WD and, 408 Local tetanus, 354-356 Locomotion, anatomy and physiology of, 412-413 Lodosyn, see Carbidopa Lower body parkinsonism, 217 Lupus erythematosus, chorea and, 327-328 Lynnox-Gaustaut syndrome, 341

M

Machado-Joseph disease, 222 Madopar, see Benserazide-levodopa Male impotence

MSA, 241 PD, 171

Malignant vasovagal syndrome, 164 Manganese poisoning, PD and, 215 Meals, timing of with PD, 198-200 Meige's syndrome, 302

vs. HFS, 316 Melatonin, 156 Mephenesin, ET and, 292 Mestinon, see Pyridostignine Metabolic disease, tremors and, 278 Metabolic myopathies, 361 Methanol intoxication, PD from, 216 Methazolamide, ET and, 291 Methylphenidate, 159, 166--167

tics, 370-371 Metoclopramide

nausea, 123 parkinsonism exacerbation, 132 TD, 335

Metoprolol, ET and, 290 Metronomes, motor speech disorders and, 52 Metyrosine

dystonia, 308 TD, 336

Mexilitine, CFS and, 359 Midodrine, 166

MSA, 240-241 Milkmaid's grip, 323 Mini-Mental State Examination, 176, 177t Minipress, see Prazosin Minotop, ET and, 292 Mirapex, see Pramipexole Mirror movements, CBD and, 256 Mitochondrial defects, PD and, 97

Index

Mixed cortical-subcortical dementia, parkin-sonism and, 268-270

Mixed dysarthrias, 50 Modafinil, 159 Modeling, of PMD, 442 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 63, 103 Motilium, see Domperidone Motor axon hyperexcitability, clinical syndromes

and, 358t Motor circuit, diagram, 66f Motor impersistence, 31 Motor neuron disease, neurologic examination

for, 20 Motor pathways, diagram, 67f Motor speech disorders, 35---53

apraxia of speech, 50-51 clinical assessment, 37-39, 39t dysarthrias, 39-50 management, 51-53 nonspeech oral mechanism findings, 41 t speech characteristics, 42t-43t

Motor system diagram, 63f examination, 9-14 extrapyramidal, 7f neuroanatomical distinctions, 6f

Motor tics, 365---366 Movement disorders

hyperkinetic, 271-272 post-traumatic, 427-433 psychogenic, see Psychogenic movement

disorders Moving toes, extremity trauma and, 433 MPTP ( 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1 ,2,3,6-

tetrahydropyridine), 61, 88, 94, 97, 202, 215 glutamate receptor inhibitor, 112 PD, 104-105

Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 235---241 clinical features, 236--238 defined,237 diagnosis, 239 differential diagnosis, 173 history and epidemiology, 235---236 pathology, 238-239 PD, 82-83 subtypes, 235---236, 236f treatment, 239-241, 240t

Index

Multivitamins, PD and, 200-201 Mumbling, 77 Muscle channelopathies, 360-361, 36lt Muscle stiffness

cause, 352t metabolic myopathies, 363t

Myasthenia gravis, muscle weakness and, 20

Myelopathy, signs and symptoms of, 21-22 Myoclonus, 27-28, 339-350

CBD, 255 classification, 344t-346t defined,27l diagnosis, 340-349, 346t drug-induced, 343, 347t essential, diagnosis of, 341 focal and segmental causes, 346-348 head trauma, 430 infectious, 343 national organizations, 454 spinal trauma, 432 treatment, 337, 350 vs. tremor, 281

Myopathy, neurologic examination for, 20-21 Myorhythmia, assessment of, 31-32 Myotonic disorders, 360-361, 362t Mysoline, see Primidone

N

Nadolol, ET and, 290 National organizations, 451-453 Nausea, 123 Negative reinforcement of PMD, 444-446 Neostriatum, 60 · Neptazane, see Methazolamide Neuroacanthocytosis

chorea, 329 tics, 367

Neuroanatomy, terminology, 8f Neurocardiogenic syncope syndrome, 164 Neurogenic bladder

MSA,24l PD, 169-170

Neuroleptic agents, drug-induced parkinsonism and,80

Neurologic examination, 4-17 central nervous system, 21-25 eye movements, 15-17 gait, 4-9 hyperkinetic disorders, 25-34 motor examination, 9-14 motor neuron disease, 20 myopathy, 20-21 neuromuscular junction defects, 20-21 peripheral signs, 17-21, l8t sensory examination, 14-15

Neuromelanin, 96, I 03

Neuromuscular junction defects, neurologic examination for, 20-21

Neurontin, see Gabapentin Neuropathic restless legs syndrome, 376-377 Neurotrophic factor deficiency, PD and, 97 Nicardipine, ET and, 292 Nifedipine

TD, 336 tics, 370

Nimodipine, ET and, 292 Nimotop, see Nimodipine Nitoman, see Tetrabenazine Nocardia asteroides, 99 Nonobstructive hydrocephalus, 218 Nonprogressive chorea, 329

467

Nonverbal oral movements, motor speech disor-ders and, 38

Norepinephrine, GTS and, 367 Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 81 Norpramin, see Desipramine Nystagmus, 16-17

0

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 366 Occupational cramp disorders, 303 Occupational therapy

CBD, 260 PD,205

Oculomasticatory myorhythmia, 32 Oculostapedial synkinesis, 318 Olanzapine, 158, 179

PD, 213 TD, 335

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), 235 differential diagnosis, 173 PD, 83

On-off phenomenon, 142-143 Operant conditioning, PMD and, 442-446 Opsoclonus, l 7 Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, 348 Oral contraceptives, chorea and, 326-327 Oral mechanism of motor speech disorders, 38 Orbicularis oculi, 313 Organic tremor, vs. psychogenic, 281 Orobuccolingual dyskinesia, 32-33 Oromandibular dystonia, 302

BTX, 390 Orthostatic hypotension (OH)

diet, 202 MSA, 240-241 PD, 78, 124, 162-167

blood pressure determination, 163-165 clinical significance, 163-164, l64f patient history, 162-163 treatment, 165-167, l66t-l67t

Orthostatic tremor, 279-280 Osteoporosis, dietary supplementation and, 201

468

Oxidative stress, PD and, 96, 103-104 Oxotremorine, 288 Oxybutynin, 170, 241 Oxycodone, RLS and, 382 Oxyradicals, toxicity of, 96

p

Pacing boards, motor speech disorders and, 52 Painful hand and moving fingers, extremity

trauma and, 433 Painful legs, extremity trauma and, 433 Painful tic convulsif, 315-316 Palatal lift prosthesis, motor speech disorders

and, 52 Palatal myoclonus, 28, 280---281

assessment, 31-32 Palatal tremor, 49, 280---281

assessment, 31-32 Palatopharyngolaryngeal myoclonus, hyperki-

netic dysarthria and, 49 Palilalia, 366 Pallidal nuclei, 192 Pallidotomy

parkinsonian tremor, 68 PD, 128, 186--188

Paraneoplastic syndromes, myoclonus and, 348 Paratonia, 74 Parkinsonian gait, 420 Parkinsonian terms, 212t Parkinsonian tremor, 27&-279 Parkinsonism

atherosclerotic, 216--218 atypical, assessment of, 22 defined,209--210 drug-induced, 80,211-214, 213t-214t, 227 extremity trauma, 432 head trauma, 429--430 idiopathic, see Parkinson's disease infectious, 219--221, 220t lower body, 217 postencephalitic, 5&-59 postinfectious, 219--221 psychogenic, PMD and, 448 secondary, see Secondary parkinsonism signs, 24t, 25 toxic, 214-216, 215t vascular, 80

Parkinsonism plus syndrome, assessment of, 22 Parkinsonism-plus syndromes, 81--83

vs. PSP, 232 Parkinson's dementia, parkinsonism and, 267 Parkinson's disease (PD), 57--84

advancing causes, 130---135 clinical trials, 144 drug costs, 143 drug interactions, 144

Index

history-taking, 129--135, 130t-13lt, 133t-134t

medication compliance, 143-144 motor problem therapy, 136--144 physical examination, 135-136, 136t

autonomic involvement, 78 basal ganglia, 64-68 bradykinesia, 75 cause, 88--89 central nervous infection, 99 clinical phenomenology, 6&-70 cognitive complications, 175-180

differential diagnosis, 176--178 laboratory evaluation, 178 therapy, 17&-180

cognitive impairment, 78 dementia, 135 diagnosis, 58 diet, 197-202 differential diagnosis, 80--83, 81 t early, presenting features of, 72-73, 72f epidemiological studies, 90 etiologic hypotheses, 93-99 gait disorders, 76--77 immune system activation, 96 incidence, 85 initial treatment, 115-128

amantadine, 127 anticholinergic drugs, 128 dopamine agonists, 125-126, 125t levodopa, 117, 11&-122 medication options, 116--118 selegiline, 126--127

minimal symptoms, treatment of, 11 7 national organizations, 206, 207t, 455 natural history, 57-58, 78--89 neurochemistry, 62-64 neuropathology, 58-61 nonpharmacologic therapy, 128 OH, 162-167 pathology, 91-92 pathophysiology, 64-70 postural instability, 76 preclinical, 89 prevalence, 86 prevention, 89 progression, 101-103, 102t-l03t protective factors, 87--88 psychologic and social support, 206--207 psychologic disorders, 78 rehabilitation, 202-206 rigidity, 74-75 risk factors, 86--87 screening, 89 significance, 86 sleep, 151-159 speech impairment, 77

Index

staging, 79, 79t surgery, 185-196 survival, 86 treatment

antioxidants, 109-110 disease progression, 106--112 etiologic hypotheses, 102-105 glutamate excitotoxicity, 105, 112 selegiline, 110--111

tremor, 73-74 utilization, 86 vs. CBD, 259

Parlodel, see Bromocriptine Paroxysmal chorea, 329 Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC), 329 Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), 329 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyskinesia, head trauma

and,430 Patient compliance, PD and, 143-144 Peak-dose dyskinesias, 139-140, 140f-14lf Peak-dose freezing, 142 Pediatric psychogenic movement disorder, 448 Pendular nystagmus, 16 Penicillamine, WD and, 407-408, 409 Perceptual-motor syndromes, parkinsonism and,

266 Percocet, see Oxycodone Percodan, see Oxycodone Pergolide

PD, 103-104, 147 RLS, 381 side effects, 125-126 vs. levodopa, PD and, 107

Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS), 375 Periodic limb movements while awake, 375 Peripheral disorders, RAMs and, 12 Peripheral neuropathy

characteristic signs, 17-19 hemifacial spasm, 19-20 tremor, 280

Permax, see Pergolide Perphenazine, TD and, 335 Pesticides, PD and, 88 Pharyngeal dystonia, 303 Phenobarbital

ET, 290--291 WD tremor, 280

Phenylpropanolamine, 166 Phenytoin, myoclonus and, 350 Physical therapy

CBD, 260 Huntington's disease, 326 PD, 128

Physiologic myoclonus, diagnosis, 340 Pick's disease, 232

parkinsonism, 266 Pill-rolling, 274

Pimozide, GTS and, 370 Piracetam, myoclonus and, 350 Plasma catecholamines, 173 Polycythemia vera, chorea and, 328 Polyminimyoclonus, vs. tremor, 281

469

Positive reinforcement, PMD and, 442-444 Postencephalitic parkinsonism, 58-59, 81, 99,220 Posthypoxic myoclonus, 343 Postinfectious parkinsonism, 219-221 Post-traumatic movement disorders, 427-433

extremity trauma, 431-433 head trauma, 428-431 spinal trauma, 430-431

Post-traumatic parkinsonism, 219 Post-traumatic torticollis, clinical characteristics

of, 431, 43lt Postural hypotension, MSA and, 237-238 Postural instability, PD and, 76 Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, 164 Postural tremor, 29 Posture, PD and, 69 Pramipexole

adverse effects, I 79 PD, 104, 148 RLS, 382 side effects, 126 vs. levodopa, PD and, I 07

Praxis, assessment of, 12-14 Praxis disorders, RAMs and, 12 Prazosin, 171 Primary dystonia, 298-304 Primary focal dystonia, 299-304

lower extremity, 304 Primary generalized dystonia, 298-299 Primary progressive freezing gait disorder, 419 Primidone, 279

ET, 290--291 ProAmatine, see Midodrine Procardia, see Nifedipine Prochlorperazine

nausea, 123 parkinsonism exacerbation, 132

Programmed cell death, PD and, 97 Progressive aphasia, parkinsonism and, 266 Progressive asymmetrical rigidity and apraxia

(PARA) syndrome, 254-255, 268-269 Progressive ataxia, evaluation of, 250--251 Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity, stiff­

man syndrome and, 353-354 Progressive myoclonic epilepsy, 342 Progressive supranuclear palsy

national organizations, 455 PD, 82

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 229-233 clinical features, 229-231, 230t

axial rigidity, 231 cognitive impairment, 231

470

early falls, 230--321 speech and swallowing problems, 231 supranuclear gaze paresis, 230 wide-eyed, unblinking face, 230

differential diagnosis, 231-232 evaluation and management, 233 parkinsonism, 267 pathology, 232-233 prognosis, 233 support groups, 233 vs. CBD, 260

Prolixin, see Fluphenazine Propantheline bromide, 170, 241 Propoxyphene, RLS and, 382 Propranolol

contraindications, 289-290 ET, 289-290 RLS, 383

Protein restriction diet, PD and, 199-200, 200t Provigil, see Modafinil Provocation tests, for PMD, 446 Pseudoathetoid, 256 Psychic tension, 339 Psychogenic gait disorders, 424 Psychogenic movement disorders (PMD), 435-

451 assessment, 438--439 clinical characteristics, 439-440 defined,436 diagnostic accuracy, 437--438 diagnostic certainty, 440 diagnostic presentation, 448--451 epidemiology, 436-437 gait disorders, 447 idiopathic torsion dystonia, 446-447 modeling, 442 negative reinforcement, 444--446 pediatric psychogenic movement disorder,

448 positive reinforcement, 442--444 provocation tests, 446 psychogenic parkinsonism, 448 psychological assessment, 440--441 risk factors, 443t social learning interpretation, 441--442

Psychogenic parkinsonism, PMD and, 448 Psychogenic tremor, vs. organic, 281 Psychosis, levodopa and, 124 Pull test, 136 Punch-drunk syndrome, 430 Pyridostigmine, dystonia and, 308

Q Quetiapine, 158, 179

PD, 213 TD, 335

Quinine, CFS and, 359

Index

R

Radioactive copper, WD and, 403--404 Rapid alternating movements (RAMs), 11-12,

13t Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

(RBD), 156--157 Rashes, levodopa and, 124 Reading aloud, motor speech disorders and, 39 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, extremity trauma

and,432--433 Reflexes, 1 0--11 Reglan, see Metoclopramide Renal tubular necrosis, WD and, 400 Repetitive action myoclonus, vs. tremor, 28 Repetitive digit tapping task, 11-12 Requip, see Ropinirole Reserpine

Huntington's disease, 325 TD, 336

Respiratory stridor, MSA and, 238 Rest tremor, 29, 73, 274, 278

differential diagnosis, 275t Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 155-156, 373-384

akathisia, 27 associated conditions, 377t clinical features, 373-376 course, 375 defined,373-374 diagnosis, 374t, 378-379 etiology, 376--377 family history, 376 motor restlessness, 375 national organizations, 456 neurologic examination, 376 nocturnal exacerbation, 374 nonpharmacologic treatment, 379, 379t pathogenesis, 377-378 pharmacologic management, 380--383, 381t sleep disturbance, 375

Restoril, see Temazepam Reticular reflex myoclonus, 348 Retrocollis, 300 Reverse obstruction sleep apnea syndrome, 334 Rhythmic myoclonus, vs. tremor, 339 Rigidity, 9

cogwheel, 9 PD, 69, 74-75

Rippling muscle disease, 361 Risperdal, see Risperidone Risperidone

Huntington's disease, 325 PD, 213 TD, 336

Ritalin, see Methylphenidate Romberg's test, 412 Ropinirole

adverse effects, 1 79

Index

PD, 104, 148 RLS, 382 side effects, 126

Roussy-Levy syndrome, 280 Rubral tremor, 275

s Saccadic pursuit, 15-16 Salt tablets, 166 Schizophrenia, TD and, 331 Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, 360 Secondary dystonia, 304-307

acquired structural lesions, 304-305. Secondary parkinsonism, 211-219

drug-induced, 211-214, 213t, 214t genetic disorders, 221-222, 225t-227t hydrocephalus, 218-219 infectious, 219--221, 220t investigation, 222, 226--227, 226t metabolic disease, 221, 222t postinfectious, 219--221 post-traumatic, 219 structural brain lesions, 216--219, 217t toxic parkinsonism, 214-216, 21St treatment, 227

Segawa's disease, 306 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRls),

182 Selegiline

adverse effects, 179 drug interactions, 182 insomnia, 155 PD, 105, 110-111, 126--127, 148

Senile chorea, 329 Sensory ataxia, 422--423 Sensory system, examination of, 14-15 Serpasil, see Reserpine Serial dysmetria, 276 Seroquel, see Quetiapine Serum ceruloplasmin levels, WD and, 402, 402t Serum copper, WD and, 404 Severe cerebellar tremor, 279 Sex factors, PD and, 88 Sexual trauma, PMD and, 444--445 Shuffling, 76 Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS), 78, 235

differential diagnosis, 173 PD, 82

Sildenafil, 241 Sinemet, RLS and, 380-381 Sleep

dopaminergic agent adverse effects, 155 hallucinations syndrome, 157-158 PD, 151-159, 152t

Sleep apnea, 156 Sleep apnea syndrome, reverse obstruction and, 334 Slit-lamp examination, for WD, 403

Smoking PD, 87 RLS, 378

Social activities, PD and, 205 Social learning variables, PMD and, 442--446 Spasmodic dysphonia, 48, 303

BTX, 390-391 Spasmodic torticollis, 300-302 Spasms

assessment, 33-34 cause, 352t metabolic myopathies, 363t

Spastic dysarthria, 44--45 Spastic gaits, 419--420 Spastic hemiparetic gait, 419 Spastic paraparesis, 419--420 Spasticity, 9--10, 23, 351-352 Speech

apraxia, 50-51

471

conversational, motor speech disorders and, 39

PD, 205 PSP,231

Speech alternating motion rates, motor speech disorders and, 38

Speech characteristics apraxia of speech, 51 ataxic dysarthria, 45 hyperkinetic dysarthria, 47--49 hypokinetic dysarthria, 46 motor speech disorders, 42t--43t spastic dysarthria, 45 unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, 49--

50 Speech disorders, motor, see Motor speech disorders Speech impairment, PD and, 77 Speech production, defined, 36f Speech sequential motion rates, motor speech

disorders and, 38 Speech therapy

CBD, 260 Huntington's disease, 325-326

Spinal cord, assessment of, 21-22 Spinal trauma, 430-431 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 247 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, 247 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, 222, 247-248 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 4, 248 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, 248 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, 248 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7, 248-249 Start hesitation, 14 Stereognosis, 15 Stiff-man syndrome

differential diagnosis, 355t progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity,

353-354

472

Stocking-glove distribution, 18-19 Strength testing, 11 Striatonigral degeneration (SND), 235-236

differential diagnosis, 173 PD, 82-83

Stride, diagnosis of, 9 Strychnine poisoning, 356-357 Subacute arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, 216-

217 Subcortical dementia, parkinsonism and, 267-268 Substantia nigra (SN), 58, 59f, 60f, 103 Subthalamic nuclei, 192 Subthalamotomy, PD and, 189-190 Suicidal ideation, Huntington's disease and, 325 Sunflower cataract, WD and, 399 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 109 Support groups

PD, 206, 207t PSP, 233

Supranuclear gaze paresis, 16, 230 Swallowing, PSP and, 231 Sydenham's chorea, 327 Symmetrel, see Amantadine Symptomatic myoclonus, diagnosis, 342-343 Symptomatic palatal myoclonus, 348

T

Tamsulosin, 171 Tardive akathisia, 333-334

treatment, 336 Tardive dyskinesia (TD), 32, 331-338

epidemiology, 331-332 national organizations, 456 vs. tardive dystonia, 334

Tardive dystonia, 334 national organizations, 456 treatment, 336-337

Tardive myoclonus, 334 Tardive tics, 334

treatment, 337 Tardive tourettism, 334 Tardive tremor, 335 Tasmar, see Tolcapone TD

classification, 332t clozapine, 337-338 drug-induced, 331-332, 333t mechanism, 335 prognosis, 335 treatment, 335-337, 337t

Tegretol, see Carbamazepine Temazepam, RLS and, 382 Terazosin, 171 Terminal accentuation, tremor and, 29 Terminal tremor, 275 Terminology, of neuroanatomy, 8f Tetanus, 354-356

Tetany, 33 symptomatic, 357-358

Tetrabenazine dystonia, 308 Huntington's disease, 325 myoclonus, 350 TD, 336 tics, 370

Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ), 94 Thalamic stimulation

ET, 294 severe cerebellar tremor, 279

Thalamotomy dystonia, 309-310 ET, 293-294 parkinsonian tremor, 68 PD, 188-189

Index

severe cerebellar tremor, 279 Thermoregulatory dysfunction, PD and, 1 71-172 Thermotabs, see Salt tablets Tic convulsif, 313

painful, 315-316 Tic disorders, assessment of, 26-27 Tics

BTX-A, 391-392 clinical features, 365-366 defined,271 diagnosis, 367-368, 368t etiology, 366 pathophysiology, 367 prognosis, 3 71 treatment, 369t, 370-371 vs. dystonia, 30

Tigan, see Trimethobenzamide Tip-of-the-tongue syndrome, PD and, 78 Titubation, 276 Tocopherol, PD and, 110-111 Tofranil, see Imipramine Tolcapone, 147-148

drug interactions, 165 Tolterodine, 170,241 Tone, 9-10 Torsion dystonia

idiopathic, 297 PMD, 446-447

tics, 367 vs. tardive dystonia, 334

Torticollis, 300 BTX, 389-390 idiopathic, clinical characteristics of, 431, 431 t

Tourette's syndrome, national organizations, 456 Toxic disease, tremors and, 278 Toxic parkinsonism, 214-216, 21St Tramadol, RLS and, 383 Transfers, PD and, 204 Tremor, 273-281

action, 29, 73

Index

action-postural, 274--275 assessment, 28-30 CBD, 255, 260 cerebellar outflow, 275 classification, 274--276 defined, 271 differential diagnosis, 281 dystonic, 30 essential, see Essential tremor exaggerated physiologic, 277, 277t extremity trauma, 432 frequency, 276 head trauma, 428-429 hyperkinetic dysarthria, 48-49 intention, 275-276 laboratory evaluation, 277 national organizations, 456 neurologic signs, 27~277 organic vs. psychogenic, 281 orthostatic, 279-280 palatal, 49, 280--281

assessment, 31-32 parkinsonian, 278-279 PD, 68, 73-74 peripheral neuropathy, 19, 280 postural, 29 rest, 29, 73, 274, 278 rubral, 275 severe cerebellar, 279 spinal trauma, 432 tardive, 335 terminal, 275 terminal accentuation, 29 toxic-metabolic disease, 278 WD, 398 writing, 280

Triavil, TD and, 335 Tricyclic antidepressants, 182 Trientine, WD and, 408, 409 Trigeminal nerve, flaccid dysarthria and, 40 Trihexyphenidyl

myoclonus, 350 PD, 127-128, 144, 146

Trimethobenzamide, nausea from, 123 Truncal dystonia, 304

u Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, 79 Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, 49-50 Urinary copper, WD and, 402 Urispas, see Flavoxate hydrochloride Urologic disorders, PD and, 169-171 Utilization behavior, 256

v Vagus nerve, flaccid dysarthria and, 44 Valium, see Diazepam

Valproic acid myoclonus, 350 RLS, 383 stiff-man syndrome, 354 WD tremor, 280

Vascular parkinsonism, 80 Ventralis intermedius nucleus (VIM), 191 Verapamil, TD and, 336 Viagra, see Sildenafil Vitamin D, osteoporosis and, 201 Vitamin E, 109 Vitamins, 200--20 I

473

Vocal exercise, motor speech disorders and, 52-53

Vocal tics, 365-366 Vocational therapy, PD and, 205 Voice amplifiers, motor speech disorders and, 52 Vowel prolongation, motor speech disorders and,

39

w Walking, 4, 411

requirements, 414t Web sites, 453-457

PD, 20~207 Wellbutrin, see Bupropion Whipple's disease, myoclonus and, 348 Wilson's disease (WD), 222, 397-409

clinical features, 397-400 hematologic disorders, 400 hepatic manifestations, 398 neurologic dysfunction, 398-399, 399t ocular manifestations, 399-400 psychiatric manifestations, 399 renal disease, 400 rheumatologic symptoms, 400

diagnostic tests, 401-404 differential diagnosis, 40 I epidemiology, 400 genetics, 400 national organizations, 457 pathophysiology, 400 tics, 367 treatment, 404-409, 405t

copper absorption reduction, 406-407 copper intake reeducation, 404-406 increased copper elimination, 407-408 liver transplantation, 408 monitoring, 408-409

tremor, 279 vs. dystonia, 307 vs. PD, 83

Worldwide Education and Awareness for Move-ment Disorders, national organizations, 457

Writer's cramp, 33, 303 Writer's dystonia, 33 Writing tremor, 280

474

X

Xanax, see Alprazolam

y

Young-onset Parkinson's disease dopamine agonists, 125 treatment, 117

z Zinc, WD and, 406,

408 Zolpidem, 156 Zona compacta, 60,

60f Zyprexa, see Olanzapine

Index