Benefits of Watershed-Based NPDES Permitting - CLU-IN Watershed-based... · Benefits of...
Transcript of Benefits of Watershed-Based NPDES Permitting - CLU-IN Watershed-based... · Benefits of...
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Benefits of Watershed-Based NPDES Permitting
Patrick Bradley, USEPA Water Permits DivisionJenny Molloy, USEPA Water Permits Division
Robert Steidel, City of Richmond, Department of Public UtilitiesFederico Maisch, Greeley & Hansen
Wednesday, July 19 , 2006
This Webcast is sponsored by EPA's Watershed Academy
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Outline
Introduce the concept of watershed-based approaches, including permittingWet WeatherCase Study – Richmond, VALayering paradigms
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What Is WatershedWhat Is Watershed--Based Permitting?Based Permitting?
An approach to NPDES permitting that results in permits:
Designed to attain watershed goals due to the consideration of all sources/stressors in a watershed or basinDeveloped via a watershed planning
framework to communicate with stakeholders and integrate permit development among monitoring, water quality standards, TMDL, nonpoint sources, source water protection and other programs
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Expected Benefits & Challenges
BenefitsBetter quality NPDES permitsEmphasis on environmental results due to watershed planningPromotes watershed monitoring plansEncourages efficiencies and targets resources Increased stakeholder involvement
ChallengesExpanded stakeholder involvementIntegrating nonpoint sourcesTransition costs
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Who Initiates a Watershed-Based Permitting Approach?
Can start at any levelPermitting authorityPoint sourcesWatershed organization
Requires support of Permitting Authority and EPA Regional Office
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Step 1: Select a Watershed
Step 2: Identify and Engage Stakeholders
Step 3: Analyze Watershed Data
Step 4: Develop Permit Conditions
Step 5: Issue Watershed-Based NPDES Permit(s)
Step 6: Measure and Report Progress
Basic Steps to WBP
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Sustainable Water Infrastructure
- Our wastewater and drinking water systems are aging
- U.S. population is increasing and shifting- Current treatment and management may not
be sufficient to address emerging issues and potentially stronger requirements
- Investment in R&D has declined- Funding gap: $270 billion for wastewater and
$263 billion for drinking water
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Sustainable Water Infrastructure
- Seek innovative approaches and new technologies to help ensure that the Nation’s water infrastructure is sustainable
- Accomplish this through collaboration with external stakeholders and conducting research, in the following 4 “pillar” areas:
- Better Management- Water Efficiency- Full Cost Pricing - Watershed-Based Approaches
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Sustainable Water Infrastructure
Watershed Approach Pillar
Integrate water utility management and watershed planning, allowing stakeholders to take advantage of the full range of tools and approaches to help them make optimal infrastructure decisions and achieve watershed goals
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A Concept for the Integration of Wet Weather Programs
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Key Discussion Areas
Wet weather discharges and what we are doing to control them?The need for wet weather integrationWhat might an integrated wet weather program look like?
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Wet Weather Overview
Municipal wet weather dischargesCombined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) Stormwater runoffPeak wet weather flows at POTWsUrban nonpoint sources
What is the most effective way to control urban wet weather discharges for the best water
quality outcomes?
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Wet Weather OverviewWet weather discharges:
Contribute similar pollutants (e.g., BOD, suspended solids, pathogens, toxics)Collectively contribute to one of the most serious causes of impairment: discharge volumeOften discharge simultaneously Are variable in terms of event frequency, duration, volume and pollutant loadOften difficult to partition causes of impairment(s) among multiple wet weather sources
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What is the Urban Wet Weather Problem?
EPA’s National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report identified “municipal point sources” and “urban runoff/storm sewers” as leading sources of impairmentTop 3 pollutants in impaired waters:
Suspended solids PathogensNutrients
All three pollutants present in municipal wet weather sources
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What is the Urban Wet Weather Problem?
Physical and biological impacts of wet weather discharges can be severe
e.g., altered hydrology habitat impairment
Population growth and new development increasing demands on the urban environment
More difficult to achieve and maintain water quality standards in coming years
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What is the Urban Wet Weather Problem?
Current regulatory, management and funding approaches address wet weather sources under separate Clean Water Act, and sometimes state, programs
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NPDES Universe
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 20020
100
200
300
400
500
600
Municipal and Industrial Sources
(100,000)
Stormwater Phase II
(115,000)CAFOs
(15,000)
Stormwater Phase I
(270,000)
Perm
ittee
s (t
hous
ands
)
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Estimated Annual Municipal Point Source Discharges
Source
Treated wastewater 11,425
Urban stormwater 10,068
CSO 850
SSO 10
Total 22,353
Average DischargeVolume (billion gal.)
What is the Urban Wet Weather Problem?
Report to Congress on the Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSO (EPA 2004)
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Pollutant Concentrations in Municipal Point Source Discharges
Source(Annual Volume)
BOD5(mg/l)
TSS(mg/l)
Fecal Coliform(colonies/100ml)
Treated Wastewater(11,425 BG)
30a 30a <200a
Stormwater(10,068 BG)
0.4-370 0.5-4,800 1-5,230,000
CSO (850 BG)
3.9-696 1-4,420 3-40,000,000
SSOb
(10 BG)6-413 10-348 500,000c
aTypical limit for wastewater receiving secondary treatment/limit for disinfected wastewaterbConcentration in wet weather SSOscMedian concentration (WDNR 2001)
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What are we Currently Doing?
Stormwater Permitting
Regulated Stormwater Discharges:Stormwater Discharge from MS4sStormwater Associated with Industrial ActivityStormwater Discharges from Construction Sites“As Designated” Discharges
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Stormwater Discharges
* This reflects an estimate of the number of new construction starts annually based on data from Phase II Economic Analysis
100,000--100,000Industrial
400,000200,000200,000Construction*
7,0006,0001,000MS4
TotalPhase IIPhase IDischarger
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What are we Currently Doing?
Stormwater Permitting
2000 Census, Urban Areas
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What are we Currently Doing?
Stormwater Permitting
Municipal StormwaterPhase I - individual permit conditions (6mm+)Phase II – 6 minimum measures
Industrial StormwaterStormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for industrial stormwater discharges
Construction StormwaterStormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for construction stormwater discharges; primarily erosion and sedimentation control
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What are we Currently Doing?
Combined Sewer Overflows
Report to Congress on the Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSO (EPA 2004)
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CSOs are point sources subject to NPDES permit requirements
824 active CSO permits (9,119 discharge points) in 32 states
National CSO Control Policy (1994)– Nine Minimum Controls– Long Term Control Plan
Wet Weather Water Quality Act (2000)Reports to Congress“Shall Conform”
What are we Currently Doing?
Combined Sewer Overflows
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CSO Control Policy Implementation
CWA Sec 402(q)(1) -- permits and orders “shall conform to” the 1994 CSO Policy
Encouraging the use of EPA’s Guidance: Coordinating CSO Long-Term Planning With Water Quality Standards Reviews as CSO communities, NPDES and water quality standards authorities, and stakeholders coordinate in the development of LTCPs
Providing Regions and NPDES states with guidance and assistance for reviewing and approving LTCPs
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What are we Currently Doing?
Sanitary Sewer Overflows
National SSS Distribution(15,582 with POTWs; 4,846 satellites)
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What are we Currently Doing?
Sanitary Sewer Overflows
Not Specifically Addressed under the CWAEPA does not have a national policy or regulationCurrent approach developed ad hoc through implementation of NPDES Permit, Construction Grants, and enforcementSSO Guidance (CMOM, reporting & recordkeeping, satellite systems)
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Report to Congress on CSOs and SSOsKEY MESSAGES
Impacts tend to be more clearly observable at the local watershed level than at the national levelCSOs and SSOs can cause significant environmental and human health impacts at the local watershed level
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What are we Currently Doing?
Peak Wet Weather Flows at POTWs
National Municipal Policy on Publicly-Owned Treatment Works – focused little attention on management of peak flows“Blending”/”Peak Flows”
Management of peak wet weather flows by routing some peak flow around treatment units, blending the rerouted flow with the flow receiving full treatment; and disinfecting if requiredProposed Blending Policy (99,000+ comments received)New proposed policy for “Peak Flows”
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What are we Currently Doing?
Nonpoint Source PollutionNo federal regulatory program
Implemented through EPA-approved State programs that include a mix of non-regulatory and regulatory programs as designed by each State
EPA's role focuses on establishing grant requirements that focus State activities on achieving WQ improvement results; providing technical guidance, working with a broad range of partners to promote the widespread demonstration and dissemination of the most effective practices, and supporting outreach and education efforts
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What Have We Learned?
Wet weather programs involve sewer pipes and other infrastructure that share capacity, infiltration, and inflow problemsGreater gap between municipal wastewater infrastructure needs and fundingIncreasingly difficult decisions about how to allocate limited resources
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Current NPDES Framework
Issuing permits for wet weather sources takes time and is resource intensive
Permit-by-Permit ConditionsDifficulty in establishing compliance endpoints
Difficult to assess impacts and program effectivenessMunicipal wet weather discharges are addressed through various regulatory and policy frameworks
Inefficient given commonalities between discharges
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Control of Wet Weather Discharges
Stormwater PermittingCombined Sewer OverflowsSanitary Sewer Overflows
Management of Peak Wet Weather Flows at POTWs
(Nonpoint Sources)
Integrated Wet Weather Programs
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Wet Weather Integration
Relatively few communities have an integrated permit or manage wet weather issues collectivelyEPA working to identify what has slowed progress to date and what could promote further integration
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Wet Weather Integration in Urban Areas
Gathering information via community interviews:
Communities working to integrate their wet weather programs
– Kentucky Sanitation District Number 1Communities with integrated permit requirements
– Clean Water Services (Oregon)Communities that collectively manage urban point source issues but do not have an integrated permit
– Philadelphia Water Department
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Benefits of Wet Weather Integration
Increased flexibility relative to traditional permit requirements that allows permittees to focus on watershed priorities and goals in a systematic and more cohesive manner.Elimination of redundant data collection, data analysis, and reporting requirements.Increased opportunities for efficiency, such as the opportunity for cross training and sharing responsibilities across local program activities. Potential cost savings through the pooling of resources (i.e., GIS applications, monitoring, and modeling).
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Benefits of Wet Weather Integration (cont.)
Promotion of a common and well-balanced understanding of watershed priorities, as well as identification of opportunities for improvement.Encourages a comprehensive view of the watershed that allows evaluation and prioritization of issues at a larger scale, and also allows stakeholders to see water as one resource. Increases potential to achieve greater environmental benefits relative to traditional approach. Allow for meaningful coordination with other programs –TMDL, water quality standards, smart growth initiatives
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Keeping Water Out of Sewer Systems
Wet weather discharges can be hydraulically connected and controlling one source can have impacts elsewhere in the system
CSO separation stormwater impacts
Reducing volume entering the sewer system
A guiding principle for the integration of wet weather permitting programsAddresses the interconnectivity across all wet weather programs (CSO, SSO, stormwater, peak POTW flows)
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Benefits of Keeping Water Out of Sewer Systems
Preservation of sewer system conveyance capacity
Reduction of stress on existing sewer infrastructure
Abatement of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs)
Reduction in the volume of storm water and associated pollutant loads delivered to water bodiesReduction in the erosion and scouring of small urban streams that accompanies storm water discharges
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Benefits of Keeping Water Out of Sewer Systems (cont)
Lessening of public health, water quality, and environmental impairment attributable to urban runoff and sewer overflowsImproved effluent quality, on average, from publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) due to lower loads during wet weatherBetter management of combined, sanitary, and separate storm sewer systems and permit programsImproved stream baseflow and groundwater recharge
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Keeping Water Out of Sewer Systems
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Keeping Water Out of Sewer Systems
Often a combination of practices to reduce impervious cover, control inflow/infiltration to sewers, promote water conservation, and enhance bio-infiltration are required
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Keeping Water Out of Sewer Systems - Calculator
Quantify base sewer flow conditionsSanitary sewage (residential, commercial, industrial)Stormwater
Quantify flow reductions associated with the following practices:
Stormwater runoff reductionInflow controlInfiltration controlWater conservation
Calculate potential reductions to sewer systems
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QUESTIONS?
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Watershed Program Case StudiesCity of Richmond
City of Richmond
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Discussion Topics• The City of Richmond and the Middle James River
Watershed• Introduction (Tidal & Non-tidal)• CSO Phases I & II Performance• LTCP Alternatives & WQ Model Results• Phase III Long Term Control Plan• WQS Gap• Chesapeake Bay Urban Non-Point Storm Water
• Watershed Planning – Endpoint Compliance with WQS• EPA Public Health Guidelines• Geometric Mean and/or Single Sample Maximum• WQ Model Results
• E. Coli• Illness Rate
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Discussion Topics (Continued)• How Can We Reach this Endpoint
• Proposed Path Forward• Watershed Approach - i.e. = CSO control - Case Study Richmond, Virginia
• Compare and Contrast – Why the Watershed Approach • Environmental. Outcome • Quality of life • Make sense• Cost Savings for the Public/Rate/Tax Payers
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Watershed Stakeholders• Public• City of Richmond,
Virginia• Adjacent
Jurisdictions– Henrico– Chesterfield– Goochland– Petersburg– Hopewell– Colonial Heights
• DEQ– WQS Compliance– TMDL Process
• EPA• Non-Governmental
Organizations• Business
– Agricultural– Manufacturing
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Middle James River Watershed
Middle James-Willis
Lower James
James River Basin
City of Richmond
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City of Richmond, Virginia & Middle James River Watershed - Service Territory
Goochland
Hanover
Powhatan
Chesterfield
New Kent
Charles City
Henrico
City of Richmond
Prince George
City of Hopewell
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CSO Areas Associated with Parks & Public Access
Southside James River Park CSO Areas
Northside James River Park CSO Areas
Hampton and McCloy Streets Remote Areas
Other CSO Areas
Legend
64 95
64
95
6464 9595
6464
959552
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History• 1950’s Construction of WWTP & Interceptors• 1970’s First CSO Study• 1983 Shockoe Retention Basin Completed• 1985 VPDES Permit Addresses CSO’s• 1988 Comprehensive CSO Study• 1992 Original Consent Order (Amended in 1996 & 1999)• 2002 Completion of Phases I & II• 2002 LTCP • 2005 Phase III Consent Order• 2006 Program Project Plan
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Richmond’s CSO Control PlanAfter Phase II Improvements
Phase II Improvements
CSO Outfall Controlled
CSO Outfall Separation
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Haxall Canal
Manchester Canal
014 013
FEB
021
002
010
020
033
CSO #4&
5
019
017 016 015
CSO #2
CSO #1018
040
011
CSO #3 008009 007
036006
027 023 024026
012
034
005 039
025
Shockoe Retention Basin
(48 HR, 50 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined
Sewer
Gillies
001
Huguenot Bridge
003 028
035
004
031
City Dock
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James
RiverCreekLegend
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
/text
WWT30
MGD
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North Side James River CSO ControlsPrior to
PH II CSOControls
After PH II CSO
Controls
PerformanceRemoves CSOs from sensitive areasReduces CSO loads downriverIncreases CSO treatment
James River James River
Fall Line
R.B.
Shoc
koe Solids &
Floatables Removal
Haxall Canal
Byr
d St
7th
St
6th
St
Gam
bles
H
ill
Park
Hyd
ro
James River James River
Fall Line
R.B.
Solids & Floatables Capture
Capture at Shockoe Retention Basin
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Gambles Hill CSO OutfallPrior to CSO Control (1996)
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Gambles Hill (July ‘99)
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Gambles Hill PerformanceDuring Tropical Storm/ Hurricane Dennis (9/6/99)
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South Side James River CSO ControlsPrior to PH IICSO Controls
After PH IICSO Controls Performance
Removes CSOs from sensitiveareas
Reduces CSO loads downriverIncreases CSO treatmentJa
mes
Riv
er
42nd Street
Reedy Creek
Woodland Heights
Canoe Run
To Side Channels
DWF to WWTP Captures
Solids & Floatables
4.7% Total CSO
Fall Line
TurbulentDischarge
Jam
es R
iver
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42nd Street Regulator Performance During Tropical Storm/ Hurricane Dennis (9/6/99)
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Performance
Retention CSO ControlsPrior to PH IICSO Controls
After PH IICSO Controls
Removes CSOs from sensitiveareasReduces CSO loads downriverIncreases CSO treatment
James River
55 Events/yr130 mg/yr
James River
4 Events/yr29 mg/yr
Solids & FloatablesCaptured To
WWTP
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McCloy Shaft
Hampton Shaft
63
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Richmond CSO Program Compliance• The City Has Been Operating Under
Successive Orders With the Board Since 1992
• For 15 Years the City Has Met & Exceeded All Its Commitments to DEQ
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• Endorsement from the Falls of the James Scenic River Advisory Committee for City’s CSO Program Special Order (June 14, 1999)
• “Friend of the River Award” from the James River Association (October 3, 1999)
• 1999 National CSO Control Program Excellence AWARD from the USEPA
• Feature article in the 1999 September issue of “Civil Engineering Magazine”
Local and National Recognition Earned by City’s CSO Program
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Local and National Recognition Earned by City’s CSO Program (continued)
• Engineering Excellence Honor Award from the Consulting Engineers Council of Illinois & American Consulting Engineers Council
• Grand Conceptor Award from the Virginia /American Council of Engineering Companies
• Merit Award from the American Society of Landscape Architects
• Featured in FHWA Transportation Enhancement – ISTEA First of a Kind Project
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Background A1Represents City Replaced with Open Field
Manchester Canal
City Dock
James
River
Haxall l Canal
Creek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
Gillies
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Background A2City Prior to CSO Controls
Huguenot
Bridge
020
033
019
018017 016 015
Manchester Canal
014 013 021
001
002
003 028027023 024026
012
011010
008009 007
036006
034
035
005004
039
025
031
City Dock
Shockoe Arch Combined
Sewer
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James
River
Haxall l Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
Shockoe Arch Combined
CSO Outfall Uncontrolled
WWTP Discharge
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Legend
WWT10
MGD
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Background BAfter Phase II Improvements
Huguenot
Bridge
020
033
019
018017 016 015
CSO
#4&5
CSO #2
CSO #1
Manchester Canal
014 013 021
002
003028027023 024026
012
011
CSO #3010
008009 007
036006
040
034
035
005004
039
025
031Shockoe Retention
Basin (48 HR, 50 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined
Sewer
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James
River
Haxall l Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
CSO Conveyance Pipe
CSO Outfall Controlled
CSO Outfall Separated
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Legend 024
001
WWT30
MGD
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Alternative CMaximize CSO Wet Weather Flow Treatment
River
Huguenot
Bridge
020
033
019
018017 016 015
CSO
#4&5
CSO #2
CSO #1
Manchester Canal
014 013 021
002
003028027023 024026
012
011
CSO #3010
008009 007
036006
040
034
035
005004
039
025
031
City Dock
Shockoe Retention
Basin (48 HR, 50 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined
Sewer
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James Haxall l Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
001
WWT135
MGDWet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Phase II Improvements
Legend
/text
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Alternative DNorth Side & Peripheral Flow Equalization & Gillies Ck Conveyance
Huguenot
Bridge
020
033
019
018017 016 015
CSO
#4&5
CSO #2
CSO #1
Manchester Canal
014 013 021
002
003028027 023 024026
012
011
CSO #3010
008009 007
036006
040
034
035
005004
039
025
031
City Dock
Shockoe Retention
Basin (48 HR, 50 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined
Sewer
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James
River
Haxall l Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
FEB
FEBFEB
001
WWT135
MGD
Phase II Improvements
Proposed CSO Conveyance Pipe
Proposed CSO Outfall Control
Proposed CSO Outfall Separation
Proposed Disinfection
Proposal Flow Equalization Basin
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Legend
DFEB
/text
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Alternative EIncrease CSO WWF Treatment & Shockoe Expansion With Disinfection Plus Lower Gillies Creek Conveyance
Huguenot
Bridge
020
033
019
018017 016 015
CSO
#4&5
CSO #2
CSO #1
Manchester Canal
014 013 021
002
003028027 023 024026
012
011
CSO #3010
008009 007
036006
040
034
035
005004
039
025
031
City Dock
Shockoe Retention Basin/
Disinfection Facility
(48 HR, 65 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined Sewer
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James
River
Haxall Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
D
D FEB
001
WWT255
MGD
In-line FEB
Phase II Improvements
Proposed CSO Conveyance Pipe
Proposed CSO Outfall Control
Proposed CSO Outfall Separation
Proposed Disinfection
Proposal Flow Equalization Basin
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Legend
DFEB
/text
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Alternative FControl CSOs to 4 Overflows Per Year
Huguenot
Bridge
020
033
019
018017 016 015
CSO
#4&5
CSO #2
CSO #1
Manchester Canal
014 013 021
002
003028027 023 024026
012
011
CSO #3010
008009 007
036006
040
034
035
005004
039
025
031
City Dock
Shockoe Retention Basin/
Disinfection Facility
(24 HR, 65 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined Sewer
006A006B
006C006E
006D
James
River
Haxall l Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
FEB
FEBFEB
DD
DFEB
BMP
Best Management Practices
WWTPPrimary
140-295 MGDFull
80 MGD
FEB
001
WWT250
MGD
Phase II Improvements
Proposed CSO Conveyance Pipe
Proposed CSO Outfall Control
Proposed CSO Outfall Separation
Proposed Disinfection
Proposal Flow Equalization Basin
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Legend
DFEB
/text
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Alternative GComplete Citywide Sewer Separation
021028
010
036
040
020
033
019
018017 016 015
CSO
#4&5
CSO #2
CSO #1014 013
002
003 027023 024026
012
011
CSO #3 008009 007
006
034
035
005004
039
025
031
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
Huguenot
Bridge
Manchester Canal
City Dock
James
River
Haxall l Canal
GilliesCreek
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
To WWTP
To Receiving Water
Storm
Sanitary
To WWTP
To Receiving Water
Storm
Sanitary
To WWTP
To Receiving Water
Storm
SanitaryTo WWTP
To Receiving Water
Storm
Sanitary
001
WWTP45
MGD
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Comparative Water Quality & Cost Performance of Alternatives
Perc
ent o
f Jam
es R
iver
Mile
s Mee
ting
Wat
er Q
ualit
y St
anda
rds
FEDCA2 B G
AlternativeBackground
Cap
ital C
ost (
$1,0
00's
)
Note: The
bacteriological water quality
standard is based on the fecal
coliform 30-day geometric mean of 200 MPN per
100 mL
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
A1
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Water Quality Standards CoordinationPercent of James River Miles Meeting Fecal Coliform WQS
B
F
G
A C
DE
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,400
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Percent of James River Miles
Meeting Water Quality Standards
Cap
ital
Cos
t ($
Mill
ion
s)
Most Cost Effective& End of
CSO Program
Phase IIInvestment
To Date
DEQ ClosingWater Quality
Gap for Background LoadsIncrease
34% to 70%
Increase34% to 92%
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Alternative EIncrease CSO WWF Treatment & Shockoe Expansion With Disinfection Plus Lower Gillies Creek Conveyance
Phase II Improvements
Proposed CSO Conveyance Pipe
Proposed CSO Outfall Control
Proposed CSO Outfall Separation
Proposed Disinfection
Proposal Flow Equalization Basin
Wet Weather Treatment (WWT)
Haxall Canal
Manchester Canal
014 013
FEB
021
002
010
020
033
CSO #4&
5
019
017 016 015
CSO #2
CSO #1018
040
011
CSO #3 008009 007
036006
027 023 024026
012
034
005 039
025
Shockoe Retention Basin/
Disinfection Facility
(48 HR, 65 MG)
Shockoe Arch Combined
Sewer
Gillies
001
Huguenot Bridge
003 028
035
004
031
City Dock
006A
006B006C
006E
006D
James
RiverCreekLegend
Cre
ek
Shocko
e
D
D
/text
FEB
D
WWT255
MGD
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• 75th Upper Percentile Value (UPV)– 25% of samples greater than 75th UPV– More values greater than UPV, higher probability of exceeding
the geometric mean
Freq
uen
cy o
f O
bser
ved
Indi
cato
r D
ensi
ties
Water Quality Indicator Density
Distribution Around Mean30 Day Geometric Mean
75th Percentile
EPA’s Implementation Guidance for Ambient Water Quality Criteria for BacteriaNovember 2003 Draft Guidance (Continued)
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Richmond CSO Control Program 30 Day Geometric Mean & Associated Risk Level Maximum Month for Critical Reach
PRELIMINARY
EPA’s Recommended Risk Level forFresh Water
Primary ContactRecreation
1.0% of Swimmers
0.8% of Swimmers
E. C
oli M
onth
ly
Geo
met
ric
Mea
n (
cfu
/10
0m
l)
Phases I & IICSO Control
Complete State WQS Based onRisk Level of 8 illness per 1000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
No CSOControl
Alternative E Separation
206
126
EPA Recommends Risk Level Less Than 10 illness per 1000
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80
80
Richmond CSO Control ProgramAverage of River Reaches Days Per Year Exceeding E. Coli 75th Upper Percentile Value
PRELIMINARY
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
No CSOControl
Phases I & IICSO ControlComplete
Alternative E Separation
Day
s P
er Y
ear
Exce
edin
gE.
Col
i 33
4 c
fu/1
00m
l124.4 Days
81.2 Days72.1 Days 72.2 Days
Separation Five Times More Expensive than Alternative E
62 62 6262
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81
Shockoe UV Facility PerformanceJames River Reach 13 for August
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000Number of UV Lamps at Shockoe
Ris
k Le
vel
(#/1
,000
Sw
imm
ers)
126
142
161
182
206
233
263
297
335
380
429
Mon
thly
Geo
met
ric M
ean
(cfu
/100
mL)
Phase II CSO Controls
South Side DisinfectionExpand Shockoe RB
Shockoe Disinfection
EPA Acceptable Risk Level
Virginia Bacteria WQS
Additional 20% Reduction in Watershed Background Pollutant Load
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Bact WQS
DISCHARGECONTRIBUTORS
REGULATORY PROCESSES
→TMDL→Triennial Review
WLA
AREWLA
ACHIEVABLE
STREAMUSES
UAANO
YES
Watershed Approach
CSOStormwater Agricultural
TRADING
• Environmental• Consensus Approach • Quality of life • Makes sense• Cost Savings for the
Public - Rate/Tax Payers
Why the Watershed Approach?
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Questions?
City of Richmond
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Managing wet weather along the continuum from watershed scale to
site scale is critical.
Coupling smart growth and conservation site design paradigms is absolutely necessary to effectively
protect water quality.
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Conservation Site Designs
Using an ecosystem-based approach to manage storm water
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Basic Premise
Maximize infiltration of precipitation where it falls.Prevents contamination of storm water because it doesn’t have a chance to wash over surfaces picking up contaminants.Promotes ground water recharge.Minimizes flooding concerns.Minimizes in-stream scouring because peak flows are not unnecessarily exacerbated or prolonged by increased runoff.Eliminates or minimizes the need for large, expensive storm water collection, conveyance, storage and treatment systems.
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Minimize Runoff
Reduce storm pipes, curbs and gutters
Reduce building footprints
Preserve sensitive soils
Reduce road widths
Minimize grading
Limit lot disturbance
Reduce impervious surfaces
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Conservation
Open Drainage
Rain Gardens
Amended Soils
Rain Barrel
Reduced Imperviousness
Site Features Porous Pavement
Create a Hydrologically Functional Lot 88
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Site to Neighborhood Scale
In addition to promoting more stable hydrologies with site designs, neighborhood designs can also reduce impervious surfaces across a segment of the scale continuum.
ParkingStreet DesignsInfill and Redevelopment
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Development & Runoff
Scenario A: 1 unit/acre
Scenario B:4 units/acre
Scenario C:8 units/acre
Impervious cover = 65%Runoff/acre = 40,000 ft3/yrRunoff/unit = 5,000 ft3/yr
Impervious cover = 20%Runoff/acre = 19,000 ft3/yrRunoff/unit = 19,000ft3/yr
Impervious cover = 38%Runoff/acre = 25,000 ft3/yrRunoff/unit = 6,000 ft3/yr
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Scenario B: 4 units/acreScenario A: 1 unit/acre
Scenario C: 8 units/acre
Accommodating the same number of houses (8) at varying densities
Impervious cover = 20%Total runoff = 150,000 ft3/yrRunoff/house = 19,000 ft3/yr
Impervious cover = 38%Total runoff = 50,000 ft3/yrRunoff/house = 6,000 ft3/yr
Impervious cover = 65%Total runoff = 40,000 ft3/yrRunoff/house = 5,000 ft3/yr 91
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But watershed managers are not dealing with 8 houses...
Accommodating 10,000 units on a 10,000 acre watershed at different densities
10,000 houses on 10,000 acres produce
187 million ft3 /yr stormwater runoff
Site: 20% impervious Watershed: 20%
impervious
10,000 houses on 2,500 acres produce
62 million ft3 /yr stormwater runoff
Site: 38% impervious Watershed: 9.5%
impervious
10,000 houses on 1,250 acres produce
49.5 million ft3 /yr stormwater runoff
Site: 65% impervious Watershed: 8.1%
impervious
The lower density scenario creates more run-off and consumes 2/3 more land than the higher density scenario
1 unit/acre 4 units/acre 8 units/acre
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Principles of Smart Growth
Mixed Use, Walkable Neighborhoods, Public Transit – fewer car trips, less pavement: less impervious surfaceCompact Building Designs – smaller footprints: less impervious surfacePreserve open space, critical natural areasDirect development where there is existing infrastructure; maintain existing infrastructure
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Coupling of Conservation Development Paradigms like LID and Smart Growth
There is no inherent conflict between these approaches, and in fact they work well together when fully understoodBalances small and large scale concernsRequires regional planning and coordinationCan be facilitated by good permit language
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QUESTIONS?
Additional resources