Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed...
Transcript of Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed...
![Page 1: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed
WaterFrancis A. DiGiano, Christopher Weaver
Daniel A. OkunDept. of Environmental Sciences and
EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina
Paper Accepted for Publication in JAWWA
![Page 2: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The late Prof. Emeritus, Dr. Daniel A. Okun
Advancing Dual Water System Design• Shift fire protection to reclaimed
water- Reduce pipe sizes- Reduce water residence times
• Explore alternative pipe materials- Stainless steel- Prevents leaks- Less water quality deterioration
• Illustrate concepts- Master Planned community - Technical & economic aspects
![Page 3: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Undoing of Water Treatment Technology Investments
• Microbial & chemical rxsat water-pipe wall
• Rxs in storage tanks• Corrosion• Pipe breaks-water
intrusion• Long residence times (2 d
typical; >20 d observed)• Aging infrastructure
![Page 4: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Stainless Steel Pipe
• Less susceptible to corrosion– Forms chromium oxide
layer when in contact with water
• Lower potential for biofilmattachment
• Potential installation cost savings
• Easier, faster, more secure connections
![Page 5: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fire Demand Currently ControlsPipe Size
• State code determines fire flow requirements
• Fire demands outweigh indoor + outdoor home demands
• min. of 6-in. diam. req’d
Revised 2008
![Page 6: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Water Treatment Plant
Wastewater Reclamation Plant
Lakes, Rivers & Wells
ResidentialCommercial &
Industrial
Fire Demand
Dual Distribution Systems for New Community
![Page 7: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Briar Chapel,Chatham County, N.C.
![Page 8: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Briar Chapel Phase 1
Phase 1WWTP
![Page 9: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Development Overview
• 2,400 homes at build-out over 10 yrs– 300 homes per year in three phases
• Developer: Newland Communities Corp.• Site Engineering: J.R. McAdams, Inc. • Planned Water Infrastructure
– North Chatham County water supply– On-site WWTP with land disposal
![Page 10: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
WWTP Design
• 3 Phases (250,000 gpd capacity each)• Activated sludge with nutrient removal• Chlorination-dechlorination• Tertiary filtration (anthracite)• UV inactivation• 5 MG upset storage• 80 MG seasonal storage• Spray irrigation on 450 acres
![Page 11: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
One of Two, 40 MG Storage Ponds
![Page 15: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dual Water System Design:Assumptions for Water Usage
95Indoor + Outdoor34Outdoor (Irrigation)15Toilet Flushing Only61Total Indoor
Water Usage RateGallons per Capita per Day (gpcd)Category
Data Provided by Metcalf & Eddy (2005) and DeOreo et al. (1998)
![Page 16: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dual Water System DesignsOption A: Fire Flow, IrrigationOption B: Add Toilet Flushing
QNR = 90,000 gpdQA = 60,000 gpdQB = 44,000 gpd
Water from North Chatham County WTP
Spray Irrigation
A) 28% reduction in land
B) 53% reduction in land
Reclaimed Water Line
MBR
![Page 17: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Typical Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Effluent Quality Compared to Standards for Reclaimed Water in N.C.
NA3 to 10 Total Nitrogen-N (mg/L)NA< 0.1 Total Phosphorus (mg/L)14 < 10 Total Coliform (CFU/100 mL)10 < 1 Turbidity (NTU)*4 < 1 Ammonia-N (mg/L)5 < 2 TSS (mg/L)
10 < 2 BOD5 (mg/L)
NC MonthlyTreatment
PerformanceLevels
TypicalMBR
EffluentQuality
Parameter
![Page 18: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
5 MGD MBR Plant in Cauley Creek, Duluth, Ga.
![Page 19: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EPANET2 :Potable Distribution Network
Option BRemoval of FireDemand
Existing Plan
![Page 20: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dual Water System Pipe Diameters
82.844,000B3.4
4.4
8.6
Potable WaterLength
Weighted Avg. Diam.
(in.)
860,000A
890,000Removal of FireDemand
none90,000None
Reclaimed Water
Uniform Pipe Diam. (in.)
Water Demand
(gpd)Reuse Option
![Page 21: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Smaller Pipe Diameters Reduce Water Age
18.23.82.8B12.64.43.4A175.84.4
Removal of FireDemand
72+16.58.6None
Max.Water
Age,hrs
Avg.Water
Age,hrs
Pipe Diam.(in.)
ReuseOption
![Page 22: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
EPANET2: Water Reclamation System
WWTP
Elevated storage tank
123
45
WWTP12
3
45
200,000 gal
100 ft. Elevated Storage Tank
Locations of fire event simulations1,500 gpm for 2 hrs (residential)2,500 gpm for 2 hrs (commercial)
![Page 23: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Change in Pressure During Simulated Commercial Fire Events in Reuse Network for Option B
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80
Pressure (psi)
Fire 1 at FH-16Fire 2 at FH-78Fire 3 at FH-401Fire 4 at FH-104Fire 5 at FH-303Prior to Fire Event
No.
nod
es w
P<
stat
ed
![Page 24: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Average and Maximum Water Age in Water Reclamation Distribution System
• Higher level of reuse results in lower water age• Implications for carrying disinfectant residual
14030B
16869A
Max Age (hrs)Avg Age (hrs)Reuse Option
![Page 25: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Costs of Pipe Materials
21.7015.6721.5879.7912
10.208.3613.0038.728
7.804.809.7528.616
4.102.55--14.964
1.60*0.59*--6.062
$/ft$/ft$/ft$/ftDiameter (in.)
PVC C900 Reuse§
PVC C900DIPSS 5#
#SS5 = Schedule5 stainless steel*PVC C900 not available in 2-in diameter; S40 is substituted§PVC C900 Reuse for reclaimed water line only- higher cost due to production change to purple color
![Page 26: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cost Estimates (in thousands of dollars) for Existing Plan & Reuse Options A and B
1,074767 1,160 794 820482Total Costs*
718 718 718 718 718--Reclaimed Water§
356 49 443 76 102482Potable Water
All SS 5
All PVC*
All SS 5
All PVC
DI/PVC# DI
Reuse Option BReuse Option AExisting Plan
DistributionSystem
#Cement-lined DI for pipe diameters>6 in. and PVC for pipe diameters<6 in.§ Includes $400,000 for elevated 200,000-gal, reclaimed water storage tank*All pipes are less than 6-in diameter and thus, no DI/PVC option is provided
![Page 27: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Costs for WWTP
0.20
0.25
Cap. (mgd)
2,203,000Existing design (BNR, chlorination-dechlorination, anthracite filters, UV)1
1,772,800MBR, UV, sludge handling2
CostTreatment Features
1Newland Communities, 20072Black & Veatch, 2007
![Page 28: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Spray Irrigation Land SavingsAssume equalization by storage of wastewater generated
during non-landscape irrigation season (6 mos)
Toilet flushing (year around)With irrigation reuse (6 mos)Equalization of QLD,NR and QLD,I
With irrigation reuse (6 mos)Equalization of QLD,NR and QLD,I
No reuse
Condition
15(61-15)- 34 = 12[(61-15)+12]/2 = 29
Option BQTF
QLD,I
QLD,E
(61 – 34) = 27(61 + 27)/2 = 44
Option AQLD,I
QLD,E
61Existing PlanQLD,NR
gpcdDaily per capita flow rate
![Page 29: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Estimated Land Savings and Storage Rqmts
• % land area saved in Option A ( 1- QLD,E /QLD,NR) ×100 = 28% (9 acres)
• % land area saved in Option B [1-QLD,E/ QLD,NR] ×100 = 53% (17 acres)
• Storage requirement (at build-out)(QLD,NR - QLD,E) ×180 days × 6,000 pop. = 18 MG
![Page 30: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Savings in Spray Irrigation Land Area
18 (80 available)53Option B18 (80 available)28Option A
Storage Volume During Non Irrigation Season (MG)
at Build-out
Land AreaSavings (%)
ReuseOption
$372,000Original Design
$197,000Savings for Reuse Option B
$104,000Savings for Reuse Option A
Savings in Spray Irrigation Equipment Costs
![Page 31: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cost Offsets to Dual Water System Piping Costs (in $1,000)
Cost OffsetsAdded DS Costs
-53%(17 acres)
- $ 197 +$ 285 to 592 B (irrig. + toilet flushing)
- $ 104
Spray Irrig. Equipment
+ $ 314 to 678 -28%(9 acres)
A (irrig.)
Spray Irrig. Land Area
Reuse Option
Includes $400,000 for elevated storage tank
![Page 32: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Impact of Dual Water System on Water Treatment Costs
• WTP is not currently necessary for Briar Chapel Project but if so
• Reduction of potable water demand during peak summer translate to capital cost savings of– 35 % in Option A – 51% in Option B
• Savings could be applied to install more advanced water trmt
![Page 33: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Conclusions• Length-averaged pipe diam. decreased
– from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in. for irrigation reuse– to 2.8 in. for irrigation + toilet flushing reuse.
• Avg. water age decreased – From 17 to less than 5 hrs
• 50-100% higher pipe costs for dual water system– cost of 200,000 gal storage tank substantial – SS doubles cost but may be advantages
![Page 34: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conclusions (continued)
• Piping cost increase offset by:– Savings in spray irrigation equipment– 9 to 17 acres of land become available for
development (for pop. of 1,100 out of 6,000)• Equalization storage required but volume
available• Other potential benefits
– Savings in capital costs of WTP– Savings in water supply development
![Page 35: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Recommendations
• Address safety of reclaimed water for fire fighting and toilet flushing in private residences
• Predict chlorine residuals in reclaimed water line• Use more detailed cost analysis
– EPA’s Asset Management model– Total Life Cycle Costing
• Quantify deferred costs of expanding water supplies and other infrastructure by implementation of water reuse
![Page 36: Benefits and Costs of Fire Protection from Reclaimed Watersph.unc.edu/files/2013/07/9_DiGiano1.pdf · 7/9/2013 · – from 8.6 to 4.6 in. by removing fire demand – to 3.8 in.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050606/5fadb97c03253407d53130ff/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Acknowledgments
• Ed Timoney, Newland Communities Corp.• Chris Sandt, J.R. McAdams, Inc.• Weidong Zhang, Hazen & Sawyer• John Greene, OWASA• Steve Lamb, Nickel Institute• Sean Farley, U.S. Pipe and Foundry Co.• Brandon Smith, HD Supply Waterworks