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March 2008March 2008March 2008

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Building EconomistBuilding Economist

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The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors

Our Cover

25 - 100 Years of Quantity Surveying in Australia Did a quantity surveyor work on the pyramids? Perhaps – for it is believed that the ancient Egyptians used a system of quantity surveying but it was not until the 17th century restoration of London after the Great Fire that Q u a n t i t y S u r v e y o r s developed as an occupation. This year marks one hundred years of the representation of quantity surveyors by a professional association in Australia.

9 - EVM in IT projects Many IT projects may be classified as troubled, meaning that they do not meet schedule, cost or scope constraints, writes Maja Ferle in her paper that received the 2006 Jan Korevaar award.

14 - Recruiting quantity surveyors when there aren't any. It’s not that there aren’t any quantity surveyors left its just that they are very hard to find when you have a vacancy, writes Adam Walker.

16 - Are Bills of Quantities still relevant A study has showed that between 1984 and 1989, the usage of bills of quantities in building works in the UK has declined in value to about 10%. It also suggested that, BoQ may totally disappear from the UK construction industry in the future.

27 - Code compliance issues Two types of legislation govern buildings and their accessibility, write Kim Lovegrove and Lauren Crowe. The authors discuss the Building Code of Australia (BCA) and the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA).

33 - On the Move. Bricks and all Quantity surveyors where once known for their ability to count bricks. The challenge as outlined in this article, writes IAN BLYTH is to count them while they are on the move. Specialist moving technology was used for the first time in Australia to relocate, in one piece, the historic Hornsby Signal Box. PLUS………... From the President The BRIX Report AIQS Building Cost Index AIQS Current Construction Costs Briefings

THE

BUILDING

ECONOMIST The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors

MARCH 2008

THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 2

THE

BUILDING

ECONOMIST The Journal of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors

MARCH 2008

Construction has commenced on the largest upgrade to Melbourne Airport’s international terminal since it was built in the late 1960s. The expansion program, which will add a combined total of 25,000m² of new space to T2 (International), will be undertaken through a series of individual projects at a combined

total cost of over $330m. The symbolic ‘sod turning with a 20-tonne concrete crane and removing a half-metre deep, 3 x 3 metre sized chunk of

Briefings………….

airfield concrete marked the very first step in the five-year series of projects that will upgrade the international terminal. The first of the expansion projects, which commenced today, will see Melbourne Airport add an entirely new outbound passenger processing zone, including a new security and Customs precinct to the

Departures level, which will be completed in early 2010. The Melbourne Airport upgrade will ensure Victoria has a modern, high quality and

innovative international airport to cater for Australians travelling overseas and visitors coming to Australia. The development will be one of the largest construction projects in Victoria. The site will be a hive of construction over the next four years, and will deliver Victoria a state-of-the art terminal that will ensure the growth of international airline services into the state, boosting tourism and trade avenues and offering more travel options for all Victorians. Melbourne Airport CEO Chris Woodruff said the airport’s history of delivering major construction projects on-time and on-budget would ensure passengers and airport visitors noticed minimal changes during the construction. By staging the expansions as a series of projects, the airport could ensure operations continued as normal. “We have a proven track record of delivering some of the biggest construction projects in this state whilst operating one of the country’s busiest transport hubs,” said Mr Woodruff. “Ensuring Victorians do not experience any inconvenience during the works will be a key focus of the expansion projects. We are acutely aware of the importance of having an efficient, comfortable international terminal to serve Victorians – regardless of development plans.”

Construction Commences on Expansion at Melbourne Airport

EditorIan T Blyth Ph.D

ContributionsArticles relevant to constructioneconomics and related subjects, pictorialmaterial, letters etc are welcome. Noresponsibility is accepted for unsolicitedmaterial. All contributions should beaddressed to the editor: 9 Mount ViewRoad Wandong Victoria 3758.

Tel: 0403 402 625.Fax: (02) 6285 2427.Email [email protected]

Visit our website for contributionguidelines.

The Institute does not, as a body, holditself responsible for statements madeand opinions expressed in this Journal.All rights of translation and reproductionare reserved.

General ManagerTerry L Sanders LFASAE

SubscriptionsAustralian Institute of QuantitySurveyors, National Office, PO Box 301Deakin West ACT 2600.Tel: (02) 6282 2222. Fax (02)6285 2427.

Published quarterly $79.00 (includingGST) annual subscription (Airmail rateson request)

CirculationOver 3500 copies

General and Features AdvertisingAustralian Institute of QuantitySurveyors, National Office, PO Box 301Deakin West ACT 2600.Tel: (02) 6282 2222. Fax (02)6285 2427.Email: [email protected]

Artwork as a PDF is preferred.

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BRIEFINGS

Mr Woodruff also made mentionof Melbourne Airport’s key focuson worksite safety.

“The safety of our staffand our passengers has been,and will always be, our absolutenumber one priority,” said MrWoodruff.

“Together with our partnerJohn Holland Group, weachieved no workplace injuriesor incidents during our award-winning runway widening projectin 2005, for example. We willtake this same ‘no nonsense’approach to our works over thenext 5 years.”

The commencement isthe first in the series of projectsthat make up the developmentsto T2 (International). Thedevelopment’s most visiblechanges – an entire newpassenger concourse and a5,000m² retail precinct with acompletion date for all projectsset for late 2011.

Mr Woodruff said sincethe announcement of the worksin August last year, Victorianshad reacted positively to theexpansion plans.

“Our airlines, the Victoriantourism industry and ourpassengers have all respondedwith enormous enthusiasm tofuture of T2.

We are excited to bedelivering to this state what willbe Australia’s most efficient andimpressive international airport,”he said.

ConstructionStalls

Construction work done fell inthe December quarter as theindustry struggles to cope withcapacity constraints, skillsshortages and rising inputprices, according to MasterBuilders Australia.

Mr Peter Jones MBA’sChief Economist said thatdespite resurgence in alterationsand additions – at odds with thenegative trend in new residentialbuilding – high interest rates willcontinue to stymie recovery intotal residential building, with arecovery not now likely to gainany momentum until 2009, whenrates are likely to be eitherstable or shifting down.

“Despite a quarterly fallreinforcing the recentmoderation in growth, non-residential construction activitylevels should hold up providedbusiness sentiment does notdeteriorate markedly andprofitability and thereforeinvestment stays strong.”

“State Government’s areplanning to up their spending oninfrastructure and there is a solidpipeline of engineeringconstruction work yet to bedone. Nonetheless, there is arisk that construction growth willstall unless there is a sustainedupturn in residential building tooffset any prolonged weakeningin non-residential construction.”

Seasonally adjusted, the

chain volume of constructionwork done in the Decemberquarter 2007 fell by 1.0 per centto $28.9 billion to be 2.6 per centabove levels in Decemberquarter 2006.

The chain volume ofseasonally adjusted buildingwork done in the Decemberquarter fell by 2.2 per cent to$16.2 billion, to be down 1.6 percent on the previous Decemberquarter.

Work done on residentialbuilding fell by 0.2 per cent to$9.7 billion, to be down 1.2 percent on the corresponding figurea year earlier.

Non-residential buildingfell by a seasonally adjusted 5.1per cent to $6.5 billion, to bedown 2.2 per cent on theprevious year’s level.

Engineeringconstruction work done roseby a seasonally adjusted 0.7 percent to $12.7 billion and was 8.6per cent above the previousDecember quarter level.

Mayors may protest, butcommunity wants DAreform

Despite protests from somemayors in Sydney today, asurvey of some 700homeowners has foundoverwhelming dissatisfactionwith the existing planningapproval process and strong

THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 20084

BRIEFINGS

Australia will continue to own itshalf share in the project.

400 George Street is 30percent leased with a Heads ofAgreement in place for a further7,200 square metres to a largeprivate company, taking pre-commitments to approximately20,000 square metres.

Tenants will benefit fromthe high level access to amenitiesand proximity to major servicesoffered by this new generationoffice tower.

This additional feature isbecoming the internationalbenchmark in commercial designfor facilitating access to primaryoffice services.

The construction of thelandmark 33 storey (42,000square metres) CBD developmentis well underway (by Thiess) andon schedule for completion in mid2009.

Leighton Properties has twoother significant commercialprojects underway in FortitudeValley - Green Square,Queensland’s first 5 Star GreenSquare development(approximately 45,000 squaremetres) and HQ (approximately42,000 square metres).

$150m To Be Spent OnQueensland Port

A major piece of infrastructure,which will provide a significantboost for South East Queenslandand beyond, has this week beenapproved at the last meeting ofthe Jondaryan Shire Council(JSC).

The Council has givenDevelopment Consent for ATEC(Australian Transport and EnergyCorridor) to develop an inter-modal regional freight port at its200ha site at Charlton, just westof Toowoomba.

The Charlton Terminal willsee $150M spent over threestages of development over thenext twenty years.

The Charlton Terminal is asignificant piece of regionalinfrastructure to be built at thegateway linking the Surat Basinresource province to the freight

support for a more transparentsystem.

Key findings of the surveyare:• DA processing is seen as the

worst area of overall councilperformance

• The biggest failings areconsidered to be the timetaken to process DAs (41%poor, 20% good) and the lackof fair and consistentdecision$ (38% poor, 19%good).

• The State Government'shandling of developmentapplications was alsoperceived negatively.

• 58% either supported orstrongly supported aproposal to have localindependent planning panelsdetermine all DAs (exceptsimple projects determinedby staff) and only 8%opposed it.

• 51% either supported orstrongly supported theintroduction of a StatePlanning Assessment

• Commission to determinemajor projects and only 15%opposed it.

NSW Property Councilexecutive director Ken Morrisonsaid the poll showed the publicrecognised that the planningassessment system needed amajor overhaul, and disagreedwith the LGSA’s opposition toindependent expertsdetermining applications insteadof politicians.

"This research sends aclear message that people don'tbelieve the current DA system isworking," said Mr Morrison.

"Some mayors mayprotest, but people know that thesystem is too complex, too slowand too politicised.

"At a time when COAG isdeveloping an action plan totackle housing affordability,including the importance ofefficient assessment, weencourage local government toalso get on board to help fix theproblems in the system.

$210m sale raises Q’ldInternational Investment

Leighton Properties has sold itshalf share in the 400 GeorgeStreet CBD joint venturedevelopment to HSBC Trinkausfor $210 million. The other 50%share in 400 George Street isbeing developed with GrosvenorAustralia.

The sale, which settled on13th December 2007, shows theinternational interest inBrisbane’s commercial propertymarket.

HSBC is the world’s thirdlargest bank and 400 GeorgeStreet marks HSBC Trinkaus’first property investment inAustralia.

Mark Gray, LeightonProperties’ Managing Director,said the sale was consistent withour strategy of de-risking andon-selling developments atappropriate milestones.

“We welcome HSBCTrinkaus to Australia and lookforward to a strong andcontinuing relationship.” he said.

Leighton Properties’Director and QueenslandManager Andrew Borger saidthe sale proved 400 GeorgeStreet’s calibre as a landmarkdevelopment as well asdemonstrating the growingconfidence in Brisbane as aninvestment destination.

“The North Quarterprecinct alone is injecting morethan $4.1 billion of commercialproperty over the next five yearsinto Brisbane’s CBD,” he said.

“The Brisbane market isbooming and this sale to HSBCTrinkaus is just the start of futureinternational investment.

“Leighton Properties stillhas an ongoing interest in theproject and will continue tojointly manage with Grosvenorthe development, constructionand leasing until its completion.

“We are proud of 400George Street and pleased tohave sold the project on such astrong footing,” said Mr Borger.Joint Venture partner Grosvenor

Leader or Follower

AIQS PREFERRED

SUPPLIER

SPECIALISTS IN CHARTERED

SURVEYORS

Commercial Manager (Civil & Infrastructure), Sydney NSW

Our client is a leading global contractor with operations spanning most sectors including buildings and infrastructure works. They have a presence in over 40 countries spearheaded by regional hubs in the UK, Australia and the US and they have successfully completed some of the biggest landmark projects in the world.

They are seeking a Commercial Manager for a large water project as well as a rail infrastructure scheme involving civil works and station construction. These executive roles are of the highest strategic importance with responsibilities including:

· Maximising financial returns on each project· Resource planning and monitoring· Planning, managing and monitoring of the procurement of all construction works· Reporting to senior executives on project status and forecasted final costs· Assisting in the finalisation of budgets with the cost planning team· Signing off progress claims and variations· Mitigating financial and contractual risks throughout the project life

As a successful candidate you will have at least 5 years experience in a similar role, first class leadership skills, experience on various contractual forms, well honed negotiation abilities and an aptitude for client relationship management. They are looking for leaders – not followers.

BRIEFINGS


that is a fitting legacy for the 104 year old council, which will amalgamate with Toowoomba City Council next month. The ATEC Freight Terminal at Charlton will mean jobs in the development stage and ongoing jobs onsite.

CPA Australia and Taxation Institute Agreement CPA Australia and the Taxation Institute of Australia have entered into a formal agreement that provides mutual recognition for their respective tax credential programs. Under the agreement, which is effective from 1 January 2008, CPA Australia will recognise graduates of the Taxation Institute’s Applied Tax course (the intermediate level of the Structured Education Program) as exempt from undertaking the Taxation Segment, an elective segment

and logistics markets of Eastern Australia. ATEC plans to develop the site over three phases. Its aim is to be the major regional port supporting SEQ growth. SEQ has desperate need for an environmentally aware and efficient regional port to support the growth of the region. ATEC has been pursuing this and the broader inland rail vision and has invested considerable funds to transform the way freight is moved within this corridor. The company believes there are considerable benefits in what we are seeking to develop and offer the freight and logistics industry. The Queensland Government’s view is that by 2030 the Surat Basin resources province will be adding $10 Billion per annum to gross regional product and supporting 16,000 new jobs. Granting ATEC the Development Consent is a move

of the CPA Australia CPA Program. The Taxation Institute will recognise CPA Australia members and graduates, who additionally have three years’ work experience in tax, as having satisfied the educational requirements for entry as an Associate Member and for entry to its Advanced Tax course. Successful completion of the Taxation Institute’s Advanced Tax Course will satisfy the educational requirements to become a Fellow Member of the Taxation Institute. The agreement is about improving the capacity and skills of tax specialists. It benefits not only the members of both organisations but also business and the public.


This is the centenary year of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors and while we will be focusing on celebrating this important milestone in the life of the Institute, we will also be celebrating the past and focusing on the future.

Anniversaries such as the one we are presently observing provide us all with the opportunity of reflecting on the relevance that the profession has to industry in a wide range of services from traditional quantity surveying through cost engineering, project planning and management to life cycle costing. The AIQS indeed represents a diverse range of professionals.

This fact is continually reflected in the diversity of contributions to the editorial pages of The Building Economist and this issue is no exception: the Bill of Quantities debate continues, the role of the QS in IT, the impact of codes on the way we deliver our services, market issues and recruitment all dominate the pages of the journal that is the mirror of the AIQS and the profession it represents.

Our celebrations in this centenary year will include Gala Dinners in most capital cities - Perth 22 May, Adelaide on 23 May, Melbourne on 24 May, Sydney on 30 May and Brisbane on 13 June. There will also be Centenary events held in a number of other countries where there are large numbers of AIQS members such as in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the Middle East. Our influence extends well beyond the shores of Australia and is of a global significance.

Looking to the future, the shortage of qualified quantity surveyors in Australia and around the world has highlighted the need to produce properly qualified and competent quantity surveyors in the shortest but appropriate length of time.

The tentative introduction to Australia of the Bologna model for tertiary education and the trend towards on-line learning, plus the growth of the vocational training sector (technical training colleges) and the inability of QS employers to provide additional structured in house training, have all been raised as issues that need to be addressed in a comprehensive review of QS education and training.

The role of the professional institute to provide appropriate Continuing Professional Development and whole of life learning also needs to be established in the scheme of professional education. Consequently, the AIQS National Council has approved terms of reference for a major research project by the AIQS Education Committee to enquire into the current and future state of education and professional development of QS in Australia. Tenders are to be called for this research which is to be conducted in 3 phases over the next year.

Yes, 2008 is indeed a milestone year in quantity surveying in Australia and I invite all members to both celebrate our achievements and join in working to a productive future for the profession.

John Popplewell, FAIQS ICECA National President

FROM THE PRESIDENT

100 Years is a Long

Time in Quantity Surveying

THE REGULATORS


PROJECT MANAGEMENT


Korevaar, Executive Director of the Dutch Association of Cost Engineers and Assistant Secretary of ICEC for many years. The 2006 Jan Korevaar Outstanding Paper Award was awarded to Maja Ferle for this paper Many IT projects may be classified as troubled, meaning that they do not meet schedule, cost or scope constraints. Very often, trouble is not recognised during project execution due to insufficient project management procedures

Beginning in 1992 at the 12th

I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o s t Engineering Congress, the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o s t Engineering Council initiated the Jan Korevaar Outstanding Paper Award to recognise the paper chosen by Congress delegates through their e v a l u a t i o n s a s t h e outstanding paper presented at each International Cost Engineering Congress. The Building Economist has regularly printed these papers in the interest of its readers. The award was created in memory of Jan

and non-ex is t ing con t ro l mechanisms. According to PMI Earned Value Management (EVM) has proven itself to be one of the most e f f e c t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e measurement and feedback tools for managing projects. In this paper the author discusses monitoring IT project status using EVM thus enabling the project manager to expose potential troubles in the project early during project execution. Addressing issues immediately as they arise gives the project a greater chance of successful completion. Various studies estimate

Jan Korevaar Outstanding Paper Award

Implementing Implementing Earned Earned Value Value Management Management on IT Projectson IT Projects


PROJECT MANAGEMENT

that a significant number of IT projects are troubled. For example, the 2004 CHAOS report by the Standish Group reports that as many as 74% of software development projects are troubled, meaning that they do not meet schedule, cost or scope constraints. O t h e r s t u d i e s estimate that as many as 90% of all IT projects fail to deliver on time and within budget. The consequences of projects that are behind schedule and over their budget are additional cost for unplanned resources as well as lost market opportunities and dissatisfied customers because of late delivery, poor quality of accomplished deliverables and unmet expectations of stakeholders and ultimately poor financial results for organisations that sponsor such projects. Many troubled projects could have overcome problems had they been monitored more closely and accurately and corrective actions taken immediately when it became known that the project

was deviating from the planned schedule, cost and scope constraints. However, many companies still do not learn from past experiences and still do not see

professional project management as a competitive advantage and a means of saving money by completing projects within planned time and cost budgets. I n m a n y organisations completing projects successfully may be directly tied to prosperity and meeting

customer expectations.

Project management in IT Good project management is not something that should be taken for granted. It has to be advocated and implemented in the same way as other key business functions in organisations. A study by the Centre for Business Practices showed that implementing project management

Members of the AIQS are bound by a strict Code of Conduct and are required to maintain high standards of ethics and professionalism in their dealings with clients and each other.

Fellows are members of the AIQS who have been elevated to this highest grade in recognition of their levels of education, professional service and contribution to the AIQS. [Post nominals FAIQS - LFAIQS for Life Fellows)] Associates are members who have appropriate recognised tertiary qualifications, the required years of practice and passed an Assessment of Professional Competence. [Post nominals AAIQS] Affiliates are members of the Institute who have other qualifications and have the required years of practice. [Post nominals AIQS (Affil)] Probationers are members of the AIQS who are Graduates or other appropriately qualified peo-ple (including members of recognised QS Institutes in other countries). They are entered as Pro-bationary Members until they satisfy certain experience requirements and pass the Assessment of Professional Competence (APC). Students are members who are undertaking appropriate full time or part time studies. Technician membership is provided for persons who have obtained TAFE diplomas from recog-nised courses who intend making a career in Quantity Surveying or persons with diplomas in Quantity Surveying and some practical experience.

Figure 1: Sample EVM diagram

PROJECT MANAGEMENT


initiatives in IT organisations led to improvements in schedule estimating, customer satisfaction and alignment to strategic b u s i n e s s g o a l s . T h o s e organisations that implement project management will be at a c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e compared to those who do not. The study goes a long w a y i n v a l i d a t i n g t h e considerable gains an IT organisation can make by planning and instituting formal project management practices. O b s e r v a t i o n s a n d conclusions drawn from the study confirm that project management definitely adds value to organisations in all industries for all size organisations. Measures that are most important with re la t ion to p ro jec t management are schedule est imating, customer satisfaction, alignment to strategic business goals, cost/hours estimating, time and budget to date, and quality. Many companies do not collect metrics that show the value of a project to the organisation. Without mature project management techniques in place the progress and status of projects is not measured and monitored and consequently project failure comes as a surprise at the expected time of project completion. An important part of project management procedures in organisations is to prepare and review project status reports. Organisations that do not require their project managers to submit status reports show disinterest in their projects and will often blame the project manager when a project is in trouble. On the other hand strict procedures for reporting on the status of projects are an indication that management cares about the progress of projects and is willing to help when needed.

Monitoring project status Monitoring IT project status may prove to be more difficult than simply requesting project status reports. O n e m u s t a s k themselves, how can we determine whether a software development project is on time, on budget and within scope? How can the project manager tell that a project is, for example, 30% complete? Is it when the coding is 30% complete? And continuing on this train of thought, how can one tell that 30% of the coding is complete? Has unit testing, integration testing, production

t e s t i n g , t r a i n i n g a n d documentation been accounted for? Obviously, a detailed project plan must be in place at the beginning in order to be able to estimate where the project is with regard to plan. The status of IT projects may be monitored in the same manner as any other project u s i n g E a r n e d V a l u e Management (EVM) techniques. According to PM', EVM has proven itself to be one of the most effective performance measurement and feedback tools for managing projects. EVM can help clearly and objectively illuminate where a project is and where it is going in comparison to where it was supposed to be and where it was supposed to be going; The concept of EVM is

straight forward to understand. It requires that the project has been planned and has a known Planned Value. During project execution the project manager must track how much of the planned work has been accomplished thus determining the Famed Value. The third measure in EVM is the amount of work that has actually been performed or the amount of money that has been spent which represents the value of Accumulated Cost. A l l three var iab les (Planned Value, Earned Value and Accumulated Cost) are most commonly shown on a

single diagram using cumulative values; a sample of such graph is

shown in Figure 1. The time (x -axis) is shown in c o n s e c u t i v e numbered weeks and the cost (y-axis) is shown in man-days. It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the basics of EVM in more detail. The reader

may learn more on this topic in other references. Implementing EVM on IT projects is not trivial. EVM requires that all project work is broken down for optimal planning, execution and control into tasks or activities. Earned value must be measured for each task preferably with objective measurement of tangible outcomes. On IT projects, subjective assessment of progress is often used, for example, estimating percent of completion. This brings us to the issue of software project planning. Such projects are especially difficult to estimate accurately and consequen t l y poo r estimates lead to poor project status reporting. Therefore it is crucial to plan as accurately as possible.

Figure 2: Example of EVM on a project that completed late due to insufficient resources

PROJECT MANAGEMENT


Software project planning Project planning usually starts with defining and estimating WBS elements. Estimating any project WBS element is subjective, which is equally so in software development projects. The vast number of failed software projects confirms the belief that estimating software projects is extremely di f f icul t , even impossible in certain situations. Let us look at some of the reasons why this is so and options to eliminate uncertainty. As in any other project, WBS element estimation should be done by the project manager who should consult with experts a n d t h e a c t u a l implementers of the activities. In software projects, i m p l e m e n t e r s a r e programmers who will do the bulk of the coding and testing. On average, p r o g r a m m e r s o f t e n estimate optimistically therefore giving estimates that are lower than actual. This may be due to the fact that programmers are optimistic in nature and believe that no task is too daunting for them. Or it may be because programmers unders tand estimating as only the activity of coding their own module without taking into account testing, documenting, integrating and quality assurance. Estimating by the project manager using historical information may also prove to be unreliable because it may be difficult to find a similar enough project that was implemented in the past to be used as a basis of the new project estimate. It is questionable whether the project manager who is not a technical specialist will know how to compare different software projects among themselves to be able to use historical information accurately and reliably for the purpose of

members of the development team. Some issues that may lead to unreliable planning are also predetermined project budget which forces the project plan to become too compressed and unrealistic to implement. In such situations it may be wiser to cut scope rather than try to do a poor quality solution with resources that need to work overtime in order to meet expectations. The accuracy of the project estimate in software projects may also depend upon the programming language or development tool that is being used and therefore previous

experiences may not be valid if the project team is using new and lesser

known tools with which they have no p r e v i o u s experience. The accuracy of the project e s t i m a t e a l s o depends upon the level of scope that is known at the time of estimating. Often not all details are

known at the beginning of the project and therefore the scope is not completely defined or mutually understood. I n s u c h c a s e s a preliminary estimate must be known at the beginning of the project with understanding among all stakeholders that the estimates may be refined in subsequent phases of project development as more detail is known. This is true for any project, not just software development projects. An initial project estimate, no matter how accurate or inaccurate, must be available in order to even begin to track project status and progress.

Reporting Earned Value When the project plan is complete and accumulated cost is being recorded dutifully and

planning new projects. Another common problem in estimating projects based on historical information is the implication that such historical information exists. In real life software projects are often implemented under immense pressure thus it is often the case that proper project management procedures are skipped in order to save time. A typical missed step in project management is to neglect to record relevant i n f o r m a t i o n , s u c h a s accumulated cost. In such case~ it is actually irrelevant whether a pro ject was successful or not because the

level of its success is typically classified subjectively by the project manager and such information is not useful as historical information or lessons learned for future projects. Estimating projects should also take into account the human side of software developers who are not all equally productive in software development. Some programmers work quickly and sloppily while some work slowly but reliably with all flavours of programmers in between. Studies quoted by Brooks show that the ratio between the best and least productive programmer m a software development team may be as much as 1:10 which again gives the project manager an impossible basis for estimating WBS element duration unless they are familiar with all

Figure 3: Example of EVM on a project that was late and over budget

PROJECT MANAGEMENT


accurately by the project team during project execution, it remains for the project manager only to report earned value and related metrics, for example calculating estimated project completion values, performance measures and indexes. Reporting is the easiest part of performance measurement provided that all prerequisites, including planning and recording actual cost are met. What is done with the reported information is another matter. Sometimes stakeholders are not really interested in the status of the project and do not even look at the status report, rather, they just want to know when the project will be complete and why is it late. Many IT organisations do not take indications of trouble on software development projects seriously enough as they arise. This may be due to the low level of project management maturity in organisations where it is not u n d e r s t o o d w h y p r o j e c t management adds value to the organisation. Another issue is that project managers themselves often do not want to report that their project is heading for trouble, believing that they will handle any issues that come along. A very typical mistake in software project management is

believing that a project that is running

l a t e during initial phases of execution will still be able to catch up in later phases and finish on time. This is practically never the case. According to a study by the DOD which examined historical information on over 700 projects since 1977 it has been shown that when a project is at least 15% complete, any acquired overruns will persist until the end of the project and will probably increase by the time the project is completed, they will definitely not decrease. The explanation of this finding is that if the project team underestimated the initial phases of the project it is very

likely that they underestimated the complete project. Figure 2 shows an example of a real life project that was consistently running late from the beginning and was adding lateness as the project progressed. Even when it was obvious from the diagram that the lateness was accumulating during the initial weeks of the projects the management still did not take status reports seriously enough to approve additional resources to the project or to authorise any other corrective action that would bring the project back on course. The consequence was t h a t t h e p r o j e c t w a s considerably late. Another example of a typical software development project that was late and over budget is shown in Figure 3. T h e p r o j e c t w a s considerably late, but the status report consistently reported that the earned value was 80% for several consecutive months.

Conclusion Mature project management with formal project status and progress reporting procedures provides a realistic picture of the project, the resources it is using and the progress it is making towards its goals. It enables the project outcome to be predictable which reduces uncertainty, contributes to mitigating risk and gives feedback especially on long-running projects. Regular per iod ic moni tor ing and reporting on the status of the project gives an indication of the overall project health and signals that the project may go off its planned course. According to the Standish Group, project management is most valuable when planning new projects or enlarging existing ones. Not all projects n e e d f o r m a l p r o j e c t management techn iques. Project management probably should not be used on small,

simple projects, when the overhead of project management is greater than the project value. However, there should be no exceptions when it comes to software development projects and there should be no excuse for stakeholder inaction, especially when status reports indicate potential trouble.

References 1. Aiyer J., Rajkumar T. M., Havelka 1). (2005): A Staged Framework for the Recovery and Rehabilitation of Troubled IS Development Projects, Project Management Journal, PMI. 2. Brooks, Frederick P. (1995): The Mythical Man Month, Addison Wesley. 3. Fleming Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2005), Earned Value Project Management, Third Edition, PMI. 4. Hallows 3. (1998): Information Systems Project Management, AMACOM. 5. Kerzner H. (2004): Advanced Project Management, Wiley. 6. PM' (2005): Practice Standard for Earned Value Management, PMI. 7. Smith (2001): Troubled IT Pro jec ts : Prevent ion and Turnarounds, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

2006 Award Winner - Maja Ferle PMP

RECRUITMENT REPORT


It’s not that there aren’t any quantity surveyors left its just that they are very hard to find when you have a vacancy. This is mainly due to a number of reasons that we are all well aware of by now including a major slow down in the market ten years ago and a drastic slowing of university entrants and graduates on relevant courses. Most of us will also be well aware of some alarming statistics that are bantered around including one from the RICS which is either that 47% of chartered quantity surveyors are 50 and over or 50% are 47 and over. Either way it doesn’t bode well for the future – especially as 25% of the quantity surveyors are s t u d e n t m e m b e r s w h o unfortunately don’t seem to arrive at the work place that well equipped with basic measurement skills these days! Anyway, enough whinging – what’s the answer? The answer is two fold: • Look under every stone, and

• Be flexible in the search field

By looking under every stone I mean use every means open to you to source suitable candidates.

These include: • Advertising regularly on the

internet with on-line job

boards and institutional

websites e.g. the AIQS

employments pages.

• Advertising in the press and

relevant journals with stand

out adverts that express your

point of difference and the

career opportunity (avoid

pictures of buildings and men

wearing hard hats or shaking

hands!!)

• Advertising overseas – an

excellent source of strong

relevant candidates – eg the

UK – the British are keen on

Australia. Also Dubai – it’s

getting hard to live there and

lots of quantity surveyors are

getting fed up and want to

come home. Interviews can

be held over the phone or

cost effective video links

through Skype. Sponsorship

these days through a

temporary 457 visa is a

relatively easy process that

employers need to embrace.

Also, candidates under the

age of 31 can arrive on a 417

v isa and s tar t work

immediately – this will give

employers a 6 month window

to apply for their sponsorship

if both parties want to stay

together!

• Registering with specific

f o c u s s e d r e c r u i t m e n t

agencies who know exactly

what you want.

• Paying a finders fee to

existing staff for introducing

candidates – rife in the

Middle East and the UK

• Attending offshore career

expos – beware as some are

way better than others.

By flexibility in the search field I mean do not limit your search to a QS who is 25-35 with excellent all round skills and local experience. This demographic makes up 15% of the total quantity surveyors worldwide and everyone wants them. They are in high demand and their salaries are escalating rapidly! Good alternative options lie with: Estimators looking for a

career change and a chance to

learn cost planning rather than

lump sum tendering – however

slightly tricky as estimators are

very well paid these days

Recruiting Recruiting Quantity Quantity Surveyors Surveyors when there when there aren’t any!!aren’t any!!

RECRUITMENT REPORT


Contract Administrators

who want to move away from

site and pursue a career path

within an office environment and

put a suit on! They often have

excellent first hand experience

on how a building goes together.

Construction Planners

with abilities in estimation –

often forms part of their role.

However again the dollar factor

can get in the way here as they

are very well paid all over the

world.

Building Surveyors

looking for a change and a pay

rise. Building surveyors often

retain estimating skills when

pricing up scopes of work and

have excel lent technical

knowledge too.

Carpenters who have

priced work – often this skill

group have excellent first

principle estimating skills that

can be added to. Perhaps

someone who wants a steadier

income.

Engineers who have

specialised in the costing side of

their specialism – often you will

find the building services crowd

have good first principle costing

abilities

In a shrinking pool ofavailable candidates we need tolook in other pools. I think one ofthe biggest challenges faced bygrowing quantity surveyingbusinesses these days is thesourcing of relevant staff. Andnot only finding them – but thenkeeping them!! But that’sanother topic all in itself. Happyhunting.

Written by Adam Walker

AAIQS MRICS of Conduit

Recruitment

Building Economist

Contributor's Guide

Types of ArticlesThe Building Economist publishes articles that focus on issues andpractices in quantity surveying, cost engineering and those disciplinesinfluence on the built environment.

A submitted manuscript may examine historical or contemporary quan-tity surveying experience in domestic or global contexts. The editorwelcomes informal inquiries about prospective articles. Send an e-mailto the editor at [email protected] with an abstract or sum-mary of your proposed article and any background information youthink would be useful.

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Construction can be traced back to as early as the Egyptians, Greeks, Roman and the Islamic civilizations era. It has evolved and changed significantly as men become more civilised in expressing and portraying their ideas and vision in terms of architecture and structures but the idea of cost finalisation was still reluctantly considered at that

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time (Wainwright & Whitrod, 1980). However, it has all changed after the Industrial Revolution. Apart from modernising the construction practices in Europe, it has also brought m o m e n t o u s c h a n g e o f pe rcep t ion towards the importance of proper costing and cost documentation of construction projects. It led to the emergence of formalised

Bills of Quantities or BoQ in 1859. In those early days, BoQ were prepared by “measurers” or were also known as “custom surveyors” or “surveyors”, who acted for the master tradesmen or known today as trade contractors. They measure and quanti fy the work after completion and frequently submit it as partisan Final Account to the building owner to

Bills Of Quantities:

Are they still useful Are they still useful and relevant today? and relevant today?

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claim for payment. (ASAQS, 2006). Since then BoQ has become an important tool for project costing and obtaining tenders from contractors. It is also a document for architects and other consultants to have a sense of control of their projects, in terms of cost and finance. Today BoQ are also used for cost planning; projected cash flows and budget, for valuation of interim payments and variation orders and for settlement of final account. In the contracting organ isa t ions , they are sometimes used for preparing material schedules or bills of materials. (Wainwright & Whitrod, 1980; Molloy, 2001).

The issueHowever in 1991, the Royal Institution Chartered Surveyors highlighted that a study showed that between 1984 and 1989, the usage of bills of quantities in building works in the UK has declined in value to about 10%. (RICS, 1991 cited in Davis & Baccarini, 2004). It also suggested that, BoQ may totally disappear from the UK construction industry in the near future. Many reasons were given for such state of affairs. These include the increased usage of the non-traditional or fast-tracking procurement systems such as turnkey contract, design and build contract, management contracting, build-operate-transfer etc. It has to a large extent revolutionised the construction practices, project management approach and the procurement and contract administration procedures. For example, in ‘Design and Build’ contracting; the contractors are chosen based on clearly defined pre-requisites prior to development of working drawings, therefore no BoQ is necessary or included in the t e n d e r d o c u m e n t . T h e contractors are only required to

provide cumulative or lump sum figure plus all the necessary professional and management fees. Even if the contractor is required to submit a priced BoQ the use of this cost document is very limited. It was said that the use of BoQ comes to an end when the contractor has been selected and the contract has been signed. It cannot be used for any other purpose once the tendering process has been completed. The priced and completed BoQ tend to be put away in a cabinet or sent to the store room to collect dust. At the same time, John Ing (1984) has mentioned that BoQs were not fully utilized by the project teams. It was said to be self perpetuating because many were not able to relate BoQ to the everyday project development processes. If the variety of potential uses of the BoQ were fully realised, it is probably beyond most people’s knowledge and experience. As pointed out by Willis et. al (2002), the suggestion that the use of BoQs is declining and would finally disappear from the industry in the near future, has made the quantity surveying community express their serious concern and anxiety. Thus there is a need for quantity surveyors to further develop and diversify their role and services in the industry. In this regard, we need to ask ourselves now “What is the situation in our construction industry today with regard to the use of BoQ? Are they still relevant in our construction industry today, especially when more and more construction projects are being let out using the non-traditional contracts? Are they still useful to the clients, consultants, contractors and suppliers throughout the project development process? This paper discusses the function, use and the relevance

of BoQ in today’s construction practice, with attention given to Malaysia. The paper is divided into 4 parts – the first part describes what BoQ is, the second part looks into the historical back ground and the third part discusses the basic use and function in countries around the world and the final part considers the use and relevance from different perspectives.

What is a Bill of Quantities?Before going further into the question of whether BoQ is relevant or useful in the context of our construction industry, it is appropriate to understand what is BoQ, its origin, usage around the world and its basic function or use. Based on Hackett & Robinson (2003) and Chan (2002), it can be said that a bill of quantities or BoQ is a document detailing the qualitative and quantitative aspects of every constituent part of a proposed construction project. It is a document or a “book” containing a long list of all the items of works for construction. Each of these items is complete with the description of material, labour and workmanship for the work and its quantity (NSW Legislative Council , 1991; Marsden, 1998; Seeley, 1997 cited in Davis & Baccarini, 2004). Basically, it is a document with detail information about the type, nature and quantities of the finished work in a construction (Willis,et al 2002). Normally, it is compiled together with the form of tender, specification, preliminary bill and

Rosli Abdul Rashid, Muzani Mustapa and Siti Nurhuda Abd Wahid are with the Department of Quantity Surveying, University of Technology Malaysia.

Available in May 2008

from the

AIQS National Office

list of drawings to form a tender document.

The origin of BoQ Bill of Quantities is synonymous with Quantity Surveyors. The profession was said to have emerged in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century, although the firm of Henry Cooper and Sons of Reading was established as early as 1785. Prior to the first recorded usage of the term "quantity surveyor" in 1859, the terms "measurer", "custom surveyor" or "surveyor" were used (ASAQS, 2006) BoQ emerged in the 19th century after the Industrial revolution in Europe. In those early days the quantity surveyors acted for the master tradesmen, measuring the work after completion for use in making payment to workers and frequently submitted as partisan final accounts to the building owner to claim for payment. Later on it was the practice of the building owners to call for tenders before any work was undertaken. A procedure was then developed to invite several master builders to submit tenders for the total price of the project rather than a collection of prices from master tradesmen or what is known today as sub-contractors. (ASAQS, 2006). For the purpose of submitting the bid or tender, each builder then has to come out with accurate estimates of the project cost or tender. It was done by measuring and quantifying the quantities of all materials and labour necessary to complete the work, i.e. preparing a BoQ for the project. As each builder had to prepare his own BoQ for each project, they came to realise that they were duplicating a lot of effort by each measuring the same quantities from the architect's drawings. They realised that it is more economical for them as a

PROJECT DELIVERY


group to employ one surveyor to measure the work and prepare the BoQ for them. The builders will then price the BoQ and submit their tenders on the same basis. They would share the cost of the quantity surveyor (or the successful builder will pay the surveyor) and include the payment in their bids. On the part of the building owners themselves, since they ended up paying for the quantity surveyor's fees, it finally dawned on them that they might as well employ him directly and get some cost advice from him as

well. (ASAQS, 2006; Myles, 2006, CIQS 2006). Apart from some minor changes in terms of method of measurement, content and format of presentation, BoQ is still a document detailing description and quantities of all the construction work of a project. It may now come in elemental, trade, work section or operational form. With the advent of ICT, the process of preparing BoQs has evolved from the tedious manual and time consuming processes to semi-automated or fully automated processes involving the use of computers and sophisticated specialised software.

But the whole process still involves the toiling over many hundred drawings in doing the time consuming “taking off”, many hours of meetings and discussion with the client and other consul tants and draf t ing, checking, editing and printing the 300 – 500 page document.

Use and Function The function of BoQ has not changed very much ever since it was introduced about one hundred years ago. I n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l procurement system, BoQ is used mainly for project costing and as

part of tender document for soliciting competitive tenders from contractors. It is a uniform document for contractors to estimate or price the work on precisely the same basis, thus allowing for the fairest bidding. (Willis et al., 2002). Later, it was found that BoQ can be used for other purposes, at any stage of the project development i.e. during the pre-contract and post-contract phases of a construction. (Molloy, 2001; Willis et al., 2002; Turner, 1979). To the quantity surveyors, BoQ are also used for project costing or estimating, for assess ing tenders , p r i ce negotiation; valuation of interim payment and variation orders and for the settlement of final account.

PROJECT DELIVERY


It is considered as a multi-purpose document. Although measurement and their preparation is very synonymous with quantity surveyors, BQs are also prepared by contractors such as in Taiwan and Thailand and by architect and engineers such as in Germany, France, Spain, Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. In countries like Malaysia, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand and most of the African and Middle Eastern countries, BQs are prepared mainly by consultant quantity surveyors. T r a d i t i o n a l l y , t h e prepara t ion o f BoQ is considered as the ‘bread and butter’ of a consultant quantity surveyor’s profession (RICS, 1984 cited in Davis & Baccarini, 2004. In Malaysia, bills of quantities are still widely being used for tendering and contracting purposes since t h e q u a n t i t y s u r v e y i n g profession was introduced to this country in the 1940’s. Since then, the preparation of BoQ has evolved from the tedious manual and time consuming processes to semi-automated processes involving the use of computers and sophisticated specialised software. To the practicing QS, it is worth the effort because according to the current Condition of Engagement of QS published by the Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia, the preparation of BoQs is the bulk of the Consultant Quantity Surveyor’s services and fees. World use As highlighted earlier, the use of BoQ is said to be declining and there is a possibility of it “vanishing” from the industry, but as pointed out by Myles (2006), although it originated from the UK, the use of BoQ was not confined to the U.K only. Many other countries around the world are also widely using them in one form or the

other. He also drew attention to the results of a survey of 50 countries on the use of BoQ for the procurement of medium sized building projects. It showed that 41 of the 50 countries use BoQ in one form or another in their project procurement systems. He also provided a general picture of the usage of BoQ in different countries throughout the world. a) Europe: BoQ are also used in many European countries for bidding purposes, b u t t h e i r f o r m a t a n d

development are independent of the British model. In Germany, France, Spain, Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania, BoQ are prepared by the architect or engineer and they are mostly used only for evaluating bid or tenders. It was pointed out that about 10 percent of the German Architects and Engineers’ fee is for the preparation of the BoQ. In Norway, BoQ are prepared by the architect and priced by the contractor. Finland is also using BoQ for bidding and bidding evaluation purposes.

It has a published set of rules of measurement for building works. b) Middle East: BoQ are also widely used throughout the Middle East except in Iran and Iraq. Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, UAE, Qatar, Oman and Saudi Arabia are also using BoQ in most of their construction projects as part of the tender and contract documentation. Measurements are based on the Principles of Measurement (International) or POM (I) published by the RICS. It was pointed out that their use has

not only provided the client with the benefit of lump sum bid, but also a document for their own financial control. c) Africa: Since many of the African nations are (or were) influenced by Britain, they tend to adopt the British contracting practices in which BoQ are widely used for project costing, tendering and contract administration. d) Asia and Australia: Apart from some changes to a d a p t t o t h e l o c a l administrative and business practices, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, India, Brunei and Malaysia have all a d o p t e d t h e B r i t i s h construction practice and procurement approach. BoQ are prepared by the quantity surveyors and are widely used for project costing, tendering, as part of contract

documentation and for valuation of interim payment and variation orders. T h e y a r e p r o d u c e d according to the locally produced Standard Method of Measurement (SMM). In countries like Thailand and Taiwan, BoQ are sometimes required in the bidding process and procedure and they are prepared by the contractors. In this situation, errors in the contractor’s quantities are not adjustable after the bid is accepted. The unit rates in the contractor-produced BoQ are used for valuation of interim payments and variation orders.

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e) The Americas and West Indies: The United States do not use BoQ. Although in the mid fifties Canadian QS firms were providing Bills of Quantities to general contractors and major sub trades, it does not use BoQ in its procurement system. South America and Central America have largely a Spanish heritage but BoQ still can be found in one form or another in the project environment. In Guyana and in most islands in the Caribbean, BoQ are prepared by Quantity Surveyors and it is recognised as a tool for obtaining bids and maintaining cost control during the contract. Use and relevance The question of whether BoQ is still needed, useful or relevant in our construction industry should be considered holistically from various angles. It is an issue very much associated with project cost management which is an important part of Project M a n a g e m e n t P r o c e s s e s (PMBOK, 2003). Project cost management processes include cost estimating, cost planning, cost monitoring, cost control and cost information system. Since construction project development involves the client or the owner, the designers, the managers and contractors, it is fair to consider the issue of the use and relevance of BoQ from the perspectives of these different groups. a) From contractor’s Perspective: For contractors, any construction project will involve the process of tendering or bidding, resources planning (money, materials, labour, plant), work planning and execution, procuring of sub-contractors, supervision, monitoring and controlling. The availability of BoQ, prepared either by the owner’s quant i t y surveyor o r by t hemse l ves , p rov i d e t he contractors with the necessary information to carry out the various project management

processes more effectively and efficiently. The descriptions and quantit ies of the works presented in the BoQ provide the contractor with useful information to arrive at an accurate tender price. This information is also essential for preparing project budget and cash flow, to compute the quantities of material required for the project, to prepare labour requirements and schedules, to claims for payments and to procure sub-contractors. The list of the work items and their quantities contain in

the BoQ is in fact a detail Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of the project concerned. They are useful information for the contractor’s project planner to prepare the work plan or programme for the project which include organising of activities into logical sequence and estimating activity duration. At the same time, the quantities, unit rate and the cost of the many work items are useful for the monitoring and controlling of the project finance. This information can be readily processed or translated into cost of the various work sections or cost of various trade contractor’s work and projected monthly income and expenditure. b) From Cl ien t ’s Perspective: For the building

owners, their main concern is to see that their projects are completed on time, within the estimated cost and within specified quality. B u t i n t o d a y ’ s environment more owners want to be better informed of their projects and be provided with accurate and reliable information pertaining to the progress and financial aspects of the projects. Although it has been said that it is no more useful after the tendering process, the cost or financial information presented in the priced BoQ can be translated into other cost

information such as cash flows, periodic project account and cost variation. This information can then be communicated to the owners to continuously keep them informed of the progress and the financial status of the project. c) From consultant p e r s p e c t i v e : A s t h e representative of the owner, the consultants are expected to manage the project properly and effectively to ensure that the owner gets value for money for their projects. They must ensure that the project is of high quality, completed on time and more importantly within the estimated cost or budget. The owner also should be provided with accurate and reliable cost

PROJECT DELIVERY


information at the early stage of the project and always kept informed of the project’s financial situation in terms of monthly expenditure, any deviation from the estimated budget and how their funds are being used in the project. A priced BoQ, either prepared by the contractor or by the consultant QS, contains invaluable descriptive, quantitative and financial information for use by the consultants in the project cost management during pre-construction and construction phases. First of all, the priced BoQ submitted by the contractor provides useful information on the

total cost of the project and the market condition. The qualitative and quantitative (including financial) information presented in the priced BoQ are very useful for tender evaluation and selection of contractor for the project. The quantities, unit rates and costs of the various items of work presented in a priced BoQ are also useful for the valuation of interim payment and valuation of variation orders. The in fo rmat ion , as mentioned earlier, is a form of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of the project but complete with quantities and costs. They can be computed or translated into realistic work programme, cost plan, projected cash flow or budget and periodic financial reports that can be used for more

effective project supervision and cost monitoring and controlling. BoQ can a lso be considered as a complete shopping list of the various items of works necessary for the construction and completion of a project. As such it can also be used for the preparation of project final account. Cost information and usefulness As mentioned earlier, the BoQ is a document containing the description, quantities and cost of project works. As can be seen, it is a source of valuable information for not only the management of

project cost but also the management of the project. This is because project cost management is an integral part of project management which is about balancing competing demands among cost, time, quality and scope of a project. As pointed out Garrison (1998) information is vital to the s u c c e s s o f f i n a n c i a l management. In the absence of adequate, accurate and reliable cost information, the project cost management exercise would be ineffective. Cost estimating and tendering are basically about the g e n e r a t i o n , a c q u i s i t i o n , evaluation and utilisation of project cost information by bui ld ing owners, project managers, architect, engineers,

q u a n t i t y s u r v e y o r s a n d contractors. Depending on the method of tendering or bidding chosen, the building owner and his consultants may end up having a single cost information (i.e. the total cost of the project) or loads of qualitative and quantitative information i.e. the priced BoQ containing the total project cost, the elemental cost and the quantity, unit rate and cost of every item of works in the project. T h e u s e f u l n e s s o r relevance of BoQ as project and cost information depends on the type, nature and magnitude of the information that is needed for cost reporting, and monitoring and controlling of project cost. The use of BoQ in a project development, especially from contractor’s perspective, is a mix of financial accounting and m a n a g e m e n t a c c o u n t i n g practices. It is about detail accounting of the day-to-day construction operations and the summarisation of the deta i l account ing information for the needs of projects managers and owners. The availability of these detail cost information is vital for the effective project cost management at ground level, but the summary of the information i.e. cost plan, budget and cash flow is crucial for the overall management of the project by the project manager. T h e u s e f u l n e s s o r relevance of BoQ in a project development also depends on the type and emphasis of the project, the requirements of the owners and the construction business environment. Where cost is the emphasis of the project and funds are limited, it is appropriate to use BoQ because it contains very detailed project cost that can be used for project accounting and summarised financial reporting. However, BoQ is not necessarily useful for every type of project or procurement system. In the fast-track construction projects where the non-traditional procurement system is used, it is not possible for the consultant

PROJECT DELIVERY


Quantities. http://www.hkis.org.hk, viewed 03/06/05 HKIS Newsletter 10(8) Sept 2001 Project Management Institute Standard Committee (1996) – A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge – Project Management Institute, USA R o b e r t T . M y l e s , FRICS,FCIOB,PQS (2006) – Bills of What? The Origin of Bills of Q u a n t i t i e s - I n t e r n e t Info\CIQS.htm – 28 May 2006 - Turner, D.F. (1979) Quantity Su rvey ing : P rac t i ce and

Administration. London: George Godwin pp 85-91 Wahid, S.N.A. (2005) Bills of Q u a n t i t i e s I n M a l a y s i a n Construction Industry: Necessity or Formality? MSc Thesis. University of Reading, U.K. Wainwright, W.H. and Whitrod, R.J. (1980) Measurement of B u i l d i n g W o r k . L o n d o n : Hutchinson & Co. pp 9-10 Willis, C.J., Ashworth, A. and Willis, J.A.(2002) Willis’s Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor. 11th Edition London: Blackwell Science pp 172-205

quantity surveyor to prepare a BoQ. This is because the p r o c e s s e s o f d e s i g n , documentation and construction, tend to run almost parallel to one another and the tendering process is much shortened. However, as far as the contractors are concerned, they still need to prepare the concept design or even schematic design and prepare a proper cost document for their bidding. These cost documents, which are often prepared by their own or consultant quantity surveyors, can be as detailed as to become a concise BoQ. As described earlier, a BoQ is a document containing list of construction works, complete with description and quantities. Therefore, any document that fit the description can be considered as a BoQ that can be u s e d a s p r o j e c t c o s t documentation and information. Conclusion Evidently, despite the emergence of new genre of procurements in the global construction industry, BoQ is still viable to be used as an important cost document, as far as Malaysia is concerned. The issue of declining use of BoQ in the industry however, must be taken in a positive manner. The criticisms that it is too costly to prepare a BoQ; the preparation of BoQ is very time consuming and the description and quantities in the BoQ are often not accurate, should be addressed professionally and scientifically. With the advancement of ICT, the process of measurement, billing and the extraction, translation and generation of project and cost information can now be automated and carried out in a more scientific manner However, it is important and crucial for the quantity surveyors to further improve their cost management competency so that they can produce more accurate and reliable cost information in the form of BoQ.

Bibliography Abdullah, F. (2004) Construction Indus t r y and Economic Development: The Malaysian Scene. Malaysia: Penerbit UTM pp 21-55 Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (2006) - History of Quantity Surveying in South Afr ica – Internet Info\ASAQS.htm 28 May 2006 and Chan, Y.C. (2003) Pre-Qua l i f i ca t i on S t r uc tu red Learning (PQSLs) Series – Schedule of Rates vs. Bills of Q u a n t i t i e s . h t t p : / /w w w . h k i s . o r g . h k v i e w e d

03/06/05 The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors Davis, P.R. and Baccarini, D. (2004) The Use of Bills of Quantities in Construction Projects - An Australian Survey. http://www.rics-foundation.org/publish, viewed 03/06/05 Eric Verzuh (1999) The Fast Forward MBA in Project Management – John Willey and Sons Inc Singapore Hackett, M. and Robinson, I. (eds) (2003) Pre-Contract P r a c t i c e a n d C o n t r a c t Administration. Oxford: The Aqua Group & Blackwell Science pp 96-105 Molloy, J.B. (2001) Destroying the Purpose of Bills of

AUSTRALIAN COST MANAGEMENT MANUALAUSTRALIAN COST MANAGEMENT MANUAL

VOLUME 5VOLUME 5

FEASIBILITY STUDY GUIDELINESFEASIBILITY STUDY GUIDELINES

This much awaited addition to the Australian Cost Management Manual series will be available end of June 2006. Cost is $47 for AIQS members, $69 for Non-members. Or save when purchased as part of the ACMM set of 5. This book can be purchased online at www.aiqs.com.au OR from AIQS National Office either via phone or by faxing or posting the order form in this edition of the Building Economist, or in the INS for members.

The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors,

PO Box 301, Deakin West, ACT, 2600, Australia

Phone: +61 2 6282 2222 Fax to +61 2 6285 2427 Email [email protected]

COVER STORY


Did a quantity surveyor work on the pyramids? Perhaps – for it is believed that the ancient Egyptians used a system of quantity surveying but it was not until the 17th century restoration of London after the Great Fire that Quantity Surveyors developed as an occupation. This year marks one h u n d r e d y e a r s o f t h e representat ion of quanti ty surveyors by a professional association. It was on 2 June 1908 that seven Austral ian quant i ty surveyors meet in Sydney and agreed to form the first professional association of quantity surveyors in Australia. I t w a s f r o m t h e s e beginnings that the modern Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (AIQS) can trace its origins. In the 1940’s and 50’s state Inst i tutes were developed

separately but in 1951 the first national QS organisation was formed - the Australian Institute o f Quan t i t y Su rveyo rs . However, the existing s ta te Ins t i tu tes led by Queensland formed a separate national body called the Institute of Quantity Surveyors (Aust) in 1953. By 1971 it was agreed to merge the two national Institutes and incorporate as a limited guarantee company called the AIQS Limited. Approval was later obtained to omit Limited from the common use title. The AIQS will celebrate its 100 year anniversary with a range of events. Celebrations will include centenary dinners Around Australia on the following dates: Perth on 22 May, Adelaide on 23 May, Melbourne on 24 May, Sydney on 30 May and Brisbane on 13 June.

There w i l l a l so be centenary events held in a number of other countries where there are large numbers of AIQS members such as in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the Middle East. The Building Economist is planning a series of retrospective articles to mark the AIQS centenary year. While the AIQS’s roots can be traced back 100 years, quantity surveying activities go back a lot further. The first recorded QS type activity in Australia occurred in 1819 in Tasmania, where measurements and costs were prepared for the supply and installation of stone work for the growing town of Hobart’s gaol. As the young colonies of New South Wales, Tasmania, Vic tor ia , South Austra l ia , Queensland and Western Aus t ra l ia g rew w i th the

100 Years of 100 Years of Quantity Quantity

Surveying Surveying In AustraliaIn Australia

COVER STORY


emerged in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century, although the firm of Henry Cooper and Sons of Reading was established as early as 1785. Prior to the first recorded usage of the term "quantity surveyor" in 1859, the terms "measurer", "custom surveyor" or "surveyor" were used. In those early days the quantity surveyor acted for the master tradesmen, measuring the work after completion and frequently submitting partisan Final Accounts to the building owner. As a direct result of these activities it increasingly became the practice of building owners to have work executed under contract and to call for tenders before any work was undertaken. Drawings and specifications were distributed to selected master builders, who would then submit tenders for the total price rather than a collection of prices from master tradesmen. The task of arriving at an accurate estimate of cost or tender can be carried out in only one way - that of measuring the quantities of all materials and labour necessary to complete the work, i.e. preparing bills of quantities. As each builder had to prepare his own bills of quantities for each project, they realised that it would be more economical for them as a group to employ one surveyor to measure quantities for them all. The bu i l d i ng ow ne r subsequently realised that it would be to his personal advantage to appoint and pay the fees of the quantity surveyor. T h u s t h e i n d e p e n d e n t professional quantity surveyor gained consultant status.

In the June Building Economist—the Australian Profession in retrospect

construction of many public buildings and infrastructure, so did the opportunities for those who became our first quantity surveyors.

At last a recorded history The growth of the QS profession in Australia is a fascinating tale of conflicting interest groups, controlling bodies, fights for independence f rom other disciplines, boom and bust cycles, mergers, expansion in services, educa t i ona l deve lopmen t , government and legislative impacts, private enterprise and personal triumphs, personal sacr i f ice and outstanding cont r ibu t ions , ins t i tu t iona l development and national and international recognition. This is all captured in the History of Quantity Surveying in Australia which is being published by the AIQS and launched during the Centenary year of 2008. This is a history told by those who created it, in their words as personal recollections, as well as the historical records and statist ics that have been researched by the editors. As well as being a very interesting read, it will be an invaluable reference for any student of quantity surveying or of the development of professions generally. A l t h o u g h Q u a n t i t y Surveyors were probably active in Australia from our earliest settlement, it was not until 1853 that the first firm date is recorded when Mr C E Moyes advertised in the Port Phillip Directory "Builders supplied with quantities of any contract they may wish to tender for". From 1859 till the 1890’s depression, Quantity Surveyors were highly active in the building industry in both public and private sector in Victoria. In New South Wales, Evans and A W W Pate opened a Sydney based partnership in 1892. Pate moved to Perth between 1904 and 1908. John Anderson Wood of Melbourne opened an office in Sydney in

1908 and helped form the first recorded QS professional body in Australia— the Quantity Surveyors’ Association of NSW with a membership of nine. Blackburn and Whyte (a Melbourne based firm) were established in Queensland in 1910 and an Institute of seven members was formed in 1933. An Institute was formed in Western Australia some time before 1930 and it was not until

1948 that South Australia formed an Institute (although Harry Farrar and Co was operating as Quantity Surveyors in 1879). Some time prior to 1 9 2 7 , N o r m a n N e w t o n established a QS office in Canberra The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors remains the p ro fess iona l assoc ia t i on r e p r e s e n t i n g Q u a n t i t y Su r veyo rs , C ons t ruc t i on Economists, Cost Managers, Estimators, Schedulers, Value Managers and Development Managers.

A brief history of the profession For a concise history of quantity surveying, the following piece from the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors is hard to beat: The quantity surveyor

LEGAL NOTES


Two types of legislation governb u i l d i n g s a n d t h e i raccessibil ity, write KimLovegrove and Lauren Crowe.The authors discuss theBuilding Code of Australia(BCA) and the DisabilityDiscrimination Act 1992 (DDA).

There is an ill consideredassumption that compliance withthe BCA equals compliance withthe DDA.

The BCA is a far betterknown regulatory instrumentcompared to DDA which is a littlemore obscure.

The lack of uniformitybetween the two Acts is

problematic as it createsuncertainty and confusion in thebuilding industry. Harmonisationchanges have been mooted fora long time for consistency butat this time the status of theirproclamation could only best bedescribed as “matter pending”.

The current inconsistencybetween the BCA and the DDAcan have potential dire effectson individuals and businesses,who design, build, own,manage, lease, operate orregulate the use of publicbuildings whereby they can beexposed to lawsuits and/orrequired to incur expensive

modifications to their properties inorder to comply.

T h e B C A c o n t a i n scomprehensive guidelines on thetechnical requirements applicableto designing and constructingbuildings. It is a national code,administered at State andTerritory level.

DDA regulations deem itunlawful to discriminate against aperson on the ground of theirdisability in providing access to oruse of a building that the publiccan enter or use.

Although it is not explicitlyabout buildings it refers to thedesign and construction of

Compliance withCompliance withBCA Does notBCA Does notmean compliancemean compliancewith the DDAwith the DDA

LEGAL NOTES


buildings in that it must provide access for people with a disability otherwise it is deemed to be discriminating against people on the basis of their disability. People with a disability can enforce their rights by bringing a complaint under the DDA. The jurisdiction of the DDA applies to existing buildings as well as buildings built since its enactment. However, there would be a stronger case for existing building owners to win an appeal based on unjustifiable hardship because the owners/builders of such premises would not have

been aware of the requirements at the time of design/construction.

DDA and BCA Prior to recent cases there were some members within the building industry who, when complying with the BCA, were not aware that they were also required to comply with the DDA or more essentially what they had to do to comply with the DDA. It is noteworthy that the D D A d o e s n o t p r o v i d e construction standards to building owners or developers. The term ‘access to buildings’ in the DDA applies only to buildings that are available for the general public to enter and use. These include buildings requiring access for employees,

e n t e r t a i n m e n t , c l u b s , accommodation.

Complaints of discrimination If a business operates out of a public building that does not provide equitable access for people with a disability they may be subject to a complaint of discrimination, even if their building adheres to BCA. The Human Rights Equal Oppor tun i t y Commiss ion (HREOC) is responsible for attempting to conciliate an agreement between the parties

where a member of the public considers that they have been discriminated against due to their disability. If it is not possible to reach an agreement the complainant can take their complaint to the Federal Magistrates Court.

Defences of unjustifiable hardship The primary defence a business or individual can raise when faced with an allegation of non-compliance with the DDA is to convince the court that providing access would cause them an ‘unjustifiable hardship’. When deciding whether the particular circumstances amount to unjustifiable hardship the court will take into account

the cost, technical difficulties, use of the building and the effect the proposed changes may have on specific heritage features. The court is only obliged to consider the question of whether or not a defence of unjustifiable hardship exists.

Notable decisions Cooper v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [1999] FCA 180 concerned a complaint that was lodged against two parties, Holiday Coast Cinema Centres Pty Ltd and the

Coffs Harbour City Council. The basis of the complaint was that the construction of the cinema failed to ensure access for people in wheelchairs. The council’s defence to the allegation was that it hones t l y be l i eved the circumstances were such that the operator would suffer “unjustifiable hardship” if required to make the premises accessible to people with a disability. The Court decided that lack of wheelchair access to the new cinema amounted to unlawful discrimination by the cinema operator under DDA. Furthermore, the Court deemed that the council c o m m i t t e d u n l a w f u l

discrimination in that it had sanctioned the development without requiring compliance with the access requirements of the DDA. This case is significant in that the HREOC decided that councils are compelled to consider DDA provisions in relation to access to premises when approving development applications. Another seminal case is Cocks v Queensland State Government (1994) EOC 92-612. This case concerned a very large government-owned convention and exhibition centre under construction in Brisbane. The compla inant had mobi l i ty impairment and brought a complaint against the centre on

LEGAL NOTES


the basis that the front entrance of the complex was not accessible because it was designed with steps alone. The Tribunal considered the question of “unjustifiable hardship” and found that the provision of non-discriminatory access could not be said to cause unjustifiable hardship to the State of Queensland. The cost of installing a lift was small within the context of a multi-million dollar project and the Government should be able to meet the cost thus a finding a discrimination was found. Opinion re: Jane and Leroy Hutton [1999] QADT 19 involved the Huttons who planned to build a small gues thous e and we re experiencing problems with the local government because of non-compliance with the disabled access and facilities requirement of the building code. The Anti-Discrimination Commissioner sought an opinion on whether the Huttons could rely on the unjustifiable hardship provisions of the ADA. The Tribunal considered the financial and other circumstances and found that it would be sufficient to provide wheelchair accessibility to the entry, living, dining and one bedroom and bathroom rather than to the whole premises.

Changes Apparently there are changes before the BCA. These changes are listed on the Australian Building Codes Board website to include the ‘premises standard’, which will help clarify the accessibility requirements under the DDA. The premises standard will set out specific accessibility requirements for the building industry. The contents of the premises standard will replace the general ‘non discrimination’ provisions of the DDA in relation to access to premises.

This change will mean that the technical details of both legislations, the BCA and the DDA, will mirror each other. If these changes are enacted, we will enjoy a situation whereby compliance with BCA will mean compliance with the DDA. The standard has been drafted to form an achievable standard that will increase accessibility of buildings without imposing an undue burdens on the building industry.

Conclusion Mere compliance with the BCA

is not an acceptable defence when faced with an allegation of discrimination under the DDA. The DDA is a Federal instrument that will override state legislations such as the BCA whenever there is an inconsistency. The BCA is currently undergoing changes in order to comply with the DDA and these changes will attempt to meet the objective of the DDA “to ensure buildings are as accessible as possible without imposing an unjustif iable hardship on building owners and occupiers.” If indeed the BCA is amended along the proposed lines, it will mean that in the future when developers and designers construct buildings

that comply with the BCA they will also comply with the DDA. The advantages to the building industry and people with a disability are obvious: clarity, consistency and improved access throughout Australia. In the interim, individuals and businesses, who design, build, own, manage, lease, operate or regulate the use of public buildings should consider seeking legal advice to ensure that they are complying with the DDA as well as the BCA. There may be instances where the owners of existing buildings can

be granted an exemption from complying with the DDA. Another relevant article on this issue is Paula Gerber’s article in the Law Institute Journal, 'Construction Law and Human Rights Law: Building a Bridge Between Two Disciplines (2006) 80(8) Law Institute Journal 48 Pictures: Access Audits.

Kim Lovegrove is partner of Lovegrove & Lord. Lauren Crowe is a Construction and Commercial Solicitor with Lovegrove & Lord.

THE BRIX REPORT

THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 200830

This BRIX report focuses on theconstruct ion industry inMelbourne. In a special interviewTrevor Main was contacted forhis insights on the outlook forthe quantity surveying industryfor the next year.

Mr Main is an acute observerof the construction industry, and isalso a former National president ofthe Australian Institute of QuantitySurveyors

The Westpac-AustralianInstitute of Quantity Surveyors:Building Research Index (BRIX) is asurvey conducted quarterly in eachAustralian State and Territory.

The research is coordinatedby Dr Anthony Mills from RMITUniversity, who polls quantitysurveying firms for their sentimentsof construction activity and prices.

Commenting on the surveyMr Main said “The industry’s beenbuoyant and everybody’s veryhappy with the current workloadlevel.

However, it is not all goodnews. I am aware that the skillshortages are very real.” Mr Mainwas asked if the change ofgovernment was likely to changehis outlook. He stated that, “the newgovernment will need some time tosettle down. While I'm not surewhat affect they will have on theconstruction industry, I do get thefeeling that wages will increasemore rapidly than at present”

Mr Main went on to say that“I think all employers are consciousof the skill shortages, everybody isaf fec ted, both t rades andconsultants. Sadly, as an employerit is it difficult to employ staff forgrowth. This supports the BRIXsurvey which shows that costpressures are building in a numberof key areas, mainly sub-contractors and suppliers.

The construction industry inMelbourne has had strong growth inrecent years causing building pricesto rise substantially. However themarket is currently moderating backto an annual rate of prices rises ofaround 4.2%.

According to Mr Main asignificant part of the current rate ofincrease in the cost of constructionis due to rising profits for large-

Metal PricesMetal PricesMake the OldMake the OldBuildingsBuildingsMore ValuableMore Valuable

THE BRIX REPORT


scale contractors;“many of the bigbuilders appear tohave increased theirprices more thant h e s m a l lcontractors, we findthat bids for projectsunder $30 milliona r e v e r ycompetitive, but thatis not the case forthe big projects”

The BRIXr e s p o n d e n t sindicated that somesub-contractors arealready putt ingprices up. Pricesthat continue to riseabove expectationsinclude; formwork,structural steel andelectrical work.

According toMr Main that is notat all surprising; hesuggested that theprice of all metalh a s r i s e ndramatically overthe last few years.He further statedthat “the demolitionva lue o f o ldbuildings is a lothigher than it usedto be; it’s now worthmining them”

When askedif QS firms areunder pressure atthe present (See Fig2 ) , M r M a i nindicated that “CostPlanning remains inhigh demand byclients; and there isalso a lot of work inprogress keepingthe ConstructionCost Administration workload up.”

When asked why hebelieved that a slowdown wouldnot occur in the Victorianconstruction market he said that“overall, I believe that businessconditions are healthy at presentand I am not overly concernedabout the near future.”

Figure 1 Building price movements, Victoria

Figure 2 Demand for quantity surveying services, Victoria

For more information go to the BRIX website at http://www.brixsurvey.org/ or to contact Trevor Main, at Trevor Main andAssociates, Melbourne, phone (03) 9866-2300. To contact the BRIXCoordinator Dr Anthony Mills, RMIT University, Melbourne phone(03) 9925 1735.

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CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE


Quantity surveyors where once known for their ability to count bricks. The challenge as outlined in this article, writes IAN BLYTH is to count them while they are on the move. S p e c i a l i s t m o v i n g technology was used for the first time in Australia to relocate, in one piece, the historic Hornsby Signal Box. The movement of the 320 tonne - the weight of two jumbo jets - brick and fibreboard structure is being undertaken by Mammoth Movers Pty Ltd, Aust ra l ia ’s on ly company equipped to uplift and relocate masonry structures. Mammoth Movers was e n g a g e d b y t h e N S W

Gove rnmen t ’ s T r ans po r t Infrastructure Development Corporation (TIDC) to undertake the relocation of the signal box as part of an extensive upgrade of Hornsby Railway Station. Beginning its working life in 1928, the Hornsby Signal Box is one of the last intact examples of its era and is of heritage, cultural and technological significance. According to a Mammoth Movers spokesman, the only solution until now would have been either to demolish the building or to undertake a time consuming and expensive heritage deconstruction and rebuild.

A building such as this would be very difficult to de-construct because the signaling machinery inside it is integral to the structure. By using Mammoth Movers, TIDC is able to relocate the building and its contents in one piece, with no risk to the structural integrity of the building or the delicate and fragile machinery inside it. The move was undertaken at much less time and cost than any alternative and at less risk and disturbance to adjacent rail infrastructure, while preserving in pristine condition an item of historical significance. The Hornsby Signal Box was moved approximately 150

Did the Did the Earth Earth Move Move for You? for You?



metres to a new site where founda t i ons have been prepared. Mammoth Movers spent several months preparing for the relocation which involved securing the structure for excavation and uplift ing, preparation of the new site, and securing an access route. The Hornsby Signal Box is an important piece of NSW rail history. Built in the 1920’s and starting work on the 16th of September, 1928, the Hornsby Signal Box was one of the grandest ever built by New South Wales Railways. An imposing 2 storey building, with a veranda overlooking the railway station, and an internal spiral staircase for access to the upper level, the Hornsby Signal Box faithfully guided trains for over 70 years, and still remains in near-original condition. In appreciation for its contribution to railway history, the Hornsby Signal Box is listed on the State Rail Authority’s Section 170 Heritage and Conservation Register, and is

soon to be involved in another historical event when it is relocated to make way for the enlargement of the Hornsby Rail Station. In an Australian first, the Hornsby Signal Box, constructed of concrete, brick, steel and t i m b e r , a n d w e i g h i n g approximately 320 tonnes, will be carefully lifted from its foundations, attached to nearly 100 wheels via specialised moving dollies, and towed to a nearby site. The Hornsby Signal Box will then be gently lowered, intact and containing all its original equipment, on new foundations where it can be preserved for future generations. Constructed as part of the Sydney Electrification Scheme in the 1920’s and 30’s, the Hornsby Signal Box is a “Type J’ Electro-Mechanical Interlocking Signal box, and one of the most elaborate ever designed and built by the NSWR Signal & Telegraph Branch. The Interlocking machine was a great advance in rail safety, as it contained the levers

to operate various points and signals, and was configured in such a way as to prevent conflicting operations being p e r f o r m e d , e s s e n t i a l l y preventing collisions, accidents and derailments. Almost the entire ground floor of the signal box is occupied by the many relays and other equipment required for the signal box to function, and is evidence of the complexity of the design. That the signal box was still functioning safely and effectively 70 years later is testament to the skills of the engineers who designed it. While relocating pre-fabricated buildings is routine, the technology required to move solid masonry buildings has been used internationally for some time, but has not been used previously, in Australia. The key to moving a masonry structure and the essence of Mammoth Movers’ business was an understanding of the physics of keeping a masonry building and the employment of purpose built


Movers specialises in the moving of masonry structures including solid brick and stone buildings. Commercial and private buildings can be relocated within an existing site or reinstated on an alternative site enabling more e c o n o m i c a n d f l e x i b l e development of land.

Dream Or Reality? Mammoth Movers is the first company to p rov ide a specialised masonry relocation service of this kind in Australia. However the company h a s a d o p t e d p r o v e n methodology and specialised equipment currently used in USA and is underpinned by a solid practical and technical knowledge foundation; enabling the company to move structures conventionally left to demolition or dismantling including: • Masonry buildings - stone

and solid brick buildings; • Very large and/or very heavy

structures - greater than 100 tonne;

S p e c i a l i s e d h e a v y

excavation equipment, self-levelling hydraulic jacks and transportation dollies. The unique techniques employed by Mammoth Movers mean the only limit on size or weight of the structure being moved is site access and the availability of a suitable transport route. These techniques open up a range of cost effective and time saving construction or relocation alternatives for building and construction, heritage, government, property developers and even home renovators.

The service Mammoth Movers Pty. Ltd. was formed to provide a niche market, structure relocation serv ice to the bui ld ing construction industries and government sectors. The company a lso focuses on exceptional heavy haulage/machinery moves, which can be more readily performed using innovative and flexible equipment. Mammoth

haulage moves - non-standard cargo where platform trailers are unsuitable. Each relocation project is unique. Mammoth Movers has the project management and e n g i n e e r i n g r e s o u r c e s , experience and access to the c u s t o m i s e d e q u i p m e n t necessary to ensure a successful relocation project. F lex ib le cont rac tua l arrangements are adopted to suit customer and project related requirements. Mammoth Movers personnel have worked with professional movers throughout Northern America and has solid contacts within the USA structural moving industry.

Why Relocate? 1 Relocation of existing structures within a site to alternative sites can reduce land acquisition costs and alleviate conflict due to controversial demolitions. Removal of these s t r u c t u r e s i n c r e a s e s development options for under utilised or compromised sites. 2 The need for masonry


moving is created as a direct result of ongoing progress and increased land values. 3 Structural moving provides major developers, individuals and the government with a cost-effective alternative to building demolition.

Financial Facts 1. The overall cost of relocating

g o o d q u a l i t y a s s e t s i s significantly lower t h a n n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n , ensuring that the service remains cost effect even in r e a l e s t a t e downturns.

2. R e l o c a t i o n provides property developers with a mechanism to r e a l i s e t h e residual value of existing assets, and generate additional profit, whilst removing the more costly requirement for demolition.

Structural moving is a socially positive activity. It has been described as a cost effective alternative to demolition (typically one-half the cost of demolition). It is also environmentally friendly through reduced landfill and provides a balanced a p p r o a c h t o h e r i t a g e conservation. It has been described as a c h a m e l e o n a p p r o a c h t o development that enables sensitive development to the suburban environment through relocation of buildings which fit the surrounding streetscape. The technology enables the improvement of the standard of housing in lower socio-economic regions and potentially reduces the amount of land to be acquired for road construction and widening.

Utilisation scenarios

Government needs

• Removal of houses due to road widening or new road/rail development;

• Removal of houses due to widening of traffic intersections;

• Removal of buildings due to rezoning - residential to commercial or industrial, e.g. new supermarkets or

airfields; • Moving of transportable

buildings; • Moving of heritage houses

due to development risk (heritage listed or otherwise), e.g. the House of Chow restaurant in Adelaide.

• Redevelopment of defense sites or othermass population sites;

• Moving of houses in jeopardy due to sea ingress/cliff erosion or flooding;

• Moving of good quality houses into lower value areas to improve social environment;

• Jacking of bridges and moving of trusses to location.

Developer needs The developer has many needs in common with the government. Additional needs include: • Moving of houses on prime

land with rapidly escalating price due to diminished value

of house relative to land, e.g. waterfront properties;

• Relocating of houses within existing block to enable the better use of the block, e.g. to build second house on the block;

• Moving of older style display homes located in prime commercial areas to open up for commercial

• development, e.g. Main North East Road in Adelaide; • Jacking of houses to improve view e.g. city view or waterfront. • Commercial needs

• Jacking of warehouses to increase storage areas on same floor plan or jacking of offices for parking space under building; • Moving of commercial and farm shedding, e.g.

shearing sheds; • Moving of trains and carriages; • Moving of large ships without

purpose built trailers, e.g. large pleasure or fishing boats;

• Moving of large cranes; • Moving of airplanes (and

airports); • Moving of silos; • Moving of bridge structures; • Any specialised rigging and

hauling. Private needs

• Raising of buildings that may not be demolished or where traditional extensions are not allowed, e.g. turn a one-story house into 2 stories;

• Jacking of houses, e.g. to repair sagging floors, close cracks or to replace inadequate foundations;

• Jacking of houses to install a cellar.



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AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX

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2

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8

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0

Jul-0

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Jul-0

2

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Jul-0

6

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Jul-0

8

SYDNEY

BRIS

MELB

PERTH

ADEL

CANB

HOBART

AWA

NOTES FOR THE AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX

The AIQS Building Cost Index (BCI) is published as a matter of interest only and is not intended to berelied upon by readers. The BCI shows long-term fluctuations in general building costs in thevarious capital cities. The figures do not represent any specific type of project, nor are they likely tobe indicative of very large or very small projects. The AIQS BCI does not represent work in countrylocalities and remote areas.

The base has been set at 100 and represents the Australian Weighted Average (AWA) Building CostIndex as at July 1985. The figures come from observations made by a variety of sources, e.g.National Public Work Conference (NPWC), BRIX survey results and local QS Chapterrepresentatives. The figures up to 1995 are based on NPWC data. An attempt has been made tomaintain the relativity of the indices that was established in the BCI system used by NPWC members.The most recent index figures are based on the results from the BRIX surveys; a “b” for historic BRIXfigures and “f” for BRIX forecasts indicate these. The figures in between are based on data fromvarious local sources. Information published in Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook hasbeen used in two instances to extrapolate index figures where there was insufficient information fromlocal sources.

The graph on this page, as well as the graph on page A-3 from the December 2006 edition onward isplotted using a logarithmic scale on the “Y” axis. This will give a truer indication of the rate of changei.e. a uniform increase in the BCI will show as a straight line instead of an upward curve.

THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 Page A-1

AIQS BUILDING COST INDEXDate SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB HOBART AWAJul-74 44 40 48 37 41 39 49 44Jul-75 47 45 49 44 45 46 49 48Jul-76 50 49 51 50 49 51 51 51Jul-77 54 51 55 55 51 55 55 55Jul-78 58 54 59 56 53 59 59 58Jul-79 63 61 65 57 59 65 66 63Jul-80 71 69 72 63 66 75 73 71Jul-81 83 77 81 73 75 87 83 80Jul-82 88 81 87 79 80 93 89 85Jul-83 88 83 87 81 80 96 91 87Jul-84 92 84 92 85 84 103 96 91Jul-85 97 93 108 97 93 117 111 100

Jan-86 107 99 119 104 99 125 121 108Jul-86 113 103 127 109 103 132 131 115

Jan-87 116 99 133 112 107 137 139 117Jul-87 121 103 139 115 111 141 144 121

Jan-88 129 108 145 117 116 147 149 129Jul-88 136 113 149 120 120 149 153 133

Jan-89 141 120 153 127 124 153 157 141Jul-89 145 127 160 131 129 159 163 147

Jan-90 152 132 165 137 132 165 167 152Jul-90 153 133 165 140 137 171 169 153

Jan-91 155 133 165 140 141 173 169 153Jul-91 153 129 165 140 143 175 171 152

Jan-92 147 127 140 140 144 176 172 143Apr-92 145 127 140 140 144 176 172 143Jul-92 145 127 137 140 144 176 172 143

Oct-92 147 128 135 140 144 176 172 143Jan-93 147 128 133 140 145 175 172 143Apr-93 147 129 131 140 145 175 172 141Jul-93 147 129 131 140 145 175 172 141

Oct-93 147 129 131 140 147 175 172 141Jan-94 147 129 131 140 147 175 172 141Apr-94 148 131 133 141 147 175 173 143Jul-94 148 132 133 141 147 175 173 143

Oct-94 151 136 135 141 148 175 175 144Jan-95 152 137 135 141 149 175 175 145Apr-95 153 137 136 141 152 176 177 146Jul-95 156 136 137 141 154 178 179 147

Oct-95 156 136 139 141 154 180 180 148Jan-96 157 133 139 143 155 181 180 148Apr-96 157 130 139 145 156 184 180 148Jul-96 158 126 140 145 156 184 181 149

Oct-96 158 128 142 146 157 185 182 150Jan-97 159 131 143 147 158 187 187 151Apr-97 159 131 143 149 159 188 187 151Jul-97 161 131 144 149 161 188 189 153

Oct-97 161 131 144 149 161 188 190 153Jan-98 162 131 144 150 162 188 191 153Apr-98 162 131 146 152 162 188 192 154Jul-98 163 131 146 152 163 189 193 155

Oct-98 164 131 146 152 163 189 194 155Jan-99 166 131 147 153 164 191 194 156Apr-99 167 131 148 153 164 191 194 157Jul-99 169 132 151 155 164 191 194 159

Oct-99 170 137 155 156 166 192 194 161Jan-00 173 146 159 156 168 192 195 165Apr-00 176 150 162 158 170 193 196 168


AIQS BUILDING COST INDEXDate SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB HOBART AWAJul-00 180 145 164 159 172 194 197 170

Oct-00 180 143 164 160 173 194 195 170Jan-01 179 143 164 156 174 196 197 169Apr-01 179 143 165 156 175 196 199 169Jul-01 178 147 168 156 176 197 199 170

Oct-01 181 147 168 157 177 199 200 172Jan-02 181 147 172 158 178 200 200 173Apr-02 182 147 173 159 179 200 202 174Jul-02 186 148 177 159 181 201 203 177

Oct-02 188 153 179 161 183 202 204 179Jan-03 189 160 181 165 185 206 205 182Apr-03 192 162 184 169 187 216 206 184Jul-03 195 170 187 172 189 218 208 188

Oct-03 197 184 188 175 192 219 209 191Jan-04 199 195 191 178 195 220 226 194Apr-04 200 201 194 182 198 224 237 197Jul-04 204 208 197 190 201 229 244 201

Oct-04 205 215 198 197 208 b 234 249 204Jan-05 207 220 199 205 213 b 237 b 249 b 207Apr-05 212 b 227 b 204 b 206 b 214 b 239 b 254 b 211 bJul-05 214 b 231 b 208 b 210 b 215 b 245 b 253 b 214 b

Oct-05 215 b 235 b 209 b 216 b 224 b 248 b 261 b 216 bJan-06 216 b 239 b 209 b 223 b 229 b 249 b 259 b 218 bApr-06 221 b 245 b 215 b 227 b 227 b 252 b 267 b 223 bJul-06 223 b 249 b 217 b 235 b 227 b 258 b 267 b 226 b

Oct-06 223 b 252 b 218 b 242 b 238 b 262 b 276 b 228 bJan-07 226 b 254 b 218 b 252 b 244 b 265 b 271 b 231 bApr-07 230 b 259 b 224 b 254 b 243 b 268 b 279 b 235 bJul-07 232 b 266 b 228 b 261 b 243 b 274 b 280 b 238 b

Oct-07 233 b 268 b 228 b 268 b 253 b 277 b 281 b 241 bJan-08 235 b 268 b 228 b 279 b 260 b 281 b 287 b 243 bApr-08 239 f 276 f 234 f 281 f 259 f 288 f 293 f 247 fJul-08 240 f 283 f 240 f 288 f 261 f 290 f 295 f 251 f

Oct-08 244 f 286 f 238 f 297 f 272 f 292 f 298 f 254 fJan-09 245 f 286 f 238 f 305 f 278 f 297 f 307 f 256 f

AIQS BUILDING COST INDEX

100

1000

Jul-8

5

Jul-8

7

Jul-8

9

Jul-9

1

Jul-9

3

Jul-9

5

Jul-9

7

Jul-9

9

Jul-0

1

Jul-0

3

Jul-0

5

Jul-0

7

BCICPI


AIQS ESTIMATED TIMES FOR CONSTRUCTION AND CASH FLOW

Estimated ContractAmount at Current Values

Expedited Short Normal Long Expedited Short Normal Long

$10,000 4 6 8 10 1 2 2 3$20,000 5 7 9 12 1 2 3 3$50,000 7 10 12 16 2 3 3 4

$100,000 8 12 15 20 2 3 4 5$200,000 10 15 19 24 3 4 5 7$300,000 12 17 21 27 3 5 6 8$400,000 13 18 23 30 3 5 6 8$500,000 14 20 24 32 4 5 7 9$600,000 14 21 26 34 4 6 7 9$700,000 15 22 27 35 4 6 7 10$800,000 16 22 28 37 4 6 8 10$900,000 16 23 29 38 4 6 8 11

$1,000,000 17 24 30 39 5 7 8 11$2,000,000 20 30 37 48 6 8 10 13$3,000,000 23 33 42 54 6 9 12 15$4,000,000 25 36 46 59 7 10 13 16$5,000,000 27 39 49 63 7 11 14 18$6,000,000 28 41 52 67 8 11 14 19$7,000,000 30 43 54 70 8 12 15 19$8,000,000 31 45 56 73 9 12 16 20$9,000,000 32 46 58 76 9 13 16 21

$10,000,000 33 48 60 78 9 13 17 22$11,000,000 34 49 62 80 9 14 17 22$12,000,000 35 51 63 82 10 14 18 23$13,000,000 36 52 65 84 10 14 18 23$14,000,000 37 53 66 86 10 15 18 24$15,000,000 37 54 68 88 10 15 19 24$16,000,000 38 55 69 90 11 15 19 25$17,000,000 39 56 70 92 11 16 20 25$18,000,000 40 57 72 93 11 16 20 26$19,000,000 40 58 73 95 11 16 20 26$20,000,000 41 59 74 96 11 16 20 27$25,000,000 44 63 79 103 12 17 22 28$30,000,000 46 67 84 109 13 18 23 30$35,000,000 48 70 87 114 13 19 24 31$40,000,000 50 73 91 118 14 20 25 33$45,000,000 52 75 94 123 14 21 26 34$50,000,000 54 78 97 127 15 22 27 35$55,000,000 55 80 100 130 15 22 28 36$60,000,000 57 82 103 134 16 23 28 37$65,000,000 58 84 105 137 16 23 29 38$70,000,000 60 86 108 140 16 24 30 39$75,000,000 61 88 110 143 17 24 30 40$80,000,000 62 90 112 146 17 25 31 40$85,000,000 63 91 114 148 17 25 32 41$90,000,000 64 93 116 151 18 26 32 42$95,000,000 65 94 118 153 18 26 33 42

$100,000,000 66 96 120 156 18 27 33 43

CONSTRUCTION TIMES IN WEEKS

Based on formulae by Bromilow, F.J. and Henderson, J.A.1977, "Procedures for reckoning and valuing the performance of building contracts" second edition. The formulae have been updated to account for increases in building costs. These times are published as a matter of interest only and are not intended to be relied upon by readers.Readers should use their own judgement or if necessary seek expert advice. Readers need to consider specific conditions affecting their projects such as complexity, constructability, quality of documentations, availability of resources, potential industrial activity, etc

CASH FLOW TIMES IN MONTHS



THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS, MARCH 2008

MARKET CONDITIONS – MARCH 2008ADELAIDE Construction activity remains strong in most sectors, however, some contractors are looking for more work which is introducing some competitiveness

into the market. On the other hand, some large increases in material prices are coming into affect which will push up tender prices for new projects.Office vacancy rates in the CBD have fallen which is providing confidence for future developments. The resources sector is continuing to attract skilledlabour, causing a shortage in the Adelaide market.

BRISBANE The Brisbane market is continuing to experience high demand although at more reasonable levels than previously experienced. This may be affected bythe contraction within the financial markets which could have a negative impact. The commercial office sector continues to have a high level of activity.Residential building is also strong at present. The impact of large infrastructure and Government projects are starting to translate into higher resourcesand material prices in some structural trades.

CANBERRA The commercial sector, while still very active, is showing signs of stabilising ahead of a predicted downward trend towards the end of the year. The newCommonwealth Government has already started to rationalise government spending, which will have an impact on new commercial developments in theshort term. The current residential vacancy rate is traveling at less than 1% and while this is expected to create an increase in activity, the pressure oninterest rates and employment prospects in the Public Service may contain this sector also.

HOBART Construction activity for the March quarter appears to be leveling off, however, it is anticipated that the market will be strained with many large projectscoming to tender in the next quarter or six months. This may produce elevated tenders as market demand outstrips supply in the short to medium term.

MELBOURNE The construction industry in Melbourne continues to experience growth in all areas. There are a number of larger projects due to commence with severalmid way through construction across most sectors. Pricing in the mid to smaller projects is still reasonably competitive, however, the skills shortages inmanagement staff and trade contractors and recent price increases in steel pricing is likely to drive prices upwards.

PERTH The Western Australian market remains overheated with demand outstripping supply. Tender prices continue to attract significant escalation. With strongbuilding activity and major ongoing construction works in the resource sector, this trend is unlikely to change in the near future.

SYDNEY Construction activity in and around Sydney continues to thrive in spite of significant constraints imposed from labour and staff shortages, rising interestrates, an uncertain IR environment and the ever-diminishing site availability. The office sector is widely held to be the growth area through 2008 andbeyond. Strong demand is predicted to kick start the construction cycle including some speculative developments in order to address the falling vacancyrates, now at a historical low. A number of significant CBD projects are currently in the planning and construction phases, supplemented byrefurbishment and fit-out of existing stock to upgrade and incorporate green initiatives increasingly demanded by discerning tenants.

PRELIMINARIESThe preliminary items referred to shall be deemed to include the following:

provision of charts, schedules and the like showing time progress, organization of trades or similar matters:provision of notice board;giving of notices, obtaining of permits and the payment of fees in compliance with the requirements of governmental, semi-governmental, local authority, or otherpublic authorities including the payment of survey fees;setting out the works;connection of and provision of temporary installations for water, electrical, telephone and other services for the works;cost of providing water, electrical or other power required by the builder in the carrying out of the works;cost of telephone calls;temporary screens, fencing, hoardings, guard rails, barriers, gantries and the like together with any warning notices, night lighting and the like;temporary roads, tracks, crossings, planked footways, and the like;temporary sheds, store rooms for perishable materials, mess rooms, offices, sanitary accommodation and other temporary buildings together with necessaryequipment, furniture, lighting, heating and the like for use by the builder, architect or clerk of works;general foreman and other site staff;builder’s liability for injury to persons or property or to workmen and the insurances required in respect thereof;builder’s liability for loss or damage to the works, existing structures, adjoining structures and the unfixed materials and the insurances required in respect thereof;security bonds, guarantees and the like;plant and equipment and attendant labour;erecting, maintaining, and dismantling scaffolding;attendance upon, cutting away for and making good after all trades;protecting and safeguarding the works, materials and plant against the effects of the weather and against damage, trespass or theft;period cleaning of the works and site and removal of rubbish;duties of the builder on completion including such matters as cleaning and leaving all in good order, labelling and handing over keys, handing over certificates,guarantees and the like;liability of the builder for making good defects after practical completion.

CLASSIFICATION UNIT SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB

BUILDING WORKS$ $ $ $ $ $

Suburban site .................................................................. % 13.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 11-13City site............................................................................ % 18.0 15.0 17.0 14.0 16.0 14-16CIVIL WORKSSuburban site .................................................................. % 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0 7.0 8-10

CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS

The Current Construction Costs herein are published on and should be read subject to the following conditions:1. Construction costs are published as a matter of interest only and are not intended to be relied upon by readers. In any situations which may be similar to

matters herein readers should exercise and rely upon their own judgement.2. The publisher is not engaged in rendering professional advice. If expert assistance is required the service of a professional person should be sought.3. The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors or any of its councilors, officers or members of staff shall not be responsible for any error in the material

published herein or for any damage or loss whatsoever resulting therefrom or for any reliance thereon.4. Construction costs are not intended for tendering or pricing variations. They are indicative costs for projects constructed in the Metropolitan Area. They are

not intended for projects constructed in the CBD or in country localities. The rates should be adjusted with reference to specific conditions.5. The rates include the cost of labor and material, laps, waste, hoisting, fixing in position and for overheads and profit. The unit rates are deemed to include

all the provisions listed in the “Measurement & Prices” clauses in each of the sections of the Australian Standard Method of Measurement of BuildingWorks, 5th Edition. Rates may also include certain labors and minor items as indicated at the head of each section.

6. The profit allowance is based on the long term market conditions in the metropolitan area of each capital city.7. These Construction Costs were produced prior to publication and due allowance should be made in this regard to the rates shown. Where an asterisk (*)

appears it means “not readily available”. Where there is a (#) it means the rate is under review.8. The rates exclude any allowance for Goods and Services Tax and associated compliance costs.

CLASSIFICATION UNIT SYDNEY BRIS MELB PERTH ADEL CANB$ $ $ $ $ $

1 GROUNDWORKS2 Work in this trade is limited to within the building confines.

3 EXCAVATION4 All excavation is in other than rock unless otherwise

stated.5 All excavation is by machine.6 Unless otherwise described excavation rates include for

backfilling and removal of surplus material from site adistance of approximately ten kilometres. Excavationrates do not include for shoring or planking and strutting.Planking and strutting rates are based upon upholdingexcavations in loamy soil – sandy clay types of ground.

7 Stripping top soil average 150mm deep and stockpilingm2 2.20 2.95 2.19 2.39 2.42 2.29

8 Over site excavation to reduce levels m2 15.60 19.53 16.44 11.96 14.75 25.239 Extra over last for rock using rippers m2 35.14 34.02 32.88 46.50 36.76 40.14

10 Trench excavation:11 Not exceeding 2m deep m3 49.42 78.32 49.33 31.89 72.56 65.3812 2-3m deep m3 54.91 84.45 60.66 43.84 78.60 74.5513 Pit or pier hole excavation:14 Not exceeding 2m deep m3 71.38 90.57 63.80 47.83 78.60 71.1115 2-3m deep m3 87.85 101.29 71.12 53.14 84.65 79.1416 Extra over trench, pit and pier hole excavation for rock

using compressors m3 175.70 164.08 142.50 144.81 149.95 143.3717 500mm diameter bored pier hole m 23.92 20.46 23.01 23.91 22.98 40.1418 900mm diameter bored pier hole m 39.53 39.60 38.37 41.19 47.16 55.0519 Under ream 500mm pier hole to 800mm diameter no 49.42 80.95 49.33 53.14 60.47 58.4920 Under ream 900mm pier hole to 1500 mm diameter no 98.83 113.76 93.17 99.64 91.91 97.4921 Working space and maintain faces of trenches, pit

and pier holes:22 Not exceeding 2m deep m2 18.67 17.06 16.44 17.27 17.29 22.9423 Not exceeding 3m deep m2 21.96 18.16 21.92 21.26 22.98 28.6724 FILLING AND HARDCORE25 Backfilling is included in excavation rates. Rates for

filling are for consolidated quantities.26 Excavated material as filling m3 16.47 10.28 14.25 10.63 14.27 17.2027 Imported hardcore filling m3 46.12 54.69 43.85 66.43 54.42 51.6128 Clean sand filling m3 49.42 43.76 49.33 19.93 53.21 57.3529 50mm sand bed m2 4.39 4.38 4.38 3.32 5.08 4.3630 100mm crushed rock bed including blinding m2 13.18 7.93 11.51 9.30 10.88 11.4731 PAPER & PLASTIC MEMBRANES32 0.20mm polythene sheeting with taped joints m2 3.29 2.73 3.84 3.32 3.02 3.44

33 CONCRETE34 IN SITU CONCRETE35 All concrete is N20 unless otherwise stated. Rates for

concrete do not include reinforcement.36 Concrete in footings m3 186.68 218.78 208.13 319.04 234.60 209.8937 Concrete in 100 mm – 150mm slabs on ground m3 192.17 234.09 218.59 348.75 246.70 209.8938 Concrete in 150mm – 200mm suspended slabs m3 206.45 207.84 223.82 383.63 252.74 213.3339 Concrete in columns m3 279.71 317.22 270.88 532.17 264.84 247.7440 Concrete in beams m3 210.84 207.84 226.95 399.13 246.70 222.5141 Concrete in isolated beams m3 219.63 273.47 241.60 399.13 246.70 229.3942 Concrete in suspended stairs and landings m3 294.27 328.16 285.52 607.08 252.74 247.7443 Concrete in 150mm – 200mm walls m3 271.39 268.00 262.51 542.50 252.74 247.7444 Extra cost of each additional N5 concrete strength m3 8.79 9.19 9.41 15.50 8.47 10.3245 Shotcrete earth stabilising 75mm thick m2 60.40 43.76 47.06 * 48.37 63.0846 SUNDRIES47 Steel trowel integral finish to concrete floor m2 5.49 4.70 6.28 7.10 8.47 7.4648 “Sand blast” concrete wall m2 34.04 35.11 33.98 45.21 38.09 43.5849 Bush hammer concrete wall m2 49.42 50.97 49.33 75.95 59.26 74.5550 Keyed construction joint in concrete slab 150mm –

300mm thick m 19.76 21.88 18.83 20.15 21.77 28.6751 Expansion joint in concrete slab 150mm – 300mm thick

including dowels, caulking and pointing materialsm 39.51 48.13 36.61 45.85 38.70 43.58

52 150mm PVC waterstop cast into concrete m 29.65 31.72 32.88 39.27 35.67 28.6753 FORMWORK54 Rates are for ordinary formwork and not formwork

designed to produce an off-form finish, unlessotherwise stated.

55 To footings m2 46.79 65.63 52.62 54.25 69.64 51.6156 To suspended slabs including strutting 3m – 4m high m2 105.02 120.33 104.13 137.18 104.46 105.5257 To suspended stairs and landings including strutting m2 119.58 160.80 109.62 142.08 127.68 114.6958 To walls m2 125.82 137.83 122.37 232.50 116.07 111.2559 To columns m2 129.98 137.83 125.50 246.06 121.88 111.2560 To beams m2 129.98 140.02 126.55 243.48 121.88 108.9661 Extra for Class 2 off-form finish m2 16.64 13.67 16.44 30.56 17.41 13.7662 Extra for boarded off-form finish m2 52.71 54.69 50.42 60.45 52.23 45.88

THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS Page B-1


63 1mm Bondek to suspended slab m2 75.91 114.86 73.21 96.88 87.05 68.8264 0.75mm Bondek to suspended slab m2 69.67 109.39 66.94 90.42 75.45 66.5265 REINFORCEMENT66 Rates for reinforcement include for bending, tying,

supports and placing, rolling margin and bendingschedules.

67 Rates for fabric reinforcement also include 15% forlaps.

68 Structural grade round bar reinforcement t 1,811.92 2,351.84 1,945.32 2,518.75 2,205.36 2,053.0269 Deformed bar reinforcement t 1,811.92 2,351.84 1,945.32 2,518.75 2,205.36 2,053.0270 F118 fabric reinforcement m2 19.77 17.61 21.96 38.10 25.54 23.1771 F928 fabric reinforcement m2 13.52 11.38 12.06 26.35 13.93 11.4772 F81 fabric reinforcement m2 16.47 17.61 17.78 29.71 20.89 19.0473 F92 fabric reinforcement m2 12.08 11.81 12.55 19.38 13.93 13.4274 F72 fabric reinforcement m2 9.33 8.20 8.37 12.27 10.45 9.5275 F62 fabric reinforcement m2 7.69 7.33 7.13 9.69 9.29 8.4976 F52 fabric reinforcement m2 6.59 6.24 6.28 8.40 7.54 6.6577 F42 fabric reinforcement m2 5.49 4.92 4.66 6.46 6.38 6.0878 F8TM fabric reinforcement in strip footings m2 10.43 8.64 9.87 13.56 11.61 12.5079 PRECAST CONCRETE80 Rates for precast concrete include for all moulds (on

the basis of 20 re-uses) reinforcement, finishes toexposed faces, all lifting and fixing devices, hoisting,temporary supports, and fixing in position.

81 100mm non-structural wall or spandrel panel with localgravel exposed aggregate finish m2 236.10 * 208.27 248.65 241.86 292.47

82 150mm non-structural wall or spandrel panel with localgravel exposed aggregate finish m2 274.53 355.51 268.79 297.08 272.09 315.41

83 150mm structural wall or spandrel panel with local gravelexposed aggregate finish m2 318.46 382.86 304.35 348.75 302.33 355.55

84 200mm structural wall or spandrel panel with local gravelexposed aggregate finish m2 340.42 404.73 328.40 372.00 319.20 401.43

85 Extra over local exposed gravel aggregate finish for whitequartz finish m2 52.71 54.69 47.13 62.65 54.42 57.35

86 Extra over local exposed gravel aggregate finish forpolished reconstructed granite finish m2 98.83 98.45 89.88 21.31 102.79 97.49

87 300 x 750mm coping m 49.42 * 43.85 * 48.37 63.0888 250 x 40mm stair tread m 43.93 * 37.65 * 38.70 45.8889 TANKING90 Rates for waterproofing include for laps, joints, fillets

angles and working around pipes, etc91 2mm two coat horizontal asphalt tanking m2 49.42 32.82 48.23 71.95 54.42 52.7692 1.5mm two coat vertical asphalt tanking m2 54.91 * 51.52 77.24 60.47 57.3593 Two coats “Mulseal” bituminous emulsion m2 9.88 16.41 9.87 11.75 10.88 11.0194 Three coats “Mulseal” bituminous emulsion m2 14.56 21.88 13.60 15.11 14.51 13.8895 “Cintafort 160” horizontal membrane m2 * * * 44.56 * *96 Two layer “Jute-al” horizontal membrane m2 30.75 * 31.79 * 36.28 33.2697 Two layer “Jute-al” vertical membrane m2 35.14 * 37.82 * 42.33 37.8598 “Bituthene 3000” horizontal membrane m2 24.16 21.88 26.31 * 30.23 25.2399 "Bituthene 3000” vertical membrane m2 28.55 27.35 28.50 * 36.28 29.82

100 MASONRY101 BRICKWORK102 Rates for brickwork include for plumbing angles,

normal straight cutting, forming rebated reveals andraking out joints for plastering.

103 Common standard clay bricks laid 1,000 1,601.33 1,735.98 1,553.12 1,713.86 2,321.43 1,640.12104 Common standard clay brickwork m3 625.93 765.71 678.77 783.86 1,009.82 653.76105 Common standard clay bricks in:106 110mm wall m2 76.87 84.23 82.62 115.59 110.27 84.87107 230mm wall m2 153.74 157.52 165.25 231.17 220.54 170.89108 Cavity wall (two 110mm skins) including ties m2 158.13 164.08 169.43 237.81 220.54 173.19109 Extra over common brickwork for:110 Fair face and pointing m2 13.18 6.89 9.41 8.64 12.09 10.90111 Flush joints and bagged finish m2 6.81 6.89 7.32 10.63 12.09 8.03112 Stretcher bond for facing and cleaning ($600 per

thousand) m2 19.77 13.13 15.35 21.26 18.14 19.84113 Face brick-on-edge sill m 32.94 29.32 32.88 33.21 36.28 30.97114 BLOCKWORK115 The rates for blockwork include for fractional, corner

and end blocks, cutting and all labours116 Standard 400 x 200mm hollow grey concrete blocks

in:117 100mm wall m2 65.89 86.42 70.07 89.01 78.93 74.55118 150mm wall m2 79.07 90.79 81.58 108.94 91.70 89.46119 200mm wall m2 87.85 103.92 94.13 136.84 103.30 99.78120 Standard 400 x 200mm solid grey concrete blocks in:

121 100mm wall m2 82.36 85.32 76.35 95.66 85.89 81.43122 150mm wall m2 87.85 89.70 86.81 115.59 97.50 99.78



123 250mm cavity wall including ties m2 131.78 189.24 145.38 183.34 164.82 149.10124 100mm coloured split block wall in 400 x 200mm blocks

m2 98.83 132.36 97.27 115.59 110.27 91.76125 100mm coloured split block wall in 400 x 100mm blocks

m2 103.22 99.54 97.27 128.87 116.07 100.93126 Extra for fair face and pointing and cleaning m2 6.59 5.69 7.32 9.96 12.09 8.60127 Hebel (Autoclaved) 200 x 600mm blocks in:128 100mm wall m2 70.28 91.89 70.07 87.69 72.56 68.82129 150mm wall m2 81.26 120.33 82.21 96.99 83.57 84.87130 200mm wall m2 112.01 137.83 114.00 116.91 108.84 99.78131 GLASS BLOCKS132 80mm Wall in 190 x 190mm hollow glass bricks m2 373.36 470.37 374.42 405.21 452.68 420.93133 100mm Wall in 190 x 190mm hollow glass bricks m2 395.33 492.24 406.84 451.71 475.89 465.66134 DAMP PROOF COURSES AND FLASHINGS135 0.5mm polythene damp course 300mm wide m 3.18 3.28 * * 1.81 1.84136 Aluminium core (super grade) damp proof course:

137 110mm wide m 3.57 3.28 4.38 3.99 3.48 4.36138 150mm wide vertical at jambs m 4.67 4.81 5.48 4.65 4.64 5.85139 SUNDRIES140 Concrete filling to 200mm hollow block wall m2 26.36 49.22 28.24 27.90 26.70 32.11141 Concrete filling to 150mm hollow block wall m2 35.14 39.38 35.56 39.86 34.82 51.61142 Structural grade bar reinforcement in concrete block wall

t 1,647.20 1,684.57 1,644.23 2,790.00 1,813.95 2,007.14

143 STONEWORK144 Rates for stonework include for all fixings and

finished edges, and are median values for variousqualities

145 SANDSTONE146 100mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * * 249.96 232.50 362.79 *147 200mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * 422.53 445.07 604.65 *148 450mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 560.05 382.86 526.15 651.00 * *149 450mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 647.90 426.61 657.69 690.86 * *150 100mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 428.27 * 438.46 325.50 362.79 *151 200mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 609.46 * 548.08 637.71 604.65 *152 450mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 905.96 * 876.92 1,129.29 * *153 450mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 944.39 * 931.73 1,215.64 * *154 BLUESTONE155 100mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * * * 345.43 362.79 *156 200mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * * 558.00 604.65 *157 450mm Random rubble walling faced one side m2 * 317.22 * * * *158 450mm Random rubble walling faced both sides m2 * 360.98 * * * *159 100mm Squared rubble walling faced one side m2 * * * 365.36 362.79 *160 200mm Squared rubble walling faced both sides m2 * * * 564.64 604.65 *161 LIMESTONE162 250mm single face block wall in stretcher bond m2 * * * 259.07 229.77 *163 250mm single face block wall in random bond m2 * * * 245.79 229.77 *164 250mm double face block wall in stretcher bond m2 * * * 279.00 266.05 *165 250mm double face block wall in random bond m2 * * * 265.71 266.05 *166 GRANITE167 30mm Honed face wall lining m2 576.52 656.33 657.69 710.79 677.21 670.96168 30mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 472.20 546.94 580.96 558.00 568.37 642.29169 Extra for polished face m2 84.23 131.27 87.69 69.09 90.70 86.02170 MARBLE (AUSTRALIAN)171 38mm Honed face wall lining m2 516.12 410.20 482.31 757.29 544.19 539.06172 38 mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 439.25 382.86 465.87 624.43 515.16 516.12173 Extra for filled and polished item m2 54.91 82.04 65.77 46.50 60.47 86.02174 MARBLE (IMPORTED)175 38mm Honed face wall lining m2 576.52 541.47 * 778.54 580.47 596.41176 38mm Honed face slab paving on mortar bed m2 439.25 503.18 * 644.36 544.19 539.06177 Extra for filled and polished finish m2 67.59 82.04 * 46.50 60.47 113.55178 SLATE (AUSTRALIAN)179 12mm Sawn face wall lining m2 142.76 * 158.97 232.50 181.40 172.04180 19mm Sawn face slab paving m2 146.62 * 131.54 212.57 157.21 149.10

181 STRUCTURAL STEEL182 The following include for rolling margin, hand

cleaning shop priming, erection complete with allnecessary temporary bracing and an allowance of 8%of fabricated cost to cover shop detailing.

183 Universal beams and columns, holed for simpleconnections:

184 Up to 60kg/m t 5,710.28 5,742.86 5,164.51 7,685.42 4,837.21 5,631.47185 Over 60kg/m t 6,039.72 4,484.90 4,952.20 7,620.83 4,595.35 5,493.84186 Universal beams and columns with welded fitments

for simple connections:187 Up to 60kg/m t 5,929.91 5,852.24 5,462.59 7,879.17 5,441.86 6,101.71188 Over 60kg/m t 6,039.72 4,594.29 5,204.26 7,750.00 5,200.00 5,952.61



189 Universal beams and columns prepared for rigidconnection:

190 Up to 60kg/m t 5,929.91 5,961.63 5,432.26 7,905.00 5,441.86 6,101.71191 Over 60kg/m t 5,820.09 4,703.67 5,139.41 7,775.83 5,200.00 5,952.61192 RHS beams and columns with welded fitments for simple

connections t 6,149.53 8,204.08 6,036.77 8,202.08 5,804.65 6,319.63193 Plate web girders and compound columns t 6,698.60 9,297.96 6,284.64 9,209.58 5,441.86 6,101.71194 Trusses fabricated from:195 Universal sections t 7,137.85 7,110.20 6,076.51 8,563.75 5,804.65 6,319.63196 Angles t 7,467.29 9,297.96 6,394.46 7,827.50 5,804.65 6,319.63197 Pipes t 7,796.73 9,297.96 6,647.56 8,925.42 6,046.51 6,319.63198 Portal frames – average industrial type and span

fabricated from universal sections t 5,710.28 5,852.24 5,301.52 7,543.33 5,200.00 6,182.00199 Extra hot dip galvanising sections up to 60 kg/m t 713.79 1,033.71 793.82 762.08 1,027.91 986.37200 Extra for abrasive blast cleaning – class 2 m2 27.45 23.19 29.28 52.96 33.86 32.11201 Open web joists – patent design, roll formed section

top and bottom chords, pipe web members includingpurlin cleats at 1.2m centres and connections:

202 Lightweight type 300 – 600mm deep up to 10m spanm 87.85 90.79 95.17 * 96.74 154.84

203 Longspan types 300 – 900mm deep 10 to 14m spanm 109.81 113.22 114.00 * 120.93 172.04

204 Purlins, cold formed fixed to standard cleats:205 150mm deep galvanised m 23.92 22.97 24.06 54.25 24.19 20.99206 200mm deep galvanised m 27.04 27.35 26.15 62.00 26.60 21.68207 150mm deep ROZC shop primed m 17.57 * 14.25 * * 18.01208 200mm deep ROZC shop primed m 21.96 * 16.44 * * 20.42209 6mm Field fillet weld m 47.83 45.29 47.06 93.00 48.37 53.91

210 METALWORK211 The rates for metalwork include for all fabrication work,

rolling margin, shop priming and protective coatingswhere applicable.

212 STEEL LINTELS AND ARCH BARS213 Mild steel flats and angles as lintels t 2,740.97 2,625.31 2,395.10 5,048.57 2,297.67 2,660.90214 Extra for hot dip galvanising t 899.45 1,033.71 872.26 1,129.29 1,027.91 986.37215 FLOOR DUCTS AND FRAMES216 6mm angular pattern steel plate flooring m2 153.74 249.40 164.42 261.73 157.21 143.37217 30mm standard galvanised grid mesh type flooring m2 197.66 192.52 203.88 239.14 205.58 189.24218 750mm wide catwalk with 18kg channel support rails,

angular pattern plate flooring and 32mm NB twin rail pipebalustrade each side m 395.33 407.47 504.23 538.07 459.53 516.12

219 Extra over 750mm catwalk for 30mm thick grid mesh typeflooring m 54.91 56.66 63.03 73.07 60.47 68.82

220 LADDERS AND STAIRS221 Steel stair with plate strings, angular pattern treads

and 32mm NB twin rail pipe balustrades:222 750mm wide m 951.44 848.85 986.54 1,727.14 846.51 791.39223 900mm wide m 1,053.34 940.73 1,134.52 1,992.86 906.98 860.20224 Extra for half landing with angular pattern deck and

matching balustrade to:225 750mm wide stair no 1,076.17 1,072.00 1,238.65 1,315.29 1,064.19 1,146.94226 900mm wide stair no 1,120.09 1,143.10 1,973.08 1,527.86 1,148.84 1,204.29227 450mm wide catladder with 50 x 10mm plate strings and

25mm pipe rungs m 225.12 * 252.12 292.29 241.86 286.73228 COLUMNS, STRUTS AND BRACES229 76 X 76 X 4.9mm RHS m 54.07 78.76 50.42 67.76 45.95 57.35230 102 x 51 x 4.9mm RHS m 54.07 78.76 50.42 67.76 45.95 57.35231 102 x 102 x 4.9mm RHS m 69.67 87.51 67.96 94.33 60.47 75.70232 48.3 x 3.2mm CHS m 32.23 41.57 29.05 34.54 30.23 40.14233 DUCTED SKIRTING234 Rates for skirtings include for mitres and ends235 130mm high PVC two channel ducted skirting m 36.39 52.51 31.51 55.80 30.23 28.67236 165mm high PVC three channel ducted skirting m 41.59 57.98 37.82 63.77 36.28 34.41237 BALUSTRADES AND HANDRAILS238 Rates for handrails and balustrades include for

bends, ramps, wreaths and all fixings239 32mm NB galvanised steel pipe handrail with brackets at

1500mm centres m 83.46 82.04 113.45 112.93 90.70 103.22240 40 x 10mm steel flat handrail with extruded PVC handrail

sheathing m 119.58 113.22 151.27 152.79 108.84 126.16241 Steel pipe balustrade 900mm high comprising:242 32mm NB top and bottom rail with standards at

1500mm centres m 172.61 138.16 189.09 232.50 181.40 200.71243 40 x 10mm flat handrail with extruded PVC sheathing,

50 x 10mm bottom rail, 20 x 20mm balusters at1500mm centres and 25 x 25 standards at 1500mmcentres m 203.15 165.28 233.21 279.00 211.63 223.65

244 WOODWORK



245 Rates for Woodwork work include for all labours,incidental materials, nails, screws, etc. The term“hardwood” used hereafter shall mean the localhardwood most commonly used for woodwork.

246 STRUCTURAL TIMBERS247 It should be noted that these are average rates for

timber in roof framing. Adjustments for otherlocations are as follows:

248 Ground floor framing -20% -10% -20% -5% -15% -15%249 Upper floor framing -15% 0% -15% 0% -10% -15%250 Wall framing -5% -5% -10% -5% -5% -10%251 Ceiling framing -5% 0% -5% 0% -5% -5%252 Hardwood:253 50 x 25mm m 3.12 4.16 3.18 3.99 * 5.51254 75 x 38mm m 7.28 11.27 7.32 9.17 6.65 8.03255 75 x 50mm m 8.32 13.56 7.67 9.30 * 8.95256 100 x 38mm m 8.32 13.67 8.22 10.63 * 9.18257 100 x 50mm m 9.36 16.63 9.32 11.96 7.50 10.55258 100 x 75mm m 15.60 27.02 14.36 16.08 * 14.34259 125 x 38mm m 10.40 18.27 9.32 11.29 * 10.90260 125 x 50mm m 12.48 22.32 11.18 13.95 * 12.27261 150 x 38mm m 12.48 20.56 11.62 13.29 * 12.62262 Local Pine (Stress Grade F5):263 42 x 19mm m 2.08 3.50 2.09 2.66 2.06 3.67264 42 x 35mm m 3.12 4.70 3.14 4.65 2.54 5.05265 70 x 35mm m 5.20 9.19 5.23 5.98 5.44 6.19266 70 x 45mm m 6.24 10.83 5.23 6.91 4.35 6.42267 90 x 35mm m 6.24 10.94 6.28 6.91 4.84 7.34268 90 x 45mm m 7.28 12.91 7.32 9.03 6.29 8.83269 120 x 35mm m 8.32 12.91 7.32 9.43 6.41 9.63270 Merchantable Oregon:271 50 x 25mm m 4.16 4.81 4.17 5.31 3.63 4.87272 75 x 38mm m 7.28 11.38 6.25 8.10 6.05 6.65273 75 x 50mm m 8.32 13.67 8.37 10.36 7.38 7.46274 100 x 38mm m 8.32 13.78 7.89 10.36 7.44 8.09275 100 x 50mm m 10.40 16.74 9.32 14.08 9.07 9.46276 100 x 75mm m 16.64 24.83 15.35 25.24 13.91 13.19277 150 x 38mm m 12.08 18.92 12.61 17.40 11.49 12.33278 150 x 50mm m 16.64 28.00 15.35 18.60 13.91 13.76279 175 x 38mm m 14.82 26.03 15.35 20.33 13.91 13.76280 175 x 50mm m 16.58 31.07 16.88 25.91 15.72 15.71281 200 x 50mm m 19.77 33.80 20.50 29.23 18.87 17.43282 250 x 50mm m 24.71 40.36 25.21 34.54 24.43 21.10283 CARCASSING – ELEMENTAL RATES284 Hardwood in ground floor framing comprising 100 x 75mm

bearers and 100 x 50mm joists m2 28.55 64.54 31.38 33.21 22.98 26.38285 Upper floor framing comprising 200 x 50mm joists

and solid bridging in:286 Hardwood m2 49.91 84.23 48.11 53.14 * 40.14287 Merchantable Oregon m2 49.42 84.23 54.81 66.43 42.33 37.85288 Wall framing comprising 100 x 50mm plates, noggins

and studs at 450mm centres in:289 Hardwood m2 43.67 60.16 43.85 42.51 * 48.17290 Merchantable Oregon m2 49.91 66.73 67.96 43.84 * 43.58291 Local pine wall framing comprising 90 x 45mm plates,

noggings with:292 Studs at 450mm centres m2 36.39 42.66 38.37 35.87 42.33 40.14293 Studs at 600mm centres m2 32.23 35.00 36.17 29.23 39.91 36.70294 Ceiling framing comprising 100 x 50mm plate and

joists at 450mm centres in:295 Hardwood m2 30.75 39.38 33.98 35.87 * 36.70296 Merchantable Oregon m2 35.14 44.85 39.46 43.84 31.44 34.41297 PREFABRICATED ROOF TRUSSES298 Truss to pitched tiled roof for:299 6m span no 142.76 172.83 153.46 172.71 157.21 164.01300 9m span no 195.49 259.25 202.79 225.86 181.40 194.98301 12m span no 230.61 311.76 246.63 298.93 253.95 263.80302 FASCIAS AND BARGES303 200 x 32mm dressed oregon m 26.00 41.13 35.08 26.57 24.19 19.50304 250 x 38mm dressed oregon m 32.23 46.16 40.56 35.87 30.23 24.09305 188 x 38mm dressed WR cedar m 39.51 92.98 38.70 * 30.23 28.67306 238 x 38mm dressed WR cedar m 49.91 114.86 43.85 * 36.28 34.41307 BOARDING308 25mm selected Hardwood tongued and grooved flooring

in 100mm widths m2 68.08 114.86 73.21 82.37 72.56 77.99309 Machine sand and two coats clear finish on timber floor

m2 14.56 21.88 14.64 15.94 18.14 20.07310 19mm particleboard flooring m2 26.36 32.38 26.31 26.57 24.19 22.94311 22mm particleboard flooring m2 30.75 40.80 28.50 29.23 26.60 25.81312 25mm Hardwood tongued and grooved “V” jointed vertical

wall boarding 100mm wide m2 90.46 117.04 79.49 116.91 78.60 63.08



313 25mm WR cedar ship lap wall boarding 150mm wide m2 73.57 77.01 73.44 * 84.65 97.49314 25mm sawn hardwood gutter boarding m2 57.10 71.10 57.00 79.71 50.79 48.17315 25mm waterproof plywood gutter boarding m2 71.38 76.57 71.25 93.00 64.09 65.38316 LININGS317 5mm tempered hardboard with “V” joints m2 17.57 27.35 19.87 23.91 19.35 20.07318 6mm sliced cut Ash veneered plywood m2 41.73 71.10 44.97 50.49 39.91 50.47319 Standard particleboard:320 13mm thick m2 21.96 33.91 21.92 29.23 24.19 25.23321 18mm thick m2 28.55 39.38 26.31 31.89 27.81 28.67322 18mm thick faced on side with Ash veneer m2 48.32 74.38 50.20 63.77 48.37 51.61323 18mm thick faced one side with 2mm plastic laminate

m2 68.08 56.88 55.90 63.77 56.84 55.05324 13mm ivory finish softboard with “V” joints m2 17.57 * 18.83 26.57 18.14 22.94325 300 x 300 x 19mm prefinished softboard acoustic tiles

m2 28.55 * 25.21 42.51 27.81 25.81326 Flat fibre cement sheeting with plastic joint strips:

327 4.5mm thick m2 20.86 28.44 21.96 26.57 21.77 25.23328 6mm thick m2 24.16 35.00 26.15 31.89 24.19 30.97329 Compressed double faced flat fibre cement sheeting:

330 9mm thick m2 57.10 65.63 49.33 66.43 60.47 55.05331 18mm thick m2 88.38 120.33 82.21 106.29 78.60 94.05332 6mm villaboard with set joints m2 27.45 36.10 27.19 33.21 30.23 26.38333 Extra for 50 x 25mm dressed pine battens at 450mm

centres:334 Fixed to timber m2 8.32 10.28 7.13 11.96 7.26 8.60335 Fixed to brickwork m2 11.44 15.31 9.87 15.94 10.88 9.63336 Extra over wall linings for additional labour fixing to

ceilings m2 4.61 5.25 4.93 6.64 5.32 4.82337 Extra for 70 x 38mm pine battens at 450mm centres fixed

to timber m2 11.44 13.24 10.96 19.93 10.88 9.63338 FRAMES AND LININGS339 Rebated frame built into brickwork:340 100 x 75mm Oregon m2 31.08 51.41 33.43 39.86 28.78 28.33341 100 x 75mm Hardwood m2 29.12 64.54 28.24 29.23 24.19 22.37342 100 x 50mm Oregon m2 23.06 37.19 23.02 33.21 24.19 24.09343 100 x 50mm Hardwood m2 24.96 45.94 21.92 26.57 22.98 20.64344 Reveal lining with 65 x 13mm planted stop fixed to

timber:345 150 x 32mm Pacific Maple m 28.08 60.16 27.19 * 21.77 21.79346 150 x 32mm Hardwood m 28.08 54.69 27.19 31.89 24.19 22.37347 Lining with 50 x 13mm planted stop fixed to timber:

348 125 x 32mm Pacific Maple m 27.04 57.98 26.15 * 20.56 19.78349 125 x 32mm Hardwood m 27.04 53.60 26.15 29.23 21.77 20.07350 100 x 32mm Pacific Maple m 24.96 54.69 24.06 * 19.35 17.78351 100 x 32mm Hardwood m 24.96 50.32 24.06 26.57 20.56 18.35352 Reveal lining fixed to timber:353 150 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 20.80 40.47 19.87 * 16.93 16.06354 150 x 25mm Hardwood m 18.12 39.38 20.92 23.91 18.14 16.34355 100 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 16.64 27.35 16.44 * 14.51 14.34356 100 x 25mm Hardwood m 16.47 25.16 15.89 19.93 16.93 16.92357 PELMETS358 Pelmet fascia including brackets at 750mm centres:

359 200 x 25mm Oregon m 34.59 48.13 35.08 35.87 33.86 43.58360 200 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 34.31 53.60 33.47 31.89 30.23 40.14361 150 x 25mm Oregon m 29.98 43.76 28.50 29.23 32.29 34.41362 150 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 27.45 48.13 26.31 29.23 27.81 33.26363 Pelmet comprising 200 x 25mm fascia and 125 x

25mm top including brackets at 750mm centres in:

364 Oregon m 40.63 64.54 41.65 46.50 42.33 48.74365 Hardwood m 37.34 70.01 41.83 42.51 43.53 40.14366 ARCHITRAVES, SKIRTING & COVER MOULDS367 Architrave:368 75 X 25mm Pacific Maple m 7.28 14.22 7.32 * 6.89 6.88369 50 X 25mm Pacific Maple m 7.28 13.13 6.03 * 5.68 6.02370 75 x 25mm Hardwood m 8.32 15.31 7.23 9.96 6.53 6.88371 50 x 25mm Hardwood m 7.28 14.22 6.58 8.64 5.93 6.31372 Chamfered skirting:373 100 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 9.36 16.96 8.33 * 8.47 9.18374 75 x 25mm Pacific Maple m 8.32 14.22 7.13 * 7.26 7.46375 100 x 25mm Hardwood m 10.40 15.86 9.41 13.29 8.47 9.18376 75 x 25mm Hardwood m 8.32 15.31 8.37 10.63 7.26 8.03 377 200 x 25mm Moulded craftwood skirting m 14.56 19.69 16.44 * 12.09 13.76 378 Quadrant mould:379 13mm Pacific Maple m 4.16 7.66 3.95 * 4.35 4.30 380 25mm Pacific Maple m 5.20 12.03 5.23 * 4.11 4.01 381 25mm Hardwood m 5.20 10.94 5.23 5.31 4.47 4.30



382 13mm Hardwood m 4.16 6.56 3.51 3.99 4.11 4.01383 Cover strip:384 50 x 13mm Pacific Maple m 5.20 8.75 4.38 * 4.35 4.59385 38 x 13mm Pacific Maple m 4.16 7.66 3.95 * 4.11 4.30386 50 x 13mm Hardwood m 5.20 8.75 4.60 6.64 4.47 4.59387 38 x 13mm Hardwood m 4.16 7.66 4.28 5.31 3.99 4.70388 Bead:389 13 x 13mm Pacific Maple m 4.16 7.66 3.73 * 3.63 4.01390 13 x 13mm Hardwood m 4.16 6.56 3.62 3.99 3.63 4.30391 HANDRAILS392 100 x 75mm Hardwood moulded handrail grooved and

fixed to core rail m 63.69 55.95 65.77 79.71 62.88 63.08393 Extra for ramp or bend no 49.42 52.51 60.29 66.43 54.42 63.08394 SHELVING395 18mm particleboard shelf with solid edge strip

including metal brackets of 600mm centres:396 300mm wide m 21.84 21.88 20.92 26.57 22.98 32.11397 450mm wide m 27.04 27.35 24.12 33.21 26.60 39.00398 600mm wide m 31.19 32.82 27.73 39.86 31.44 45.88399 50 x 25mm Pine slats in shelving on and including ladder

framing by 600mm deep m * 71.10 * * * *400 50 x 25mm Pine slats in shelving m 7.28 15.86 7.32 7.97 6.05 6.88401 FITTINGS402 Slatted shower seat 750mm long x 300mm wide

constructed of 50 x 38mm pipe framing and 50 x 25mmpine batten no 93.34 93.75 82.21 106.29 72.56 74.55

403 Vanity unit 460mm deep comprising 18mm laminatedplastic sheeted particleboard top on and includingsupports and with 200mm high matching fascia m 351.40 322.69 301.44 365.36 302.33 321.14

404 Vanity unit 900mm long with cupboard and three drawersunder for paint finish no 450.23 590.69 427.76 465.00 459.53 435.84

405 Underbench units 440mm deep x 450mm wide withrecessed toe spaces and backs, nest of four drawers:

406 Paint quality no 241.59 404.73 246.63 298.93 241.86 252.33407 Sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear finish no 285.51 415.67 279.52 332.14 278.14 389.96408 Cupboard with false floor, intermediate shelf and

door:409 Paint quality no 219.63 265.81 252.12 332.14 193.49 298.20410 Sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear finish no 241.59 280.03 246.63 352.07 229.77 321.14411 Open shelf fitment with false floor and intermediate

shelf:412 Paint quality no 153.74 185.96 186.35 199.29 151.16 194.98413 Sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear finish no 175.70 196.90 202.79 212.57 181.40 217.92414 Bench top 460mm deep of 18mm particle board set on

underbench units with back support rail plugged towall and 45mm high front edge strip:

415 Sheeted with laminated plastic on top and front edgem 87.85 120.33 93.17 112.93 90.70 120.43

416 Sheeted with 2mm desk vinyl on top and with hardwoodfor clear finish front edge strip m 98.83 131.27 104.13 119.57 96.74 143.37

417 FENCING418 Timber paling fence 1.5m high m 56.15 66.73 54.39 99.64 60.47 55.05419 Domestic chainwire fence 1m high with tubular top and

bottom rails m 30.75 49.22 30.69 39.86 31.44 40.14420 Industrial chainwire fence:421 2m high, rail-less m 36.24 47.04 40.56 50.49 36.28 43.58422 2m high, rail-less with three stands of barbed wire at top

m 40.63 52.51 46.04 59.79 42.33 48.17423 Extra over chainwire fence for standard gate:424 1m wide gate in one leaf no 162.52 213.31 169.90 265.71 193.49 157.13425 3m wide gate in two leaves no 406.31 754.78 427.50 531.43 447.44 412.90426 SUNDRIES427 M 12 bolt up to 100mm long and fixing no 3.12 7.66 3.14 2.66 2.54 2.52428 M 12 bolt with expanding anchor and fixing including

drilling no 5.16 8.75 4.93 5.98 5.32 5.28429 Power gun fix timber up to 50mm thick no 2.08 3.17 2.08 2.66 1.81 1.84430 Trip-L-Grip galvanised fastener no 1.70 2.63 1.75 2.66 1.81 1.72

431 GLAZING432 Rates for glass include for glazing with beads in

metal and timber.433 CLEAR GLASS434 Clear float glass:435 3mm thick m2 52.71 91.89 55.90 69.09 56.84 53.91436 4mm thick m2 61.50 100.64 62.48 78.39 64.09 58.49437 5mm thick m2 65.89 112.67 73.44 86.36 71.35 60.79438 6mm thick m2 70.28 117.04 78.92 96.99 77.40 71.11439 12mm thick m2 164.72 199.09 * 205.93 175.35 160.57440 OBSCURE GLASS441 5mm obscure glass m2 65.89 109.39 72.35 87.69 74.98 66.52



442 6mm wire glass m2 87.85 135.64 98.65 108.94 90.70 89.46443 TINTED FLOAT GLASS444 5mm grey float glass m2 84.56 125.80 85.50 108.94 94.33 89.46445 6mm thick m2 93.34 133.45 96.46 119.57 102.79 100.93446 LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS447 6mm laminated safety glass m2 175.70 205.65 164.42 212.57 181.40 160.57448 OTHER GLASS449 6mm clear wire polished plate glass m2 120.79 204.56 131.54 159.43 133.02 126.29450 6mm solar grey float glass m2 147.15 181.58 131.54 166.07 145.12 137.63451 6mm light and heat reflective (LHR) glass m2 180.09 219.87 158.94 216.56 187.44 177.78452 6mm silvered float glass m2 153.74 * 153.46 192.64 157.21 149.10453 GLASS LOUVRE BLADES454 5mm clear float glass louvre blade with ground and

arrised edges:455 100mm wide m 14.56 33.91 14.64 14.61 12.09 11.47456 150mm wide m 18.72 39.93 17.78 18.60 15.00 13.76457 ARMOUR PLATE458 12mm armour plate door 750 x 2100mm high complete

with hardware no 3,074.77 3,828.57 2,740.38 3,454.29 3,023.26 2,867.35459 Pair of 12mm armour plate doors 1800 x 2100mm high

complete with hardware no 6,039.72 7,657.14 5,261.54 7,307.14 5,986.05 5,505.31460 GLAZING ASSEMBLIES461 Shop front or full height wall in standard clear anodised

aluminium sections glazed with 10mm clear float glassm2 285.51 339.54 306.92 365.36 326.51 326.88

462 Extra for colour anodising m2 29.65 36.21 27.40 39.86 31.08 34.41463 Extra for hinged door with closer no 922.43 1,372.82 931.73 1,195.71 1,027.91 1,032.24464 Extra for pair of hinged door with closers no 1,778.97 2,149.47 1,753.85 2,391.43 1,934.88 1,949.80465 Extra for pair sliding doors with electronic sensor

automatic operation no 10,651.87 11,212.24 10,084.62 12,754.29 11,488.37 11,469.39466 PATENT GLAZING467 Standard patent glazing system with glazing bars at

600mm centres and 6mm wired glass in:468 Galvanised steel m2 263.55 277.84 268.56 332.14 290.23 286.73469 Aluminium m2 285.51 294.25 290.48 365.36 314.42 321.14

470 HARDWARE471 Rates for hardware include for standard lines with

satin chromium plated finish, unless otherwisedescribed. (PC = Prime Cost)

472 Cylinder mortice lock and lever furniture:473 (PC $165ea) no 214.14 305.19 228.00 300.96 253.95 247.74474 (PC $175ea) no 259.96 316.13 242.25 324.21 266.05 263.80475 Cylindrical key and knob lockset (PC $60ea) no 120.79 165.18 127.15 178.25 126.98 123.87476 Pair 100mm stainless steel butts no 14.28 16.96 15.69 26.09 15.72 14.91477 Pair 100mm single action, hold-open spring hinges no 57.10 60.55 52.62 73.63 58.05 61.93478 Night latch (PC $70ea) no 105.42 116.61 115.10 156.29 120.93 114.69479 Mortice latch set and lever handle furniture (PC $135ea)

no 192.17 274.56 198.40 268.67 217.67 212.18480 Overhead door closer:481 Surface mounted (PC $170ea) no 236.10 273.47 252.12 317.75 260.00 286.73482 Fully concealed (PC $180ea) no 291.00 320.51 285.00 399.13 314.42 338.35483 Double ball catch no 11.44 15.31 9.87 16.40 9.67 10.32484 100mm pull handle no 14.56 21.88 13.60 18.86 12.09 13.76485 Indicator bolt no 38.47 54.69 37.65 52.44 33.86 36.70486 150mm barrel bolt no 19.76 36.10 18.83 22.48 16.93 19.50487 Single action heavy duty floor spring (PC $500ea) no 669.86 1,022.78 663.17 874.46 737.67 756.98488 Double action heavy duty floor spring (PC $500ea) no 686.33 1,022.78 663.17 874.46 737.67 756.98489 Sliding door gear to suit 820mm wide single door no 91.50 122.51 87.85 131.75 83.44 92.90490 819 x 225 x 2mm push or kick plate in:491 Laminated plastic no 23.06 28.33 24.12 37.59 26.60 29.82492 Satin finish stainless steel no 59.27 82.04 52.07 85.25 50.79 56.20493 Coat hook no 9.36 14.22 9.41 13.95 8.71 10.32494 18mm diameter towel rail, 900mm long including pillars

no 39.51 54.69 38.70 50.76 34.83 43.58495 18mm diameter shower rail 1800mm long including end

flanges no 58.23 87.51 56.48 73.63 52.00 61.93496 Stainless steel toilet paper dispensers no 52.71 57.16 52.62 81.38 58.05 61.93

497 ACCESS FLOORS498 Computer floor (600 x 600mm grid) with vinyl tile

finish:499 200mm high m2 214.14 237.70 224.71 252.43 229.77 223.65500 600mm high m2 247.08 254.65 230.19 265.71 241.86 240.86

501 PARTITIONS502 METAL STUD PARTITION FRAMING503 Rates for partition framing include for fixing top and

bottom tracks, corners, ends, etc. Refer to relevanttrades for partition linings.

504 Standard steel stud partition framing:



505 50mm wide m2 26.36 29.43 24.06 26.57 24.19 25.23506 90mm wide m2 30.75 34.02 28.24 39.86 30.23 27.53507 Extra for 50mm insulation m2 12.08 12.47 11.50 13.29 12.09 13.76508 Extra for formed door opening in partition no 27.45 37.96 28.24 33.21 30.23 29.82509 DEMOUNTABLE MODULAR PARTITIONS510 33mm aluminium framed with selected veneer particle

board panels:511 2100mm high m 274.53 373.56 279.52 332.14 302.33 298.20512 2700mm high m 323.95 464.02 334.33 398.57 356.74 355.55513 1000mm high glazed above to 2700mm high m 373.36 497.99 372.69 445.07 411.16 389.96514 Solid core door with latch and furniture:515 Extra over particle board partition no 318.46 350.86 350.77 398.57 362.79 389.96516 Extra over part glazed partition no 296.50 316.90 328.85 398.57 314.42 321.14517 TOILET PARTITIONS518 Rates for toilet partitions include for all fixings.519 Particle board sheeted with plain coloured laminated

plastic:520 18mm division 1500mm wide x 1800mm high no 500.75 752.59 515.61 558.00 532.09 539.06521 35mm mullion 300mm wide x 2100mm high no 252.57 317.22 251.01 292.29 266.05 275.27522 34mm jamb 150mm wide x 2100mm high no 161.17 229.71 153.46 166.07 163.26 160.57523 Extra over for ceiling mounted system no * * * 99.64 120.93 91.76524 Compressed fibre cement:525 18mm division 1500mm wide x 1800mm high no 514.71 945.11 498.88 518.14 483.72 458.78526 24mm mullion 300mm wide x 2100mm high no 214.20 557.88 207.08 186.00 181.40 172.04527 24mm jamb 150mm wide x 2100mm high no 176.77 519.59 171.52 132.86 145.12 126.16528 Doors 1600mm high x 620mm wide with hold open

spring hinges, indicator set and coat hook with doorbumper:

529 35mm honeycomb core, hardboard faced with paintfinish no 232.92 382.86 225.91 292.29 241.86 206.45

530 35mm honeycomb core, sheeted with plain colouredlaminated plastic no 326.50 492.24 316.90 345.43 362.79 309.67

531 18mm particle board no 224.60 437.55 218.59 225.86 241.86 183.51532 PRECAST TERRAZZO PARTITIONS533 Rates for precast partitions include for reinforcement,

polishing on all exposed faces and edges and forchromium plated brass overhead channels, brackets,bolts and supports.

534 38mm terrazzo nib 150 x 1800mm high no 206.92 262.53 197.31 239.14 241.86 217.92535 38mm terrazzo mullion 300 x 1800mm high no 246.44 306.29 219.23 265.71 266.05 298.20536 38mm terrazzo division 1800 x 1650mm high no 843.30 1,203.27 817.87 996.43 846.51 837.27

537 ROOFING538 Rates include for all laps, fixings and accessories.

Rates for tiles and include for battens to suit 900mmspan.

539 MEMBRANES540 Rates include for dressing around pipes, turn-ups,

angles, fillets and protection.541 Cellular foamed concrete screed laid to falls m3 346.26 * 328.85 527.00 314.42 367.02542 Three layer roofing comprising 3.175kg vented base

sheet and two layers 0.907kg fibreglass m2 43.67 47.53 37.82 63.55 43.53 51.61543 Three layer roofing comprising 3.175kg vented base

sheet and layer of “Cintafort HS” and layer of 0.907kgfibreglass m2 46.79 * 44.97 76.21 43.53 51.61

544 Extra for two coats aluminium paint to surface membranem2 9.36 13.13 9.41 15.89 7.01 10.32

545 Extra for coarse river gravel laid in heavy coat of hotbitumen m2 8.32 * 8.00 13.95 7.50 9.75

546 Extra for “Thermatile” concrete paving slabs set in heavycoat of hot bitumen m2 44.71 * 40.01 74.92 39.91 43.58

547 Butynol m2 38.43 * * 55.54 41.12 40.14548 STEEL549 0.48mm zincalumed corrugated fixed to timber m 21.96 31.94 24.06 32.03 24.19 27.53550 Zincalumed coated ribbed decking fixed to timber:

551 0.66mm thick m2 26.36 35.88 26.31 39.65 29.02 34.41552 0.76mm thick m2 30.75 47.69 34.51 43.40 31.44 39.00553 Extra for colour coating m2 6.04 4.48 5.23 8.91 6.41 6.88554 Extra for PVC coating m2 13.73 * 13.70 20.80 13.79 14.91555 Ridge capping, excluding weather strips m 19.76 24.61 18.83 25.19 18.14 20.64556 Barge or fascia capping m 18.72 22.64 16.44 24.67 18.14 20.64557 Extra over roof sheeting for additional labour in fixing to

walls m2 3.12 3.06 4.49 4.52 2.54 3.44558 ALUMINIUM559 0.70mm ribbed decking fixed to timber m2 38.43 * 35.08 55.15 39.91 43.58560 Ridge capping, excluding weather strips m 23.92 * 21.92 39.01 20.56 26.38561 Barge or fascia capping m 22.88 * 21.92 37.33 20.56 22.94562 FIBRE CEMENT563 Shingles fixed to timber battens, including barge and ridge

capping m2 50.51 * 49.33 78.79 54.42 45.88



564 Note: See Woodwork for flat fibre cement wall lining.565 TILES566 Standard profile and colour concrete tiles fixed to timber

battens m2 31.19 37.74 30.33 45.21 36.28 32.11567 Ridge or hip capping to last, excluding weather strips m 12.48 21.33 12.55 Inc. Inc. Inc.568 French pattern standard colour glazed terra cotta tiles

fixed to timber battens m2 46.79 73.29 44.97 58.90 48.37 48.17569 Ridge or hip capping to last, excluding weather strips m 16.03 27.35 17.78 Inc. Inc. Inc.570 Extra over standard for manganese glazed terra cotta tiles

m2 5.20 * 5.70 * 5.93 7.46571 INSULATION AND SARKING572 Foil sarking:573 Sisalation 423 m2 4.39 5.58 5.23 8.14 4.60 4.36574 Sisalation 453 m2 5.60 * 5.37 8.53 5.93 5.73575 Fibreglass batts or blanket:576 50mm thick m2 8.79 10.94 8.88 17.31 9.67 9.18577 75mm thick m2 12.08 13.13 11.29 21.44 12.70 12.04578 FLASHINGS579 Rates for flashings include for laps, angles and

junctions.580 0.60mm zincalumed steel m2 25.26 26.69 27.40 42.37 28.18 32.00581 0.80mm zincalumed steel m2 37.43 59.94 36.61 48.83 32.65 34.41582 Extra over zincalumed steel for:583 Colour coating m2 11.53 8.12 11.51 17.44 12.09 12.62584 PVC coating m2 26.36 * 25.76 33.84 * 30.28585 Other flashings:586 0.70mm aluminium m2 32.94 35.88 36.61 67.17 34.47 36.13587 0.60mm copper m2 133.97 52.62 131.54 226.04 139.07 141.07588 0.50mm stainless steel m2 90.05 60.16 85.50 157.58 * 97.49589 10kg lead m2 60.40 33.80 66.87 112.38 64.09 75.70590 20kg lead m2 106.52 44.41 106.33 166.63 108.84 108.96591 20kg lead flashing to:592 50mm diameter pipe through tiled roof no 51.61 54.69 52.62 95.58 60.47 51.61593 100mm diameter pipe through tiled roof no 54.91 60.16 55.90 103.33 66.51 53.91594 GUTTERS AND DOWNPIPES595 Rates for gutters and downpipes include for all

brackets straps, stays, hangers and other fixings,bends, shoes, junctions, angles, stop ends,expansion joints, outlets and connections.

596 Eaves gutters:597 115 x 0.66mm zincalumed steel quadrant m 23.92 31.72 23.01 31.65 24.19 22.02598 140mm deep standard profiled zincalumed steel fascia

gutter m 23.61 38.29 26.15 34.88 26.60 24.66599 125 x 0.70mm aluminium quadrant m 33.27 48.13 32.42 42.37 36.28 32.00600 150 x 91 x 80mm m 85.65 * 87.85 152.42 81.02 84.87601 125 x 0.5mm stainless steel quadrant m 68.63 100.09 66.94 93.00 * 57.35602 Box gutters:603 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.66mm zincalumed steel m 40.55 51.41 39.74 63.94 34.47 40.14604 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.76mm zincalumed steel m 46.79 68.59 46.02 67.17 42.33 42.44605 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.66mm galvanised steel m 39.20 * 39.46 73.63 42.33 45.88606 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.80mm aluminium m 54.07 71.10 52.29 87.83 48.37 49.89607 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.80mm copper m 120.79 131.27 131.78 188.58 114.88 189.24608 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.80mm copper m 160.13 175.02 154.79 213.13 145.12 212.18609 300mm wide (750mm girth) x 0.5mm stainless steel m 87.41 111.58 93.08 136.92 * 87.17610 600mm wide (1050mm girth) x 0.5mm stainless steel

m 109.81 148.77 117.14 161.46 * 110.11611 Valley gutters:612 Rates include for cutting to end profiles only.613 450mm girth x 0.66mm zincalumed steel m 20.80 36.10 19.87 27.77 16.93 18.92614 450mm girth x 0.70mm aluminium m 26.00 47.04 25.10 34.10 20.56 21.79615 450mm girth x 0.80mm copper m 81.26 89.70 87.85 120.13 79.81 126.16616 Downpipes:617 Allow one fitting per 6m length.618 150mm diameter rigid PVC m 26.36 33.91 29.60 39.78 30.23 30.97619 100 x 65mm rigid PVC m 28.08 40.47 25.21 37.72 26.60 26.38620 150mm diameter galvanised steel screwed tube m 80.07 * * 133.04 72.56 68.82621 100 x 50 x 0.60mm zincalumed steel m 20.21 28.44 23.01 36.04 21.77 24.09622 150 x 100 x 0.80mm zincalumed steel m 31.19 42.66 30.33 47.28 25.40 30.97623 150 x 100 x 0.70mm aluminium m 40.55 49.22 36.17 54.38 40.51 41.29624 100 x 50 x 0.80mm sheet copper m 74.87 89.70 73.21 114.96 71.35 73.40625 150 x 100mm sheet copper m 107.62 111.58 103.54 153.71 107.63 106.67626 100mm diameter stainless steel m 73.83 123.61 72.17 105.92 60.47 60.79627 150mm diameter stainless steel m 101.90 169.55 99.36 144.67 90.70 88.31628 SUMPS629 Rates for the following sumps include for jointing to

gutter, outlet for and jointing to downpipe andcrimped wire mesh guard.

630 Patent cast iron 90 degree side type funnel shaped sump rainwater outlet with domed grating and joint to downpipe:

631 100mm no 266.19 389.42 258.33 362.96 235.81 244.30



632 150mm no 300.51 437.55 291.80 419.79 260.00 294.76633 Sump:634 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.76mm zincalumed steel

no 109.18 156.97 106.68 143.38 102.79 98.64635 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.76mm zincalumed steel

no 122.70 191.98 119.23 161.46 108.84 106.67636 300 x 300 x 150mm x 0.80mm aluminium no 134.14 165.18 130.73 209.25 126.98 119.28637 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.80mm copper no 169.11 225.34 173.61 248.00 166.88 175.48638 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.80mm copper no 193.27 286.60 201.85 267.38 199.53 201.86639 300 x 300 x 150mm deep x 0.50mm stainless steel no 150.77 213.85 146.42 193.75 181.40 126.16640 450 x 450 x 150mm deep x 0.50mm stainless steel

no 179.89 265.81 174.66 244.13 205.58 154.84

641 SUSPENDED CEILINGS642 The rates are based upon a 600mm deep galvanised

steel suspension system and include for trimmingaround light fittings, air conditioning registers and forperimeter trims.

643 Suspension system:644 Fully concealed m2 27.04 31.72 26.15 36.17 36.28 22.94645 Pre-finished one way exposed m2 24.96 29.53 24.06 37.46 32.65 20.64646 Pre-finished two way exposed m2 20.80 24.07 20.92 29.06 30.23 18.35647 Linings648 Flush plasterboard ceiling m2 26.36 31.72 24.12 37.46 30.23 22.94649 Plasterboard ceiling tiles m2 19.77 24.89 18.63 25.83 24.19 20.64650 40mm perforated acoustic fibrous plaster insulated tiles

m2 37.43 39.60 36.61 47.79 54.42 36.70651 13mm prefinished plasterboard tiles m2 24.96 28.33 * 30.35 30.23 22.94652 15mm pre-finished perforated acoustic tiles m2 26.36 33.91 25.21 30.35 31.44 27.53653 15mm mineral fibre tiles m2 24.16 28.33 23.02 28.42 30.23 25.23654 Pre-finished perforated acoustic insulated metal pans m2 65.89 76.57 55.43 67.17 66.51 43.58

655 WINDOWS656 METAL WINDOWS657 Rates for windows are based upon standard

catalogue sizes and include for clear float glass andglazing, standard hardware, flashings and fixing inposition.

658 Clear Anodised Aluminium:659 Fixed lights m2 230.61 382.86 252.06 332.14 253.95 253.47660 Horizontal sliding sashes – 50% opening m2 285.51 437.55 303.30 385.29 302.33 330.32661 Awning sashes – 50% opening m2 340.42 601.63 370.24 478.29 362.79 348.67662 Double hung sashes – 50% opening m2 362.38 623.51 388.02 478.29 386.98 372.76663 100’ pivot sashes – 50% opening m2 373.36 711.02 422.53 531.43 399.07 422.07664 Extra over clear anodising for “Kalcolor” colour anodising

m2 30.75 * 29.28 39.86 30.23 34.41665 Extra over single glazed aluminium window for:666 Double glazing with integral miniature venetian blind m2 217.32 437.55 210.22 239.14 181.40 194.98667 Sealed double glazing m2 174.69 328.16 169.43 186.00 157.21 176.63668 Light duty aluminium sliding flyscreen m2 60.40 109.39 65.89 79.71 60.47 64.23669 For alternative types of glass refer to Glazing.670 1 Hr fire rated metal window 1 – 2 m2 m2 * 2,734.69 * 1,594.29 1,209.30 1,204.29671 METAL LOUVRE FRAMES AND LOUVRES672 Rates for louvres include for frames, clips, weather

stripping and clear float glass blades with groundedges but exclude sub-frames.

673 Galvanised steel with 150mm blades m2 297.39 546.94 288.66 346.76 266.05 258.06674 Clear anodised aluminium with 150mm blades m2 336.90 656.33 327.36 374.66 290.23 309.67675 Standard fixed louvre unit having 150mm surround

and “Z” type blades, spaced at approximately 200mmcentres in:

676 Galvanised steel m2 312.97 579.76 346.18 438.43 314.42 338.35677 Aluminium m2 419.05 689.14 406.84 495.56 362.79 424.37678 TIMBER WINDOWS679 Rates for windows are based upon standard

catalogue sizes and include for clear glazing,aluminium core jamb and sill flashings, protectiveclear priming and standard hardware with spiralbalances or friction stays as required.

680 Western Red Cedar (Eastern States) and Jarrah(Western Australia)

681 Double hung 100% opening 1200 x 600 m2 329.44 492.24 314.81 * 314.42 309.67682 Double hung 40% opening 1200 x 600 m2 274.53 437.55 281.34 * 290.23 275.27683 Awning 100% opening m2 256.84 437.55 248.92 * 217.67 252.33684 Awning 50% opening m2 239.16 421.14 232.18 * 205.58 217.92685 CURTAIN WALLING686 Curtain wall – clear anodised – fixed panes with

spandrels of:687 6mm clear glass m2 439.25 765.71 470.64 584.57 435.35 487.45688 6mm coloured glass m2 461.21 820.41 504.11 644.36 459.53 527.59689 6mm safety glass m2 505.14 820.41 526.07 656.31 495.81 539.06



690 Steel enamel sheet m2 351.40 * 334.68 * 380.93 407.16691 Anodised aluminium sheet m2 491.84 875.10 476.92 653.66 386.98 504.65692 Extra over last for:693 Colour anodising m2 27.45 54.69 28.24 37.20 24.19 21.79694 PVF2 finish m2 * * * 55.80 * 45.88695 Double glazing m2 175.73 437.55 170.48 195.30 120.93 131.90696 Single glazed vertical pivoted lights m2 203.81 437.55 197.67 209.91 157.21 164.01697 Double glazed vertical pivoted lights m2 328.58 656.33 318.99 378.64 253.95 277.56698 Single glazed horizontal pivoted lights m2 175.70 328.16 184.07 209.91 157.21 158.28699 Double glazed horizontal pivoted lights m2 333.78 656.33 324.22 378.64 266.05 290.18700 Integral venetian blinds m2 98.83 164.08 97.27 112.93 82.23 91.76701 Structural framing system m2 154.93 328.16 150.61 155.44 120.93 120.43702 CURTAINS703 Rates for curtains include an allowance for fullness.

704 Acrylic scrim curtain (PC $11.00m 1500mm wide) m2 49.42 76.57 48.11 46.50 47.16 50.47705 Extra for cotton lining m2 13.18 22.97 14.64 13.29 17.53 16.63706 Cotton print curtain (PC $8.00m 1200mm wide with cotton

lining m2 59.27 120.33 57.52 47.83 52.00 55.05707 Aluminium track – hand drawn m 19.77 37.19 18.83 14.61 18.74 18.35708 Cord drawn m 24.16 44.85 23.01 18.60 21.16 21.79709 Vertical blinds 2.4m drops (PC $50 m2) m2 126.86 142.20 123.41 146.14 126.98 123.87

710 DOORS711 FIRE DOORS AND FRAMES712 Rates for fire doors and frames include for hinges and

closer but exclude lock and furniture.713 2040 x 820mm standard 2 hour timber door and frame no 1,218.93 1,132.16 1,150.96 1,494.64 1,330.23 1,124.00714 2040 x 820mm standard 2 hour veneer faced timber door

and metal frame no 1,251.87 1,244.83 1,205.77 1,527.86 1,342.33 1,204.29715 Pair of 2040 x 1600mm overall 2 hour veneer faced

timber doors and metal frame no 2,251.17 2,789.39 2,411.54 2,989.29 2,600.00 2,179.18716 TIMBER DOORS717 Rates for doors are based upon a standard 2040 x

820mm size and include for 100mm steel butts andhanging.

718 35mm honeycomb core, hardboard faced for paint finishno 76.87 95.50 70.15 95.66 81.02 79.14

719 35mm solid core, faced for paint finish no 131.78 206.09 126.06 163.41 139.07 131.90720 35mm honeycomb core, sliced Pacific Maple veneer

faced for clear finish no 123.74 231.25 119.23 126.21 104.00 105.52721 35mm solid core, sliced Pacific Maple veneer faced for

clear finish no 164.72 341.84 178.84 213.90 151.16 149.10722 35mm honeycomb core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for

clear finish no 112.01 241.86 124.46 134.19 112.47 107.81723 35mm solid core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear

finish no 225.12 352.34 177.58 216.56 159.63 158.28724 40mm solid core, sliced hardwood veneer faced for clear

finish no 247.08 374.42 223.82 245.79 201.95 189.24725 40mm honeycomb core, resin bonded rotary cut ply wood

faced for paint finish no 109.81 113.00 98.65 128.87 108.84 103.22726 40mm solid core, resin bonded rotary cut plywood faced

for paint finish no 219.63 228.07 184.07 219.21 183.81 177.78727 Extra for 10mm Pacific Maple vertical edge strip no 21.96 42.55 23.01 25.24 21.89 20.64728 Extra over solid core door for:729 600 x 600mm opening glazed with 4mm clear glass no 85.27 205.32 82.62 75.73 67.72 63.08730 Cutting opening and supplying and fixing anodised

aluminium return air grille 600 x 300mm no 83.46 155.74 90.99 102.30 89.49 87.17731 45mm hardwood framed and glazed door with 6mm clear

glass, 100mm stiles and top rail and 200mm bottom railno 296.50 328.16 263.08 365.36 326.51 309.67

732 ROLLER SHUTTERS AND GRILLES733 Industrial roller shutter door manually operated:734 3000 x 3000mm high galvanised steel no 1,427.57 1,750.20 1,566.72 1,753.71 2,418.60 1,462.35735 5000 x 4000mm high galvanised steel no 2,964.95 3,555.10 3,172.13 3,540.64 4,837.21 2,982.04736 3000 x 3000mm high aluminium no 2,031.54 2,351.84 2,238.17 2,504.36 3,627.91 2,150.51737 5000 x 4000mm high aluminium no 3,074.77 3,894.20 3,424.18 3,739.93 5,441.86 3,245.84738 Extra for “Colorbond” finish one side of steel door m2 11.44 16.41 11.50 13.29 24.19 8.03739 Extra over manually operated roller shutter for electrical

operation no 1,284.81 1,367.35 1,150.96 1,594.29 1,451.16 1,261.63740 Colour anodised aluminium standard pattern roller grille

m2 378.86 437.55 339.81 465.00 393.02 401.43741 METAL DOOR FRAMES742 1.2mm standard “knock down” type steel door frame to

suit 2040 x 820mm door and 110mm wall no 68.08 79.33 66.94 86.36 68.93 71.11743 Extra for zincanneal finish no 17.57 20.78 16.73 19.93 17.29 17.20744 1.2mm wide welded pressed steel rebated door frame to

suit 2040 x 820mm door and 110mm wall no 142.76 134.44 125.50 159.43 133.02 131.90745 Extra for zincanneal finish no 18.67 20.78 16.73 21.26 17.29 18.35

746 FINISHES



747 Rates for plastering, etc., include an allowance fornarrow work and for all labours.

748 IN SITU APPLIED FINISHES – EXTERNAL749 13mm cement render in one coat with wood float

finish to:750 Masonry walls m2 30.15 40.25 29.60 37.20 36.28 28.67751 Concrete walls m2 31.19 41.02 29.60 37.20 38.70 28.67752 Isolated columns m2 39.51 50.59 40.56 37.20 54.42 36.70753 Concrete soffit m2 38.47 44.19 40.56 37.20 54.42 40.14754 Extra over 13mm render for 19mm render in two coats m2 12.48 9.08 12.06 13.29 18.14 17.20755 Extra over 13mm render for waterproofing m2 3.07 3.39 3.29 3.99 3.39 4.59756 Extra over 13mm render for permanent colouring m2 4.06 3.39 3.29 3.99 3.63 4.59757 16mm tyrolean render comprising 10mm

waterproofed render coat and 6mm sprayed whitetyrolean finish to:

758 Masonry walls m2 41.59 53.05 38.37 46.50 48.37 *759 Concrete walls m2 41.59 53.87 38.37 46.50 50.79 *760 Isolated concrete columns m2 50.95 62.68 46.04 53.14 66.51 *761 Concrete soffit m2 49.91 57.05 46.04 53.14 66.51 *762 EXPOSED AGGREGATE RENDER763 16mm epoxy or acrylic resin based exposed

aggregate waterproof render comprising 13mmwaterproofed render coat and 3mm exposedaggregate finish to:

764 Masonry walls m2 71.38 90.57 89.88 106.29 82.84 75.70765 Concrete walls m2 74.67 90.57 89.88 106.29 84.05 79.14766 Cement based exposed aggregate waterproof render

comprising 13mm waterproofed render coat and 6mmexposed aggregate finish to:

767 19mm to masonry walls m2 69.18 82.64 92.08 106.29 79.81 72.26768 19mm to concrete walls m2 70.28 83.79 92.08 106.29 82.23 74.55769 16mm to isolated concrete columns m2 94.44 112.12 111.81 119.57 99.16 88.31770 19mm to isolated concrete columns m2 101.90 118.90 117.29 132.86 97.95 90.61771 16mm to concrete soffit m2 90.05 112.12 111.81 126.21 95.53 89.46772 19mm to concrete soffit m2 102.94 118.90 117.29 132.86 100.37 97.49773 Extra over 19mm cement base exposed aggregate

waterproof render for 25mm thickness m2 15.37 20.24 18.63 19.93 16.33 16.06774 Extra over external render for expanded metal lathing,

power fixed to walls and columns m2 16.64 20.24 16.44 19.93 18.14 16.06775 “Granotrowel” 2mm thickness on concrete m2 30.75 36.10 28.50 37.20 35.07 28.67776 “Granotrowel” 4mm thickness on blockwork m2 37.34 40.47 37.65 46.50 48.37 35.56777 “granoplast” 10 – 12mm thick m2 27.45 36.10 30.69 * * 29.82778 IN SITU APPLIED FINISHES – INTERNAL779 13mm cement render in one coat with sand finish to:

780 Masonry walls m2 29.12 40.20 29.60 26.57 36.28 28.67781 Concrete walls m2 30.15 41.02 29.60 26.57 38.70 28.67782 Isolated concrete columns m2 39.51 50.59 40.56 33.21 54.42 36.70783 Concrete soffit m2 38.47 44.19 40.56 33.21 54.42 40.14784 Sides and soffits of concrete beams m2 39.51 44.19 40.56 35.87 54.42 40.14785 Extra over 13mm render for:786 16mm render in two coats m2 11.44 9.08 11.50 13.29 18.14 13.76787 19mm render in two coats m2 13.52 10.17 12.06 15.94 18.14 17.20788 Extra over sand finish for steel trowel finish m2 3.29 3.39 4.38 3.99 3.63 4.59789 “Granoplast” 10 – 12mm thick m2 * 36.10 31.79 * * 26.38790 16mm hard plaster in three coats comprising 13mm

cement render in two coats and 3mm setting coat ofhard plaster with steel trowel finish to:

791 Masonry walls m2 39.51 42.66 40.56 37.20 48.37 48.17792 Concrete walls m2 39.51 42.66 40.56 37.20 50.79 48.17793 Isolated concrete columns m2 45.75 45.94 46.04 39.86 66.51 50.47794 Concrete soffit m2 45.75 45.94 46.04 39.86 66.51 52.76795 Vermiculite Plaster:796 10mm fire rating 2 hr to concrete soffit m2 29.12 33.36 29.60 37.20 30.23 32.11797 10mm fire rating 2 hr to sides and soffit of concrete

beams m2 33.27 37.74 35.08 39.86 36.28 32.11798 50mm fire rated to sides and soffit of steel beams m2 * 81.49 76.35 99.64 90.70 74.55799 METAL LATHING800 Expanded metal lath in small areas, including pricking up

coat m2 18.67 18.60 19.73 26.57 22.25 19.50801 Corner bead m 9.55 9.84 9.87 13.29 10.28 10.32802 PLASTERBOARD, FIBROUS PLASTER, PLASTER

ACOUSTIC TILES AND SIMILAR803 10mm plasterboard to wall framing m2 26.00 24.50 31.79 35.87 30.23 22.94804 13mm plasterboard to wall framing m2 29.12 25.82 33.98 42.51 33.86 26.38 805 10mm plasterboard on and including 50 x 38mm battens

at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 39.51 38.07 43.85 49.16 42.33 40.14 806 16mm one hour fire rated plasterboard to wall framing m2 35.35 35.99 39.46 46.50 42.33 32.11



807 32mm one hour fire rated lining comprising two layers16mm p[plasterboard on and including 50 x 38mmbattens at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 59.30 65.30 64.67 79.71 78.60 69.96

808 Fibrous Plaster/Plasterglass809 13mm fibrous plaster to wall framing m2 38.47 * 40.56 42.51 48.37 *810 13mm fibrous plaster on and including 50mm x 38mm

battens at 450mm centres to ceiling framing m2 48.87 * 51.52 53.14 60.47 *811 Cornice mould up to 200mm girth m 13.18 14.71 14.25 19.93 13.91 17.20812 TILE, SLAB, BLOCK OR SHEET FINISHES, PAVINGS

AND CARPETS813 WALL TILING814 Rates for wall tiles include for backing coat and an

average proportion of narrow work.815 150 x 150mm glazed ceramic wall tiles PC $30 per m2

supplied m2 96.70 133.45 93.17 119.57 102.79 97.49816 200 x 100mm glazed ceramic wall tiles PC $30.00 per m2

supplied m2 99.82 133.45 96.46 119.57 102.79 103.22817 Mosaic tiles in sheets PC $35.00 per m2 supplied m2 105.02 141.44 99.75 132.86 108.84 108.96818 FLOOR TILING819 Rates for floor tiling include for mortar beds and

laying.820 225 x 225 x 20mm quarry tile paving m2 103.98 161.68 109.62 112.93 102.79 97.49821 150 x 150 x 15mm quarry tile paving m2 105.02 161.68 109.62 112.93 102.79 100.93822 100 x 100mm ceramic floor tiles PC $30.00 per m2

supplied m2 108.14 161.68 120.58 119.57 102.79 103.22823 200 x 200mm ceramic floor tiles PC $35.00 per m2

supplied m2 114.38 169.77 126.06 126.21 108.84 108.96824 Ceramic mosaic floor tiles in sheets PC $30.00 per m2

supplied m2 106.06 161.68 116.19 112.93 102.79 103.22825 300 x 300mm Terra Cotta paving tiles m2 108.14 177.76 115.10 106.29 108.84 103.22826 150mm high vitreous tile skirting m 27.04 48.13 26.15 26.57 24.19 28.67827 300mm wide quarry tile step tread m 39.53 48.13 43.85 46.50 42.33 45.88828 Cork829 6mm cork floor tiles with clear plastic finish m2 57.10 73.84 62.48 86.36 60.47 72.26830 Steel831 300 x 300 x 3mm cold rolled steel floor tiles, including

50mm mortar bed m2 175.73 240.65 * 212.57 157.21 *832 Parquetry833 10mm brush box mosaic parquetry flooring including

polishing m2 124.78 185.96 126.06 159.43 84.65 154.84834 20mm blue gum block parquetry flooring with square

edges including polishing m2 150.77 224.24 153.46 186.00 108.84 189.24835 Vinyl836 2mm flexible vinyl floor tiles m2 38.47 35.11 37.65 73.07 33.86 36.70837 2mm flexible sheet vinyl to floors m2 39.51 39.60 38.37 66.43 36.28 39.00838 2mm conductive welded vinyl floor sheeting m2 82.36 96.26 76.73 106.29 84.65 84.87839 1.50mm flexible sheet vinyl to walls m2 38.47 41.57 37.65 53.14 42.33 41.29840 100mm high feather edged skirting m 9.55 9.30 9.87 19.93 8.47 11.47841 Cement Based Paving842 25mm cement and sand screed with steel trowel finish

m2 26.00 24.07 29.60 33.21 24.19 32.11843 50mm cement and sand screed with steel trowel finish

m2 31.19 28.33 32.88 39.86 30.23 41.29844 25mm cement sand paving with wood float finish m2 24.96 25.16 28.50 29.23 21.77 32.11845 25mm granolithic paving with steel trowel finish m2 30.15 36.10 33.98 37.20 24.19 36.70846 25mm granolithic to treads, risers, strings, etc, including

all labours m2 68.08 98.45 80.02 79.71 72.56 86.02847 Extra over 25mm granolithic for waterproofing m2 4.39 4.38 3.84 5.31 3.87 5.73848 Extra over 25mm granolithic for permanent colouring

excluding green m2 5.49 6.56 5.48 5.31 5.56 6.88849 Extra for incorporating 25 x 13mm carborundum inserts

m 7.69 7.66 8.37 7.97 7.86 13.76850 100mm high coved granolithic skirting m 27.04 29.43 29.60 29.23 29.02 32.11851 Terrazzo Paving852 25mm in-situ terrazzo paving m2 228.76 382.86 197.31 318.86 181.40 258.06853 38mm in-situ terrazzo paving m2 243.32 393.80 236.37 345.43 205.58 269.53854 25mm precast terrazzo tile paving m2 162.21 213.31 147.98 186.00 181.40 183.51855 150 x 19mm in-situ terrazzo coved skirting m 47.83 79.31 65.77 86.36 72.56 59.64856 300 x 38mm precast terrazzo stair tread with

carborundum inserts m 115.42 153.14 111.91 132.86 120.93 137.63857 125 x 19mm precast terrazzo stair riser m 75.91 87.51 74.26 106.29 84.65 80.29858 425mm girth precast terrazzo combined stair tread and

riser with carborundum inserts m 209.00 185.96 211.27 398.57 302.33 *859 25 x 3mm brass division strip m 24.16 32.82 25.21 27.90 30.23 32.11860 Carpet on Supergrade Underfelt:861 48oz 80/20 carpet m2 51.61 56.61 52.62 66.43 54.42 55.05862 Pure wool commercial grade carpet m2 54.91 62.24 60.29 79.71 54.42 64.23863 Synthetic commercial grade carpet m2 43.93 41.02 39.46 53.14 42.33 50.47 864 Synthetic commercial grade carpet tiles with foam backing

m2 56.15 71.10 54.39 73.07 54.42 66.52



865 PAINTING866 Rates for painting include for all preparatory work.

867 PLASTERED AND SIMILAR WALL AND CEILINGSURFACES

868 Two coats cement based paint Boncote m2 9.36 12.03 8.77 10.08 10.88 10.90869 Seal and two coats acrylic paint m2 9.36 12.03 8.77 10.08 9.67 10.32870 Seal and one undercoat and two coats of enamel m2 9.88 13.13 10.96 12.40 12.09 11.47871 Three coats sprayed vinyl m2 18.12 20.35 17.54 21.31 18.14 18.35872 Extra for filler coat to rough surfaces m2 4.39 5.47 4.38 5.81 4.84 4.59873 METAL SURFACES874 One coat primer m2 3.62 4.38 3.29 4.91 3.63 3.56875 Touch up shop primer and one coat enamel m2 5.49 6.56 5.48 6.98 6.05 5.73876 Extra for each additional coat m2 3.29 4.38 3.29 4.13 3.63 4.59877 Prime and two coats enamel on:878 Galvanised steel m2 11.44 13.13 10.46 18.08 12.09 10.32879 Galvanised eaves gutters, downpipes and large

plumbing pipes generally m 5.49 5.69 5.23 9.04 6.05 4.59880 Copper pipes up to 50mm diameter m 5.49 5.69 5.23 9.04 6.05 4.30881 TIMBER SURFACES882 Prime and two coats enamel on general surfaces m2 12.48 13.13 11.50 23.90 12.09 10.32883 Extra for each additional coat m2 4.16 4.38 4.18 5.81 3.63 5.73884 Prime and two coats enamel on surfaces up to 300mm

girth m 4.94 4.38 4.18 5.94 6.05 4.59885 Two coats clear plastic finish on general surfaces m2 7.69 9.84 8.77 9.17 9.67 8.03886 Extra for each additional coat m2 3.29 4.38 3.14 3.88 3.63 3.44887 Extra for staining m2 3.73 4.38 3.14 5.04 3.63 4.01888 SPECIAL FINISHES889 “Granotex” finish with acrylic base to walls m2 19.77 29.53 20.83 20.67 18.14 20.64890 “Granotex” finish with epoxy base to walls m2 24.16 32.82 25.21 29.71 24.19 22.94891 Finish on metalwork (undercoat) m2 26.36 28.33 25.21 32.81 25.40 21.79892 Finish on plastered walls Faux m2 21.96 22.64 20.83 30.23 20.56 20.64893 Anti-graffiti treatment to walls m2 9.88 16.41 9.87 11.88 9.67 9.18894 SIGNWRITING895 Signwriting 50mm high letter Each 4.61 6.56 4.93 5.94 6.05 4.82896 Signwriting 100mm high letter Each 5.71 8.75 6.03 7.23 5.80 5.85897 PAPER HANGING898 Wallpaper PC $7.50 per m2 supplied m2 23.06 22.97 27.40 25.19 24.19 24.09899 Vinyl fabric PC $20.00 per m2 supplied m2 39.53 51.41 43.85 64.58 38.70 41.29900 Suede/wool type fabric PC $30.00 per m2 supplied m2 57.10 71.10 60.29 83.96 55.63 55.05

901 HYDRAULICS902 PIPEWORK903 Rates for pipework include for all jointing and fixings

and except where items for such fittings are givenseparately for all reducers, bends, tees, junctions andinspection openings.

904 SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PIPES905 PVC pipe:906 32mm m 28.00 28.17 26.15 36.43 26.60 27.53907 40mm m 29.10 28.17 26.15 30.61 26.60 29.82908 50mm m 31.30 34.46 29.28 35.00 30.23 33.26909 65mm m 32.39 43.48 33.47 44.30 31.44 34.41910 80mm m 40.08 48.68 39.74 54.64 37.49 42.44911 100mm m 50.51 57.98 48.11 64.07 47.16 51.61912 Cast iron pipe:913 100mm m 103.22 156.42 114.00 184.67 96.74 105.52914 150mm m 162.52 225.34 168.39 267.04 143.91 160.57915 Copper pipe:916 32mm m 41.73 51.96 38.70 50.09 38.09 42.44917 40mm m 48.32 59.07 44.97 57.00 43.53 48.17918 50mm m 57.10 74.38 54.39 73.07 50.79 53.91919 65mm m 76.87 89.15 66.94 85.03 62.88 69.96920 80mm m 84.56 126.89 86.81 120.90 79.81 84.87921 100mm m 113.11 170.64 119.23 162.09 108.84 119.28922 WATER PIPES923 Galvanised steel pipe:924 15mm m 37.43 48.13 * 46.63 38.70 *925 20mm m 38.47 50.32 * 47.56 39.91 *926 25mm m 43.67 61.26 41.83 59.79 48.37 *927 32mm m 49.91 81.49 49.16 61.91 54.42 *928 40mm m 57.19 95.17 55.43 75.73 60.47 *929 50mm m 68.63 113.76 66.94 90.34 72.56 *930 Copper pipe:931 15mm m 26.36 41.02 21.92 20.19 22.98 25.23 932 20mm m 30.20 43.21 26.31 28.30 27.81 29.82 933 25mm m 33.49 48.13 30.69 43.71 31.44 34.41 934 32mm m 42.28 77.12 43.93 49.69 37.49 40.14 935 40mm m 47.77 95.17 52.29 58.19 47.16 48.17 936 50mm m 59.30 111.03 63.80 74.40 55.63 60.79 937 65mm m 76.32 124.70 77.39 91.67 72.56 76.84



938 80mm m 85.65 152.05 92.04 120.90 81.02 86.02939 100mm m 113.11 196.90 121.32 151.46 105.21 115.84940 150mm m * 284.41 177.80 193.97 158.42 172.04941 Chromium plated copper pipe:942 15mm m 48.87 76.02 47.06 71.74 42.33 43.58943 20mm m 73.83 158.61 71.12 118.24 48.37 51.61944 32mm m 52.16 * 71.25 * 60.47 57.35945 40mm m 69.18 * 81.12 * 72.56 68.82946 50mm m 81.26 * * * 84.65 81.43947 PVC coated pre-lagged copper pipe:948 15mm m 29.10 46.49 31.38 44.69 33.86 29.82949 20mm m 37.43 54.69 36.61 53.09 36.28 33.26950 25mm m 45.75 68.91 44.97 69.88 42.33 40.14951 Extra over copper pipe for:952 100mm 90 degree bend no 77.97 48.68 70.15 58.99 74.98 84.87953 150mm 90 degree bend no 150.44 140.02 137.02 * 139.07 167.45954 100mm tee no 82.36 59.07 58.10 71.74 70.14 79.14955 100 x 80mm tee no 84.56 99.00 64.67 71.74 71.35 80.29956 150mm tee no 158.13 161.89 139.21 204.60 157.21 174.33957 150 x 100mm tee no 155.93 223.15 168.39 232.50 157.21 174.33958 Ductile cement lined pipe in trench (fittings extra):

959 100mm m 101.58 74.38 85.50 89.01 97.95 107.81960 150mm m 148.25 118.69 117.29 148.80 139.07 150.25961 Extra over ductile cement lined pipe for cement lined

cast iron:962 100mm 90 degree bend no 192.17 216.59 186.17 239.14 193.49 204.16963 150mm 90 degree bend no 303.08 300.27 271.93 337.46 290.23 291.32964 100mm tee no 245.98 237.37 213.75 267.04 229.77 260.36965 100 x 80mm tee no 237.20 237.37 213.75 267.04 223.72 260.36966 150mm tee no 353.60 339.65 315.85 427.80 314.42 347.52967 150 x 100mm tee no 318.46 339.65 310.62 427.80 314.42 347.52968 Lagging969 25mm thick standard sectional pipe insulation to:970 25mm pipe m 38.98 23.52 26.31 32.15 34.47 35.56971 32mm pipe m 40.08 27.35 32.42 37.86 36.88 37.85972 40mm pipe m 42.28 33.91 32.88 42.12 40.27 40.14973 50mm pipe m 44.47 39.38 38.37 49.02 43.53 48.17974 TRAPS975 50mm brass trap no 102.94 180.49 100.40 140.83 90.70 87.17976 75mm brass trap no * * 88.90 * 96.74 112.40977 40mm copper universal type trap no 71.93 98.45 75.30 103.63 84.65 76.84978 50mm copper universal type trap no 79.61 117.04 82.62 94.33 90.70 84.87979 40mm chromium plated copper universal type trap no 117.50 185.96 114.00 197.96 108.84 92.90980 50mm chromium plated copper universal type trap no 133.10 204.56 128.64 212.57 120.93 110.11981 40mm PVC universal type trap no 54.36 68.91 77.39 74.40 48.37 45.88982 50mm PVC universal type trap no 57.65 86.42 58.57 95.66 54.42 52.76983 100 x 50mm Pallazzi type brass floor gully with brass riser

and chromium plated brass screw in grating no 231.71 360.43 246.83 353.40 229.77 242.00984 100 x 50mm PVC floor gully with PVC riser and PVC

screw in grating no 127.38 101.18 112.95 170.06 114.88 134.19985 COCKS AND VALVES986 15mm brass hose cock no 37.89 52.51 34.51 30.56 35.07 39.00987 20mm brass hose cock no 35.69 61.26 38.70 45.17 36.28 41.29988 15mm brass stop cock no 36.79 35.00 32.88 38.79 33.86 36.70989 20mm brass stop cock no 55.46 51.41 48.11 53.67 52.00 58.49990 25mm brass stop cock no 74.12 107.20 77.39 111.60 71.35 79.14991 32mm brass stop cock no 127.90 193.62 124.46 195.30 101.58 113.55992 40mm brass stop cock no 141.66 206.74 149.56 201.94 135.44 151.40993 50mm brass stop cock no 174.60 229.17 164.42 252.43 187.44 192.69994 15mm chromium plated brass recess cock no 64.24 65.09 53.34 74.40 43.53 57.35995 20mm chromium plated brass recess cock no 75.22 78.21 66.87 90.34 68.93 84.87996 15mm chromium plated brass cistern cock no 68.63 39.38 46.02 49.42 43.53 55.05997 25mm bronze gate valve no 74.12 66.18 63.58 89.01 68.93 80.29998 32mm bronze gate valve no 99.38 103.92 100.85 127.54 108.84 110.11999 40mm bronze gate valve no 127.38 125.80 115.10 167.40 120.93 137.63

1000 50mm bronze gate valve no 187.78 172.83 152.37 207.26 175.35 213.331001 65mm bronze gate valve no 304.18 321.05 274.04 511.50 266.05 334.911002 80mm bronze gate valve no 386.54 422.24 402.66 676.24 374.88 409.461003 100mm bronze gate valve no 919.20 859.79 871.44 1,461.43 786.05 817.771004 150mm bronze gate valve no 1,304.98 1,291.87 1,150.96 2,212.07 1,330.23 1,189.381005 40mm chromium plated brass hand operated flusherette

valve no 428.27 * 437.17 670.93 411.16 471.391006 Concrete pipe pit for stop cock complete with cast iron

path box no 155.93 78.89 129.69 178.03 151.16 167.45 1007 TAPS1008 Rates for taps are based upon chromium plated brass

easy clean style and include for jointing to pipework.

1009 15mm hose cock no 78.52 57.98 80.53 140.83 90.70 84.87 1010 15mm bib cock no 93.58 118.69 90.99 155.44 90.70 81.43



1011 15mm pillar cock no 99.82 135.09 96.22 167.40 90.70 84.871012 15mm washing machine cock no 86.31 115.95 83.67 124.89 84.65 82.581013 15mm vanity basin combination set with plain fixed spout

no 281.12 416.77 312.72 507.51 302.33 298.201014 15mm sink combination set with 230mm plain swivel

spout no 314.07 447.94 343.05 528.77 338.60 337.201015 15mm laundry combination set with 610mm telescopic

arm no 237.20 321.05 254.15 361.37 278.14 247.741016 15mm shower combination set with shower arm and

75mm anti-splash swivel hose no 362.90 528.89 352.46 577.93 362.79 291.321017 Extra for aerator no 21.41 20.24 19.87 24.05 22.98 22.941018 Raymor shower mixing tap complete with regulating

valves no 456.82 518.50 446.59 635.06 459.53 484.011019 FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT1020 Rates for sanitary fixtures include for installation

complete with plugs, grated waste outlets, bracketsand all fixings including jointing to pipes but to notinclude for pipework, traps, cocks or outlet fittings.

1021 Stainless Steel:1022 1200mm single bowl sink and drainer no 367.87 416.77 395.34 507.51 483.72 489.741023 1500mm single bowl sink and drainer no 411.80 536.55 429.85 643.03 435.35 422.071024 1800mm double bowl sink and drainer no 543.57 726.88 614.97 874.20 725.58 595.261025 1200mm single bowl flat rim sink and drainer no 367.87 444.11 380.70 507.51 471.63 378.491026 1800mm double bowl flat rim sink and drainer no 543.57 754.23 610.79 854.27 689.30 595.261027 Laundry tub and cabinet with:1028 Single 68 litre compartment no 499.65 662.89 482.31 704.14 568.37 489.741029 Two 68 litre compartments no 834.58 1,170.45 800.19 1,182.43 919.07 898.051030 Urinal with concealed sparge pipe built in between

walls:1031 1200mm slab type no 1,891.44 2,666.87 1,835.50 3,367.93 1,451.16 1,808.721032 1800mm slab type no 2,348.96 3,566.04 2,278.95 3,826.29 2,176.74 2,167.711033 10 litre automatic cistern with flush pipe no 557.35 436.46 540.72 789.17 846.51 711.101034 Drinking fountain with bubbler, wall mounted no 777.79 1,077.47 754.07 912.73 1,027.91 805.151035 Wash trough 1800mmm long x 420mm wide anti-splash

wall mounted type with 100mm back skirting no 1,106.37 1,846.47 1,074.11 1,493.31 1,088.37 917.551036 White Vitreous China1037 500 x 400mm splashback wall basin no 456.48 708.83 442.40 810.43 362.79 422.071038 500 x 350mm self rimming counter top vanity basin no 247.08 290.97 267.74 338.79 290.23 360.141039 525 x 400mm cleaner’s sink with hinged grating no 1,000.31 1,010.74 970.57 1,303.33 1,330.23 966.871040 300 x 300mm laboratory sink no 478.32 901.36 463.32 591.21 507.91 409.461041 475 x 400mm laboratory sink no 700.84 956.05 679.82 1,024.33 882.79 607.881042 Single wall hung urinal stall with integral trap no * 1,673.63 * 1,999.50 1,729.30 1,812.161043 Slophopper with hinged grating no * 2,417.47 * 2,816.57 2,176.74 2,580.611044 Pull chain urinal cistern with flush pipe no 422.78 528.34 479.01 554.01 846.51 446.161045 Push button WC cistern with flush pipe and pan connector

no 424.25 555.69 411.03 624.43 544.19 360.141046 WC pan with seat and flap no 344.81 366.45 356.64 550.03 423.26 353.261047 Low down WC suite complete with seat flap and flush

pipe no 616.62 731.80 598.24 838.33 906.98 520.711048 795 x 370mm recessed combined water dispenser and

drinking fountain no 1,846.73 * 1,791.58 1,832.10 3,627.91 1,710.091049 Miscellaneous1050 Push button plastic WC cistern with flush pipe and

pan connector:1051 Wall mounted no 173.50 204.56 192.44 267.04 253.95 211.041052 Concealed type no 300.51 262.53 291.80 427.80 447.44 347.521053 White porcelain enamelled bath:1054 1524mm cast iron no 1,187.48 2,680.00 1,151.50 * * 793.681055 1676mm cast iron no 1,218.67 2,680.00 1,182.88 * 1,269.77 867.091056 1524mm pressed steel no 411.80 527.25 444.50 564.64 580.47 446.161057 HOT WATER UNITS1058 Mains pressure storage water heater with glass lined

steel cylinder:1059 50 litre no 625.93 642.11 596.15 710.79 725.58 629.671060 135 litre no 922.43 1,050.12 873.30 1,077.47 919.07 935.901061 270 litre no 1,109.11 1,349.30 986.54 1,367.10 1,209.30 1,176.761062 180 litre storage solar water heater with standard panels

and electric booster no 2,185.28 2,474.35 2,316.61 3,100.89 2,660.47 2,601.26

1063 DRAINAGE1064 Rates for pipes include for laying in trench and

jointing but do not include fittings, excavation andbackfilling.

1065 PIPEWORK TRENCH EXCAVATIONS1066 All excavation is by machine in other than rock unless

otherwise stated. The term rock shall be taken tomean hard material requiring use of compressors.Excavation rates include for planking and strutting,backfilling and removal of surplus material.



1067 Excavate trench for drain pipe not exceeding 225mmdiameter:

1068 Average 600mm deep m 23.06 21.88 19.73 24.58 20.56 25.231069 Average 1200mm deep m 32.94 35.00 28.50 30.16 35.07 37.851070 Average 2100mm deep m 54.36 80.95 60.66 61.78 71.35 69.961071 Excavate trench for drain pipe 300 or 375mm diameter

1072 Average 600m deep m 25.26 22.97 20.83 25.91 22.98 27.531073 Average 1200mm deep m 35.14 46.49 34.51 31.49 38.70 42.441074 Average 2100mm deep m 74.87 121.42 75.63 69.09 71.35 72.261075 Extra over trench for excavating in rock using

compressors m3 170.21 130.17 137.02 211.24 163.26 180.071076 20mm gravel or crushed stone in backfilling to drain

trench m3 63.69 88.60 78.92 82.37 60.47 74.551077 AGRICULTURAL DRAINS1078 100mm earthenware pipe including backfilling with rubble

m 29.65 32.27 25.10 * 21.77 30.971079 Extra for bend no 23.06 19.69 19.73 * 16.93 25.231080 100mm corrugated slotted PVC pipe including backfilling

with rubble m 28.55 26.25 24.06 29.89 21.77 26.381081 STORMWATER DRAINS1082 Class ‘X’ reinforced concrete pipes with spigot and

socket rubber ring joints:1083 100mm m 36.24 * 30.69 * 30.23 40.141084 150mm m 48.32 * 36.17 * 38.70 49.321085 225mm m 57.10 92.98 60.66 77.06 50.79 65.381086 300mm m 82.15 106.11 76.73 106.29 78.60 79.141087 Extra for:1088 100mm bend no 39.53 * 31.79 * 33.86 43.581089 150mm bend no 64.79 * 55.43 * 60.47 65.381090 225mm bend no 99.38 99.54 86.81 * 93.12 99.781091 300mm bend no 164.29 159.71 * * 241.86 149.101092 100 x 100mm junction no 53.81 * 44.97 * 49.58 52.761093 150 x 100mm junction no 74.67 * 70.07 * 87.07 81.431094 225 x 100mm junction no 121.66 137.28 126.06 * 157.21 112.401095 300 x 100mm junction no 172.61 218.23 * * 217.67 149.101096 PVC PIPES1097 Pipes with solvent welded joints:1098 90mm m 26.36 28.44 23.01 21.44 25.40 29.821099 150mm m 37.34 34.46 33.47 37.59 35.07 42.441100 Extra for:1101 90mm bend no 26.36 19.69 18.83 14.21 21.77 27.531102 150mm bend no 45.02 29.53 32.88 41.08 41.12 44.731103 90 x 90mm junction no 42.83 25.16 27.19 20.54 29.02 37.851104 150 x 90mm junction no 63.69 39.93 47.13 71.17 49.58 57.351105 SOIL DRAINS1106 PVC Pipes1107 100mm OD pipes with solvent welded joints m 28.55 26.25 25.10 30.48 27.81 33.261108 150mm OD pipes with solvent welded joints m 40.63 46.49 36.61 36.30 39.91 44.731109 Extra for 100mm bend no 28.55 15.31 20.92 17.70 26.60 30.971110 Extra for 150mm bend no 49.42 38.29 41.83 49.73 43.53 50.471111 Cast Iron Pipes1112 100mm (Class B) pipe with flexible mechanical joints m 93.34 92.43 87.85 127.54 96.74 99.781113 150mm (Class B) pipe with flexible mechanical joints m 121.89 122.40 126.55 201.94 145.12 136.491114 Extra for:1115 100mm bend no 104.32 111.58 93.08 146.14 76.19 92.901116 150mm bend no 200.96 197.44 180.94 268.37 193.49 180.071117 100 x 100mm junction no 149.35 155.88 135.96 220.54 114.88 136.491118 150 x 100mm junction no 238.29 249.40 218.59 372.00 181.40 211.041119 100mm inspection opening no 73.03 57.43 65.89 106.29 60.47 76.841120 150mm inspection opening no 108.71 87.51 89.88 148.80 93.12 104.371121 Encasing to Pipes1122 Concrete bed and surround to:1123 100mm pipe m 46.67 59.07 43.85 58.86 48.37 52.761124 150mm pipe m 56.55 70.56 55.43 66.03 54.42 64.231125 225mm pipe m 68.63 89.15 64.67 90.34 72.56 79.141126 MANHOLES1127 Rates for manholes include for excavation, 150mm

concrete bottom and sides, formwork, reinforcement,benching, channels and step irons.

1128 In-situ concrete manhole with medium duty cover:

1129 600 x 600 x 600mm deep no 999.30 1,215.30 909.81 * 991.63 1,176.761130 900 x 900 x 1000mm deep no 1,702.10 2,456.85 1,753.85 * 1,874.42 1,981.911131 1200 x 1200 x 2000mm deep no 2,910.05 4,935.58 3,177.36 * 3,023.26 3,344.471132 900mm diameter and 1000mm deep no 1,455.02 1,928.51 1,434.94 * 1,451.16 1,672.241133 1200mm diameter and 2000mm deep no 2,580.61 3,876.70 2,637.69 * 2,346.05 2,972.871134 1200mm diameter and 3000mm deep no 3,623.83 5,815.05 3,562.50 * 3,869.77 4,335.431135 Precast concrete manhole with precast cover:1136 600 x 600 x 600mm deep no 845.56 * 739.90 * 761.86 990.96



1137 900 x 900 x 1000mm deep no 1,427.57 * 1,425.00 * 1,572.09 1,858.041138 1200 x 1200 x 2000mm deep no 2,196.26 * 2,356.73 * 2,539.53 2,725.131139 900mm diameter and 1000mm deep no 1,153.04 1,410.01 975.58 907.41 1,040.00 1,375.181140 1200mm diameter and 2000mm deep no 1,866.82 1,820.76 1,644.23 2,145.64 1,813.95 2,353.521141 1200mm diameter and 3000mm deep no 2,525.70 2,236.43 2,630.77 2,922.86 3,023.26 3,096.73

1142 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS1143 Switchboards1144 Main switchboard – small to medium installation no 25,257 22,632 21,686 19,929 24,186 30,6811145 Main switchboard – major installation or high rise no 181,192 169,764 133,402 119,571 145,116 147,2671146 Distribution board – small to medium installation no 3,294 2,833 3,132 2,657 3,628 5,1611147 Distribution board – major or high rise installation no 11,530 9,057 9,208 6,643 12,093 9,8181148 Consumer mains – three phase circuits:1149 50 amps m 35.14 33.95 33.98 29.23 36.28 41.291150 100 amps m 63.69 67.91 64.67 46.50 60.47 68.821151 150 amps m 138.36 135.82 146.88 79.71 96.74 137.631152 200 amps m 170.21 164.10 152.37 106.29 120.93 166.311153 500 amps m 417.29 396.11 395.71 318.86 362.79 389.961154 Lighting Installation1155 Circuits – Small to Medium Installation Point 71.38 67.91 74.54 49.16 60.47 74.551156 Circuits – Major or High Rise Installation Point 102.13 87.51 105.23 49.16 72.56 92.901157 Luminaires – small to Medium Installation no 181.19 181.08 189.63 126.21 133.02 184.661158 Luminaires – Major or High Rise Installation no 217.43 203.71 219.23 166.07 187.44 245.441159 Power Installation1160 Circuits – Single phase – Small to Medium Installation

Point 91.14 96.20 89.88 93.00 84.65 92.901161 Circuits – Single phase – Major or High Rise Installation

Point 117.50 113.17 116.19 106.29 96.74 104.371162 Circuits – three phase – Small to Medium Installation Point 356.89 339.53 365.02 192.64 302.33 393.401163 Circuits – three phase – Major or High Rise Installation

Point 494.16 452.70 474.63 192.64 362.79 516.121164 ATC backbone cabling and conduit Point 142.76 135.82 152.37 166.07 145.12 160.571165 Television installation Point 131.78 113.17 189.63 126.21 133.02 184.661166 Background Music Point 129.58 101.86 116.19 76.39 108.84 98.641167 Nurse Call System Point 205.35 203.71 196.21 139.50 139.07 183.511168 Clock system Point 177.90 158.45 178.67 192.64 181.40 270.681169 Security system – Small to Medium Installation m2 7.69 7.92 10.96 5.31 8.47 9.181170 Security system – Major or High Rise Installation m2 19.76 13.59 20.92 7.97 14.51 17.201171 Emergency Evacuation – Small to Medium Installation

m2 8.46 9.06 12.06 7.31 7.26 9.181172 Emergency Evacuation – Major or High Rise Installation

m2 10.76 12.45 14.25 11.29 10.88 13.761173 EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY1174 Diesel standby alternator with automatic start system

and silencer:1175 60 kVA no 54,907 56,588 66,640 46,500 48,372 61,3611176 340 kVA no 186,682 192,399 212,033 132,857 157,209 147,2671177 900 kVA no 329,439 400,311 374,604 292,286 314,419 368,1671178 COSTS PER SQUARE METRE1179 Rates per square metre are average prices for typical

buildings within metropolitan areas. They includeprofit but exclude special equipment, specialallowances, WST and GST.

1180 Accommodation1181 Suburban Motel m2 95.54 131.27 95.37 86.36 84.65 92.901182 Suburban Hotel m2 104.32 142.20 117.29 99.64 96.74 116.991183 Medium to High Rise Hotel m2 148.25 218.78 149.08 128.87 120.93 166.311184 Car Parks1185 Basement car park m2 31.85 43.76 30.69 24.58 24.19 34.411186 Multi-storey car park m2 28.55 32.82 30.69 21.92 21.77 30.971187 Civic Buildings1188 Civic Centre m2 94.44 153.14 105.23 93.00 96.74 111.251189 Town or City Hall m2 119.70 196.90 121.67 109.61 114.88 142.221190 Library m2 119.70 164.08 127.15 116.25 133.02 160.571191 Court House m2 118.60 175.02 129.35 122.89 114.88 147.961192 Police Station m2 118.60 175.02 129.35 122.89 114.88 147.961193 Educational1194 Primary Schools m2 82.36 153.14 88.79 79.71 78.60 98.641195 Secondary Schools m2 104.32 164.08 112.90 109.61 102.79 129.601196 Technical Colleges and Universities m2 137.27 175.02 152.37 152.79 139.07 172.041197 Health1198 District Hospital m2 181.19 328.16 196.21 192.64 175.35 233.981199 General Hospital m2 227.31 404.73 237.87 245.79 229.77 307.381200 Industrial1201 Factories m2 56.55 76.57 61.38 49.16 48.37 56.201202 Multi-storey warehouses m2 54.36 65.63 59.19 62.44 54.42 67.671203 Offices1204 Suburban – low rise m2 88.95 120.33 101.94 93.00 78.60 86.021205 Central Business District (CBD) – low rise m2 103.22 153.14 110.71 106.29 90.70 98.641206 Central Business District (CBD) – high rise m2 127.38 240.65 134.83 122.89 114.88 116.99 1207 Recreational



1208 Social Sports Club m2 79.61 120.33 86.60 79.71 78.60 86.021209 Basketball centre m2 64.24 87.51 69.06 62.44 54.42 74.551210 Community recreational centre m2 75.22 87.51 85.50 62.44 72.56 80.291211 Cinema m2 116.40 131.27 121.67 122.89 114.88 129.601212 Residential1213 House of medium standard m2 32.39 54.69 38.37 24.58 36.28 37.851214 Home units – low rise m2 51.06 65.63 69.06 43.18 42.33 56.201215 Home units – high rise m2 56.55 76.57 86.60 49.16 48.37 61.931216 Hostel m2 54.36 98.45 61.38 49.16 48.37 49.321217 Shopping1218 Shop or showroom m2 60.95 125.80 67.96 61.11 58.05 67.671219 Suburban supermarket m2 74.12 98.45 85.50 57.13 66.51 80.291220 Regional shopping centre m2 80.71 109.39 105.23 61.11 72.56 92.901221 Central Business District (CBD) store m2 93.34 131.27 116.19 67.76 78.60 111.251222 Miscellaneous1223 Tavern m2 94.44 142.20 110.71 86.36 84.65 111.251224 Aged persons home m2 108.71 120.33 105.23 79.71 78.60 122.721225 Church m2 82.36 131.27 98.65 67.76 72.56 74.551226 Amenities block m2 * 109.39 66.87 62.44 60.47 80.29

1227 MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS1228 PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING UNITS1229 Costs given are for the unit only, all other associated

items including ductwork and pipework are notincluded.

1230 Reverse cycle roof top type:1231 14kW no 8,565 8,488 9,865 7,108 8,223 9,4141232 60kW no 29,650 28,294 34,090 25,575 29,023 28,4901233 Cooling type plant room type with cooling tower

(tower not included)1234 14kW no 6,918 7,356 7,513 5,580 6,651 7,6801235 60kW no 19,217 21,164 21,205 17,936 19,349 23,0401236 COSTS PER SQUARE METRE1237 Rates are average prices per square metre A/C area

for typical buildings within metropolitan areas. Theyinclude profit but exclude special equipment, specialallowances, WST and GST.

1238 MECHANICAL VENTILATION1239 Car Parking1240 Basement car park m2 56.00 65.63 59.19 43.18 54.42 52.761241 Multi-storey car park m2 53.81 50.32 59.19 39.86 48.37 44.731242 AIR CONDITIONING1243 Accommodation1244 Suburban Motel (package unit) m2 142.76 185.96 158.94 146.14 139.07 161.721245 Suburban Hotel m2 182.29 306.29 196.21 159.43 157.21 205.301246 Medium to High Rise Hotel m2 247.08 382.86 252.12 186.00 193.49 278.711247 Civic Buildings1248 Civic Centre m2 267.94 295.35 291.58 229.18 253.95 298.201249 Town or City Hall m2 311.87 360.98 329.94 312.21 320.47 371.611250 Library m2 221.82 360.98 268.56 222.54 235.81 272.971251 Court House m2 296.50 404.73 311.31 312.21 314.42 340.641252 Police Station m2 247.48 382.86 255.40 199.29 193.49 309.671253 Educational1254 Primary Schools (heating only) m2 184.49 295.35 194.02 199.29 163.26 174.331255 Secondary Schools m2 195.47 295.35 200.60 205.93 175.35 198.421256 Technical Colleges and Universities m2 247.08 360.98 255.40 219.21 223.72 236.271257 Health1258 District Hospital m2 307.48 459.43 340.90 292.29 290.23 347.521259 General Hospital m2 367.87 481.31 377.08 318.86 314.42 409.461260 Offices1261 Suburban – low rise m2 192.17 262.53 208.27 166.07 157.21 229.391262 Central Business District (CBD) – low rise m2 252.57 306.29 268.56 232.50 193.49 229.391263 Central Business District (CBD) – high rise m2 307.48 415.67 316.79 285.64 253.95 275.271264 Recreational1265 Social sports club m2 318.46 295.35 303.63 259.07 223.72 272.971266 Cinema m2 461.21 612.57 462.58 524.79 459.53 520.711267 Residential1268 House of medium standard m2 120.79 240.65 121.67 122.89 108.84 123.871269 Home units – low rise m2 131.78 196.90 140.31 122.89 108.84 167.451270 Home units – high rise m2 142.76 196.90 146.88 149.46 133.02 174.331271 Hostel m2 142.76 153.14 152.37 122.89 108.84 149.101272 Shopping1273 Shop or showroom m2 148.25 273.47 158.94 136.18 120.93 167.451274 Suburban supermarket m2 148.25 218.78 158.94 122.89 120.93 167.451275 Regional shopping centre m2 186.68 251.59 189.63 172.71 163.26 198.421276 Central Business District (CBD) store m2 206.45 404.73 208.27 199.29 187.44 198.421277 Miscellaneous1278 Tavern m2 285.51 437.55 303.63 232.50 260.00 322.291279 Aged persons home m2 261.36 229.71 268.56 152.79 217.67 260.36

1280 EXTERIOR ELEMENTS



1281 LANDSCAPING1282 Level and grade areas to falls m2 2.75 3.12 2.74 2.52 2.42 2.871283 Imported top soil placed in garden beds m3 47.22 61.26 43.85 53.14 43.53 51.611284 Top dress with 75mm of fertilised loam and seed for grass

m2 6.59 6.78 6.58 5.98 6.05 6.881285 Top dress with 50mm of fertilised loam and turf m2 9.88 10.94 8.77 9.96 8.47 9.181286 Mulching, 100mm m2 5.49 7.44 * 5.98 5.44 5.731287 Hydroseeding, not less than 2000 m2 m2 1.98 1.48 1.57 1.99 1.81 1.721288 Plants – small no 13.73 10.94 14.25 13.29 12.09 13.761289 Plants – advanced no 54.91 87.51 58.57 59.79 54.42 68.821290 Irrigation – plastic piping – treated area m2 8.32 16.41 7.32 9.30 6.05 6.881291 Concrete crib block wall m2 192.17 262.53 164.42 186.00 175.35 189.241292 Timber crib wall m2 159.23 * * 186.00 163.26 154.841293 Sleeper retaining wall m2 158.05 229.71 * 199.29 133.02 137.631294 ROADWORKS1295 Rates for all paving include for excavation required

for depth of formation but exclude excavation in bulkor in rock.

1296 150mm compacted crushed rock or gravel road bed m2 10.40 11.92 13.15 11.96 10.40 10.901297 Two coats of bitumen and gravel surfacing including

priming m2 9.88 10.39 9.32 5.98 9.19 10.321298 25mm asphaltic concrete including priming m2 13.18 10.94 13.15 11.29 12.70 16.061299 100mm unreinforced concrete path including joints,

formwork and lightly brushed surface m2 30.75 38.29 32.88 39.86 42.33 34.411300 600 x 600 x 50mm precast concrete slab paving and

75mm compacted sand bed under m2 36.24 54.69 37.27 53.14 37.49 45.881301 601 x 600 x 50mm precast concrete slab paving with

exposed aggregate finish and 75mm compacted sand bedunder m2 50.51 61.26 50.42 59.79 50.79 74.55

1302 Brick-on-edge paving (bricks at $220.00 per thousand)laid on 50mm compacted sand bed m2 49.42 66.73 49.33 46.50 45.95 63.08

1303 220 x 110 x 50mm concrete cobble paving laid on 50mmsand bed m2 43.93 57.76 49.33 53.14 45.95 68.82

1304 CONCRETE KERBS, GUTTERS ETC.1305 In-situ concrete kerb including excavation, formwork

and finish:1306 150 x 250mm m 38.43 52.51 43.85 25.24 33.38 40.141307 525 x 250mm m 46.12 87.51 49.33 50.49 45.95 48.17

1308 FIRE PROTECTION1309 EXTINGUISHERS1310 Fire extinguisher and bracket:1311 2kg CO2 no * 350.04 297.03 431.79 386.98 275.271312 9 litre air foam no 251.64 240.65 225.81 372.00 260.00 269.531313 9 litre water foam no 248.52 360.98 241.60 345.43 229.77 240.861314 BOOSTER VALVE ASSEMBLY1315 100mm mains model fire hydrant booster no 4,194.65 2,942.53 4,070.53 3,321.43 10,883.72 3,468.341316 HOSE REELS1317 Fire hose reel with 36m of 19mm hose and wheel head

brass mill cock no 527.10 508.65 727.85 863.57 507.91 719.131318 FIRE INDICATOR BOARDS1319 Indicator board to small to medium building no 10,432.24 12,448.33 11,071.15 * 12,093.02 11,148.241320 Indicator board to major or high rise building no 29,100.47 33,951.77 29,157.69 * 30,232.56 29,728.651321 COST PER SQUARE METRE1322 Rates per square metre are based on the area actually

having the service and not on total floor area.

1323 Water sprinkler system m2 38.43 38.83 41.65 48.31 54.42 48.171324 Thermal detector system m2 14.56 13.67 19.73 15.11 18.14 13.761325 Smoke detector system m2 14.56 16.96 16.44 16.53 18.14 13.761326 Void sprinklers m2 19.76 21.33 26.31 22.09 24.19 19.501327 CO2 gas system to computer areas (3m ceiling height)

m2 * * 395.71 265.71 338.60 309.671328 Fire alarm system excluding indicator board m2 12.48 14.22 14.25 13.95 12.09 12.621329 Emergency warning system m2 12.48 14.22 14.25 13.95 12.09 12.62

1330 LIFT SERVICE1331 PASSENGER LIFTS1332 Hydraulic 10 passenger lift serving three floors no 126,285 98,449 117,727 138,171 131,814 131,8981333 Variable speed AC rheostatic 13 passenger lift with a

speed of 0.65m per second serving five floors no 197,664 196,898 192,813 170,057 175,349 206,4491334 Extra for each additional floor served no 9,664 9,845 9,537 9,300 9,070 9,7491335 Geared variable speed AC 13 passenger lift with a speed

of 1.0m per second serving five floors no 230,607 229,714 229,206 256,414 229,767 240,8571336 Extra for each additional floor served no 9,883 10,392 10,413 11,559 10,279 10,3221337 Void1338 Geared variable voltage 13 passenger lift with a speed of

1.5m per second serving eight floors and completeinterconnected operation system equipment no 263,551 273,469 257,048 318,857 278,140 275,265

1339 Extra for each additional floor served no 9,883 10,392 10,413 11,559 10,279 10,322



1340 Gearless variable voltage 15 passenger lift with a speedof 2.5m per second serving ten floors and complete withinterconnected operation system equipment

no 417,290 410,204 426,623 398,571 374,884 435,8371341 Gearless variable voltage 20 passenger lift with a speed

of 3.5m per second serving ten floors and complete withinterconnected operation system equipment

no 439,252 448,490 467,838 498,214 435,349 458,7761342 Gearless variable voltage 20 passenger lift with a speed

of 5.0m per second serving ten floors and complete withinterconnected operation system equipment

no 494,159 503,184 526,044 531,429 483,721 516,1221343 Extra for each additional floor served no 11,530 10,939 11,400 * 11,488 12,0431344 Extra for each floor by passed (low rise floors or express

travel zone in high rise lift well) no 7,687 8,204 8,988 9,300 8,465 8,0291345 GOODS LIFT1346 Variable speed AC rheostatic 3 tonne lift with a speed of

0.5m per second serving four floors no 263,551 300,816 269,215 298,929 266,047 286,7351347 Extra for each additional floor served no 13,727 13,127 12,825 11,293 13,907 13,7631348 DUMB WAITER1349 Chain or rope drive 90kg load dumb waiter with a speed

of 0.25m per second serving two floors no 36,238 32,816 32,994 33,214 32,651 28,6731350 Extra for each additional floor served no 3,294 3,829 3,946 3,321 3,507 3,4411351 ESCALATORS1352 Rates include for balustrade to well opening, finish to

soffit, power supply to plant room and venting tocarriage way.

1353 Escalator with a speed of 0.45m per second servingone floor 3.5m rise one way complete with standardbalustrades:

1354 30% pitch 800mm wide no 197,664 164,082 211,010 199,286 189,860 206,4491355 30% pitch 1000mm wide no 208,645 175,020 198,952 232,500 201,953 217,9181356 Extra for each additional metre rise on:1357 800mm wide escalator no 14,276 13,127 14,140 13,286 12,093 15,4841358 1000mm wide escalator no 15,374 14,220 17,758 15,943 14,995 17,7781359 Extra for weatherproofing no 15,374 27,347 15,456 * 14,995 18,3511360 Extra for glass balustrades no 17,570 * 17,758 * 16,930 20,6451361 MOVING WALKWAYS1362 Horizontal moving walkway 25m long and 1m wide no 340,421 273,469 327,202 332,143 314,419 355,5511363 Extra cost per additional metre no 13,178 13,127 12,935 13,286 12,093 12,6161364 Extra for weatherproofing no 17,570 32,816 19,317 * 18,381 18,351

1365 CIVIL ENGINEERING1366 The following rates are for civil Engineering work in

large quantities under average working conditionswithin approximately 80km of capital city centres. Allexcavation is in other than rock or sand unlessotherwise stated.

1367 EXCAVATIONS1368 Surface excavation to reduce levels using scraper and

cart overland not exceeding 1km, deposit in layers m3 4.61 4.54 4.38 5.68 6.05 5.731369 Extra for each additional 1km cartage m3 1.21 1.09 1.21 1.55 1.21 1.381370 Extra for compacting to 90% max, dry density m3 3.29 3.39 3.29 4.13 4.84 3.731371 Surface excavation to reduce levels and removal from

using public roads distance not exceeding 3km anddepositing in spoil heap m3 8.35 6.78 8.22 10.85 9.67 16.06

1372 Extra for each additional 1km cartage m3 1.21 1.09 1.10 1.55 1.21 1.381373 Extra for spreading in layers and compacting to 90% max

dry density m3 4.06 4.38 4.49 4.39 5.44 4.011374 Borrow pit excavation for filling including delivery to site

not exceeding 3km and compacting in embankmentm3 8.89 9.08 8.66 12.14 11.79 10.32

1375 Extra over excavation for excavating top soil average100mm thick and stockpile for reuse m2 0.99 0.88 1.05 1.42 1.21 1.15

1376 Trimming excavation to batter m2 1.98 1.86 1.92 2.20 1.81 2.061377 Trimming filling to batter m2 1.98 1.86 1.92 2.20 1.81 2.061378 Top soil stockpile excavation, spreading and grading

to:1379 Profile average 100mm thick m2 1.54 1.59 1.86 2.07 1.57 1.841380 Batter average 100mm thick m2 1.87 1.97 1.97 2.45 1.93 1.951381 Extra over excavation for ripping in rock m3 16.47 16.41 15.35 18.86 21.77 18.351382 Extra over for blasting in rock m3 32.94 * 33.98 37.72 38.70 40.141383 PILING1384 Sheet piling1385 Provide all necessary plant and equipment, supply

handle pitch and drive the following in maintainingsides of excavation or filling and include forextraction of piles and removal of plant andequipment on completion.

1386 Piling in lengths not exceeding 10m m2 296.50 328.16 252.12 290.63 253.95 *



1387 Piling in lengths exceeding 10m and not exceeding 15mm2 340.42 382.86 285.00 317.75 302.33 *

1388 Extra for corner pile m 49.42 109.39 52.29 40.43 42.33 *1389 Burning hole through sheet piling no 25.26 27.35 23.02 27.00 24.19 *1390 Extra over driven piling for piling left in m2 82.36 * 71.25 89.13 78.60 *1391 Bored Piling1392 Rates are for piling in good soil conditions and in

relatively large quantities.1393 Rates for piling include for site establishment costs,

setting out, setting up boring rigs and removal ofexcavated material.

1394 Concrete cast in-situ fill (steel shell driven andwithdrawn) to:

1395 Bearing capacity of 41 tonnes m 131.78 262.53 144.33 143.38 126.98 137.631396 Bearing capacity of 91 tonnes m 153.74 284.41 163.16 161.46 157.21 160.571397 Cut off and trim head of pile no 77.99 109.39 98.65 68.46 90.70 63.081398 ROADS AND PAVINGS1399 Trimming and consolidating formations to falls and

required profile m2 2.75 3.12 2.52 2.84 2.78 2.871400 150mm layer approved crushed stone base course m2 10.98 11.92 10.96 9.56 9.31 11.471401 100mm layer dry-lean concrete (18.1) base spread over

sub-base m2 13.18 14.11 12.55 18.60 13.30 13.761402 100mm layer bitumen bound base spread over sub-base

m2 10.98 * 11.51 13.05 12.09 16.061403 25mm hot rolled asphaltic concrete wearing course

including primer coat m2 11.53 10.94 11.50 14.98 10.88 16.061404 150mm reinforced concrete (30Mpa/18mm) paving course

m2 38.47 46.82 37.65 33.71 54.42 43.581405 Keyed contraction joint including filler and hot bitumen

sealant m 20.80 30.63 19.87 20.28 18.14 25.231406 Dowelled expansion joint, including dowels, filler and

sealant m 26.36 44.85 27.40 28.42 27.81 28.671407 CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE1408 Class “X” concrete pipe including excavation average

1.5m deep under roadway:1409 450mm diameter m 120.79 153.14 115.10 135.63 133.02 126.161410 600mm diameter m 153.74 196.90 153.46 175.67 157.21 166.311411 750mm diameter m 214.14 328.16 213.75 236.38 223.72 223.651412 Concrete headwall to suit pipe up to 750mm diameter no 713.79 765.71 657.69 807.29 822.33 779.92

1413 PLANT HIRE CHARGES1414 Discounts of between 10% and 20% are available for

items hired by the week.1415 Small Plant1416 The following rates exclude operator, transportation

charges and fuel.1417 Compressor with silencer 35 litres per second Day 119.70 120.33 116.09 98.31 169.30 149.101418 Compressor with silencer 47 litres per second Day 142.76 147.67 131.78 115.59 169.30 166.311419 Compressor with silencer 83 litres per second Day 203.15 175.02 162.11 143.49 175.35 206.451420 Heavy breaker or drill with 18m hose and point Day 58.23 54.69 56.48 74.40 67.72 86.021421 Scabbing pick needle gun Day 49.42 32.82 49.16 67.76 59.26 74.551422 50mm Flexible shaft pump with vibrator motor Day 68.08 71.10 62.75 43.44 114.88 55.051423 Kango 900 demolition hammer and point Day 66.55 65.63 64.84 82.37 96.74 74.551424 5 kVA petrol generator Day 80.16 54.69 60.29 54.21 84.65 68.821425 20KVA diesel generator Day 170.21 142.20 144.33 128.87 223.72 154.841426 Mobile aluminium tower scaffold nominally 2400 x

1200:1427 2400mm high Day 82.36 54.69 59.19 47.43 45.95 51.611428 3600mm high Day 93.34 87.51 71.25 54.21 58.05 59.641429 Heavy Plant1430 The following rates include operator and

transportation charges.1431 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 931 Day 676 679 * * * 6881432 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 943 Day 742 860 800 542 726 9181433 Tracked Tractor Drott Cat 953 Day 804 917 833 1,084 1,088 1,0551434 Rubber tyred 1¾ m3 front end loader Day 738 645 570 651 568 8261435 Fordson Major tractor with back hoe and loading bucket

Day 468 547 482 474 460 6081436 Tip truck – 10 tonne Day 604 487 438 542 423 5961437 15 tonne mobile crane with hydraulic jib Day 1,285 1,050 1,054 1,003 1,209 1,4221438 20 tonne mobile crane with hydraulic jib Day 1,285 1,138 1,149 1,125 1,391 1,5141439 Favco 750 tower crane maximum capacity 24 tonne

(excluding set up, maintenance, jumping and dismantling)Day 2,943 1,094 1,545 * 1,209 *



1 BUILDING COST PER SQUARE METREOF GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)

2 Costs given are average prices for typical buildingswithin metropolitan areas. They include profit andpreliminaries but EXCLUDE land cost, external works,external services more than 3.0m from the outsideface of the building, landscaping, special equipmentand legal and professional fees.

3 Cost of the office buildings and the like EXCLUDE carparking areas, fitout and loose furniture andequipment.

4 Costs are based on the total floor area of all levelsmeasured between the inner faces of external walls.

5 ACCOMMODATION6 Motels7 Single or double storey motel – standard

accommodation with toilet facilities and unit airconditioning, dining room, 40 beds m2 1,697 2,078 1,791 2,391 1,509 1,548

8 Cost per bedroom unit 45,694 * 56,186 71,344 45,268 44,7319 Hotels

10 Suburban single or double storey hotel – limitedaccommodation, large bar areas, partly airconditioned m2 1,958 2,188 2,058 2,405 1,625 1,663

11 Medium to high rise city (CBD) hotel – mainlyaccommodation, fully serviced, with restaurants andbars etc, high class finish to reception areas,restaurants and bars, standard finishes to rooms, 180beds, 3 star m2 2,481 3,172 2,315 3,614 2,846 2,409

12 Cost per bedroom unit 185,389 * 156,244 244,590 194,030 172,04113 CAR PARKS14 Open car park – bitumen areas, line marking, lighting,

drainage, wheel stops m2 75 88 87 93 87 7515 Cost per car 2,212 3,063 3,048 3,056 2,438 2,12216 Undercover car parking m2 546 602 570 797 517 49317 Basement car parking under office block (suburban)

m2 945 1,203 1,205 1,116 987 97518 Multistorey car park with low speed passenger lifts,

minimum finish m2 564 684 579 810 696 59619 Cost per car 16,358 23,929 17,360 22,586 19,732 16,86020 CIVIC BUILDINGS21 Municipal Centres22 Civic centre – 500 person capacity main hall, no air

conditioning m2 1,555 1,860 1,663 1,940 1,720 1,43423 Civic centre – 750 person capacity main hall, lesser

hall, library, air conditioning m2 2,189 2,625 2,375 2,830 2,270 1,95024 Town hall – 1000 person capacity main hall, lesser

hall, library, air conditioning m2 2,650 3,063 3,008 3,202 2,545 2,40925 City hall – 2000 person capacity main hall, lesser hall,

library, air conditioning m2 2,880 3,829 3,436 4,132 3,233 2,63826 Library27 Library up to three storeys – good standard finish, air

conditioning, no fit out m2 1,958 2,735 2,296 2,763 1,995 1,83528 Court House29 Court house up to three storeys – good standard

finish, air conditioning, security m2 3,225 3,172 3,008 3,335 2,587 3,03930 Police Station31 Single storey suburban police station – small cell

block, standard finish, no air conditioning m2 1,901 2,953 2,058 2,684 1,940 2,40932 EDUCATIONAL33 Schools34 Primary school up to three storeys – standard finishes,

no air conditioning m2 1,236 1,313 1,303 1,329 1,393 1,37635 Cost per pupil 7,027 * * 8,636 8,357 5,84936 Secondary school up to three storeys – standard

finishes, no air conditioning m2 1,567 1,422 1,547 1,847 1,451 1,60637 Cost per pupil 12,096 * * 14,614 11,607 12,27238 School laboratory block up to three storeys – standard

finishes, including fittings and services, no airconditioning m2 1,786 2,297 1,873 2,684 1,683 2,064

39 Technical College40 Adult further education technical college up to three

storeys – standard finishes, excludes fit out, no airconditioning m2 1,747 2,078 1,596 2,405 1,625 2,007

41 University

THE BUILDING ECONOMIST MARCH 2008 CURRENT CONSTRUCTION COSTS Page C-1


42 Residential college – standard finishes, no airconditioning or lifts m2 1,816 2,078 1,889 2,405 1,741 1,778

43 Cost per student * * 40,714 56,730 * 37,88844 Administration block – including air conditioning, lifts

m2 1,883 2,407 1,791 2,591 1,799 2,06445 Tutorial and lecture room block – including air

conditioning, lifts m2 2,095 2,516 2,117 2,617 2,031 2,17946 Lecture theatre (300 seats) – including air

conditioning, seats included m2 2,304 3,063 2,524 3,149 2,321 2,63847 Library maximum three storeys – including air

conditioning, no fit out m2 1,928 2,953 2,117 2,963 2,089 1,95048 Laboratory and science block maximum three storeys

including air conditioning m2 3,171 3,829 3,325 3,893 2,870 3,32649 HEALTH50 Hospitals51 Single storey district hospital – 20 bed, operating

theatre and partial air conditioning m2 2,734 3,719 2,577 3,335 2,438 2,81052 Cost per bed 110,588 * 135,238 157,436 121,875 126,16353 Multi storey general hospital – 200 bed including air

conditioning and lifts and full hospital facilities m2 3,560 4,485 3,664 4,451 3,192 3,67054 Cost per bed 278,686 * 358,286 381,034 255,357 332,61255 Multi storey maternity hospital – 100 bed including air

conditioning and lifts m2 2,995 4,157 3,339 4,079 3,018 3,55656 Cost per bed 158,173 * 175,886 198,223 150,893 166,30657 Medical Centre58 Single storey medical centre – consultants rooms,

reception area, surgery and small theatre, no airconditioning m2 1,728 2,625 1,900 2,033 1,940 1,892

59 Child care centres m2 1,452 1,313 * 1,754 1,393 2,00760 Community care centres m2 1,444 1,641 1,390 1,581 1,552 1,72061 INDUSTRIAL62 Single storey factory with small span for light industry

including toilets and office accommodationm2 574 602 651 784 667 539

63 Single storey factory with large span for heavyindustry including toilets and administration area m2 744 711 814 890 813 619

64 Single storey warehouse m2 679 656 570 943 580 53965 Multi storey warehouse up to six storeys high

including toilets and office areas and goods lift m2 1,152 * 1,189 1,461 * *66 OFFICES67 Suburban68 Suburban office building up to three storeys – air

conditioned, standard finish, no parking, no fitout, (liftnot included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,452 1,750 1,510 1,847 1,277 1,720

69 Suburban bank up to three storeys – standardfinishes, air conditioned, bank fittings, no parking, (liftnot included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 2,919 * 1,852 3,162 2,800 *

70 Central Business District (CBD)71 Low rise office building up to three storeys – air

conditioning, standard finish, no parking, no fitout, (liftnot included, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,825 * 1,661 2,777 1,567 2,237

72 Medium – high rise office building up to fifteen storeys– air conditioning, medium speed lifts, standard finish,no parking, no fitout m2 2,262 2,407 1,963 3,986 2,177 2,466

73 High rise office building up to thirty five storeys – airconditioning, multiple high speed lifts, standard finish,no parking, no fitout m2 2,679 2,899 2,292 4,265 2,419 *

74 High rise office building over thirty five storeys – airconditioning, multiple high speed lifts, standard finish,no parking, no fitout m2 3,577 3,282 3,079 5,925 * *

75 NOTE: Increase above rates by 10% for officebuildings of a prestigious nature with high standards.Parking – refer CAR PARKS for costs.

78 RECREATIONAL79 Sporting80 Social sports club up to two storeys – air conditioned,

administration area, bars, kitchen and dining, dancearea, limited car parking m2 1,785 2,078 1,887 2,391 1,720 1,943

81 Single storey sports pavilion with toilets and changerooms – standard finish m2 1,506 1,860 1,585 1,887 1,444 1,495

82 Basketball centre – public seating, public toilets,change rooms, standard finish m2 1,000 1,313 1,026 1,236 871 1,032

83 Squash court – standard finish m2 1,060 1,313 1,156 1,408 929 97284 Squash court – high standard, viewing areas m2 1,265 1,641 1,384 1,647 1,351 1,27085 Bowling alley – including fitout, air conditioning,

standard finish m2 1,378 2,078 1,384 * * 1,115



86 Single storey community recreation centre – averagestandard m2 1,032 1,203 1,017 * 871 1,041

87 50 metre open air suburban Olympic standard poolwith eight lanes – including filtration and poolsiteworks but excluding enclosures, heating andancillary buildings (Total Cost) 738,141 1,039,184 728,333 * * *

88 Grandstand with three tiers – reinforced concrete withroof – seating and standing areas, change rooms,public toilets, standard finish m2 2,260 * * * * *

89 Cost per person 7,909 6,563 6,514 * * *90 Grandstand, single tier – reinforced concrete with roof,

seating, change rooms, public toilets, standard finishm2 1,130 * * * * *

91 Cost per person 2,373 2,844 1,791 * * *92 Cinema93 Cinema including seating and air conditioning m2 2,260 * 2,311 2,126 1,973 1,83594 Cost per person 6,327 9,845 5,770 8,370 5,339 5,16195 RESIDENTIAL96 Housing97 House of standard design m2 798 875 831 996 754 91898 Medium standard individual house m2 1,106 1,313 961 1,488 962 1,37699 High standard house – no air conditioning, good

standard finish and built in fittings m2 1,506 2,625 1,583 2,205 1,451 1,720100 Two storey medium standard town house m2 1,244 1,313 1,384 * 1,393 1,376101 Flats102 One and two bedroom units up to three storeys high –

medium standard, (lift not included, see "Lift Services"section) m2 1,358 1,531 1,270 1,634 1,393 1,606

103 Cost per unit 126,285 * 86,477 122,096 90,536 103,224104 One and two bedroom units – multi storey, lift,

medium standard m2 1,696 1,969 1,425 2,312 1,741 1,835105 Cost per unit 218,873 * 95,475 145,877 121,875 143,367106 One and two bedroom units – multi storey, lifts, high

standard, ancillary facilities m2 2,034 2,407 1,646 3,082 2,070 2,753107 Cost per unit 265,128 * 241,412 274,217 206,965 246,592108 Hostels109 Hostel up to three storeys – central kitchen, dining,

toilet and shower facilities, minimum finish, (lift notincluded, see "Lift Services" section) m2 1,506 2,188 1,629 2,059 1,746 1,720

110 Cost per head 24,856 * 26,871 30,026 * *111 SHOPPING112 Single storey retail shop or showroom – no air

conditioning, no fitout m2 829 1,094 945 903 871 688113 Single storey suburban supermarket of large chain –

with large open areas including air conditioning,excluding fitout m2 1,168 1,531 1,303 1,488 1,161 1,121

114 Regional complex up to three storeys – including airconditioning, malls, public toilets and rest rooms,standard finishes, escalators and lifts, shopfronts,excluding shop fitouts and car parking m2 1,606 1,860 1,615 2,059 1,567 1,376

115 Central Business District (CBD) store – medium rise –air conditioned, escalators and lifts, shop fronts,excluding store fitout m2 2,260 2,188 2,138 2,777 1,857 1,720

116 MISCELLANEOUS117 Single storey tavern including air conditioning m2 2,226 2,407 1,824 3,228 * *118 Single storey service station – including toilets and

service area with driveway and canopy over (Cost perm2 based on building area only) m2 1,205 1,422 1,287 1,740 * *

119 Single storey aged persons home infirmary m2 1,612 1,422 1,922 1,873 1,940 1,606120 Cost per bed 58,750 * 64,491 66,694 62,090 45,878121 Single or double storey aged person housing units

including special central care units m2 1,416 1,750 1,563 1,940 1,741 1,835122 Cost per unit 69,295 * 51,789 96,321 87,054 91,755123 Church hall, standard finish m2 943 1,313 896 1,129 871 918124 Church basic design m2 1,506 2,188 1,140 1,461 1,161 1,376125 Church high quality m2 2,260 4,376 2,361 3,056 1,915 2,242126 Standard amenities block minimum finishes m2 1,672 1,969 1,954 * 1,567 1,376127 Refurbishment of existing building (up to three storey)

m2 * * * * * *128 Builders work only, excludes services, electrical

and air conditioning:129 Paint out m2 20 * 29 * 23 19130 Paint out and replace partitions m2 264 * 317 * 232 206131 Gut and replace m2 791 * 1,010 * 754 665


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