BELLWORK1. What was the role of religion in the colonies? How did it differ

between Spanish and British colonies? (pg.20)

2. Describe Portugal’s motives for exploration.

3. How was Portuguese rule different than Spanish rule?

4. How did the Portuguese treat the indigenous populations in the regions they conquered?

5. Why was the New World named after a Portuguese explorer and not Columbus (Spain)?

6. THINKER: Why was Portugal an early leader in exploration? If they were so advanced, why didn’t they have more colonies in the Americas?

Portuguese map of division: 1502

Portuguese Colonization• Why was Portugal the early leader of exploration? If

they were so powerful, why did they have less colonies in comparison to England and Spain?

• Joao Fernandes Lavrador visited the North Atlantic coast to establish fishing grounds

• Claimed Newfoundland and Labrador for Portugal – unsuccessful in maintaining control so they abandoned their

land to focus on South America

• Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal

Portuguese Exploration

Red – actual possessions

Orange – areas of influence; trade

Olive/Blue – areas of exploration

Green – trading posts

Pink – places of rule w/ self-government

Portuguese map of Brazil: 1519

Portuguese Control• Once established, the Portuguese

government divided their territory into Captaincy colonies

• These individual colonies were autonomous, and each was owned and run by a Captain-major

• Unlike other colonies, Portuguese rule was relatively relaxed

• Instead of focusing on control, Portugal aimed to provide a steady income for the Empire…….. mercantile colonies

• Ruled by race• After conquering indigenous populations,

they decided to align with the natives in sugar production

Portuguese Empire

Ruled with a thalassocracy: a state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea; naval strength

French Control of the Americas• In 1524, under the rule of King

Francis I, Italian-born Giovanni da Verrazano explored the region between Florida and Newfoundland– Route to the Pacific Ocean– Wealth from resources (fur, lumber,

fish)• In 1534, Francis sent Jacques

Cartier on three voyages to explore the Eastern coast of Canada

• Established colonies in Eastern Canada, central U.S. and the Caribbean

French Control• Originally, King Francis maintained strict

control of the colonies (taxes & trade)• New France had a rather small population

– emphasis on fur trade NOT agricultural settlements

• Slave ownership by the French was high, especially in the Caribbean (racial division)

• Since the majority of slaves worked on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, a lot of uprisings started here– French colonies, like Haiti, gained

independence through slave revolts• Relied heavily on friendly relations with

First Nations

– Needed their supply of fur and control of trade posts

• Under pressure from religious orders to convert to Christianity

French Control • New France was far behind the

British North American colonies in both population and economic development

• By 1763, France had lost most of their territory to England in a series of six colonial wars (French-Indian War & Seven Years War)

• Continued resentment amongst the British/French colonists and governments

DISCUSSIONWith regards to European colonial powers…..

• Who ruled with the strictest/harshest policies?

• Who had the most oppressive societal divisions?

• Who was most interested in resources/wealth?

• Who was most interested in establishing habitable land?

• Who would YOU rather be under the control of?

Review Game• Colonial control!!!

Review: European control• We are going to play a short review game over the European

powers and their control of the colonies. • FOUR CORNERS: Each corner is labeled with one of the four

European powers.• A question will appear on the board and you have 20 seconds

to move to the corner that corresponds with the answer.• If you get it right….yay! You’re still in the game. If you get it

wrong…..yikes! You’re out!• If everyone picks the same answer, you must then chose RED

or BLACK, and your fate will be decided by luck of the draw!

1

• Which European power based society off of class?

• Wealth = POWER!

2

• Which European power did NOT have claims in Canada?

3

• Passed the Navigation Acts to restrict trade within their colonies

4

• Cartier and Verrazano were the main explorers for which European power?

5

• Had a specific racial hierarchy that divided their colonies

6

• Cabral explored the eastern part of South America and claimed territory for ___________?

7

• This European power was mostly motivated by rumors of gold and silver in the Americas, but also wanted to find a faster trade route to the Indies.

8

• Ruled the Americas through captaincy colonies

9

• Originally had the most territory in the Americas, but lost most of it after a series of wars.

10

• William Penn and Henry Hudson helped establish colonies for this European power

11• Under the Habsburg monarchy, the King kept strict control of the colonies and allowed little freedom

12

• Comparatively to the other three European powers, which country was the most relaxed with their rule?

13

• Explorers motivated by resources; like fur, lumber, fishing grounds

14

• Explorers of this European country were motivated by fertile farm land and the availability of water for trade/travel

15

• Which European power did NOT use the Natives for economic benefit?

Historical analysis: evaluating OPVL• When reading a historical source, it would be helpful if you were to think of

yourself as being in the position of the investigators, defense, prosecution, jury and judge in a criminal trial. That is, you should be concerned with the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

• To achieve this, you will need to be as rigorous, as precise, and as logical in your examination and evaluation of evidence as the participants in any trial.

• While reading a source, you should always determine:– O: origin– P: purpose– V: value– L: limitation

OPVL Guidelines• Summarize and provide an example of

each component!!!

Four Views on the Discovery of America

• For this activity, the class will be divided into four groups.• Each group will start at a different station and rotate through

all four.• At each station, there is a reading regarding the discovery of

the Americas.• Each reading has a different point of view and purpose.• It is your responsibility to evaluate the source! Think about

O.P.V.L.

Historical analysis: evaluating OPVL• For each source, you will do five things:

1. Summarize the main points/messages of the document.

2. Evaluate the origin of the document

3. Evaluate the purpose

4. Assess the value of the document

5. Assess any biases or limitations of the document

CLOSURE• For closure, write a two paragraph summary of the

different documents. Include:– In your opinion, which source was the most valuable? The

least? Why?– Are there similarities and differences between the

sources?– Which author’s viewpoint do you agree with the most?

Why?– Is there another viewpoint you think would be more

reliable?

Effects of Exploration - Columbian Exchange• Columbian Exchange: Exchange of animals,

plants, cultures, slaves, and diseases between the New World and the Old World.

• Started after the exploration of America• Traded crops and livestock• Diseases, especially smallpox, killed 50-90% of

Native populations.• First appearance of African slaves

Old World Native Plants• Citrus, apple, banana, mango, rice, wheat, coffee,

and onion.

New World Native Plants• Corn, tomato, potato, vanilla, rubber, cocoa,

and tobacco.

Smallpox

Colombian Exchange Reading1. Interactions between Columbus’ crew and the Taino2. Which Old World animals/plants created problems for

the New World? 3. Why did Europeans start using Africans as slaves

instead of natives?4. What do you think was the best Old World contribution

to the New World and vice versa?5. Do you think the “Colombian Exchange” was more of a

positive or negative development in world history? Explain!

Columbus’ Discovery• From the History of Latin America textbook, read the “Voyages

of Columbus” (pgs. 56-58) and discuss the following: 1. What were the Spaniards motives for colonization of the

Americas? 2. What was considered Columbus’ “obsession?” Why was this

goal important?3. Who finally agreed to fund Columbus’ voyage? What would he

receive in return?4. Where did Columbus finally land? How is this different than his

original plan?5. Explain the encounter between the Natives & Columbus and

his crew. How did Columbus attempt to appease the rebels?