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Today’s Goal:

• Reinforce Genetics.

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Core 40 Test Practice

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Batter Up!Batter Up!

In the event of an environmental change, which of In the event of an environmental change, which of the following increases the likelyhood that a the following increases the likelyhood that a species will survive?species will survive?

A.A. Genetic diversityGenetic diversity

B.B. Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction

C.C. Rapid growth rateRapid growth rate

D.D. Dominant traitsDominant traits

According to the table below, which species According to the table below, which species are most closely related?are most closely related?

A.A.A and BA and B

B.B. B and DB and D

C.C. C and DC and D

D.D. A and CA and C

Species % difference in DNA

A and B 1.4

A and C 1.2

B and D 2.4

C and D 1.8

A and D 2.4

Look carefully at the pictures of bird beaks above. Look carefully at the pictures of bird beaks above. Choose the response that matches each beak with Choose the response that matches each beak with the most likely diet.the most likely diet.

A.A. 1:nectar, 2:nuts & seeds, 3:aquatic organisms, 4: meat1:nectar, 2:nuts & seeds, 3:aquatic organisms, 4: meat

B.B. 1:nectar, 2:meat, 3:nuts and seeds, 4: aquatic organisms1:nectar, 2:meat, 3:nuts and seeds, 4: aquatic organisms

C.C. 1:aquatic organisms, 2:nuts & seeds, 3:nectar, 4:meat1:aquatic organisms, 2:nuts & seeds, 3:nectar, 4:meat

D.D. 1:aquatic organisms, 2:nuts & seeds, 3:meat, 4:nectar1:aquatic organisms, 2:nuts & seeds, 3:meat, 4:nectar

Two subpopulations of a species of bird became Two subpopulations of a species of bird became isolated through geographic change a long time isolated through geographic change a long time ago. A scientist wonders if the 2 populations are ago. A scientist wonders if the 2 populations are still the same species. Which question must the still the same species. Which question must the scientist answer to determine if the populations are scientist answer to determine if the populations are still the same species?still the same species?

A.A. Do they look identical in every aspect?Do they look identical in every aspect?

B.B. Do they have the same behavioral patterns?Do they have the same behavioral patterns?

C.C. Will they raise each other’s offspring?Will they raise each other’s offspring?

D.D. Can they mate to produce fertile offspring?Can they mate to produce fertile offspring?

Which of these ideas was part of Darwin’s Which of these ideas was part of Darwin’s Origin of Origin of SpeciesSpecies in which he presented a mechanism for in which he presented a mechanism for evolution?evolution?

A.A. Human beings evolved from monkeys.Human beings evolved from monkeys.

B.B. The genetic code found in DNA is the same for The genetic code found in DNA is the same for almost all organisms.almost all organisms.

C.C. Only biologically inherited characteristics can Only biologically inherited characteristics can be passed on to offspring.be passed on to offspring.

D.D. Characteristics that an individual acquires Characteristics that an individual acquires during its lifetime can be passed on to offspring.during its lifetime can be passed on to offspring.

• Explain three (3) of the main Explain three (3) of the main components of Darwin’s theory of components of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Include a description of evolution. Include a description of the evidence used by Darwin.the evidence used by Darwin.

• Explain three (3) of the main Explain three (3) of the main contributions of Gregor Mendel. contributions of Gregor Mendel. Briefly describe how Mendel Briefly describe how Mendel developed his evidence.developed his evidence.

Scientists often compare the amino acid sequence Scientists often compare the amino acid sequence found in the protein hemoglobin to infer the found in the protein hemoglobin to infer the evolutionary relationships between organisms. evolutionary relationships between organisms. Based on the data above, which organisms are Based on the data above, which organisms are most closely related?most closely related?

A.A. gorilla and monkeygorilla and monkey

B.B. chimp and gorillachimp and gorilla

C.C. monkey and humanmonkey and human

D.D. chimp and humanchimp and human

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

human Thr Leu Ser Glu Leu His Cys Asp Lys Leu His Val Asp Pro Glu Asn Phe Arg Leu

gorilla Thr Leu Ser Glu Leu His Cys Asp Lys Leu His Val Asp Pro Glu Asn Phe Lys Leu

chimp Thr Leu Ser Glu Leu His Cys Asp Lys Leu His Val Asp Pro Glu Asn Phe Arg Leu

monkey Gln Leu Ser Glu Leu His Cys Asp Lys Leu His Val Asp Pro Glu Asn Phe Lys Leu

A population of snakes lives on a large island that A population of snakes lives on a large island that becomes two separate islands when the sea level becomes two separate islands when the sea level rises. What would you expect to happen after a rises. What would you expect to happen after a very long period of time?very long period of time?

A.A. Competition will increase.Competition will increase.

B.B. Speciation will occur.Speciation will occur.

C.C. Interbreeding will continue.Interbreeding will continue.

D.D. Natural selection will stop.Natural selection will stop.

The best measure of evolutionary relationship The best measure of evolutionary relationship between two species can be estimated from between two species can be estimated from their….their….

A.A. length of time on Earth.length of time on Earth.

B.B. amount of cooperation.amount of cooperation.

C.C. genetic similarities.genetic similarities.

D.D. behavioral similarities.behavioral similarities.

Complex, multicellular organisms were able to Complex, multicellular organisms were able to evolve primarily because…..evolve primarily because…..

A.A. the atmosphere changed.the atmosphere changed.

B.B. water began to condense.water began to condense.

C.C. cells with nuclei developed.cells with nuclei developed.

D.D. of availability of resources.of availability of resources.

According to natural selection, which is the best According to natural selection, which is the best explanation of the evolution of the giraffe’s neck?explanation of the evolution of the giraffe’s neck?

A.A. Giraffes evolved long necks so they could eat Giraffes evolved long necks so they could eat the leaves of tall trees.the leaves of tall trees.

B.B. The necks of giraffes gradually got longer as The necks of giraffes gradually got longer as they reached for the leaves of tall trees.they reached for the leaves of tall trees.

C.C. Giraffes were designed to have long necks so Giraffes were designed to have long necks so they could reach the leaves of tall trees.they could reach the leaves of tall trees.

D.D. Giraffes evolved long necks because those Giraffes evolved long necks because those with longer necks were more likely to pass the with longer necks were more likely to pass the gene to offspring.gene to offspring.

How did the identification of genes help explain the How did the identification of genes help explain the theory of evolution by natural selection?theory of evolution by natural selection?

A.A. Genes are segments of DNA on chromosomes.Genes are segments of DNA on chromosomes.

B.B. Organisms that are “best fit” are more likely to Organisms that are “best fit” are more likely to survive.survive.

C.C. Species change over time in response to their Species change over time in response to their environment.environment.

D.D. Inherited traits are passed to offspring through Inherited traits are passed to offspring through genes.genes.

Identify two (2) sources of Identify two (2) sources of scientific evidence of evolution.scientific evidence of evolution.

Describe two (2) of the main Describe two (2) of the main components of Darwin’s components of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.theory of natural selection.

Compare and contrast Compare and contrast evolution and ecology.evolution and ecology.

Describe Lamarck’s hypothesis for how Describe Lamarck’s hypothesis for how organisms change over time. Then organisms change over time. Then describe one piece of biological describe one piece of biological evidence that refutes his theory.evidence that refutes his theory.

Describe two of the Describe two of the adaptations birds have adaptations birds have evolved that allow most of evolved that allow most of them to fly.them to fly.

Describe two of the Describe two of the adaptations birds have adaptations birds have evolved that allow most of evolved that allow most of them to fly.them to fly.

24

Island chain made

famous by Darwin’s work.

25

What is an example of divergent evolution?

26

What is adaptation or natural selection?

27

What is evolution?

28

Phrase used for natural selection.

29

Example of biochemical evidence among

common ancestors (just need one).

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What are other evidences of evolution?

31

What is the ultimate source of variation in a

population so that evolution can occur?

32

What is a vestigial structure?

33

What are homologous structures?

34

What are analogous structures?

35

What is an example of homologous structures?

Bacteria and VirusesBacteria and Viruses

Virus Structure

Label the structures and match them to their function (What they do)

A. DNA or RNA

B. Protein Coat or Capsid

C. Tail SHeath

1. Helps the virus attach

2. Instructions a virus carries

3. Protective covering

Bacteria Structure

Label the structures

A. DNA

B. Nucleus

C. Cell Wall

D. Flagellum

E. Pili

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

Match these letters to the correct steps and cycles

A. Lytic Cycle

B. Lysogenic Cycle

C. Bacteriophage attaches and inserts DNA

D. Host cell produces more bacteriophage

E. Bacteriophage DNA joins host cell DNA

F. Bacteriophage escape by bursting host cell

Classifying BacteriaLabel the shapes

A. Coccus

B. Spirilla

C. Bacillus

Review Questions

1) Unlike Chemoautotrophs, Photoautotrophs get their energy…

a) Directly from the sun b) directly from inorganic molecules

c) Directly from food d) directly from other moleculesorganisms

2) The term that is not closely related to the others is

a) Eubacteria b) bacteria

c) Prokaryote d) Eukaryote

Review Questions3) Certain viruses called _______ viruses cause cancer in

animals

a) Bacteriophage b) oncogenic

c) AIDS c) Prophage

4) Bacteria help the environment by

a) Carrying out photosynthesis

b) Recycling nutrients

c) Nitrogen fixation

d) All of the above

Review Questions5) Bacteriophage infect

a) Other viruses c) bacteria onlyc) any available host d) cells undergoing the lytic

cycle

Answers…Answers…

Virus Structure

Label the structures and match them to their function (What they do)

A. DNA or RNA

B. Protein Coat or Capsid

C. Tail SHeath

1. Helps the virus attach

2. Instructions a virus carries

3. Protective covering

A

B

C

Bacteria Structure

Label the structures

A. DNA

B. Nucleus

C. Cell Wall

D. Flagellum

E. Pili

E

C

DA

Bacteria don’t have a nucleus and flagella are longer than pili

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

Match these letters to the correct steps and cycles

A. Lytic Cycle

B. Lysogenic Cycle

C. Bacteriophage attaches and inserts DNA

D. Host cell produces more bacteriophage

E. Bacteriophage DNA joins host cell DNA

F. Bacteriophage escape by bursting host cell

A B

C

D E

F

Classifying BacteriaLabel the shapes

A. Coccus

B. Spirilla

C. Bacillus

A

CB

Review Questions

1) Unlike Chemoautotrophs, Photoautotrophs get their energy…

a) Directly from the sun b) directly from inorganic molecules

c) Directly from food d) directly from other moleculesorganisms

2) The term that is not closely related to the others is

a) Eubacteria b) bacteria

c) Prokaryote d) Eukaryote

A, B, and C are all bacteria. A Eukaryote has a true (eu) Nucleus (karyote). Bacteria don’t have a nucleus

Photo means light. Photoautorophs make their own energy from light. How do chemoautotrophs get energy?

Review Questions3) Certain viruses called _______ viruses cause cancer in

animals

a) Bacteriophage b) oncogenic

c) AIDS c) Prophage

4) Bacteria help the environment by

a) Carrying out photosynthesis

b) Recycling nutrients

c) Nitrogen fixation

d) All of the above

To cause (gen) cancer (onco)=> onco-genic

Look back at your notes and homework, these are listed

Review Questions5) Bacteriophage infect

a) Other viruses c) bacteria onlyc) any available host d) cells undergoing the lytic

cycle

Things to study(Look at your notes and homework)

Structures of bacteria and viruses The difference between Lytic and

Lysogenic cycle How to classify bacteria

– What makes them different from others

How do viruses get us sick How are bacteria useful