“Benefits from the Life and Works of Imam Ahmad” - Shaykh Saalih Aal ash-Shaykh (may Allaah...

8/2/2019 Benefits from the Life and Works of Imam Ahmad - Shaykh Saalih Aal ash-Shaykh (may Allaah preserve him),

1/29

> | S n h k

Jkdkeo}q ezbg }`k Loek ndm Xbzfq be

Ogng N`gnmOdmkp be Nz}oalkq

]`k ebllbxodh oq nd odmkp be nll nz}oalkq od }`k odqsozodh qkzokq anllkmJkdkeo}q ezbg }`k Loek ndm

Xbzfq be Ogng N`gnmjyQ`nyf` Qnnlo` Nnl nq`'Q`nyf`gny Nllnn` szkqkzuk `og/, ezbg n

zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, GodGnkkd nl'OgnngN`gnm$

Od}zbm{a}obd

Snz} BdkMkmoan}odh Bdkq _b{}` }b Xbzq`os

Snz} ]xbQsknfodh Bdly Njb{} Jkdkeoaonl Gn}}kzq

Snz} ]`zkkLouodh od Eknz be Nllnn`

Snz} Eb{zZkabhdoodh }`k @oh` Q}n}{q be Oqlngoa Qa`blnzq

Snz} EoukLbuodh ndm @n}odh ebz }`k Zoh`} Zknqbdq

Snz} QopOmkd}oeyodh Zklohob{q Oddbun}obdq ndm Q}nyodh Nxny Ezbg ]`kg % }`k Ogsbz}ndak be

@nmkk}

Snz} QkukdSznyodh n} Doh`}

Snz} Koh`}Gkgbzoodh }`k {znd

Snz} DodkQkkfodh Fdbxlkmhk {d}ol Mkn}`

Snz} ]kdQkkfodh Qnek}y ndm Hbbm @knl}` X`kd Q{ssloan}odh

Snz} Klkukd]`k Keeka} be Fdbxlkmhk bd Bdkq Xzo}odhqSnz} ]xkluk@{gjlodh Bdkqkle ndm Zkika}odh Sbs{lnzo}y

Njb{} }`k N{}`bz9 X`b oq Q`nyf` Qnnlo` Nnl nq`'Q`nyf`2

]zndqln}obd, ]o}lkq, ndm Ebb}db}kq jy9 Gbbqnn Zoa`nzmqbd

Bzohodnlly s{jloq`km bd Jnffn`$dk}9 >=:1'3;'>5
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h-ibn-abdil-azeez-aal-ash-shaykh.htm


2/29

: | S n h k

Jkdkeo}q Ezbg }`k Loek ndm Xbzfq be

Ognng N`gnmOd}zbm{a}obd }b }`k

QkzokqV ]`k od}zbm{a}obd }bn qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd

nl'Ognng N`gnm* *Jkdkeo}q ezbg }`k Loek ndm Xbzfq be Ogng N`gnm*/ jyQ`nyf` Qnnlo` Nnl

nq`'Q`nyf` gny Nllnn` szkqkzuk òg/ W

]`k sznoqk oq ebz Nllnn`, }`k Bdk x`b fkksq n hzb{s be qa`blnzq nunolnjlk m{zodh }`k

}ogkq x`kd }`kzk oq db gkqqkdhkz, qa`blnzq x`b jzodh }`bqk x`b `nuk q}znykm jnaf }b

}`k H{omndak, a{zodh }`koz jlodmdkqq ndm jzodhodh }`kg jnaf }b loek {qodh Nllnn`q Jbbf$

Ebz `bx gndy `nuk }`ky jzb{h`} jnaf }b loek ezbg }`bqk follkm jy Ojlkkq2 Ndm `bx gndy

q}znykm ndm }`kd xkzk h{omkm jy }`k qa`blnzq2

X`n} hzkn} keeka}q }`ky `nuk bd }`k skbslk. Ndm `bx eol}`y nzk }`k keeka}q be }`k skbslk

bd }`kg. ]`ky kpskl ezbg }`k Zklohobd be Nllnn` }`k skzukzqobdq be }`k skbslk be

enlqk`bbm, }`k }xoq}km kpslndn}obdq be }`k ohdbzng{qkq, ndm }`k slnhonzoqg be }`bqk x`b

`nuk q}znykm, }`bqk x`b jknz }`k elnhq be oddbun}obd ndm moqs{}k bukz }`k Jbbf be

Nllnn`$

O sznoqk Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, ndm O }`ndf @og$ O }kq}oey }`n} }`kzk oq db mko}y

xbz}`y be xbzqòs kpaks} Nllnn`, ndm }`n} @k oq nlbdk xo}`b{} ndy snz}dkzq, ndm O e{z}`kz}kq}oey }`n} G{`nggnm oq @oq Qkzund} ndm Gkqqkdhkz, @oq s{zk bdk, @oq a`bqkd ezokdm$

Gny Nllnn` znoqk òq zndf ndm }`k zndf be nll òq engoly gkgjkzq ndm Abgsndobdq, ndm

gny @k hznd} }`kg nd nj{dmndak be sknak$

]b szbakkm9 O nqf Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, }`n} @k hznd}q gk ndm nll be yb{

jkdkeoaonl fdbxlkmhk, zoh`}kb{q na}obdq, ndm q{jgoqqouk `knz}q$ B Nllnn`. ]kna` {q

x`n} xoll jkdkeo} {q, ndm jkdkeo} {q jy x`n} yb{ }kna` {q, ndm odazknqk {q od fdbxlkmhk,

hbbm mkkmq, h{omndak, ndm nm`kzkdak }b }`k Q{ddn`. @knz b{z anll, nq _b{ nzk }`k

Gbq} Gkzaoe{l Bdk.

Mknz Jzb}`kzq,

]òq lka}{zk `nq jkkd kd}o}lkm Ezbg }`k Eb{d}nodq be Ogng N`gnm$ X`n} oq od}kdmkm ezbg

}òq }o}lk oq }`n} Ogng N`gnm ojd G{`nggnm ojd @ndjnl, }`k bdk jbzd od }`k yknz >5=,

}`k bdk x`b snqqkm nxny od }`k yknz :=>, xnq mkqazojkm nq jkodh lofk xn}kz }`n} elbxkm

ezbg n qszodh$ Lofk }`k qszodh }`n} n }òzq}y skzqbd hbkq }b od bzmkz }b ~{kda` òq }òzq},

`k xnq lofk }`k qszodh }`n} }`bqk x`b `nuk jkkd bukzabgk jy qodq hb od bzmkz }b

alkndqk }`koz qb{lq$ Qb nll fodmq be skbslk {qkm }b hb }b òg }b ~{kda` }`koz }òzq}q, ndm

}`ky xb{lm nll jk njlk }b e{leoll }`koz unzob{q dkkmq jy hbodh }b òg$
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3/29

1 | S n h k

]`k skbslk `nuk nhzkkm }`n} Ogng N`gnm xnq nd Ogng be h{omndak, }`k ukzy `knm be

}`k Ogngq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` xnl'Ingnnn`$ ]`ky `nuk nlqb nhzkkm }`n} lbuodh òg ndm

q}{myodh òq òq}bzy oq nd odmoan}obd be qbgkbdkq lbuk ebz }`bqk x`b q}{mokm }`k Q{ddn`

be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$

]`k skbslk be }`k snq} xkzk }kq}km zkhnzmodh }`koz lbuk ebz Ogng N`gnm$ X`bkukz lbukm

òg xnq abdqomkzkm qbgkbdk bd }`k Q{ddn`6 x`bkukz qsbfk oll be òg xnq qbgkbdk be

oddbun}obd ndm goqh{omndak$

]òq oq db} qbgk}òdh q}zndhk, qodak }`k loek q}bzy be Ogng N`gnm, ezbg òq knzlokq}

yknzq }b }`k kdm be òq loek, oq }`k òq}bzy be n abgsndobd be }`k Q{ddn`, qbgkbdk x`b

ebllbxkm }`k Q{ddn` mkub{}ly$ @oq oq }`k òq}bzy be nd Ogng, n qa`blnz be @nmkk}` ndm

Eo~`, n skzqbd be fdbxlkmhk x`b qskd} òq mnyq ndm doh`}q od na}q be bjkmokdak

xbzqòssodh Nllnn`$

Mkmoan}odh Bdkq _b{}` }b Xbzqòs

V Snz} Bdk ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'

Ognng N`gnm* *Jkdkeo}q ezbg }`k Loek ndm Xbzfq be Ogng N`gnm*/ jy Q`nyf` Qnnlo` Nnl nq`'

Q`nyf` gny Nllnn` szkqkzuk òg/ W

Mkmoan}odh Bdkq _b{}` }b Xbzqòs

Qodak òq aòlm`bbm, Ogng N`gnm (gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg/ ab{lm jk qkkd xo}` qohdq

bed{q{fbd òg$ V]`k }kzg d{q{f xoll jk kpslnodkm q`bz}ly$W Gnzbbe Nl'Fnzf`kk (gny Nllnn`

`nuk Gkzay bd òg/ qnom, Oqnx N`gnm ojd @ndjnl x`kd `k xnq n yb{dh jby, ndm `k `nm qohdq

be d{q{f bd òg$ O {qkm }b `knz òg gnfodh q}n}kgkd}q }`n} xkzk e{ll be jkdkeo}$

]òq q}n}kgkd} mkqazojkq `bx `k xnq {sbd h{omndak kukd nq n yb{dh jby$ @k {qkm }b jk qkkd

xo}` qohdq bed{q{fbd òg$ X`n} oq gknd} jy d{q{foq xbzqòs ndm na}q be bjkmokdak$ ]`k keeka}q

be xbzqòs ndm bjkmokdak nzk db} bdly s`yqoanl bdkq qkkd od }`k nssknzndak ndm mzkqq, j{} }`koz

keeka}q nzk nlqb eb{dm od bdkq qskka`, gnddkzq, od }`k na}q be xbzqòs ndm bjkmokdak }`kgqklukq,

ndm od bdkq szkekzkdak ebz }`k dkp} loek bukz }òq bdk$

Ogng N`gnm qnom njb{} òq bxd qkle, Omom db} gnzzy {d}ol ne}kz O zkna`km =3 yknzq benhk$ @oq

abgsndobdq qnom }`n} }òq xnq jkan{qk `k {qkm }b jk j{qy }znuklodh }b qkkf fdbxlkmhk jkebzk

}`n}$ @k xkd} }b Gnffn`, ndm ezbg }`kzk }b Qndnn$ ]`kzk oq n q}bzy njb{} }òq }zos9

@k qk} b{} xo}` òq abgsndobd, _n`ynn ojd Gnkkd, ebz @nii$ @k qnom }b _n`ynn, X`kd O eodoq`

@nii, ukzoly O ng hbodh }b _kgkd }b gkk} }`k qa`blnz be _kgkd, }`k qa`blnz be @nmkk}`, Njm{z'

Znnn~ ojd @nggnng Nq'Qndnndkk$ Nq'Qndnndkk mokm od }`k yknz :>3 ne}kz@oizn`$

X`kd }`ky zkna`km Gnffn`, }`ky eb{dm }`n} Njm{z'Znnn~ xnq gnfodh @nii }`n} yknz nq xkll$

Qb _n`ynn fdkx x`b `k xnq ndm gk} òg$ @k qnx òg hbodh nzb{dm }`k Fnjn`, ndm qodak `k

fdkx òg, `k xkd} ndm hzkk}km òg$ _n`ynn qnom }b Njm{z'Znnn~, ndm }`ky fdkx kna`


4/29

= | S n h k

b}`kz, ]òq oq N`gnm ojd@ndjnlQb Njm{z'Znnn~ jkangk `nssy njb{} }òq ndm qnom, O}

`nq zkna`km {q }`n} `k oq n skzqbd x`b `nq n lb} behbbmdkqq$

X`kd }`ky sznykm }`koz }xbznfn`q ne}kz gnfodh }nxnne, _n`ynn qnom }b Ogng N`gnm,N`gnm,

b{z szbuoqobdq ebz }`k ib{zdky }b Qndnn`nuk jkkd {qkm$ Ndm `kzk oq Njm{z'Znnn~, qb lk} {q

q}ny xo}` òg qb xk and }nfk qbgk dnzzn}obdq ezbg òg$

N`gnm qnom }b _n`ynn ojd Gnkkd,Gy od}kd}obd oq q}oll szkqkd}, ndm O xoll db} bssbqk o}$ Qb O

xoll abd}od{k bd }b Qndnn$ ]òq q`bxq }`k keeka}q be òq abggo}gkd} }b }`k `nzmqòsq be

qkkfodh fdbxlkmhk$ N }zos }b Qndnn od }`n} }ogk xnq db} gnmk od anzq bz nozslndkq bz }`k lofkq,

zn}`kz o} xnq bdly gnmk xo}` hzkn} `nzmqòsq, }`k zknlo}okq be xòa` and db} jk mkqazojkm$

Gnzbbe qnom,Oqnx N`gnm ojd @ndjnl x`kd `k xnq n yb{dh jby ndm `k `nm qohdq be d{q{f bd

òg$ Od zknlo}y, }òq oq x`n} xk q`b{lm qkk od b{z aòlmzkd, }`n} }`ky xbzf `nzm }b abzzka}

}`kgqklukq od }`koz yb{}`, od }`koz knzly yknzq$ Jkan{qk n} }òq, oe }`ky mb db} j{olm {sbd }òq

eb{dmn}obd xo}` x`n} oq abzzka}, xo}` na}q be xbzqòs ndm bjkmokdak, }`kd o} xoll jk ukzy moeeoa{l}y

ne}kz }`n}, kpaks} ebz }`bqk x`bg Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, kpal{mkq$

X`bkukz `blmq }b @oq Zklohobd od òq yb{}`, eozgdkqq xoll zk}{zd }b òg$ Qbgkbdk jkodh mkub{}

bz bjkmokd} oq db} i{q} n alnog bz n ukzjnl nqazos}obd }b qbgk}òdh, dbz oq o} qbgk}òdh qkkd bdly

ezbg }`k b{}qomk$ Zn}`kz mkub{}dkqq od }`k Zklohobd kd}nolq bdk }nfodh bd qkzob{q zo}{nlq, `k g{q}

xbzqòs, ndm `k g{q} jk bjkmokd}$

]òq lknmq {q }b }`k q}bzy x`kd Ogng N`gnm bdak `bq}km bdk be òq q}{mkd}q od @nmkk}`,

Njm{q'Qngnm ojd Q{lnygnnd$ X`kd `k xnq `bq}odh òg od òq `b{qk, ndm o} angk }ogk }b qlkks,`k jzb{h`} òg qbgk xn}kz }b gnfk x{m`bbezbg bz ebz hkdkznl {qk$ ]`kd `k xkd} }b qlkks$

X`kd }`k gbzdodh angk, Ogng N`gnm qnx }`n} nll be }`k xn}kz xnq q}oll }`kzk, qb `k nqfkm njb{}

o}$ Njm{q'Qngnm zkslokm,Omom db} {qk }`k xn}kz$Ogng N`gnm qnom, N q}{mkd} be }`k

dnzzn}obdq x`b mbkq db} mb ndy}òdh n}doh`}2.

@k gknd}, Nll}`k xny }b }`k gbzdodh, yb{ mom db} szny od }`k doh`}2. _b{ mom db} xbzqòs.2

_b{ mom db} kukd szny }xb znfn`q2.Njm{q'Qngnm zkslokm, Ukzoly O ng n }znuklkz$ @k

qnom, Kukd nq n }znuklkz.Gkndodh,X`kzk oq }`k xo}z2 X`kzk oq }`ksznykz2

Qb xo}`b{} n mb{j}, oe }òq xnq ogsbz}nd} od }`n} mny ndm }ogk ebz a{l}oun}odh bdkq qb{l ndmhk}}odh qk} od }`k szbskz mozka}obd, }`kd xk nzk od gbzk dkkm be o} }bmny$ ]òq oq }`k anqk kqskaonlly

xo}` }`k yb{}` x`b qkkf fdbxlkmhk, bz }`bqk `blmodh }oh`} }b }`koz h{omndak, bz }`bqk x`b

moqslny }`k keeka}q be sznykz, bz }`bqk x`b nzk fkkd od mbodh hbbm mkkmq$

Bdk g{q} fkks òq qb{l }okm }b qbgk na}q be xbzqòs$ Db mb{j}, bdk g{q} fkks òq qb{l }okm }b

qbgk na}q be bjkmokdak$ Oe yb{ ebzak }`k qb{l }b jk bjkmokd}, o} xoll jkabgk bjkmokd}$ Oe yb{

njndmbd o}, }`kd o} xoll jk n qb{l }`n} hznuo}n}kq }bxnzm xzbdhmbodh$

O} `nq jkkd zkln}km }`n} }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ qnom9


5/29

; | S n h k

X`bkukz q`bxq kdm{zodh sn}okdak, Nllnn` xoll gnfk òg eozg {sbd sn}okdak$ X`bkukz

qkkfq fdbxlkmhk, Nllnn` xoll }kna` òg$ X`bkukz `{d}q ebz hbbm, `k xoll jk houkd o}$

X`bkukz kpska}q kuol, `k xoll jk gnmk }b enll od}b o}$ V>W

]`kzkebzk, }òq mkqazos}obd be Ogng N`gnm szbukq }`n} `k `nm nd {sjzodhodh jnqkm bd bjkmokdak

}b Nllnn` ndm na}q be xbzqòs, qb g{a` qb }`n} `k {qkm }b ebzak òq qb{l }b q`{d gndy xbzlmly

}òdhq ndm }b }nfk bd hzkn} `nzmqòsq$ ]`k zkq{l} be }òq xnq }`n} `k kq}njloq`km òq qb{l eozgly

{sbd bjkmokdak }b Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km$

EBB]DB]KQ

V>W ]`k eozq} snz} be }òq `nmkk}`,X`bkukz q`bxq kdm{zodh sn}okdak, Nllnn` xoll gnfk òg

eozg {sbd sn}okdak, o} oq eb{dm od Qn`kk` Nl'J{f`nnzkk, bd }`k n{}`bzo}y be Njbb Qnkkm Nl'

F`{mzkk (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/$

Qsknfodh Bdly Njb{} Jkdkeoaonl

Gn}}kzqV Snz} ]xb ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Qsknfodh Bdly Njb{} Jkdkeoaonl Gn}}kzqNjbb Mnnxbbm Q{lnygnnd ojd Nq`n}`, }`k n{}`bz beQ{dnd Njkk Mnnxbbm, xnq n q}{mkd} be

Ogng N`gnm x`b zkln}km gndy oqq{kq ezbg òg, oqq{kq }`n} nzk s{jloq`km }bmny$ @k qnom,

mkqazojodh }`k Ogng, O`nuk db} qkkd ndybdk lofk Ogng N`gnm ojd @ndjnl @k dkukz {qkm }b

}nlf njb{} }`k }òdhq }`n} }`k skbslk }nlf lbbqkly njb{} ezbg }`k xbzlmly neenozq, j{} oe qbgk neenoz

be fdbxlkmhk xnq gkd}obdkm, `k xb{lm}nlf$

]b zkskn} }`k ~{b}k, O`nuk db} qkkd ndybdk lofk Ogng N`gnm ojd @ndjnl @k dkukz {qkm }b }nlf

njb{} }`k }òdhq }`n} }`k skbslk }nlf lbbqkly njb{} ezbg }`k xbzlmly neenozq, j{} oe qbgk neenoz be

fdbxlkmhk xnq gkd}obdkm, k xb{lm}nlf$]òq n}}zoj{}k oq akz}nodly nd n}}zoj{}k be }`k hzkn}Ogngq be }`k gbq} sob{q skbslk, }`bqk x`b

q}kzdly mkmoan}k }`koz loukq }b x`n} jkdkeo} }`k skbslk$ ]`k bdk x`b qsknfq njb{} kukzy neenoz mbkq

db} `nuk }`k dbjlk qolkdak be }`k skbslk be fdbxlkmhk, dbz }`k qolkdak be }`k skbslk be

zoh`}kb{qdkqq$

Qb }`kzkebzk, n zoh`}kb{q skzqbd x`bqk `knz} oq n}}na`km }b }`k Dkp} Loek q`b{lm jk fdbxd jy òq

qolkdak x`kd `k mbkq db} qsknf, ndm `k q`b{lm jk fdbxd jy òq qskka` x`kd `k }nlfq$ @oq qskka`

oq bdly njb{} hbbm }òdhq, ndm `k fkksq qolkd} be kuol neenozq, nq Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km,

qnyq V>W9


6/29

5 | S n h k

( ]`kzk oq db hbbm od gbq} be }`koz szoun}k hn}`kzodhq, kpaks} ebz }`bqk x`b bzmkz }`k skbslk

}b houk a`nzo}y bz bzmkz b}`kz na}q be fodmdkqq, bz }`bqk x`b gkdm jzbfkd }okq jk}xkkd

skbslk /

Ogng N`gnm {qkm }b qo} xo}` òq jzb}`kzq baanqobdnlly, ndm qbgk}ogkq xo}` òq abgsndobdq ndm

q}{mkd}q$ @k xb{lm nlqb gop xo}` }`k abggbd skbslk nq xkll$ ]`ky xb{lm }nlf njb{} n d{gjkz be

neenozq$ J{} Ogng N`gnm xb{lm bdly qsknf oe }`kzk xnq qbgk}òdh jkdkeoaonl }b jk qnom$ ]`k

jkdkeo} ab{lm jk òq }knaòdh }`k skbslk bz bzmkzodh }`kg xo}` zoh`}kb{qdkqq$ ]`ky qnom, Oeqbgk

neenoz be fdbxlkmhk xnq gkd}obdkm, k xb{lm}nlf$

Od zknlo}y, }òq abdaks} `nq jkkd s{} }b }`k }kq}$ ]`k `knz} oq db} njlk }b abd}nod }bb gndy }òdhq,

}bb gndy abdeloa}odh }òdhq odqomk n skzqbdq a`nzna}kz$ Qb o} oq jodmodh bd }`k q}{mkd} be

fdbxlkmhk }b mkmoan}k ogqkle x`blk`knz}kmly }b fdbxlkmhk, eozq} ndm ebzkgbq}$ @k g{q} q}ny

nxny ezbg unod }nlf ndm xnq}odh òq }ogk$ Oe `k abd}kgsln}kq qbgk}òdh, }`kd `k abd}kgsln}kq

bukz qbgk oqq{k zkln}km }b fdbxlkmhk$ Oe `k qsknfq, }`kd `k qsknfq njb{} fdbxlkmhk$ ]òq xoll

an{qk òq loek }b }nfk }`k }nqf be qkkfodh fdbxlkmhk `knm'bd, ndm o} xoll houk òg n q}zbdh mkqozk

}b q}{my$

Nq n zkq{l} be }òq, }`k q}{mkd}q qskka` xoll moeekzezbg }`k qskka` be b}`kz skbslk$ X`y2 ]`n} oq

jkan{qk }`k q}{mkd} qsknfq }`k lndh{nhk be }`k skbslk be fdbxlkmhk$ @k loukq xo}` }`k

Abgsndobdq ndm }`koz q}{mkd}q$ @k loukq xo}` Gnnlof, Nq`'Q`nneokk, N`gnm, ndm Q{eynnd$ @k

loukq xo}` Nl'J{f`nnzkk ndm }`k Ogngq lofk Ojd F`{nygn` ndm Q`nyf`{l'Oqlng Ojd ]nygoyyn`$

@k loukq xo}` }`k Ogngq be Oqlnng$ @k qsknfq xo}` }`koz xbzmq nq `k moqa{qqkq oqq{kq xo}` }`kg$@k oq oggkzqkm od }`koz bakndq be fdbxlkmhk$

@knzodh kukzy}òdh }`n} }`k skbslk }nlf njb{}, ndm }`kd kdhnhodh od }`n} }nlf xo}` }`kg, ndm }`kd

zknmodh }òdhq ezbg i{q} ndybdk ndm snqqodh o} bd, nll be }òq `nq nd keeka} bd }`k `knz} be }`k

G{qlog od hkdkznl, qskaoeoanlly o} `nq n johhkz keeka} bd }`k `knz} be }`k q}{mkd} be fdbxlkmhk$

]òq gkndq }`n} n skzqbd g{q} gnfk n gkd}nl db}k }b ògqkle }`n} `k g{q} db} nllbx òq `knz} }b

jk zkaks}ouk }b kukzy qodhlk }òdh$ Zn}`kz `k g{q} mkeodk o}q ab{zqk ndm alnzoey òq gk}`bmblbhy

xo}òd ògqkle, ndm }`kd `k }nfkq }`n} sn}`$ Ndm }`k hzkn}kq} gk}`bmblbhy oq }`n} be }`k od`kzo}bzqbe }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, }`bqk x`b `k qsbfk njb{}, qnyodh9

Ukzoly }`k szbs`k}q mb db} lknuk jkòdm moz`ngq bz mkkdnnzq, zn}`kz }`ky lknuk jkòdm

fdbxlkmhk$ Qb x`bkukz zkakoukq qbgk be o}, ukzoly `k `nq zkakoukm nd kpsndqouk

}zknq{zk$ V:W

X`n} n hzkn} naabgsloq`gkd} o} oq ebz n gnd }b abd}kgsln}k njb{} òq Zklohobd, njb{} fdbxlkmhk,

njb{} }`n} xòa` jzodhq òg jkdkeo}. Ndm x`kd `k qsknfq, `k bdly qsknfq njb{} nd oqq{k }`n} xoll

jkdkeo} og od oq Zklohobd, lofk bzmkzodh zoh`}kb{qdkqq, abggndmodh }`k skbslk }b houk a`nzo}y,

}knaòdh, lknzdodh, ndm }`k lofkq$ Kukd od òq kukzymny abdukzqn}obdq, òq mkqozk ebz fdbxlkmhk oq

kuomkd}$


7/29

8 | S n h k

N gnd oq znoqkm od zndf x`kd `k `nzdkqqkq òq knhkzdkqq ebz }òdhq$ ]`k qb{l oq knhkz ebz gndy

moeekzkd} }òdhq, qb mb db} lk} o} hb }b x`n}kukz o} aznukq, ebzak o} }b hb ne}kz }`k }òdhq }`n} Nllnn`,

}`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, `nq qb{h`} ezbg yb{$

EBB]DB]KQ

V>W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nd'Doqnn(=/9>>=

V:W ezbg nd n{}`kd}oa `nmkk}` abllka}km jy N}']ozgo}`kk ndm Ojd Gnnin`, bd }`k n{}`bzo}y be

Njbb Nm'Mnzmnn (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/$ Nl'Nljnndkk mkalnzkm o} }b

jk qn`kkòd Qn`kk` Q{dnd N}']ozgo}`kk (!:50:/$

Louodh od Eknz be Nllnn`V Snz} ]`zkk ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Louodh od Eknz be Nllnn`

Nl'Gnz'zbb}`kk V>W xnq bdk be Ogng N`gnmq abgsndobdq ndm q}{mkd}q, ndm `k zklnykm gndy

oqq{kq ezbg òg$ @k qnom }b Ogng N`gnm, B Njnn Njmolllnn`. ]`kzk nzk qb gndy skbslk }`n}

anll bdyb{.

@k lbbfkm n} òg ndm qnom,Oeknz }òq gny jk qbgk}òdh }`n} hznm{nlly lknmq gk }b qbgk}òdh

kuol$@oq q}{mkd} qnom }b òg, ndm `k xnq }z{}è{l od x`n} `k qnom, B Njnn Njmollnn`. ]`kzk nzk qb

gndy skbslk }`n} anll bdyb{.

@k zkslokm,Oeknz }òq gny jk qbgk}òdh }`n} hznm{nlly lknmq gk }b qbgk}òdh kuol$

]òq fodm be q}n}kgkd} and bdly abgk ezbg n `knz} }`n} eknzq Nllnn` ndm oq eknze{l be gkk}odh

@og$ O} and bdly abgk ezbg bdk x`b fdbxq }`n} }`k `knz} a`ndhkq q}n}kq$ O} and bdly abgk ezbg

qbgkbdk x`b fdbxq }`n} }òq xbzlmly loek oq db}òdh, ndm }`n} }`k Dkp} Loek oq }`k zknlo}y$

Gbq} be {q, gbzkbukz nll be {q, kpaks} }`bqk x`bg Nllnn` `nq kpkgs}km, oe o} xnq gkd}obdkm }b{q }`n} }`k skbslk nzk sznoqodh {q, bz }`n} }`k skbslk nzk anllodh bd {q, xk xb{lm jk `nssy ndm

a`kkze{l, skz`nsq xk xb{lm kukd jk mkloh`}km xo}` b{zqklukq$

Qb Ogng N`gnm qnom, zkgkmyodh òq qb{l, Oeknz }òq gny jk qbgk}òdh }`n} hznm{nlly lknmq gk

}b qbgk}òdh kuol$ ]`k q}n}kgkd},Oeknz,q`bxq }`n} òq `knz} `nm abgjodkm `bsk ndm eknz,

}`n} `k `nm `bskm, j{} xnq nlqb neznom$ X`kd `k `knzm qbgk}òdh zkln}km }b n zkxnzm ebz òq xbzf,

`k qnom,Oeknz }òq gny jk qbgk}òdh }`n} hznm{nlly lknmq gk }b qbgk}òdh kuol$

@k gknd}, Ukzoly, Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, gny jk hznm{nlly lknmodh gk od}b n

s{doq`gkd} jy }òq, }kq}odh gk }b qkk oe O ng mkloh`}km xo}` gyqkle bz db}$ Gnyjk Nllnn`, } k


8/29

0 | S n h k

Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, oq hznm{nlly lknmodh gk }b ns{doq`gkd}, nq b{z Lbzm @ogqkle, }`k Goh`}y

ndm Kpnl}km, mkqazojkq `bx `k hznm{nlly s{doq`kq qbgk skbslk V:W9

( Ndm xk xoll s{doq` }`kg hznm{nlly ezbg slnakq }`ky fdbx db}, qb lknuk }`kg }b Gk.

Ukzoly Gy Slnd oq q}zbdh. /

Qb }`ky xkzk mkq}zbykm$ ]`kzkebzk, }òq oq x`n} oq jodmodh bd }`k `knz} be }`k skzqbd be }nx`kkm,

}`k jklokukz, }`n} o} nlxnyq zkgnodq od eknz$ ]`kqk mnyq, }`k }nlfq njb{} }`k gkndodh be `bsk, }`ky

nzk BF$ J{} }`k skbslk `nuk hbdk bukzjbnzm xo}` o}, }b }`k sbod} }`n} gndy skbslk zkly bd }`koz

`bsk od Nllnn` qb g{a` qb }`n} }`ky `nuk lbq} ndy eknz be Nllnn`, }`ky znzkly eknz @og$

Kukzybdk oq `bsodh. ]`k zkxnzmq ebz hbbm mkkmq nzk gkd}obdkm, nlbdh xo}` }`k zkxnzmq ebz

bjkmokdak$ Qbgk nzk xbzfodh, qbgk gnfodh{gzn`, b}`kzq nzk sznyodh, qbgk nzk zkao}odh, k}a$

Nll be }òq oq ezbg }`k {dmkzq}ndmodh be `bsk$J{} x`kzk oq }`k eknz2 X`kzk oq }`k eknz be Nl'

Inlkkl, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, gny @oq Dngkq jk kpnl}km2

O} oq Nllnn` x`b mkqazojkm @oq Ndhklq nq jkodh @oq Qkzund}q, ndm }`n} }`ky nzk db} bukzj{zmkdkm$

Kukd }`koz jzkn}òdh hlbzoeokq Nllnn`, }`koz na}obdq nzk nll na}obdq be bjkmokdak, nq }`k Szbs`k}

(qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ qnom9

]`k qfy oq e{ll be qb{dmq, ndm o} q`b{lm jk$ ]`kzk oq db qsnak }`k xom}` be eb{z eodhkzq

kpaks} }`n} }`kzk oq nd ndhkl od o} q}ndmodh, jbxodh, bz szbq}zn}odh$ V1W

Nll be }òq, xòlk Nllnn` mkqazojkq @oq Ndhklq V=W9

( ]`ky eknz }`koz Lbzm ezbg njbuk }`kg, ndm }`ky mb nq }`ky nzk bzmkzkm /

Qb lk} kukzy bdk be {q kpngodk b{z bxd qklukq od zkhnzmq }b }òq q}n}kgkd} be Ogng N`gnm$

X`kzk oq }`k eknz be Nllnn` od b{z `knz}q2 Xk `nuk dkhlka}km bjlohn}obdq, ndm xk nll fdbx b{z

bxd qklukq, qb x`kzk oq }`k eknz2 Xk `nuk enllkd od}b qodq, xòlk Nllnn` `nq e{ll fdbxlkmhk be

}`kg, qb x`kzk oq }`k eknz2 Xk `nuk dkhlka}km }`k zoh`}q be b}`kzq, qb x`kzk oq }`k eknz2

Xk `nuk dkhlka}km }`k zoh`}q be b{z jklokuodh jzb}`kzq, jy jnafjo}odh ndm qlndmkzodh }`kg, jy

iknlb{qy ndm kduy, ndm jy bsszkqqobd, qb x`kzk oq }`k eknz be Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km2 Lk}

kukzy bdk be {q gb}oun}k b{z bxd qklukq }b `nuk eknz od b{z na}obdq. Ebz ukzoly eknz xoll an{qk n`knz} }b `nuk `{golo}y, q{jgoqqoukdkqq, ndm nd knhkzdkqq }b szksnzk ebz }`k gkk}odh xo}` Nllnn`,

}`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km$

]òq oq odmkkm n hzkn} q}n}kgkd}, }`k bdk qnom jy Ogng N`gnm od zkqsbdqk }b òq q}{mkd}q zkgnzf

njb{} `bx gndy skbslk anll bd òg,Oeknz }òq gny jk qbgk}òdh }`n} hznm{nlly lknmq gk }b

qbgk}òdh kuol$Gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg, ebz x`n} hzkn} uoqobd `k `nm. @oq xnq n hzkn}

neenoz.

Od gbq} be }`k hn}`kzodhq }`n} Ogng N`gnm n}}kdmkm, `k xb{lm qo} xo}` òq `knm jk}xkkd òqfdkkq$ O} xnq qnom }`n} }òq xnq }`k sbqo}obd be n skzqbd be `{golo}y, bdk x`b abd}kgsln}kq njb{}


9/29

? | S n h k

òq bxd qkle ndm òq e{}{zk, xòlk zkgnododh qkn}km od n sbq}{zk }`n} n skzqbd and db} jkabgk

`n{h`}y jy o}, dbz qkkf }b jk qkkd jy o}$

X`kd mkn}` nsszbna`km Ogng N`gnm, }`k mba}bz qnx }`k kpakqqouk ngb{d} be jlbbm od òq {zodk

ndm qnom, ]òq mbkq db} `nsskd kpaks} m{k }b n eknze{l `knz}$ @k gknd} }`n} }`k }ogk be mkn}`

`nm an{qkm òg }b zkna` }`n} q}n}k$

EBB]DB]KQ

V>W Nl'Gnz'zbb}`kk (m$:8;/9 Njbb Jnfz N`gnm ojd G{`nggnm ojd nl'@niinni, bdk be Ognng

N`gnmq albqkq} q}{mkd}q$ @k xnq }`k bdk x`b albqkm }`k ogngq kyklomq ndm xnq`km òq jbmy

od szksnzn}obd ebz j{zonl$ Zkekz }b9 ]njn~nn} nl'@ndnnjoln` (>">18'>;>/ be nl'^nnm`kk Njbb

_nlnn (m$;:5/$

V:W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nl'^nlng (50/9=='=;

V1W ]òq `nmkk}`, xo}` n qloh`} moeekzkdak od o}q xbzmodh, oq eb{dm od N}']n`nnxkkqG{q`fol Nl'

Nn}`nnzndm N}']njznndkkqNl'G{ing Nl'Fnjkkz, bd }`k n{}`bzo}y be @nfkkg ojd @onng$ Nl'

Nljnndkk n{}`kd}oan}km o} od Qolqoln` Nl'N`nnmkk}` Nq'Qn`kk`n` (!0;:/$

V=W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nd'Dn`l (>5/9;3

Zkabhdoodh }`k @oh` Q}n}{q be Oqlngoa

Qa`blnzqV Snz} Eb{z ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'


Q`nyf` gny Nllnn` szkqkzuk òg/ WZkabhdoodh }`k @oh` Q}n}{q be }`k Qa`blnzq

Ezbg òq b}`kz db}kxbz}`y qnyodhq, gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg, klkun}k òq ndm b{z

sbqo}obdq, ndm zkxnzm òg xo}` }`k jkq} zkxnzm, }`k gbq} slkd}oe{l ndm lbe}okq} bdk,X`n}kukz}`k

qa`blnzq be N`l{q'Q{ddn` `nuk mk}kq}km, }`kd o} oq kuol$ @k (Ogng N`gnm/ qnom

(zkskn}odh/, X`n}kukz}`k qa`blnzq be N`l{q'Q{ddn` `nuk mk}kq}km, }`kd o} oq kuol$ @k gknd} }`n}

}`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` nzk }b jk zkekzzkm }b od neenozq be x`n} oq }b jk abdqomkzkm kuol ndm

x`n} oq db}$

Qb x`n}kukz }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` `nuk mk}kq}km od }`k oqq{kq ben~kkmn`, }`kd o} oq kuol$

X`n}kukz }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` `nuk mk}kq}km xo}` zkhnzmq }b gnddkzq, }`kd o} oq kuol$


10/29

>3 | S n h k

X`n}kukz }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` `nuk mk}kq}km od neenozq be bzmkzodh zoh`}kb{qdkqq ndm

ebzjommodh kuol, }`kd o} oq kuol$ ]òq gkndq }`n} n gnd g{q} zk}{zd }b }`k qa`blnzq be }`k Q{ddn` oe

`k xnd}q }b fdbx njb{} }`k neenozq be }`k Q{ddn`, njb{} }`k szbskz {dmkzq}ndmodh be

zoh`}kb{qdkqq ndm kuol$

Qb x`n}kukz }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` `nuk mk}kq}km, }`kd o} oq nd kuol }òdh, }`k kuol be xòa`

xk `nuk db mb{j} od$ ]òq oq odmkkm n hzkn} lkqqbd ezbg Ogng N`gnm ebz kukzy G{qlog, }`n} `k

g{q} ebllbx ndm }nfk h{omndak ezbg }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn , }`bqk x`b `nuk hzkn} abdakzd

ebz }`k Q{ddn` be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$

]òq hbkq ebz nll nqska}q be}bx`kkm, nq xkll nq na}q be xbzqòs, j{qodkqq }zndqna}obdq, gnddkzq,

km{an}obd, xbzf, ndm nll mknlodhq jk}xkkd skbslk od }`k qbaok}y$ _b{ g{q} zkekz }b }`k qa`blnzq

beN`l{q'Q{ddn` od }`kqk neenozq$ ]òq xoll ezkk yb{z `knz} ezbg yb{z mkqozkq$ ]òq xoll an{qk yb{z

`knz} }b jk mk}na`km ezbg x`n} yb{z od}kllka} lofkq ndm moqlofkq$ ]`kzkebzk o} oq jodmodh ebz {q }b

jk ebllbxkzq, ebz {q }b zk}{zd be}kd }b }`k skbslk be fdbxlkmhk, }b }`k skbslk be }`k Q{ddn` ebz

zklohob{q z{lodhq$

Ebz x`n}kukz }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` mk}kq}, }`kd o} oq nd kuol }òdh$ ]`n} gkndq }`n} yb{ mb

db} alnqqoey }òdhq nq jkodh kuol naabzmodh }b yb{z bxd bsodobd, dbz mb yb{ hk} }b fdbx neenozq jy

xny be yb{z bsodobdq, zn}`kz yb{ g{q} zkekz }b }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` zkhnzmodh }`k a{zzkd}

ndm e{}{zk neenozq$

]òq oq qbgk}òdh }`n} }`kzk oq db mb{j} njb{}, qodak }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` nzk }`k

od`kzo}bzq be }`k szbs`k}q ndm }`k h{omkq }b }`k Q`nzkkn`$ ]`ky nzk }`k bdkq }`n} Ogng N`gnm

qsbfk be od }`k od}zbm{a}obd }b òq jbbf, ]`k sznoqk oq ebz Nllnn`, }`k Bdk x`b fkksq n hzb{s beqa`blnzq nunolnjlk m{zodh }`k }ogkq x`kd }`kzk oq db gkqqkdhkz, qa`blnzq x`b jzodh }`bqk x`b

`nuk q}znykm jnaf }b }`k H{omndak, a{zodh }`koz jlodmdkqq ndm jzodhodh }`kg jnaf }b loek {qodh

Nllnn`qJbbf$

]`kzkebzk, }`ky nzk }`k bdkq xk zkekz }b$ ]`k neenozq nzk db} njb{}, Oq }òq n jnm }òdh bz db}2

Q`b{lm O zkika} o} bz db}2 Q`b{lm O zkqsbdm bz db}2 Oq }òq abzzka} bzdb}2 ]`kqk }òdhq g{q} db}

abgk ezbg n skzqbdq odmkskdmkd} i{mhgkd}q ezbg òq bxd bsodobdq, zn}`kz `k g{q} zkekz }`kqk

gn}}kzq jnaf }b }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn $

X`y2 ]`n} oq jkan{qk }`kqk }òdhq nzk neenozq ben~kkmn`, neenozq be }`k Zklohobd$ Kukzybdk

alnogq }`n} }`ky {dmkzq}ndm }`k neenoz be kdibododh hbbm ndm ebzjommodh kuol$

]`kF`nxnnzoi alnogkm o}, ndm }`{q q}bbm {s nhnodq} }`k ogngq$ ]`kG{}nolnàlnogkm o}, ndm

}`{q uokxkm }`k bssbqo}obd be }`k ogngq nq jkodh n hbbm }òdh$ Lofk }`kg, gndy hzb{sq alnogkm

}b jk kdibododh hbbm ndm ebzjommodh kuol, ndm }`{q q}bbm {s nhnodq} }`k ogngq$ @bxkukz, }`k

neenoz oq }b jk naabzmodh }b }`k i{mhgkd} be }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn , ndm x`n}kukz }`ky `nuk

alnqqoeokm nq jkodh nd kuol }òdh$


11/29

>> | S n h k

Lbuodh ndm @n}odh ebz }`k Zoh`}

ZknqbdqV Snz} Eouk ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Lbuodh ndm @n}odh ebz }`k Zoh`} Zknqbdq

Ezbg }`k db}kxbz}`y qnyodhq be Ognng N`gnm njb{} }`k qa`blnzq beN`l{q'Q{ddn` oq òq

q}n}kgkd}, Lbuk }`k skbslk be }`k Q{ddn` naabzmodh }b }`k mkhzkk }`n} }`ky nzk {sbd }`k

Q{ddn`$ ]òq gkndq }`n} yb{z lbuk q`b{lm jk jnqkm bd }`k Q{ddn`, }`n} yb{ mb db} lbuk

ebz sk}}y zknqbdq, dbz ebz qbgk xbzlmly zknqbdq$ Zknl lbuk oq ebz }`bqk x`b nzk {sbd

}`kQ{ddn`$

O} ab{lm jk }`n} n skzqbd be }`k Q{ddn`, n skzqbd be }`k abzzka} n~kkmn , mbkq qbgk kuol

}òdhq$ @bxkukz, m{k }b òq abzzka} n~kkmn`, òq alnzo}y, ndm òq q{jgoqqobd }b Nllnn`q

Jbbf ndm }`k Q{ddn` be @oq Gkqqkdhkz (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, yb{ eodm }`n} `k oq

n skzqbd x`bqk `knz} oq ezkk be oddbun}obd ndm mb{j}q$

@k qnom,Lbuk }`k skbslk be }`k Q{ddn` naabzmodh }b }`k mkhzkk }`n} }`ky nzk {sbd }`k

Q{ddn`$ X`n} oq {dmkzq}bbm ezbg }òq nlqb oq }`n} n gnd `n}kq }`k skbslk be oddbun}obd

naabzmodh }b }`k mkhzkk be }`koz oddbun}obdq$ ]òq gkndq }`n} oe }`ky skzebzg qbgk na}q

be xbzqòs, bz }`ky nzk fdbxd ebz }`koz moq}ndak ezbg xbzlmly }òdhq, bz }`ky `nukabdukykm qbgk ogsbz}nd} fdbxlkmhk, }`kd }`ky nzk db} }b jk `n}km ebz }`kqk }òdhq$

Zn}`kz }`ky nzk }b jk `n}km jkan{qk }`ky `nuk hbdk nhnodq} }`k Q{ddn` be b{z jklbukm

bdk, G{`nggnm (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$

Qogolnzly, Njbb Nm'Mnzmnn, gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg ndm jk slknqkm xo}` òg,

{qkm }b qny, B `bx hzkn} oqenq}odh.gbafodh }`kg, Zn}`kz`bx hzkn} nzk }`k skbslk x`b

qlkks mkksly n} doh`} ndm mb db} enq} od }`k mny}ogk. @bx ab{lm yb{ jk qb {denoz njb{} }`k ebbl

ndm `bx `k q}nyq {s n} doh`} ndm `bx `k enq}q od }`k mny}ogk2. Ebz ukzoly nd n}bgq xkoh`} be

zoh`}kb{qdkqq nlbdh xo}` }n~xnn ndm abduoa}obd oq hzkn}kz }`nd n gb{d}nodq xkoh`} be xbzqòs

skzebzgkm jy abdako}kmskbslk.

]`k qa`blnzq `nuk qnom, kpslnododh }`kqk xbzmq be Njbb Nm'Mnzmnn, }`n} `k xnq

kdab{znhodh }`k skbslk }b lbuk }`k bdk x`b qlkksq nll doh`} xo}`b{} sznyodh, nq xkll nq

}`k bdk x`b mbkq db} enq} ndy bs}obdnl mnyq$ X`y2 ]`ky qnom }`n} }òq fodm be skzqbd,

{sbd }`k Q{ddn` xo}` abduoa}obd, òq neenoz oq hbbm$ @k qnom, Ndn}bgq xkoh`} be

zoh`}kb{qdkqq nlbdh xo}` }n~xnn ndm abduoa}obd oq hzkn}kz }`nd n gb{d}nodq xkoh`} be xbzqòs

skzebzgkm jy abdako}kmskbslk.

Oe n skzqbd oq {sbd }`k Q{ddn` xo}` abduoa}obd, }`kd ukzoly Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km,

xoll jlkqq òq qgnll keebz}q$ N skzqbd gny skzebzg n lb} be xbzqòs, jk `k oq `n{h`}y ndm


12/29

>: | S n h k

qkle'zoh`}kb{q njb{} òq xbzqòs, òq lkdh}`y zkao}n}obd, bz òq gndy mnyq be enq}odh$ @k

lbbfq n} }`k skbslk nq oe }`ky nzk db}òdh$ @k mbkq db} kukd zknlok }`k keeka}q be òq

jk`nuobz, dbz mbkq `k fdbx `bx òq na}obdq xoll jk n} }`k }ogk be òq mkn}`$

]`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ qnom9

Ukzoly n gnd gny skzebzg }`k mkkmq be }`k skbslk be Snznmoqk {d}ol }`kzk zkgnodq bdly n

`ndmqsndq moq}ndak jk}xkkd òg ndm o}, ndm }`kd x`n} oq xzo}}kd ebz òg bukz}nfkq òg,

ndm `k skzebzgq }`k mkkmq be }`k skbslk be }`k @klleozk, ndm }`{q kd}kzq o}$

Ndm ukzoly n gnd gny skzebzg }`k mkkmq be }`k skbslk be }`k @klleozk {d}ol }`kzk zkgnodq

bdly n `ndmqsndq moq}ndak jk}xkkd òg ndm o}, ndm }`kd x`n} oq xzo}}kd ebz òg bukz}nfkq

òg, ndm `k skzebzgq }`k mkkmq be }`k skbslk be Snznmoqk, ndm }`{q kd}kzq o}$ V>W

Jkan{qk be }òq `nmkk}`, gndy be }`k Qnlne {qkm }b azy {sbd }òdfodh njb{} }`k jbbf

}`n} abd}nodq x`n} oq xzo}}kd ebz }`kg, qnyodh,Gy `knz} od q{qskdmkm, x`n} `nq szkakmkm

gk2 X`n} oq xzo}}kd ebzgk2/ B}`kzq, x`kd }`ky {qkm }b }òdf njb{} }`koz eodnl na}obdq nq

gkd}obdkm od }òq `nmkk}`, }`n} x`n} oq xzo}}kd ebz òg xoll bukz}nfk òg, }`ky xb{lm qny,

zkelka}odh bukz }`kqk eodnl mkkmq,B{z`knz}q nzk q{qskdmkm naabzmodh }b b{z eodnl na}obdq,

x`n} xoll xk jk }nfkd {sbd2

]`kzkebzk, x`kd n skzqbd xbzqòsq, `k g{q} xbzqòs xo}` eknz, eknzodh }`n} skz`nsq

Nllnn` xoll db} naaks} }`n} mkkm ezbg òg$ Qbgk be }`k Qnlne qnom njb{} }òq, Obdly xoq`

}`n} O ab{lm beekz }xb znfn`q }`n} O fdbx xb{lm jk naaks}km$ X`y2 ]`n} oq jkan{qk Nllnn`,

}`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, qnyq V:W9

( Ukzoly o} oq bdly }`k mkkmq be }`k skbslk be}n~xnn }`n} Nllnn` naaks}q /Xk qkk `kzk }`n} Ognng N`gnm xnq kq}njloqòdh }`k zkln}obdqòs jk}xkkd kukzy

G{qlog ndmN`l{q'Q{ddn , jk}xkkd kukzy G{qlog ndm }`bqk be }`k abzzka} jklokeq

od }bx`kkm, }`bqk x`b mb db} abd}znmoa} }`k Q{ddn` xo}` }`koz od}kllka}q, dbz mb }`ky

abd}znmoa} }`kQ{ddn` xo}` }`koz mkqozkq$

Oe qbgk}òdh ezbg }`k qskka` be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ zkna`kq yb{,

}`n} xòa` houkq mk}nolq }b }`k ^{znnd, bz oe qbgk}òdh zkna`kq yb{ ezbg }`k na}obdq be

}`k Abgsndobdq (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` }`kg/ bz }`koz qskka`, }`kd o} oq }`k }z{}`$

]`k qa`blnzq nzk }`bqk x`b q{eeoakm }`kgqklukq xo}` }`k zksbz}q be }`k Abgsndobdq,

na}km jy }`koz xny, ndm loukm naabzmodh }b }`koz h{omndak$ X`bkukz }nfkq ezbg b}`kz }`nd

}òq oq bd }`k jzodf be mkq}z{a}obd$

EBB]DB]KQ9

V>W ezbg }`k `nmkk}` be Ojd Gnqbbm (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/, abllka}km jy Nl'

J{f`nnzkk ndm G{qlog$

V:W }`k gkndodh be Qbbzn` Nl'Gnnomn` (;/9:8


13/29

>1 | S n h k

Omkd}oeyodh Zklohob{q Oddbun}obdq ndm

Q}nyodh Nxny Ezbg ]`kg % }`k

Ogsbz}ndak be @nmkk}`V Snz} Qop ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Omkd}oeyodh Zklohob{q Oddbun}obdq ndm Q}nyodh Nxny Ezbg ]`kg % }`k Ogsbz}ndak be

@nmkk}`

Ezbg Ognng N`gnmq b}`kz db}kxbz}`y qnyodhq, gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg, oq òq

q}n}kgkd}, Omb db} fdbx ndy skbslk gbzk od dkkm be lknzdodh `nmkk}` }`nd }`k skbslk od b{z

}ogk$

]`ky nqfkm òg, Ndmx`y oq }`n}2

@k zkslokm, Oddbun}obd `nq qszknm, qb x`bkukz mbkq db} `nuk }`k Q{ddn`, bz }`k dnzzn}obdq,

}`kd `k xoll enll od}b oddbun}obd$

X`y xb{lm n skzqbd ohdbznd} be }`k dnzzn}obdq be }`k Q{ddn` enll od}b oddbun}obd2 Jkan{qk

oddbun}obd oq qbgk}òdh jklbukm }b n skzqbdq qb{l, qodak }`k skzqbd bdly mbkq o} }zyodh }b hk}

albqk }b Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km$

Nd kpngslk be }òq oq x`n} oq zksbz}km njb{} Ojd Gnqbbm (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/$ @kxkd} }b n hn}`kzodh x`kzk bdk be }`bqk szkqkd} xb{lm qny }b }`k zkq}, Hlbzoey Nllnn` >33

}ogkq, ndm }`ky xb{lm qny, Q{j`nndnllnn`, >33 }ogkq$ @k xb{lm qny, Sznoqk Nllnn` >33

}ogkq, ndm }`ky xb{lm qny, Nl'`ngm{ lollnn`, >33 }ogkq$ ]`kd `k xb{lm qny,Mkalnzk

Nllnn`q Hzkn}dkqq >33 }ogkq, ndm }`ky xb{lm qny,Nllnn`{nfjnz, >33 }ogkq, nll be }òq xo}`

q}bdkq od ezbd} be }`kg }b fkks ab{d} xo}`$

Qb Ojd Gnqbbm (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/ angk }b }`kg x`kd `k xnq odebzgkm be }òq$

@k zkj{fkm }`kg, qnyodh, Ukzoly yb{ skbslk nzk ko}`kz gbzk zoh`}ly h{omkm }`nd }`k

Abgsndobdq be }`k Gkqqkdhkz be Nllnn` qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, bz yb{ nzk {sbd n

jznda` be goqh{omndak. ]`kqk nzk }`k moq`kq be }`k Gkqqkdhkz be Nllnn` qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn

qnllng/ }`n} nzk db} yk} kukd jzbfkd, ndm òq xoukq `nuk db} yk} kukd snqqkmnxny ]òq q`bxq

}`n} }òq kukd} baa{zzkm q`bz}ly ne}kz }`k mkn}` be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$

]`ky qnom }b òg, ndm }`ky xkzk hbbm skbslk, B Njnn Njmoz'Zn`gnnd. Xk bdly od}kdmkm

hbbm.]`ky mkalnzkm }`n} }`ky mom db} od}kdm kpaks} hbbm, }b hlbzoey Nllnn`, }b sznoqk @og, ndm

}b mkalnzk @oq Hzkn}dkqq$ Ndm yb{ nll fdbx }`k `nmkk}` }knaòdh {q }b mb }òq kukzy mny$ ]`ky

qnom, B Njnn Njmoz'Zn`gnnd. Xk bdly od}kdmkmhbbm.


14/29

>= | S n h k

Ojd Gnqbbm qnom,@bx gndy `nuk od}kdmkm hbbm, j{} dkukz naabgsloq` o}2@k gknd} }`n} n

skzqbd g{q} `blm }b }`k Q{ddn` od òq neenozq, nq oddbun}obd oq j{ol} {sbd }`k omkn be od}kdmodh

hbbm, i{q} nq }`bqk skbslk qnom, Xk bdly od}kdmkm hbbm.

Skbslk od}kdm hbbm od kukzy }ysk be oddbun}obd }`n} yb{ qkk, lofk oddbun}obdq od b{z jkloke ebz

kpngslk, lofk mkdyodh qbgk be Nllnn`q Dngkq ndm N}}zoj{}kq$ _b{ eodm }`kg qnyodh,Xk xkzk

mkdyodh q{a` ndm q{a` nd n}}zoj{}k }b kq}njloq` }nx`kkm$]`ky xkzk bdly od}kdmodh hbbm$ ]`ky

dkhn}km nd N}}zoj{}k }`n} Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, oq xbz}`y be, qbgk}òdh }`n} oq snz} be

@oq Skzeka}obd, xòlk }`ky qny, Xk bdly od}kdmkmhbbm. ]`ky bdly od}kdmkm }b kpnl} Nllnn` V>W$

]`kG{}nolnàbdqomkzkm }`k dkhn}obd be Nllnn`q N}}zoj{}kq }b jk ezbg}b`xkkm$

B}`kzq dngkm }`koz dkhn}obd be Nllnn`q N}}zoj{}kq}nxkkl ndm kpslnodkm }`kg nq qbgk}òdh

klqk$ X`n} mom }`ky od}kdm jy }òq2 ]`ky od}kdmkm }b kpnl} Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km$

@bxkukz, }`k q}n}kgkd} be Njm{llnn` ojd Gnqbbm nsslokq,@bx gndy `nuk od}kdmkm hbbm, j{}

dkukz naabgsloq` o}2

Akz}nodly }òq oq nd ogsbz}nd} szodaoslk$ @bx and n gnd jk qnukm ezbg }òq2 @bx and qbgkbdk jk

qnukm ezbg xbzqòssodh xo}` oddbun}obd, bz nmgozodh }`k oddbun}ouk xbzqòs be b}`kzq, bz

nsszbuodh be }`koz dbukl}okq od xbzqòs2 ]`kqk na}q and qkkg b{}xnzmly hbbm, }`ky and qkkg }b

jk xnyq }b hk} albqk }b Nllnn`$ Skz`nsq }`ky nzk na}q be `{golo}y, }`k skzqbd gny kukd jk azyodh$

@bx and `k jk qnukm ezbg }òq abde{qobd2 @k g{q} `nuk fdbxlkmhk be }`k Q{ddn`, }`k

dnzzn}obdq, ndm }`k q}n}kgkd}q be }`k skbslk be fdbxlkmhk$

Bdk be Ognng N`gnmq abgsndobdq {qkm }b qo} xo}` Nl'@nnzo}` Nl'G{`nnqojkk V:W ezk~{kd}ly$

Ognng N`gnmq abgsndobd qnom }b òg,Nl'@nnzo}` oq qnyodh }òq ndm }`n}, ndm `k `nq `{golo}yod òq xbzqòs, ndm `k `nq hzkn} na}q bexbzqòs

N`gnm qnom, X`kd mbkq `k uoqo}yb{2

@k zkslokm,@k uoqo}q gk ne}kzGnh`zoj$

Ognng N`gnm qnom,]`kd O xoll nlqb abgk, j{} nllbx gk }b qo} od n slnak x`kzk O and `knz òq

}nlf j{} O mb db} qkk òg dbz mbkq `k qkk gk$ O xnd} }b `knz òq }nlf xòlk `k mbkq db} qkk gk$

Qb Ognng N`gnm xkd} ndm òm ògqkle$ Ne}kz sznyodhGnh`zoj, }`ky qn} mbxd ndm }`koz `bq}

jzb{h`} ebbm$ ]`kd }`ky sznykm Kq`nn, zk}{zdkm }b }`k `b{qk, ndm qn} mbxd nhnod$ ]`ky qn} ebz n

lbdh }ogk ndm Nl'@nnzo}` mom db} qsknf$ Zn}`kz `k qn} od `{golo}y, od n xny }`n} eknz, `{gjlkdkqq,

ndm `{golo}y ab{lm jk ekl} ezbg òg$

Bdk be Nl'@nnzo}`q abgsndobdq nqfkm òg qbgk}òdh, ndm }`kd `k jkhnd }b }nlf, {qodh hbbm

gnddkzq ndm qbe}kdodh }`koz `knz}q$ @k abd}od{km }nlfodh nq qbgk be òq abgsndobdq zkna`km

q}n}kq be `{golo}y, ndm b}`kzq jkhnd }b xkks$

]`k abgsndobd be Ognng N`gnm qnom, ]`kd O xkd} }b qkk Ognng N`gnm, ndm O eb{dm òg

azyodh$ Qb O qnom, B Njnn Njmolllnn`. X`n} njb{} }òq }nlf }`n} yb{ `knzm2@k zkslokm, O`nuk

db} `knzm ndy qskka` eodkz }`nd }òq. @bxkukz, mb db} qo} xo}` òg.


15/29

>; | S n h k

@k qnom,O`nuk db} `knzm ndy qskka` eodkz }`nd }òq. @bxkukz, mb db} qo} xo}` òg. X`y2

Jkan{qk }òq fodm be qskka` `nm db} jkkd od naabzmndak xo}` }`k h{omndak be }`k skbslk be

}`k Q{ddn` x`b szkakmkm }`kg$ @k xnq abgodh xo}` n dkx gnddkz be qskka` ndm n dkx gnddkz

be `{golo}y }`n} `nm db} jkkd fdbxd }b }`k qa`blnzq, n dkx q}ylk }`n} }`k skbslk jkebzk }`kg `nm

db} fdbxd$ Qb m{k }b }òq, Ognng N`gnm xnq neznom }`n}, xo}` }`kqk dkx }òdhq, oe }`ky xb{lm

`nuk abd}od{km qo}}odh xo}` }`kg, }`ky xb{lm nuk q}znykm }bxnzm qbgk oddbun}obd$ Ognng

N`gnm szbòjo}km }`k skbslk ezbg jkezokdmodh Nl'@nnzo}` ndm ezbg qo}}odh xo}` òg, m{k }b x`n}

zkna`km òg njb{} qbgk be òq b}`kz kzzbdkb{q q}n}kgkd}q$

@k qnom, O`nuk db} `knzm ndy qskka` eodkz }`nd }òq,zkekzzodh }b }`k }nlf }`n} neeka}km }`k

skbslkq `knz}q,@bxkukz, mb db} qo} xo}` òg. @k qnom }`n} jkan{qk Nl'@nnzo}`q q}ylk be

szkqkd}odh fdbxlkmhk xnq db} }`k xny be }`k skbslk be fdbxlkmhk$

Lk} {q zk}{zd }b x`n} Ognng N`gnm qnom njb{} }`n} kzn, Omb db} fdbx ndy skbslk od gbzk dkkm

be lknzdodh `nmkk}` }`nd }`k skbslk be b{z}ogk$

]`ky nqfkm òg, X`y oq }`n}2

@k zkslokm, Oddbun}obd `nq qszknm, qb x`bkukz mbkq db} `nuk }`k Q{ddn`, bz }`k dnzzn}obdq, xoll

enll od}b oddbun}obd$ Xo}` zkhnzm }b b{z a{zzkd} abdmo}obd, }òq oq qbgk}òdh }`n} kukzybdk q`b{lm

}nfk db}k be$ Jkan{qk, od b{z }ogkq, kukzybdk lbukq }`k Zklohobd, kukzybdk xnd}q }b jk zklohob{q

ndm bjkmokd}, kukzybdk xnd}q }b `nuk `{golo}y od }`koz `knz}q$

J{} nll be }òq g{q} jk mbdk naabzmodh }b }`k Q{ddn`, qodak ndy na} be xbzqòs }`n} oq db} od

naabzmndak }b }`k Q{ddn` oq zkika}km$ Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, qnyq V1W9

( @k oq }`k Bdk x`b azkn}km loek ndm mkn}` od bzmkz }b }kq} yb{, xòa` be yb{ nzk jkq} odmkkmq /

Nl'E{m`nyl ojd Oyynnm` qnom, kpslnododh }òq ukzqk,]`k jkq} mkkmq nzk }`k gbq} qodakzk ndm

abzzka}bdkq$

O} xnq qnom,Xk nll fdbx njb{} qodakzo}y, j{} x`n} oq }`k gkndodh beabzzka}dkqq2

@k zkslokm, ]`n}o} oq od naabzmndak xo}` }`k Q{ddn` be }`k Szbs`k} qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn

qnllng/$ ]òq oq }`k gkndodh be }`k `nmkk}` be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/9

X`bkukz skzebzgq nd na}obd }`n} oq db} od naabzmndak xo}` b{z neenoz q`nll `nuk o}

zkika}km$

Ognng G{qlog abllka}km }òq `nmkk}` od òq Qn`kk`$

]`kzkebzk }`k neenozq oq db} qogsly njb{} qbgkbdk qbe}kdodh }`k skbslkq `knz}q, jkdkeo}odh }`k

skbslk, bz zkgodmodh }`k skbslk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$ ]òq oq n eodk

}òdh, o} oq db}òdh j{}hbbm, }`k skbslk gny qny$ O} oq q{eeoaokd} }b zkika} o} }`n} o} oq db} od

naabzmndak xo}` }`k Q{ddn`$ X`y oq }`n}2 Jkan{qk }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/,

}`k bdk xk }nfk nq b{z kpngslk, qnom, X`bkukz skzebzgq nd na}obd }`n} oq db} od naabzmndak

xo}` b{z neenoz q`nll `nuk o} zkika}km$

]`kzk nzk qbgk na}obdq }`n} xkzk odukd}km ne}kz }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn

qnllng/, ndm }`ky nzk abdqomkzkm oddbun}obdq, dbukl}okq, ndm goqh{omndak$ ]`kzk nzk b}`kz na}obdq


16/29

>5 | S n h k

}`n} xkzk od}zbm{akm ne}kz }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, `bxkukz }`k

qa`blnzq mb db} ab{d} }`kg ngbdh }`k jlngkxbz}`y oddbun}obdq$ Qb x`n} oq }`k azo}kzobd }`n}

qksnzn}kq }`k }xb anqkq2

@bx and n skzqbd moq}odh{oq` jk}xkkd x`n} oq abdqomkzkm oddbun}obd ndm x`n} oq db}2 ]`k

moq}odh{oqòdh ena}bz oq }òq9 Mb yb{ qkk n szkakmkdak ebz o} od }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{

nlny`k xn qnllng/, bz nd odakd}ouk ebz o} od }`k Q{ddn`2 Oe }`kzk xnq nd odakd}ouk ebz o} od }`k

}ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ ndm `k mom db} mb o}, }`kd }`n} na}obd oq db}

lkhoqln}km$ Nllnn` nq qnom V=W9

( ]bmny O `nuk skzeka}km ebz yb{ yb{z Zklohobd /

Ognng Gnnlof qnom,X`bkukzjklokukq }`n} }`kzk oq n hbbm oddbun}obd od }`k Zklohobd, }`kd `k

`nq naa{qkm G{`nggnm qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ be jk}znyodh }`k }z{q} be }`k

gkqqnhk$ Ndm }`k zke{hk oq bdly xo}` Nllnn`$

]`kzkebzk, nq lbdh nq }`kzk xnq nd odakd}ouk }b mb }`k na}obd od }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k}

(qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, ndm od }`k }ogk be }`k Abgsndobdq, }`kd }òq szbukq }`n}

skzebzgodh }`k na}obd oq nd oddbun}obd$ X`y oq }`n}2 Jkan{qk }`k odakd}ouk xnq szkqkd} od òq

}ogk, od b{zq, ndm od }`k }ogkq jk}xkkd$

Qb }òq na}obd, oe o} xnq qbgk}òdh lkhoqln}km, }`kd o} xb{lm `nuk jkkd lkhoqln}km od }`k }ogk be }`k

Szbs`k}`bbm$ Qb qodak o} xnq db} lkhoqln}km od }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k}`bbm, }òq q`bxq o} oq n

goqh{omkm oddbun}obd$

Nq ebz }`k qkabdm an}khbzy (be }òdhq od}zbm{akm od}b }`k Zklohobd/, }`ky nzk }`bqk na}obdq }`n} momdb} `nuk nd odakd}ouk ebz }`kg od }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, }`kzk

xnq db}òdh xnzznd}odh }`kqk na}obdq$ Lk} {q lbbf n} qbgk kpngslkq be jb}` }`k eozq} ndm qkabdm

an}khbzokq$

]b gkd}obdq qbgk}òdh xkll fdbxd, }`k eozq} an}khbzy xb{lm odal{mk }`k unzob{q oddbun}ouk

snz}okq ndm hn}`kzodhq, lofk aklkjzn}odh }`k doh`} beNl'OqznnndmNl'Goznni, }`k doh`} beNl'

Jnmz, bz }`k joz}`mny be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, ndm }òq oq }`k gbq} qkzob{q

be }`kg$

X`n} oq }`k hbnl jkòdm nll be }`kqk aklkjzn}obdq2 ]`k od}kd}obd jkòdm }`kg oq }b odq}oll n lbuk ebz}`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ od }`k qb{lq be }`k skbslk, ndm }b lk} skbslk `knz }`k

òq}bzy be }`k Gkqqkdhkz (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, qb }`n} }`ky xoll lbuk òg$ ]`kqk

od}kd}obdq nzk nll hbbm$

J{} xkzkd} }`kqk odakd}oukq szkqkd} od }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/2

]`k skbslk od }`k }ogk be }`k Abgsndobdq ndm }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, nll

}`k Abgsndobdq, nll }`k Jkmb{odq, nll }`k skbslk nzb{dm Nl'Gnmkkdn`, xkzkd} }`ky nll od dkkm be

zkelka}odh2 Momd} }`ky nll dkkm }b lbuk Nl'G{q}nenn (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/2 ]`ky xkzk

od dkkm be }`n}$


17/29

>8 | S n h k

]`kd x`y xnq }`n} na}obd db} mbdk2 Db mb{j}, njndmbdodh akz}nod na}obdq oq ezbg }`k Zklohobd$

I{q} nq zkakouodh nd bzmkz ndm bjkyodh o} oq ezbg }`k Zklohobd, }b nubom mbodh qbgk}òdh }`n} `nm

nd odakd}ouk od }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ oq nlqb ezbg }`k Zklohobd$

B}`kzxoqk, }`kzk xb{lm kpoq} qbgk }òdhq od b{z Zklohobd }`n} hk} {q albqkz }b Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y

ndm Kpnl}km, }`n} b{z Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ mom db} abduky }b {q$

]`k qkabdm an}khbzy odal{mkq na}obdq }`n} `nuk odakd}oukq }`n} angk ne}kz }`k }ogk be }`k Szbs`k}

(qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, ndm }`kzk xnq db odakd}ouk }b skzebzg }`n} na}obd od }`k }ogk be

}`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/, bz qbgk}òdh szkukd}odh o} ezbg jkodh mbdk$

Nd kpngslk be }òq oq }`k abgsoln}obd be }`k ^{znnd od}b bdk jbbf$ Ndb}`kz kpngslk

oq]nznnxkk` Sznykz$ ]`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ sznykm xo}` }`kg qbgk doh`}q,

ndm }`kd lke} o} bee, eknzodh }`n} o} gny jk }nfkd nq nd bjlohn}obd jy }`k skbslk$ Qb x`kd `k snqqkm

nxny (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ ndm }`k }ogk be [gnz angk (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}`

òg/, }`kzk xnq db lbdhkz ndy}òdh szkukd}odh }`kg ezbg }`k na}obd$

Nq ebz }`k abgsoln}obd be }`k ^{znnd od}b bdk jbbf, }`k ^{znnd xnq q}oll abgodh mbxd od }`k

}ogk be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$ Qb oe o} `nm jkkd abgsolkm od}b bdk jbbf

m{zodh òq loek}ogk, }`kd kukzy }ogk n dkx ukzqk xnq zkuknlkm, }`ky xb{lm `nuk `nm }b nmm o} od}b

}`k qomkq bz jb}}bgq be }`k snhkq, }`{q }`k g{q'`nexb{lm jk od moqnzzny$

Bz }`ky xb{lm `nuk `nm }b zkxzo}k }`k g{q'`nekukzy }ogk Nllnn` zkuknlkm n ukzqk, nq Nllnn`

bzmkzq }`k neenozq `bxkukz `k lofkq, }`ky xb{lm `nuk `nm }b fkks zkxzo}odh }`k g{q'`ne$ Ebz }òq

zknqbd, Njbb Jnfz (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/,jkhnd }`k abgsoln}obd be }`k ^{znnd od}b

bdk jbbf ne}kz }`k mkn}` be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$]`kzkebzk, x`n} n hzkn} sokak be nmuoak Ognng N`gnm (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/ lke} ebz

{q. Ezbg òq nmuoak njb{} q}oafodh }b }`k Q{ddn`, `k qnom, Omb db} fdbx ndy skbslk gbzk od

dkkm be lknzdodh `nmkk}` }`nd }`k skbslk be b{z}ogk$ X`kd }`ky nqfkm òg x`y, `k

qnom, Jkan{qk oddbun}obd `nqqszknm$

Qb oe }`n} xnq i{q} njb{} oddbun}obd od }knaòdh q}ylkq ndm gnddkzq, }`kd x`n} njb{} }`bqk }`n} nzk

zkln}km }b neenozq be jkloke2 Ebz kpngslk, x`n} njb{} oqq{kq be lknmkzqòs, oqq{kq be kdibododh }`k

hbbm ndm ebzjommodh }`k kuol, oqq{kq be bjkyodh }`k z{lkzq ndm db} bssbqodh }`k lknmkzq, ndm }`k

lofkq2

Gndy skbslk nuk abd}znmoa}km }`k Q{ddn` od }`kqk neenozq ndm ebllbxkm }`koz bsodobdq$ Qb ebz

}òq zknqbd, x`n} n hzkn} dkkm xk nzk od ebz }`k Q{ddn`. Zkelka} bukz x`n} Ognng N`gnm qnom od

}`k kdm be }òq q}n}kgkd},Qb x`bkukz mbkq db} `nuk }`k dnzzn}obdq xoll enll od}b oddbun}obd$

Qb x`bkukz `blmq }b }`k Q{ddn` ndm q{jgo}q }b }`k dnzzn}obdq, }`kd Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm

Kpnl}km, xoll szb}ka} òg ezbg }`k dkxly odukd}km gn}}kzq jy @oq Jb{d}y ndm Hkdkzbqo}y$

EBB]DB]KQ9

V>W Jnqkm bd }`koz goq}nfkd nqq{gs}obd }`n} }b qny }`n} Nllnn` `nq N}}zoj{}kq lofk qskka`, `knzodh,

n `ndm, n ebb}, k}a$, }òq ogslokq }`n} @k g{q} jk lofk @oq Azkn}obd$ Qb jnqkm bd }òq, }`ky zkika}


18/29

>0 | S n h k

}`kqk N}}zoj{}kq, od}kdmodh }b hlbzoey Nllnn` ndm alknz @og ezbg jkodh lofk @oq Azkn}obd$ Be

ab{zqk }`k abzzka} sbqo}obd oq }b neeozg }`k N}}zoj{}kq be Nllnn` }`n} nzk gkd}obdkm od }`k Jbbf

ndm }`k Q{ddn`, }`ky nzk }z{ly @oq N}}zoj{}kq, }`ky jkeo} @oq Gnikq}y, ndm }`ky nzk db} lofk }`k

n}}zoj{}kq be @oq Azkn}obd$

V:W Nl'G{`nnqojkk xnq n qbbekk nqak}oa ezbg Jnh`mnnm$ Kukd }`b{h` `k xnq eozg od qbgk oqq{kq

}`n} xkzk od naabzmndak xo}` }`k xny be }`k Qnlne, lofk `bx `k gnmk }nfekkzbe òq bxd en}`kz

jkan{qk `k xo}``klm ezbg qnyodh }`n} }`k ^{znnd oq db} n azkn}km }òdh, }`k qa`blnzq q}oll xnzdkm

nhnodq} òg ndm òq jbbfq$ Njbb Y{zn` Nz'Znnkk qnom, Jk xnzdkm njb{} }`kqk jbbfq. ]`ky

nzk jbbfq be oddbun}obd ndmgoqh{omndak. Zkekz }bQoynz{Nlnng Nd'D{jnlnn(>:">>3'>>:/$

V1W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nl'G{lf(58/9:

V=W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nl'Gnnomn`(;/91

Sznyodh n} Doh`}V Snz} Qkukd ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Sznyodh n} Doh`}

Bdk be Ognng N`gnmq q}{mkd}q, Njm{q'Qngnm ojd Q{lnygnnd, qnom qbgk}òdh }`n} O

gkd}obdkm knzlokz od }òq lka}{zk,Oq}nykm xo}` N`gnm ojd @ngjnl$ @k lke} ebz gk n abd}nodkz bexn}kz$ Od }`k gbzdodh `k eb{dm }`n} O `nm db} {qkm o}$ @k qnom, N abgsndobd be }`k dnzzn}obdq,

ndm `k `nq db na}ouo}y od }`k doh`}2.O }blm òg, Ong n }znuklkz$@k zkslokm, Kukd nq n

}znuklkz.

]òq oq nd b{}q}ndmodh lkqqbd ezbg Ognng N`gnm. ]`k q}{mkd} be fdbxlkmhk g{q} fkks ògqkle

{sbd qbgk zo}kq be xbzqòs, `k g{q} `nuk nd knhkzdkqq }b hk} albqk }b Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm

Gnikq}oa$

@bx xoll `k gkgbzok }`k Q{ddn`2 @bx xoll `k hnod fdbxlkmhk2 @bx xoll `k lknzd2 @bx xoll

`k hnod {dmkzq}ndmodh2 @bx xoll `k abgszk`kdm }`k gkndodhq be }`k ^{znnd2 @bx xoll `k{dmkzq}ndm o}q kpslndn}obd2 @bx xoll `k gkgbzok }`k ^{znnd x`kd `k mbkq db} fkks ògqkle

eozg {sbd na}q be xbzqòs ndm bjkmokdak2

@k g{q} mkmoan}k ògqkle qskaoeoanlly }b sznyodh n} doh`}, xo}` x`n}kukz oq knqy ebz òg$ Nllnn`

qnyq V>1W9

( Q}ndm }`k doh`} kpaks} ebz n lo}}lk /

]`kd, Nllnn` }`k Kpnl}km qnyq od }`k lnq} snz} be }`k qngk a`ns}kz V>=W9

( ]`kd zkao}k ezbg }`k ^{znnd x`n} oq knqy /


19/29

>? | S n h k

]òq gkndq }`n} yb{ q}ndm ebz n }ogk }`n} oq knqy bd yb{, kukd oe o} oq bdly }`zkk znfn`q$ Q}ndm ebz

x`n}kukz oq knqy ebz yb{$

O} and db} jk }`n} }`k dbzg ebz }`k q}{mkd} be fdbxlkmhk oq }`n} `k mbkq db} szny }n`nii{mn} doh`},

}`n} `k mbkq db} mkmoan}k ògqkle }b qbgk xbzqòs$ ]`k zoh`}kb{q gnd, }`k bdk x`b qkkfq }b

abzzka} ògqkle, g{q} `nuk n qskaonl abdakzd ebz }òq hzkn} na} be xbzqòs, q}ndmodh od }`k doh`}$

Sznyodh n} doh`} oq bdk }òdh$ ]`kqk mnyq xk dkkm }b }nlf njb{} qbgk}òdh kukd gbzk qkzob{q$ Xk

`nuk }b }nlf njb{} beekzodh }`k EnizSznykz od abdhzkhn}obd. Oe }`k skbslk be }`k snq} xkzk nmuoqkm

}b }nfk anzk be }`koz sznykzq n} doh`}, }`kd x`kzk nzk xk od }`kqk }ogkq x`kd gndy be }`k skbslk

x`b nqazojk }b zoh`}kb{qdkqq and db} kukd gnq}kz sznyodh }`kEnizSznykz od abdhzkhn}obd.

]`kd `bx xoll b{z neenoz jk, ndm x`n} q`b{lm xk jk }nlfodh njb{}2 Db mb{j} }`k neenoz oq db} knqy,

qb lk} kukzy bdk be {q odqska} b{z bxd qklukq$ Lk} {q zkskd} qodakzkly, xo}`b{} mklny, ezbg kukzy

qod$ Oe xk `nuk jkkd dkhlohkd} be b{z m{}okq, }`kd zkskd}ndak oq bjlohn}bzy$ Oe xk `nuk jkkd

dkhlohkd} be zkabggkdmkm }òdhq, }`kd n skzqbd zkdkxq òq abggo}gkd} }b qkkf Nllnn`q hzkn}

Jb{d}okq$

Nllnn` }`k Kpnl}km `nq mkqazojkm }`k skbslk be}n~xnn od Qbbzn` N}`']`nnzoynn}V>;W9

( Ukzoly }`k sob{q xoll jk od hnzmkdq ndm qszodhq, zkakouodh x`n} Nllnn` `nq houkd }`kg,

ukzoly }`ky {qkm }b mb hbbm xbzfq jkebzk }`n}, }`ky {qkm }b qlkks lo}}lk n} doh`}, ndm }`ky

{qkm }b qkkf ebzhoukdkqq od }`k gbzdodh /

Nl'@nqnd Nl'Jnqzkk (gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg/ qsbfk njb{} }`kqk }xb ukzqkq ( ]`ky {qkm

}b qlkks lo}}lk n} doh`}, Ndm }`ky {qkm }b qkkf ebzhoukdkqq od }`k gbzdodh /, xo}` qbgk ukzyzkgnzfnjlk abggkd}q$ @k qnom, ]`ky q}bbm }`k doh`} sznyodh, ndm x`kd }`k knzly gbzdodh angk

}`ky qb{h`} ebzhoukdkqq, eknzodh }`n} }`koz sznykzq xb{lm db} jk naaks}km ezbg }`kg$

]`kqk nzk }`k fodmq be q}n}kgkd}q }`n} abgk ezbg }`bqk x`b `nuk louk `knz}q$ Xk gny `nuk db

snz} od }`k neenoz kpaks} }b abduky }`k dnzzn}obd, nq }`k bdkq x`b xk dnzzn}k }b gny jk gbzk

zkaks}ouk ndm {dmkzq}ndmodh be }`kg }`nd }`k dnzzn}bz$

EBB]DB]KQ9

V>W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nl'G{nggol (81/9:V:W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` Nl'G{nggol (81/9:3

V1W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` N}`']`nnzoynn}(;>/9>='>0

Gkgbzoodh }`k ^{zndV Snz} Koh`} ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Gkgbzoodh }`k ^{znd


20/29

:3 | S n h k

Ezbg }`k db}kxbz}`y qnyodhq be Ogng N`gnm (gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg/ oq òq q}n}kgkd},

Nkk{dnlnyyn }`n} }`k m{dynngkl}q }`k `knz}q be gkd x`bqk a`kq}q abgszk`kdm }`k ^{znd.

@k qnom (zkskn}odh/, O} oq `nzm ebz gk }b naaks} }`n} }`k m{dynnab{lm gkl} }`k `knz}q be gkd

x`bqk a`kq}q abgszk`kdm }`k ^{znd$

Oe n gnd oq njlk }b anzzy (gkgbzok/ }`k ^{znd xo}` òg jy `knz}, }`kd ukzoly Nllnn` `nq houkd

òg n hzkn} jb{d}y odmkkm$ Bd }`k Mny be I{mhgkd} o} xoll jk qnom }b }`k zkao}bz be }`k

^{znd9Zknm, nqakdm, ndm zkao}k xo}` z`y}`g nq yb{ {qkm }b zkao}k z`y}`goanlly od }`k

m{dynn. Ebz ukzoly yb{z slnak xoll jk mk}kzgodkm jy }`k lnq} ukzqk yb{ zkao}k$V>W

]`k bdk x`b gkgbzokq }`k ^{znd oq }`k gbq} mkqkzuodh be }`k skbslk }b jk bjkmokd}$ ]`k bdk

x`b gkgbzokq }`k ^{znd oq }`k gbq} mkqkzuodh be }`k skbslk }b sbqqkqq `{golo}y$ @k oq }`k gbq}

mkqkzuodh be }`k skbslk }b jk bdk x`b q}zoukq `nzm ebz Snznmoqk ndm elkkq ezbg }`k @klleozk$ ]`k

bdk x`b gkgbzokq }`k ^{znd oq }`k gbq} mkqkzuodh be }`k skbslk }b db} jk qxks} {dmkz jy

}`k m{dynn$

]òq oq x`y }`k ogng (gny Nllnn` `nuk Gkzay bd òg/ qnom, Nkk{dnlnyyn }`n}

}`km{dynngkl}q }`k `knz}q be gkd x`bqk a`kq}q abgszk`kdm }`k ^{znd. Ebz }`k skzqbd be

{dmkzq}ndmodh, xòa` oq jk}}kz}`k m{dynn bz }`k ^{znd2 Oq }`kzk ndy}òdh abgsnznjlk }b o}2 Oq

}`kzk ndy}òdh qogolnz2

Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, `nq qnom od Qbbzn` _bbd{q V:W9

( Qny9 Lk} }`kg zkiboak bukz Nllnn`q Jb{d}y ndm @oq Gkzay, Nq o} oq jk}}kz }`nd kukzy}òdh

}`ky hn}`kz. /

Ojd Njkk @nn}og V1W zksbz}km n q}bzy od kpslndn}obd be }òq ukzqk, qnyodh9

X`kd }`k angklq }`n} skbslk snom }`koz nfnn}xo}` nzzoukm, bdk be [gnzq qkzund}q (gny Nllnn`

jk slknqkm xo}` òg/ qnom, B Abggndmkz be }`k Jklokukzq. Ab{lm xk }nfk n lbbf n} }`k angklq be

nfnn}2 Qb }`ky xkd} }b qkk }`k angklq }`n} xkzk fks} anhkm od }`k b{}qfoz}q be Nl'Gnmkkdn`$

X`kd }`ky qnx }`k angklq, }`k qkzund} jkangk enqaodn}km jy }`koz hzkn} d{gjkz ndm qnom, B

Abggndmkz be }`k Jklokukzq. ]òq oq Nllnn`q Jb{d}y ndm @oq Gkzay. [gnz (gny Nllnn` jk

slknqkm xo}` òg/ lbbfkm n} òg ndm qnom, _b{ `nuk lokm. Nllnn`q Jb{d}y ndm @oq Gkzay oq }`k^{znd. (Qny9 Lk} }`kg zkiboak bukz Nllnn`q Jb{d}y ndm @oq Gkzay, Nq o} oq jk}}kz }`nd

kukzy}òdh }`ky hn}`kz. / Zn}`kz }`kqk angklq nzk x`n} }`k skbslk hn}`kz.V=W

Znzkly ab{lm }`k m{dynn gkl} }`k bdk x`b gkgbzokq }`k ^{znd, lknzdq o}q kpslndn}obd, `nq n

qskaonl zkln}obdqòs xo} o}, sznyq xo}` o}, bz lknmq }`k skbslk od sznykz xo}` o}$ Znzkly ab{lm `k jk

qbgkbdk x`b ebllbxq òq mkqozkq. Znzkly ab{lm `k qlos od}b mb{j}q bz enll uoa}og }b òq l{q}q.

Znzkly ab{lm }`k bdk x`b gkgbzokq }`k ^{znd, }`k bdk fdbxd jy }`k ^{znd, jk n skzqbd be

moqbjkmokdak ndm dkhlka} xòlk Nllnn` `nq `bdbzkm òg jy an{qodh òq `knz} }b abd}nod }`k

Qskka` be Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km$


21/29

:> | S n h k

X`n} n hzkn} q}n}kgkd}. @k xnq hzokuodh, Nkkd{dnlnyyn, gkndodh o} oq n hzkn} j{zmkd bd

òg, ]`n} }`k m{dynngkl}q }`k `knz}q be gkd x`bqk a`kq}q abgszk`kdm }`k ^{znd$

X`n} oq }`k m{dynn ndyxny xo}` o}q lbe}y q}n}{q2 X`n} oq }`k m{dynn xo}` nll o}q xknl}` ndm

xbgkd2 X`n} oq }`k m{dynn ndm kukzy}òdh od o} abgsnzkm }b }`k Qskka` be Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y

ndm Kpnl}km2.

]`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ mkqazojkm }`k }xb znfn`q jkebzk }`k EnizSznykz9

]`k }xb znfn`q beEniz nzk jk}}kz }`nd }`k m{dynn ndm kukzy}òdh od o}$ V;W

]òq oq ebz }`k bdk x`b {dmkzq}ndmq }`k zknlo}y be }`k Zklohobd ndm }`k zknlo}y be }`k zk}{zd }b

Nllnn`$

EBB]DB]KQ

V>W nd n{}`kd}oa `nmkk}` eb{dm od Njbb Mnnxbbm ndm N}']ozgo}`kk, bd }`k n{}`bzo}y be

Njm{llnn` ojd Ngz (gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/$ Nl'Nljnndkk mkalnzkm o} }b jk n{}`kd}oa

od Qn`kk` Q{dnd N}']ozgo} kk (!:?>=/$

V:W }`k gkndodh beQbbzn` _bbd{q (>3/9;0

V1W ]`k q`nyf` qnom, Njbb @nn}og, ndm `k lofkly gknd} }b qny, Ojd Njkk @nn}og$

V=W ]neqkkz Nl'^{znd Nl'N}`kkg (!>3=1;, 5">?53/ be Ogng Ojd Njkk @nn}og

V;W nd n{}`kd}oa `nmkk}` abllka}km jy Ogng G{qlog, bd }`k n{}`bzo}y be Nnoq`n` (gny Nllnn` jk

slknqkm xo}` kz/

Qkkfodh Fdbxlkmhk [d}ol Mkn}`V Snz} Dodk ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



Qkkfodh Fdbxlkmhk [d}ol Mkn}`

Ogng N`gnm `nm }xb qbdq, Njm{llnn` ndm Qnnlo`$ ]`ky xkzk `nle'jzb}`kzq, gkndodh

}`n} kna` be }`kg `nm n moeekzkd} gb}`kz$ Qnnlo`, }`k qbd be Ogng N`gnm, qnom, N gndqnx gy en}`kz anzzyodh n go`'jnzn $ Ngo`'jnzn` xnq n xbbmkd odfxkll }`n} q}{mkd}q

{qkm }b anzzy nlbdh xo}` }`koz skdq$

@k qnom, N gnd qnx gy en}`kz xnq anzzyodh n go`'jnzn`, ndm qnom, B Njnn Njmollnn`.

Lbbf n} `bx }`k nll }`k skbslk xkzk enqaodn}km jy òg, kukd }`k klmkzq be }`k skbslk. @k

qnom, B Njnn Njmollnn`. _b{ `nuk zkna`km }òq sbqo}obd, yb{ nzk }`k ogng be }`k

G{qlogq. @k `nm n szbjlkg qkkodh Ogng N`gnm anzzy òq go`'jnzn` nq }`k yb{dh

q}{mkd}q xb{lm anzzy o}, bz }`n} `k xb{lm q}oll zknm jbbfq bz q`b{lmkz }`k qngk

zkqsbdqojolo}okq }`n} }`k yb{}` mom$


22/29

:: | S n h k

Ogng N`gnm zkslokm xo}` n q}n}kgkd} }`n} d{lloeokm }òq gndq x`blk {dmkzq}ndmodh$ @k

qnom, Xo}` }`kgo`'jnzn` nll }`k xny }b }`k gn~'jnzn`(}`k hznukynzm/$ X`n} mom `k

gknd2 @k gknd}, O xoll jk j{qy xo}` fdbxlkmhk {d}ol O mok$

Ndb}`kz dnzzn}obd gkd}obdq }`n} `k qnom o} n} ndb}`kz baanqobd }b ndb}`kz hzb{s be

skbslk$ Nq ebz gk, `k qnom, O xoll qkkf fdbxlkmhk {d}ol O ng slnakm od }`k hznuk$

X`kd }`k }ogk be òq mkn}` angk dknz, `k qnom }b }`bqk nzb{dm òg, Hk} gk }`k

`nmkk}` be @{q`nyg$ Qb }`ky }blm òg }`k `nmkk}`$ ]òq @{q`nyg xnq @{q`nyg ojd

Jnq`kkz, Ogng N`gnmq eozq} }kna`kz$ @k gk} òg od }`k yknz >8?, x`kd `k jkhnd

qkkfodh fdbxlkmhk n} }`k nhk be >5$

@k xnq jk}xkkd >; ndm >5, nq `k xnq jbzd od }`k yknz >5= ndm jkhnd qkkfodh

fdbxlkmhk od >8?$

Qb }`ky zknm }`k `nmkk}`$ O} gkd}obdkm }`n} Ojd Qkkzkkd {qkm }b moqlofk n skzqbd

hzbndodh ezbg snod$ N} }`n} }ogk, Ogng N`gnm `nm jkangk ukzy oll ndm `k {qkm }b hzbnd

m{k }b }`k snod$

X`kd }`ky odebzgkm òg }`n} Ojd Qkkzkkd {qkm }b moqlofk hzbndodh, `k mom db} hzbnd

nhnod {d}ol `k mokm$

]òq oq }`k zknlo}y be òq q}n}kgkd}, O xoll qkkf fdbxlkmhk {d}ol O ng slnakm od}`k hznuk$

Gkndodh, O g{q} abd}od{k jkdkeo}odh ezbg fdbxlkmhk$ Qb oe yb{ `nuk lke} yb{z yb{}`

jkòdm ndm jkabgk n }kna`kz bz nd km{an}bz, bz n lka}{zkz bz szbekqqbz od }`k {doukzqo}y,

bz nd n{}`bz, ndm yb{ qny, O `nuk eodoq`km qkkfodh fdbxlkmhk ]òq oq }`k qo}{n}obd be

qbgkbdk x`b mbkq db} fdbx }`k zknlo}y be }`k neenoz$

Nl'Olg oq fdbxlkmhk be x`n}2 O} oq fdbxlkmhk be }`k Qskka` be Nllnn` ndm }`k qskka` be

@oq Gkqqkdhkz (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/$ @nq ndybdk zkna`km n lkukl be nxnzkdkqq

be }`k gkndodhq be }`k Qskka` be Nllnn` ndm @oq Gkqqkdhkz (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn

qnllng/, ndm nlqb }`k q}n}kgkd}q be }`k qa`blnzq kpslnododh }`k Jbbf ndm }`k Q{ddn`, n

lkukl be nxnzkdkqq }`n} oq q{eeoaokd}2

Db bdk `nq zkna`km }`n} lkukl. Db bdk x`b `nq }`k zoh`} od}kd}obd ndm n szbskz `knz} `nq

zkna`km }`n} lkukl$ Zkhnzmodh }òq, Ogng N`gnm qnom, Xo}` }`kgo`'jnzn` nll }`k xny }b

}`k gn~'jnzn $ @k xnq nmmzkqqodh kukzybdk, nmuoqodh {q }b abd}od{k qkkfodh

fdbxlkmhk ndm db} }b houk o} {s ebz ndy sk}}y zknqbd$


23/29

:1 | S n h k

Od }`k q}{my aozalkq be b{z gnqiomq xk `nuk qkkd n hzkn} d{gjkz be q}{mkd}q x`b nzk

knhkz }b lknzd ebz }xb gbd}`q, ndm }`kd }`ky njndmbd o}$ ]`zkk gbd}`q bz qb bdly$ X`n}

oq }òq2. Qbgk be }`kg qkkf fdbxlkmhk ebz 1, =, ;, bz 8 yknzq ndm }`kd }`ky njndmbd o}$

X`y oq }`n}2 Oq o} jkan{qk }`k m{dynn `nq abgk }b yb{, qb yb{ nzk eodoq`km ndm dbx yb{

`knm bee od}b }`k m{dynn2 Oq o} jkan{qk n sbqo}obd xnq beekzkm }b yb{ ndm yb{ }bbf o}2 Oq o}

jkan{qk yb{ `nuk zkna`km n akz}nod q}n}{q, yb{ `nuk jkabgk n qa`bbl mozka}bz bz

szbekqqbz od }`k {doukzqo}y2 Ebz }òq yb{ q}bs qkkfodh fdbxlkmhk2 Db. _b{ g{q}

abd}od{k qkkfodh fdbxlkmhk {d}ol yb{ mok$ ]òq oq x`n} xoll abzzka} }`k qbaok}yq

szbjlkgq, oe }`koz qa`blnzq }nfk }òq nmuoak$ Nq ebz }`k q}{mkd}q be fdbxlkmhk, }`kd }`ky

g{q} `blm enq} }b }òq nmuoak, Xo}` }`kgo`'jnzn` nll }`k xny }b }`k gn~'jnzn $ @k g{q}

q}ny xo}` òq jbbf {d}ol `k mokq, zknmodh, lknzdodh, gkgbzoodh, zkuokxodh, }knaòdh, {d}ol

òq kdm$

X`n} nzk }`k skbslk qnyodh }`kqk mnyq2 ]`k z{lodhq zkln}km }b sznykz, xk fdbx }`kg, db

szbjlkg$ Oe yb{ nqfkm }`kg njb{} gndy be }`k z{lodhq, yb{ xoll eodm }`n} }`ky na}{nlly mb

db} fdbx }`kg$ X`y oq }`n}2 O} oq jkan{qk }`ky `nuk jkabgk qn}oqeokm xo}` }`k

fdbxlkmhk }`ky `nuk, kukd mkloh`}km }`n} }`ky `nuk }`k fdbxlkmhk }`ky `nuk$ Xk nqf

Nllnn` }`n} @k kpa{qkq {q ndm }`n} @k oq slknqkm xo}` {q$

Oe yb{ nqfkm }`kg njb{} neenozq kukd hzkn}kz }`nd }`k sznykz, oqq{kq be n~kkmn`, oqq{kq

be}bx`kkm, yb{ xoll eodm }`n} }`ky `nuk db} e{lly hznqskm }`k oqq{kq, ndm }`ky {qkm }b jk

q}{mkd}q be fdbxlkmhk. X`y oq }`n}2 Jkan{qk }`ky xkzk dkhlohkd}, ndm }`{q njndmbdkmo}$ Fdbxlkmhk oq `bdbz, oe yb{ njndmbd o}, o} xoll njndmbd yb{$ Oe yb{ }nfk }`k }nqf

qkzob{qly, yb{ xoll jk houkd qbgk be o}, ezbg x`n} Nllnn` `nq mkazkkm ebz yb{$

Qkkfodh Qnek}y ndm Hbbm @knl}` X`kd

Q{ssloan}odh

V Snz} ]kd ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'Ognng N`gnm* *Jkdkeo}q ezbg }`k Loek ndm Xbzfq be Ogng N`gnm*/ jy Q`nyf` Qnnlo` Nnl nq`'


Qkkfodh Qnek}y ndm Hbbm @knl}` X`kd Q{ssloan}odh

Nl'F`nllnnl xnq n q}{mkd} be Ogng N`gnm$ O }zokm }b jzodh n q}n}kgkd} ezbg kna` bdk be Ogng

N`gnmq q}{mkd}q x`b dnzzn}km qbgk}òdh db}kxbz}`y, qb oe O mom db} e{lly naabgsloq` }òq, }`kd

fdbx }`n} òq òq}bzy xnq zoa`, òq qnyodhq xkzk gndy, ndm òq qa`bbl mkqkzukq }`n} yb{ q}{my o}

ndm zkelka} bukz o}$ _b{ xoll eodm }`n} `k xnq }z{ly }`k ogng beN`l{q'Q{ddn` od òq qskka` ndm

na}obdq$


24/29

:= | S n h k

Nl'F`nllnnl qnom, O `knzm N`gnm ojd @ndjnl qnyodh, O `nm gkgbzokm }`k ^{znd$ ]`kd x`kd O

jkhnd qkkfodh }`k dnzzn}obdq, O jkangk j{qy$ X`kd `k jkhnd qkkfodh ndm gkgbzoodh }`k

dnzzn}obdq, `k jkangk }bb j{qy }b fkks }znaf be }`k ^{znd, ndm ebzhb} qbgk be o} m{k }b òq

baa{sn}obd xo}` }`k dnzzn}obdq$

O `nm gkgbzokm }`k ^{znd, qnom Ogng N`gnm, J{} x`kd O jkhnd qkkfodh }`k dnzzn}obdq, O

jkangk }bb j{qy ebz o}, ndm o} hb} nxny ezbg gk$ Qb O nqfkm Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, }b

hznd} gk o}q gkgbzon}obd, j{} O mom db} nmm, od qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`$

@k qnom, B Nllnn`. Hznd} gk }`k gkgbzon}obd be }`k ^{znd, xo}`b{} nmmodh, Od qnek}y ndm

hbbm `knl}`$ @k xnq qnyodh }`n} x`n} oq gbzk jkeo}}odh oq }b nqf, B Nllnn`. Hznd} gk }`k

gkgbzon}obd be }`k ^{znd od qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`$

@k qnom, Qb }`kd O mom db} gkgbzok }`k ^{znd {d}ol O xnq q`naflkm od szoqbd$ Oe yb{ nqf Nllnn`

ebz qbgk}òdh, nqf ebz o} od qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`$

Eozq}ly, }`k ogszoqbdgkd} be Ogng N`gnm xnq qbgk}òdh }`n} nqqoq}km ndm jkdkeo}km }`kQ{ddn`$

O} xnq qbgk}òdh }`n} gnmk }`k }z{}` szkunol, o} gnmk }`k n~kkmn` be }`k Qnlneszkunol m{zodh n

}ogk x`kd }`k skbslk xkzk jkodh }zokm jy }`bqk x`b alnogkm }`n} }`k ^{znd xnq n qbgk}òdh

azkn}km$

Qb `k xnq inolkm od }`k xny be }`k Q{ddn`, ndm `k jkdkeo}km }`k skbslk hzkn}ly, nq `k h{omkm }`k

skbslk }b }`k Q{ddn` be }`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ ndm }`k abzzka} jkloke

zkhnzmodh }`k ^{znd db} jkodh azkn}km$

Kukd }`b{h` `k xnq ogszoqbdkm ebz }òq hzkn} zknqbd, szoqbd oq q}oll db} n slnak be qnek}y bz hbbm

`knl}`$ Ogng N`gnm qnom, O mom db} qny, od qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`$ O nqfkm Nllnn` }b nllbx gk

}b gkgbzok }`k ^{znd, ndm O mom db} nmm, od qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`$ Qb O mom db} gkgbzok o}

{d}ol O xnq od szoqbd ndm od a`nodq$

Xo}`b{} n mb{j} }òq oq n hzkn} q}n}kgkd}, q`bxodh }`n} n gnd g{q} }òdf }`zb{h`b{} òq

q{ssloan}obdq ndm nlxnyq nqf Nllnn` }b snzmbd òg ndm an{qk òg }b jk od qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`$

Qb oe yb{ qkkf qbgk}òdh ezbg yb{z Lbzm, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, }`kd nqf @og }b hznd} yb{

qnek}y ndm hbbm `knl}`, qodak yb{ mb db} fdbx x`n} oq hbodh }b `nsskd$

Skz`nsq yb{ gny db} zkakouk x`n} yb{ nqf ebz kpaks} n} n }ogk x`kd n qoafdkqq `nq gnmk yb{

jkmzommkd$ Skz`nsq yb{ xoll db} zkakouk x`n} yb{ nqf ebz kpaks} ne}kz yb{ `nuk lbq} yb{z aòlmzkd

ndm engoly ndm yb{ nzk qo}}odh nlbdk od yb{z `b{qk$ Skz`nsq yb{ xoll db} zkakouk x`n} yb{ nqf ebz

kpaks} ne}kz jkodh kpolkm ezbg yb{z `bgklndm, qbgk}òdh }`n} yb{ nzk db} `nssy njb{} ndm yb{


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:; | S n h k

mom db} a`bbqk o}$ Qb }`kzkebzk, nlxnyq nqf Nllnn` }b houk yb{ x`n} yb{ nqf ebz od n q}n}k be qnek}y

ndm hbbm `knl}`$

Qogolnzly, xk q`b{lm qkkf zke{hk od Nllnn` ezbg }zonlq, }zonlq }`n} an{qk skbslk }b hb nq}zny$ Qb n

skzqbd q`b{lm odal{mk od òq q{ssloan}obdq }`n} Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Gnikq}oa, fkksq }`kqk }zonlq

nxny ezbg òg$

]`k qa`blnzq `nuk qnom }`n} x`n} oq jkq} oq }b qkkf zke{hk od Nllnn` ezbg }`k }zonlq }`n} lknm skbslk

nq}zny$ ]`k q{ssloand} q`b{lm qny, B Nllnn`. O qkkf zke{hk od yb{ ezbg }`k }zonlq }`n} lknm skbslk

nq}zny. bz B Nllnn`. O qkkf zke{hk od yb{ ezbg jkodh }zokm od gy Zklohobd. bz }`k lofkq$

]òq oq jkan{qk kukd hbbm }òdhq nzk }zonlq, }`k engoly oq n }zonl, ndm gbdky oq n }zonl$ ]`kqk nzk

}òdhq }`n} n skzqbd g{q} mknl xo}` ' @k `nq }b hk} gnzzokm, `k oq hbodh }b `nuk aòlmzkd, `k `nq }b

`nuk gbdky, k}a$ ]`kqk }zonlq nzk hbbm }òdhq od }`koz bzohodq, j{} }`ky gny an{qk qbgk skbslk }b

hb nq}zny$ Qb n skzqbd g{q} qkkf zke{hk od Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, ezbg nll }zonlq }`n}

gny lknm bdk nq}zny$

]`k Keeka} be Fdbxlkmhk bd Bdkq

Xzo}odhqV Snz} Klkukd ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm, *God Gn(kkd nl'



]`k Keeka} be Fdbxlkmhk bd Bdkq Xzo}odhq

Njm{llnn`, }`k qbd be Ogng N`gnm, qnom, N jnjy xnq jbzd }b gy en}`kz$ Njm{l'Nlnn hnuk gk

n lk}}kz be abdhzn}{ln}obdq }b houk }b gy en}`kz$ Njm{l'Nlnn xnq bdk be }`k qa`blnzq be `nmkk}`

n} }`n} }ogk$ @k zknm o}, abd}od{km Njm{llnn`, Ndm }`kd }bqqkm o} nqomk$

]òq oq db} }`k xzo}odh be n qa`blnz, dbz ng{`nmmo}` (`nmkk}` dnzzn}bz/, qnom Ogng N`gnm,

]òq oq }`k gkzkly }`k xzo}odh be nd nukznhk xzo}kz$

Ogng N`gnm xnq }knaòdh òq qbd n lkqqbd, mk}kq}odh x`n} }òq qa`blnz xzb}k, nq db fdbxlkmhk

ab{lm jk ekl} od òq xzo}odh$

Od zknlo}y, }òq oq nlqb qbgk}òdh xk abgslnod be od }òq mny ndm }ogk$ ]`k lndh{nhk be }`k skbslk

be fdbxlkmhk od lk}}kzq be abzzkqsbdmkdak, lk}}kzq be abdhzn}{ln}obdq, k}a$ `nq jkkd lbq}, bz }`k

ukzy lknq} xk and qny oq }`n} }`kzk oq db} kdb{h` abdakzd }b {qk o}$


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:5 | S n h k

X`n} oq jodmodh bd }`k qa`blnz, }`k q}{mkd} be fdbxlkmhk, ndm }`k }kna`kz oq }`n} òq fdbxlkmhk

q`b{lm gnfk n szkqkdak od x`n} `k xzo}kq, kukd od qogslk lk}}kzq be abdhzn}{ln}obd$ @k g{q} db}

xzo}k lofk dkxqsnskz abl{gdoq}q, dbz lofk abggbd skbslk, dbz skbslk kdh{lekm od }òq xbzlmly

loek, zn}`kz `k g{q} abduky ògqkle od n jkeo}}odh xny od òq qskka` nq xkll nq òq xzo}odhq$

Qb x`kd Njm{l'Nlnn enolkm }b xzo}k od }òq xny, Ogng N`gnm }bqqkm òq lk}}kz nqomk, qnyodh,

]òq oq db} }`k xzo}odh be n qa`blnz, dbz ng{`nmmo}`$ ]òq oq }`k gkzkly }`k xzo}odh be nd nukznhk

xzo}kz$ Jy o}q q}ylk, }`k lk}}kz xnq db} qbgk}òdh }b jk kpska}km ezbg n skzqbd be fdbxlkmhk$ ]`k

q}ylk be }`k skbslk be fdbxlkmhk abd}nodq q{ssloan}obdq ndm dnzzn}obdq ezbg }`k Q{ddn` xòlk

szkqkd}odh }`k eba{q be }`k lk}}kz, nq xkll nq qbgk nmmo}obdnl jkdkeo}q }`n} xb{lm jk nsszbszon}k$

@{gjlodh Bdkqkle ndm Zkika}odhSbs{lnzo}yV ]`k }xkle}` ndm eodnl snz} ben qkzokq be odqsozodh nz}oalkqezbg n zkabzmkm lka}{zk kd}o}lkm,

*God Gn(kkd nl'Ognng N`gnm* *Jkdkeo}q ezbg }`k Loek ndm Xbzfq be Ogng N`gnm*/ jy Q`nyf`

Qnnlo` Nnl nq`'Q`nyf` gny Nllnn` szkqkzuk òg/ W

@{gjlodh Bdkqkle ndm Zkika}odh Sbs{lnzo}y

]`k lnq} sbod} be h{omndak }`n} xk xoll }nfk ezbg }`k eb{d}nodq be Ogng N`gnm }`n} mb db} mzy

{s, oq }`k q}n}kgkd} be G{`nggnm ojd @nqnd ojd @nnzbbd, O qnx }`n} x`kd Njbb Njmollnn`xnlfkm }`k q}zkk}q, `k `n}km }`n} qbgkbdk xb{lm xnlf jkòdm òg$

E{z}`kzgbzk, Njm{llnn`, }`k qbd be Ogng N`gnm, qnom, X`kd `k xkd} b{} }bI{g{n`Sznykz,

gy en}`kz xb{lm db} nllbx ndybdk }b ebllbx jkòdm òg, ndm `k {qkm }b q}bs {d}ol }`k skbslk

ebllbxodh òg xb{lm snqq òg {s$

X`y xnq }`n}2 Jkan{qk }òq oq n }zonl ebz }`k bdk jkodh ebllbxkm, ndm n ebzg be `{golon}obd }b }`k

ebllbxkz$ Ogng N`gnm fdkx }`n}, oe qbgkbdk ebllbxkm òg, `k xb{lm jkdkeo}, ko}`kz ezbg òq

q{ssloan}obdq, bz skz`nsq `k xb{lm nqf n ~{kq}obd, j{}, ezbg òq fkkddkqq }b zkgkmy òq bxd qb{l,`k moqlofkm }b jk }kq}km jy `nuodh n hzb{s be skbslk ebllbxodh jkòdm òg$

N qogslk neenoz ezbg qbgk}òdh kukzybdk mbkq@k xb{lm db} jk slknqkm xo}` ndybdk ebllbxodh

òg, zn}`kz `k lbukm }b xnlf jy ògqkle$ @k xnq qb fkkd bd fkksodh ògqkle s{zk, jy hbodh b{} }b

}`k sznykz ndm zk}{zdodh }b òq `b{qk nlbdk$

]`kqk gnddkzq xoll `kls kukzybdk x`b `nq jkkd }kq}km jy Nllnn` xo}` n ebllbxodh be skbslk,

x`k}`kz }`k skbslk lbbf {s }b òg jkan{qk be fdbxlkmhk, q}n}{q, bz kukd xbzlmly }òdhq$ @k g{q}`{gjlk ògqkle ndm db} nqqoq} }`k Mkuol od mkq}zbyodh òq bxd qkle$


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:8 | S n h k

@k g{q} q`{d nll nukd{kq lknmodh }b }òq$ Oe `k qkkq xo}òd ògqkle ndy ngnkgkd} bz szomk njb{}

ògqkle, bz }`n} `k qkkq ògqkle nq jkodh hzkn}, }`kd `k g{q} lbxkz ògqkle ndm jk `{gjlk qb }`n}

`k and qk} ògqkle q}znoh }$ ]òq oq jkan{qk szomk oq n `{hk }òdh, bdk be }`k gnibz qodq$

]`k Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/ qnom9

]`k bdk x`b `nq kukd }`k qgnllkq} snz}oalk be szomk od òq `knz} xoll db} kd}kz

Snznmoqk$ V>W

]òq oq x`n} oq jodmodh bd nll }`bqk }`n} }`k skbslk ebllbx, }`n} }`ky fdbx }òq oq n }kq} ezbg

Nllnn` ndm }`ky mkmoan}k }`kgqklukq }b lbxkzodh }`kgqklukq ndm `nuodh `{golo}y$ Ndm }`bqk x`b

ebllbx }`kg q`b{lm jk anzke{l nq xkll, }`ky q`b{lm db} hb nhnodq} qbgkbdk }zyodh }b xbzf jy }òq

nmuoak$

Qb oe n skzqbd eodmq n qa`blnz }zyodh }b jk `{gjlk lofk }òq, }`kd lk} òg jk knqy bd òg$ Lk} òg

jkdkeo} ezbg òg od ndy kduozbdgkd} `k eodmq òg od, n} q}{my aozalkq, od alnqqzbbgq, k}a$,

`bxkukz, `k g{q} db} ebllbx òg }b kukzy slnak nq `k gny mk}kq} }`n}$ Kukzy qodakzk qa`blnz

mkmoan}km }b }`k km{an}obd be }`k skbslk `n}kq }b `nuk }`k skbslk ebllbx òg, ndm `k `n}kq }`n}

}`ky qny hzkn} }òdhq njb{} òg, qodak sznoqk oq qbgk}òdh }`n} `k eknzq xoll neeka} òq `knz}$

Ojd Gnqbbm qnom, nmuoqodh òq q}{mkd}q, szbòjo}odh }`kg ezbg ebllbxodh òg, ]òq oq n

jklo}}lkgkd} be }`k ebllbxkzq ndm n }zonl ebz }`k bdk jkodh ebllbxkm$

Abdal{qobd

O nqf Nllnn`, }`k Goh`}y ndm Kpnl}km, }b gnfk gk ndm nll be yb{ ezbg }`bqk x`b q}zouk ebz sok}y,

}`bqk x`b s{q` }`kgqklukq nhnodq} x`n} }`koz mkqozkq aznuk$ O nqf Nllnn`, }`k Hlbzoeokm Bdk, }b

zkxnzm }`k ogng beN`l{q'Q{ddn , N`gnm ojd @ndjnl, }`k jkq} zkxnzm ebz `bx g{a` xk `nuk

hnodkm ezbg òg$ Ebz ukzoly `k xnq }b }`k skbslk be òq }ogk nq Njbb Jnfz (gny Nllnn` jk

slknqkm xo}` òg/ xnq }b }`k skbslk be òq }ogk$ Nq }`k skbslk enakm }`k nsbq}n}kq od }`k }ogk be

Njbb Jnfz, }`ky enakm }`k kuol }zonl be }`bqk x`b }zokm }b od}zbm{ak }`k omkn be }`k ^{znd jkodh

qbgk}òdh azkn}km, nq xkll nq b}`kz }zonlq }`n} lkm gndy nq}zny, od }`k }ogk be Ogng N`gnm$ Nq}`k eozq} hzb{s `nm Njbb Jnfz, }`k ln}}kz `nm Ogng N`gnm }b gnfk }`kg eozg, jy Nllnn`q

Jb{d}y ndm @oq Jlkqqodh$

B Nllnn`. Zkxnzm }`k ogngq be Oqlnng ndm }`k qa`blnzq be }`k Zklohobd xo}` }`k jkq} zkxnzm ebz

}`k hzkn} ngb{d} be fdbxlkmhk ndm jkdkeoaonl h{omndak xk `nuk od`kzo}km ezbg }`kg. B Nllnn`.

Gnfk {q ezbg }`bqk h{omkm jy yb{z Szbs`k}, }`bqk x`b nzk gnmk eozg jy òq Q{ddn`, }`bqk x`b

}zknm }`k sn}` be }`k Abgsndobdq be yb{z Szbs`k} (qnllnllnn`{ nlny`k xn qnllng/.

B Nllnn`. Hznd} {q eozgdkqq {sbd }`k Q{ddn` ndm hbbm albqodh mkkmq. B Nllnn`. Gnfk {q eozg

{sbd x`n} yb{ nzk slknqkm xo}` {d}ol xk gkk} yb{ xòlk yb{ nzk slknqkm xo}` {q.


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:0 | S n h k

B Nllnn`. Houk {q hbbm albqodh na}obdq. B Nllnn`. Houk {q q`kl}kz ezbg }`k lbxlodkqq be }òq loek,

ndm ezbg }`k s{doq`gkd} be }`k @kzkne}kz. B Nllnn`. O qkkf zke{hk od yb{ ezbg qlossodh od}b

moqbjkmokdak bz ezbg jkodh gnmk }b qlos od}b moqbjkmokdak, ezbg hbodh nq}zny bz jkodh lkm nq}zny

jy b}`kzq, ezbg bsszkqqodh bz jkodh bsszkqqkm, ezbg jk`nuodh ohdbznd}ly bz `nuodh b}`kzq jk`nuk

ohdbznd}ly }b {q.

B Nllnn`. Abzzka} }`bqk x`b nzk od a`nzhk be b{z neenozq, ndm hznd} }`kg q{aakqq mbodh x`n} yb{

lbuk ndm nzk slknqkm xo}`, ndm gnfk {q ndm }`kg ezbg }`bqk x`b abbskzn}k {sbd zoh`}kb{qdkqq

ndm sok}y$

Ndm gny Nllnn` znoqk }`k zndf be b{z Szbs`k} G{`nggnm ndm hznd} òg sknak$

EBB]DB]KQ9

V>W nd n{}`kd}oa `nmkk}` abllka}km jy Ogng G{qlog, bd }`k n{}`bzo}y be Njm{llnn` ojd Gnqbbm

(gny Nllnn` jk slknqkm xo}` òg/

Jobhzns`y9 Q`nyf` Qnnlo` ojd Njmol'

Nkk Nnl nq`'Q`nyfÒd }`k Dngk be Nllnn`, }`k Gbq}Gkzaoe{l

Ezbg n engoly be hzb{dmkm fdbxlkmhk, Q`nyf` Qnnlo` ojd Njmol'Nkk Nnl nq`'Q`nyfòq }`k

hzndmqbd be }`k hzkn} qa`blnz, Q`nyf` G{`nggnm ojd Ojznn`kkg Nnl nq`'Q`nyf`

(m$>10?/$ Q`nyf` G{`nggnm xnq }`k hzndmqbd be Q`nyf` Njm{z'Zn`gnnd ojd @nqnd (m$>:0;/,

}`k n{}`bz beEn}'`{l'Gnikkm, nd b{}q}ndmodh kpslndn}obd beFo}nnj n}']bx`kkmbe òq

hzndmen}`kz, Q`nyf` nl'Oqlnng G{`nggnm ojd Njmol'Xn``nnj (m$>:35/$ Gny Nllnn` `nuk

Gkzay bd nll be }`kg$

@k xnq jbzd ndm znoqkm od Zoynm` od >180 (>?;0 bd }`k A`zoq}ond anlkdmnz/$ @k q}{mokm ^{znd

Qaokdakq n} Ogng G{`nggnm ojd Qn{m Oqlngoa [doukzqo}y, x`kzk òq kpaks}obdnl lkukl befdbxlkmhk q}bbm b{}, ndm }`{q `k jkangk n }kna`kz }`kzk ndm }n{h`} ebz njb{} >; yknzq$

Od >=>5 (>??;/, `k xnq nssbod}km nq }`k Mks{}y Godoq}kz be Oqlngoa Neenozq od Qn{mo

Nznjon$ Q`bz}ly ne}kz }`n}, od >=:3, `k xnq gnmk }`k Godoq}kz be Oqlngoa Neenozq$ @k `nq `klm } oq

sbqo}obd {d}ol }bmny, jy Nllnn`q Hznak$

]`k q`nyf` `nq q}{mokm {dmkz qbgk hzkn} qa`blnzq be zkakd} }ogkq, }`k lofkq be9

Q`nyf` Njm{l'Nkk ojd Jnn

Q`nyf` @nggnnm nl'Ndqnnzkk


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:? | S n h k

Q`nyf` Njm{llnn` nl'N~kkl

Q`nyf` Njm{llnn` ojd H`{mnyynnd

Q`nyf` Qnnlo` oq fdbxd ebz `oq gndy lkqqbdq ndm kpslndn}obdq be jbbfq, }`k zkabzmodhq be x`oa`

nzk xomkly nunolnjlk ndm be hzkn} jkdkeo} }b q}{mkd}q be fdbxlkmhk$ @oq alknz ndm szbskz Nznjoa

ab{slkm xo}` oq unq} fdbxlkmhk ndm alknz Qnlnekk nsszbna` gnfk }`kqk zkabzmodhq nd odunl{njlk

zkqb{zak ebz }`k G{qlogq od hkdkznl$

Bdk kpngslk be }`kqk ngnodh zkabzmodhq

“Benefits from the Life and Works of Imam Ahmad” - Shaykh Saalih Aal ash-Shaykh (may Allaah...

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Transcript of “Benefits from the Life and Works of Imam Ahmad” - Shaykh Saalih Aal ash-Shaykh (may Allaah...