BELLWORKBELLWORK1.1. Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton? How was she Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton? How was she

involved in the suffrage movement?involved in the suffrage movement?2.2. THINKER 1: Canada allows women to vote two years THINKER 1: Canada allows women to vote two years

prior to America. Why do you think they were ahead of prior to America. Why do you think they were ahead of the U.S. when it came to suffrage?the U.S. when it came to suffrage?

3.3. THINKER 2: Most Latin American countries do not grant THINKER 2: Most Latin American countries do not grant suffrage until the 1930’s (Mexico – 1953). Why do you suffrage until the 1930’s (Mexico – 1953). Why do you think they were so behind the U.S. and Canada when it think they were so behind the U.S. and Canada when it came to suffrage?came to suffrage?

4.4. THINKER 3: As you know, activism played a major role THINKER 3: As you know, activism played a major role in society/politics in the 1920’s. In your opinion, is a in society/politics in the 1920’s. In your opinion, is a radical approach, like protests/marches more effective radical approach, like protests/marches more effective (Alice Paul & WEB Dubois) or is it more efficient to use (Alice Paul & WEB Dubois) or is it more efficient to use a “turn the other cheek” approach (Carrie Catt & a “turn the other cheek” approach (Carrie Catt & Booker T. Washington)? Explain!Booker T. Washington)? Explain!

African Americans Post-African Americans Post-WWIWWI

From Reconstruction to the From Reconstruction to the Great MigrationGreat Migration

DiscussionDiscussion

After the Civil War and After the Civil War and Reconstruction, blacks are now Reconstruction, blacks are now freedmen and are granted voting freedmen and are granted voting rights. If this was the case, how did rights. If this was the case, how did so many people/groups/states get so many people/groups/states get away with continued discrimination away with continued discrimination and violence directed at blacks? and violence directed at blacks?

Reconstruction Reconstruction

Success or Failure…….. YOU Success or Failure…….. YOU DECIDE!DECIDE!

Reconstruction SuccessesReconstruction Successes 1313thth Amendment Amendment: outlawed slavery: outlawed slavery Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866: gave citizenship to : gave citizenship to

African Americans & guaranteed equal protection African Americans & guaranteed equal protection under law. under law.

1414thth Amendment Amendment: prevented states from denying : prevented states from denying rights to any U.S. citizenrights to any U.S. citizen

1515thth Amendment Amendment: Gives all citizens the right to : Gives all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or former servitudevote regardless of race, color, or former servitude

New rights/freedomsNew rights/freedoms: land ownership, education: land ownership, education Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau: gave clothing, medical : gave clothing, medical

supplies, education, and meals to black and supplies, education, and meals to black and white war refugees. white war refugees.

Enforcement Act of 1870:Enforcement Act of 1870: "banned the use of "banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting because of their race"voting because of their race"

Reconstruction FailuresReconstruction Failures Resurgence of the KKKResurgence of the KKK: targeting African Americans, : targeting African Americans,

immigrants, communists, and radicals led to the KKK’s immigrants, communists, and radicals led to the KKK’s new popularity (peak membership – 1924)new popularity (peak membership – 1924)

PovertyPoverty: unemployment, lack of gov. aide: unemployment, lack of gov. aide Black CodesBlack Codes: laws restricting the rights of newly freed : laws restricting the rights of newly freed

blacks; such as, contract negotiation, travel, weapons, blacks; such as, contract negotiation, travel, weapons, voting and property ownership. (some states were more voting and property ownership. (some states were more radical)radical)

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws: started public segregation: started public segregation Plessey vs. Ferguson (1896):Plessey vs. Ferguson (1896): implemented the implemented the

““separate but equal”separate but equal” clause into law clause into law States refusalStates refusal to comply with Federal laws to comply with Federal laws Lynching:Lynching: public execution, usually by mob, without a public execution, usually by mob, without a

trialtrial US vs. Cruikshank (1875):US vs. Cruikshank (1875): Reconstruction amendments Reconstruction amendments

only applied to state governments and NOT individuals only applied to state governments and NOT individuals

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws 1876-19651876-1965 Included the segregation of public schools, transportation, Included the segregation of public schools, transportation,

restrooms & restaurants. The U.S. military was also restrooms & restaurants. The U.S. military was also segregatedsegregated

The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to “Jump Jim Crow” a song-and-dance caricature attributed to “Jump Jim Crow” a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by a white actor in blackface, which first of blacks performed by a white actor in blackface, which first surfaced in 1832. "Jim Crow" had become a derogatory surfaced in 1832. "Jim Crow" had become a derogatory expression by 1838. expression by 1838.

YearYear MembershipMembership

19201920 3,000,0003,000,000

19241924 4,000,0004,000,000

19301930 30,00030,000

19801980 5,0005,000

20082008 6,0006,000

Anti-Immigrant Rally; WV 1920Anti-Immigrant Rally; WV 1920

Anti-Immigrant March; NJ 1921Anti-Immigrant March; NJ 1921

KKK Initiation; DC 1923KKK Initiation; DC 1923

Sharecropping…..a success or failure?Sharecropping…..a success or failure? Sharecropping: system of agriculture Sharecropping: system of agriculture

in which a landowner allows a tenant in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land of the crops produced on the land

The landowner provided land, The landowner provided land, housing (a shack), tools and seed, housing (a shack), tools and seed, and perhaps a mule, and a local and perhaps a mule, and a local merchant loaned money for food and merchant loaned money for food and supplies. At harvest time the supplies. At harvest time the sharecropper received a share of the sharecropper received a share of the crop (from one-third to one-half), crop (from one-third to one-half), which paid off his debt to the which paid off his debt to the merchant. merchant.

Cost of production and price of sale Cost of production and price of sale were both largely controlled by the were both largely controlled by the land owner, (and heavily supervised) land owner, (and heavily supervised) with the sharecropper having little, if with the sharecropper having little, if any, profit. These factors made any, profit. These factors made sharecroppers dependent on the sharecroppers dependent on the plantation owners in a way that plantation owners in a way that perpetuated some of the aspects of perpetuated some of the aspects of slavery slavery

Sharecroppers after being evicted; 1926

Common Sharecropper’s Cabin

What do you think????What do you think????

Was Reconstruction more of a Was Reconstruction more of a success or failure???success or failure???

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration Between 1916 and 1920, half a million Between 1916 and 1920, half a million

African Americans left the south in search of African Americans left the south in search of jobs, better opportunities, and to escape jobs, better opportunities, and to escape racism. racism.

In the North, they took jobs as meatpackers, In the North, they took jobs as meatpackers, metalworkers, and autoworkers for more metalworkers, and autoworkers for more pay than they would’ve made in the South.pay than they would’ve made in the South.

This caused Northern urban centers to This caused Northern urban centers to become more populated. become more populated.

Some northern whites were mad they had Some northern whites were mad they had to share power and opportunity with African to share power and opportunity with African Americans and eventually led to the 1920’s Americans and eventually led to the 1920’s race riots. race riots.

Chicago Race Riots: 1919Chicago Race Riots: 1919

Washington Race Riot: 1920Washington Race Riot: 1920

African American ActivistsAfrican American Activists For the rest of today’s class, you will be divided For the rest of today’s class, you will be divided

into four groups. Each group will be assigned an into four groups. Each group will be assigned an activist: activist: W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey

Today, your group will read a primary source Today, your group will read a primary source written by your activist and discuss it’s written by your activist and discuss it’s meaning/purposemeaning/purpose

Tomorrow, your group will lead a discussion Tomorrow, your group will lead a discussion about your activist and primary source. about your activist and primary source.

Things I expect in your discussion Things I expect in your discussion presentation……presentation……

Background of the activistBackground of the activist Involvement in the movementInvolvement in the movement Summarize the message of the document and Summarize the message of the document and

how it relates to their beliefs how it relates to their beliefs Everyone will have copies, so you can refer to specific Everyone will have copies, so you can refer to specific

passages or quotespassages or quotes Pose 1-2 questions to discuss with the class Pose 1-2 questions to discuss with the class

(thinkers)(thinkers) Take on the role of a teacher! Take on the role of a teacher! 10-15 minutes per group10-15 minutes per group Make sure you know about your activist! This may Make sure you know about your activist! This may

require extra research tonight. require extra research tonight.

W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey A Jamaican-born A Jamaican-born

activist who urged activist who urged African Americans African Americans to return to to return to “Motherland Africa” “Motherland Africa” to create a self-to create a self-governing nation.governing nation.

Raised $10 million Raised $10 million for a steamship for a steamship that would take his that would take his followers back to followers back to the motherland. the motherland.

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey Garvey was Garvey was

deported to deported to Jamaica in 1927 Jamaica in 1927 for fraud charges.for fraud charges.

His message of His message of racial pride and racial pride and independence independence inspired later inspired later “black pride” “black pride” movements.movements.