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1. Enhancing quality / property of materials for getting its

higher added value

2. Beneficiation : every process carrying out , mechanically ,

physically for materials to meet the materials specification

required by industries / market

3. Beneficiation : any process which involve no chemical

reaction for getting higher added value

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There are many types of raw materials used in industries :

Classification of these raw materials can be divided into its sources

raw materials come from natural deposits

raw materials come from agro plants product

raw materials come from disposed materials

raw materials come from other industries activities

Classification of raw materials based on its physical appearance

as a solid materials

as a liquid materials

or may be gaseous materials ??

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both crude raw materials and industrial / processed raw materialfirst should be identified according to its nature

Identification includes :

Chemical composition : mole or weight percentage , weight or

mole fraction bases refer to its chemicals compound or its

oxides compound chemical analysis ( volumetric /gravimetric ), analysis using analytical instrument ( AAS ,

GC , GC MS etc.)

This identification means to determine or to distinguish what

are the main chemicals compounds which should be in the

crude or raw material

purification processes ? Physical properties of the crude or raw material :

grain size or particle size screen analysis ?

water content drying processes ?

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chemical compounds bases ( volumetric / gravimetric

analysis , analytical instrument / GC or GS - MS organic

compounds bases)

oxides bases ( Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer =

AAS inorganic compounds bases )

Can be expressed as a mole bases or weight bases

i

ii

WWWW

WX

++++

=

.......321

icomponentfractionweightXi =

lrawmateriacrudeinicomponentofweightWi /=

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i

i

i mmmm

m

Y ++++=

.......321

icomponentfractionmoleYi =

lrawmateriacrudeinicomponentofmolemi /=

ii

iii

MWXMWXMWXMWX

MWXY

)(.......)()()(

)(

332211 ++++

=

icomponentfractionweightXi =

icomponentofeightmolecularwMWi =

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identification of solid state crude / raw materials usually includes

oxide compounds , by using AAS ( Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer dry or wet bases composition ) Al2O3 , SiO2

mineralogy analysis , to determine the existing minerals which

compose the crude / raw material by using XRD instrument

analysis for example : limestone

CaCO3 chemical compound

CaO oxide compound for CaCO3

Calcite mineral form of limestone

Aragonite mineral form of limestone

Clay : AL2O3 2 SiO2H2O : aluminates silicate compound

Al2O3 & SiO2 oxide compounds for clay

kaolinite , montmorilonite, halloysite : minerals of clay

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Identification of minerals using its basal spacing and its 2

value, it means that for specified crystalline form , it has

the fixed basal spacing and specific 2 value.

Basal spacing means the distances whish measured

between crystal lattice surfaces , usually each mineraltype has many basal spacing values , to identify the

minerals needs at least 2 its corresponding basal spacing.

For example: clay minerals

kaolinite mineral has the basal spacing : 7.15 Ao ,

3.566 Ao

and 2.331 Ao

Montmorilonite mineral has the basal spacing :14.7 Ao

4.42 Ao, 1.49Ao

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XRD can be used to identify the minerals qualitatively , just

looking for the basal spacing or its 2 values whichcorrespond to the minerals` basal spacing

Analysis quantitatively using XRD instrument needs the

providing mineral standard. It can be done by comparing

the reflected X-Ray beam counts between the mineral

standard and sample for the same basal spacing or 2values

Comparing the counts of reflected X-Ray of one sample

with others for the same basal spacing or 2 value , can

indicate the relatively mineral content. The higher the

counts means having the higher mineral content

Keep in mind : XRD method analysis is suitable only for

crystalline minerals , not for amorphous minerals

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no particles in industries having single size

the size of these particle should be noted as ranges of its

size

Usually particle sizes in term of Mesh size , mesh screen

Tyler standard wire mesh

Mesh definition : for smaller particles , Mesh is define as a number of

holes each square inch of wire mesh

wire

1 inch

1 inch

hole

Mesh : 100

there are 100 holes

each square inch

Screen aperture :

the diameter / the

opening of each hole in mesh

screen

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standard screen system , means that in each

system consists of several mesh-screens, whichits aperture is orderly specified

An = aperture of the nth screen from the top of

the screen arrangement

An+1

= aperture of the (n+1)th screen from the top

of the screen arrangement

An = 2 An+1

Mesh number : 100

A100 = 0,147 mmMesh number : 150 A150 = 0,104 mm

The diameter / size of particle which

retained 150 Mesh and through 100 Mesh

should be noted as : - 100 + 150 Mesh