Hawaii: independence or annexation?

Colonial Discovery• The earliest habitation of Hawaii dates back to 300CE by

Polynesian settlers • The first recorded European contact with the islands was in

1778 by British explorer James Cook. • After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating

his voyages, the Hawaiian islands received many European visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers.

• Within 50 years, wars among the chiefs, famine, measles, small pox, and influenza killed off ½ of the native Hawaiian population

http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg

A statue of James Cook stands in Waimea, Kauai commemorating his first contact with the Hawaiian islands at the town's

harbor on January 1778

FUN FACT! • Cook originally named

the islands the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor John Mantagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich…….. (who the delicious lunch time staple was named after)

MORE FUN FACTS!!!• The word Hawaii is from the Polynesian word hawaiki, meaning

“place of the gods” or “homeland” • When Captain Cook arrived in Hawaii in 1778, he was greeted as

the god Lono because he had arrived during a sacred festival. Initially, the Hawaiians thought Cook’s ships were floating islands

• Early Christian missionaries to Hawaii were shocked to find that Hawaiian mothers practiced infanticide if the babies were deformed or diseased or if there were already too many children.

• They were also shocked by the extreme displays of grief (such as knocking out their own teeth or tattooing their own tongues) after the death of a loved one

Reading: “The Debate Over Hawaii and an American Overseas Empire.”

As you read the article, answer the ten questions on the worksheet. Since these

are your notes for the section, make sure you focus on the main points and

summarize! The reading and worksheet are due Friday!

• Who was Kamehameha the Great?• How did diplomatic relations improve between the U.S. and Hawaii after King

Kalakaua came to power?• Describe Americans involvement in Hawaii. Why did they want a greater say in

government?• How did Americans limit the power of the monarchy with the Constitution of 1887?• What changed when Queen Liliuokalani came to power? How did the U.S. respond?

Explain!• Describe the roles of John Stevens and Sanford Dole in Hawaii.• How did the presidents during this period (Cleveland, Harrison, McKinley) differ on

their views of Hawaiian annexation?• What did the 1894 Constitution of Hawaii declare? Native response?• Describe the pro and anti imperialist arguments regarding Hawaii.• Explain how/why the U.S. finally annexed Hawaii.

BELLWORK1. What is imperialism? 2. What is Social Darwinism? How did Americans use

this theory to justify expansionism?3. What is eugenics? How did Americans use this

theory to justify expansionism?4. What is a provisional government?5. THINKER: Do you think eugenics would ever work

successfully? Why or why not?

Many Americans at the time felt it was America’s obligation, as a

world power, to help “civilize and educate” other countries. Do you agree with this? Should it be the job of powerful countries to aide weaker ones? Why or why not?

What did Europeans (and later, Americans) want from Hawaii?!?!?

SUGAR!!!!!

Internal Conflict• In the late 1700’s, chiefs often

fought for power. • After a series of battles that

ended in 1795 all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler who became known as King Kamehameha the Great.

• He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.

Kingdom of Kamehameha• After Kamehameha II inherited the

throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries in Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity.

• Their influence ended many ancient practices, and Kamehameha III was the first Christian king.

• American advisors helped him produce Hawaii’s first written constitution.

• King Kamehameha V, died a bachelor and did not name an heir. This marked the end of their dynasty.

Religions of Hawaii

House of Kalakaua• After the end of the dynasty, riots

broke out over who would ascend the throne.

• In 1874, U.S. and British troops came to “keep the peace” and helped pass the rule to the House of Kalakaua.

• In response to their aide, Hawaii and the U.S. signed a trade agreement lifting restrictions on sugar exportation, and allowed America to create a naval station at Pearl Harbor.

Discussion• Do you think Americans deserved a

say in the Hawaiian government? Why or why not?

How was this situation similar to Texas during the Mexican-American War?

1887 Constitution• Limited the power of the monarchy

– Made King Kalakaua a figurehead until his death in 1891• Property requirements for voting (prevented 75% of natives

from voting)

King Kalakaua was referred to as the “merry monarch” because of his passion for music, dancing, parties, and the finest food/drinks

FUN FACTS! • In the 1960s, astronauts trained for

moon voyages by walking on Mauna Loa’s hardened lava fields, which resemble the surface of the moon

• The eight horizontal stripes on Hawaii’s flag represent each of the state’s main islands. In the upper-left corner of the flag is a small version of Britain’s flag which honors British captain George Vancouver, who gave Hawaii its first flag in 1794

• Ancient Hawaiians believed that the heavier a woman, especially a chieftess, the more beautiful she was

Queen Liliuokalani

• Took over in 1891• Restore the

monarchy!!!• Power to

Hawaiians…… NOT Americans!

John Stevens• Diplomatic

Representative in Honolulu

• Asked U.S. Navy to “protect the life and property of American citizens” living in Hawaii

• Led to a revolt!

REVOLT!!! January 16, 1893• Marines stormed the city and surrounded the royal palace• U.S. recognized the provisional government that the

revolutionaries formed.• Revolutionaries appointed Sanford Dole as head• At this point, there were serious divisions:

– Hawaiians supported Queen Liliuokalani and followed the monarchy

– Americans supported the Provisional government and claimed it had authority over everything

Hawaiian counter-revolt

SURRENDER!!! January 17, 1893

• Queen Liliuokalani: “I yield to the superior force of the United States of America”

The Ionlani Palace in Honolulu, formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, but became the capitol of the Republic of

Hawaii

Sanford Dole• Dole even

threatened Queen Liliuokalani with U.S. Naval force, if she did not comply

Queen Liliuokalani’s arrest• How did the native Hawaiians respond to Queen Liluokalani’s forced

abdication?• 200 rebels were tried for treason• Provisional government found the Queen guilty. Originally sentenced

to: – Five years of hard labor– $5,000 – Sentence was eventually decreased to imprisonment in a

bedroom of the palace• While imprisoned, she wrote many famous songs (including the

Queen’s Prayer) and wrote her memoir. • Following her release, she served a year of house arrest before

traveling to the U.S. to plead against annexation.• She even attended President McKinley’s inauguration!

• Before ascending the throne, for fourteen years, or since the date of my proclamation as heir apparent, my official title had been simply Liliuokalani. Thus I was proclaimed both Princess Royal and Queen. Thus it is recorded in the archives of the government to this day. The Provisional Government nor any other had enacted any change in my name. All my official acts, as well as my private letters, were issued over the signature of Liliuokalani. But when my jailers required me to sign ("Liliuokalani Dominis,") I did as they commanded. Their motive in this as in other actions was plainly to humiliate me before my people and before the world. I saw in a moment, what they did not, that, even were I not complying under the most severe and exacting duress, by this demand they had overreached themselves. There is not, and never was, within the range of my knowledge, any such a person as Liliuokalani Dominis.

• —Queen Liliuokalani, "Hawaii's Story By Hawaii's Queen”

Discussion• Should the United States

annex Hawaii? (pros vs. cons)

• What should be done, if anything, to aide the native Hawaiians in this transfer of power?

Discussion• How was the U.S. provisional government in Hawaii

different than America’s government? Why didn’t they have the same government if they were run by the same people?

Troops of the government

post-rebellion

Harrison vs. Cleveland vs. McKinley• How did these presidents differ on their views

of Hawaiian annexation?

Review• How did

Dole defy President Cleveland?

Review• What did the 1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii declare?• How did native Hawaiians respond to this?• Established a republic (ruled 1894-1898) in between the Provisional

government & Hawaii’s annexation by the U.S.

Discussion• With regards to Hawaii’s

annexation, evaluate the pro and anti imperialist arguments.

• How did the Spanish-American War affect the annexation of Hawaii?

President McKinley• “We need

Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California, it is Manifest Destiny.”

Review• Describe how/why the US finally annexed Hawaii.

• What was the Organic Act?

• How did Wartime pressures lead to the official annexation of Hawaii?

• What finally caused the end of the Hawaiian independence movement?

Admission Day Ceremony; June 14, 1900

The flag of the Kingdom of Hawaii over Iolani Palace is lowered to raise the United States flag to signify

annexation

Queen Liliuokalani, Princess Kaiulani, Prince David Kawananakoa shuttered up in Washington Place mourning on the day of the flag of Hawaii was lowered down

for the last time after the Annexation of Hawaii to the United States

Discussion • Senator Stephen White of

California was an extreme anti-imperialist and led the filibuster over the annexation of Hawaii.

• He asked whether Americans forgot their own anti-colonial war for independence. What do you think he means by this?

• Was the situation in Hawaii similar to America’s independence from England? Or had times changed? Was imperialism more acceptable at the time?

VS.

VS.

Notice any similarities?!?!?

FUN FACTS! • The oldest Catholic Cathedral in the United States is the Cathedral of Our Lady of

Peace in Honolulu, built in 1843 • Everyone is a minority in Hawaii—there are no racial majorities. Haoles or

Caucasians, constitute about 33% of the population, Japanese about 33%, Filipino-Americans about 16%, and Chinese-Americans about 5%. Most of the population has mixed ethnicities

Anyone up for a field trip?!?!?

Storyboard timeline review

BELLWORK1. Why was Kamehameha the Great important?2. How were Americans involved in the Hawaiian government? 3. Why did Americans think they deserved a larger say in the Hawaiian

government?4. How did the relationship between the U.S. and Hawaii change after

King David Kalakaua came to power in 1874?5. Eventually the U.S. government forced King Kalakaua to agree to a

new constitution in 1887. What did this constitution declare? 6. THINKER: Was there an alternative option to U.S. takeover of

Hawaii? Explain!

BELLWORK1. How did the relationship between the Hawaiians and Americans

change after Queen Liluokalani came to power?2. How did the native Hawaiians respond to Queen Liluokalani’s forced

abdication?3. Analyze the pro/con arguments for America’s annexation of Hawaii.4. Explain the differing views on Hawaiian annexation between the

three presidents – Harrison, Cleveland & McKinley.5. Who was Sanford Dole? How did he defy Pres. Cleveland?6. Describe how/why the US finally annexed Hawaii.7. THINKER: What should be done, if anything, to aide the native

Hawaiians in the transfer of power?