Bellringer What are two differences between a presidential system and parliamentary system? ...
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Bellringer
What are two differences between a presidential system and parliamentary system? Executive Elections Legislature
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UK/ EU
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Objectives Agenda
Explain the structure of UK’s political parties& elections.
Discuss cleavages within the UK.
Examine the European Union.
1. Slide/notes2. EU Video & Article3. Closure
HOMEWORK: Study for test & annotated outline due
Today we will …
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Majority Minority
The Government Initiates policies The Cabinet & PM =
collective responsibility
MPs - backbenchers scrutinize & pass the laws
Loyal opposition Question the
Government & vote against things they disagree with
Shadow Cabinet Leader of opposing party
chooses ministers who will head cabinet departments when they eventually form a Gov.
Roles of Parties in the Parliament
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Election Results – Any Trends?
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2.5 Parties
Often considered two-party system, but Lib-Dems are a strengthening third party.
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Conservative Party
47% repPragmatic/Flexible/Well-OrganizedCenter-RightDavid Cameron, a Conservative, is current
PM.Compassionate Conservatism
Poverty, Environment, Social Justice, etc.
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Labour
39% repHistorically a blue-collar party, center-leftRebranded as “New Labor” under Blair,
wanted to open up to more than just unions/public sector.
More progressive today, turned away from “New” without returning to “Old”.
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Liberal-Democrats
8% repCenter-left & critic of New LabourErosion of civil liberties in post 9/11 & 7/7
world has played to Lib-Dems strengthNick Clegg is current leader, in 2008
campaigned by knocking on 1 million doors in the U.K.
Health Care & Education spending important to the party
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Regional Parties Other Parties
Scotland Labour and Nationalist Liberal Democrats (SNI)dominate Scotland
Wales Plaid Cymru
Northern Ireland Irish nationalism has led
to moderate growth in support for regional parties.(Sinn Fein)
Independence Party (UKIP)
British Nationalist Party
Official Monster Raving Loony Party
http://www.omrlp.com/
Other Parties
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Check for understanding
Conservative, Labour or Liberal-Dem?1. Trade unions & socialist groups2. Majority party from 1997-20103. Noblesse oblige & “Thatcherites”4. Wants proportional representation5. Cameron6. Clegg7. Miliband8. Shadow Cabinet9. The Government
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Elections
Prime Minister calls elections w/in 5 yearsGeneral elections solely for seats in House of
CommonsFirst Past the Post System
Most votes wins/winner take all Exaggerates scale of largest party
ALSO: elections for Devolved legislatures in the different nations Members of European Parliament (MEPs) – EU reps
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Political Participation
Liberal democracy, free and fair elections + Open Civil Society Legitimate: people vote and participate in other
waysParticipate through Political Parties and
Interest GroupsGender Gap
Women more likely to vote Labour Men more likely to vote Conservative
Young Voters Anti-war Less likely to vote (Sound familiar?)
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Under Representation
Representation in the Parliament remains mainly white men, but women/minority representation growing.
Both parties fight for urban & northern votes.Conservatives dominate rural.
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Check for understanding
Which or the following areas would be least likely to vote for a Labour MP? Liverpool Manchester Central London Scotland Rural England
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Interest Groups in Parliamentary System
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Corporatism
Society and economy of a country organized into major interest groups (corporations) by gov. Labor unions, agriculture, management, etc.
Representatives of those interest groups settle any problems through negotiation & joint agreement.
In contrast to a market economy which operates through competition, a corporate economy works through collective bargaining.
When was Britain corporatist?
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Neo-corporatism
Thatcher government in 1980s effectively froze the unions out of the decision making. Labor Unions lost public support Parties start to distance themselves- New Labour
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Quangos: Quasi- nongovernmental orgs.
Types of Interest Group Systems: Pluralist: many
compete (US) Corporatist:
government controls (China)
Neo-corporatist (UK & Mex- under PRI)
Policy advisory board appointed by the government (5,000) Advise Provide services
Policies are made by non-elected bodies
Disproportionate access Trade Unions Congress
(TUC) – Labour Confederation of British
Industry (CBI)– Conservative
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The Cleavages
Social class#1 cleavage
GeographicNorth-South
ReligiousSecular v.
official religion Anglican
Economic
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Social Movements & Policies
Inequality & Women Gender Gap
Distributional effectsChildhood PovertyInequality and Ethnic
MinoritiesSocial Unrest: what’s
the answer?
Some Policy Issues National Health Service Environment Adoption of the Euro? Constitutional Reform,
including the Lords (page 82)
Immigration and Asylum (page 83) Race and Religion
Terrorism/ War in Iraq (page 84)
Devolution (page 69) Ireland (page 81)
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Political Violence
Anti-war protests, especially with Blair <3 Bush- Iraq
Otherwise, minimal
Terrorism Irish Republic Army
Good Friday Accords London 7/7/05
bombings Killed 52 civilians and
4 bombers How has terrorism and
immigration affected British culture?
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Judicial Powers
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Judiciary
English ideas about justice have shaped those of many other modern democracies Trial by jury
However, parliamentary sovereignty limited the development of judicial review Courts have no power to judge the constitutionality of
legislative acts (judicial review) Court can determine policy directives or administrative
acts violate common law or an act of Parliament. By tradition, the courts would not impose rulings
on Parliament, the PM, or the cabinet
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EU Led to Reforms
Britain is bound by EU treaties and laws, it is the judges responsibility to interpret them and determine whether or not EU laws conflict with parliamentary statutes.
Many conflicts between supranational & national laws. Sex Discrimination Act of 1986 Human Rights Act of 1998 1999- The European Court on Human Rights ruled
that Britain may not exclude gays and lesbians from serving in the military under EU law
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2009 – Supreme Court
2009, Supreme Court took the power as the highest court of appeal from House of Lords
12 Justices, appointed by independent boardFinal court of appeals in cases across the country
(except Scotland)Explicitly separate from both Government &
Parliament Political-ness
Judges can head up special commissions Separation from Parliament may lead to more isolation of
judges from Parliament and thus political attack Courts must abide by European Court of Justice
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No judicial review but …
Can nullify government actions if they are judged to exceed powers granted by Act of Parliament Common law & statutory law
Parliament is
Sovereignty
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Check for understanding
The policy making power of Britain’s Supreme Court and the function of judicial review are limited mainly by?
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European Union
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European Union
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O37yJBFRrfg&feature=player_embedded
EU Review Sheet Why formed? Treaty that began it? Policy areas? Democratic deficit? Qualified majority? How is the EU’s role changing?
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What is the European Union?
• Supranational organization = an organization that transcends national boundaries
• Membership– Stable and functioning
democratic regime– Market oriented
economy– Willingness to accept all
EU laws and regulations
EU Enlargement
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1991 Maastricht Treaty
Purpose• Origins- 1949
Council of Europe to repair European economies after the war
• 1991- reduce trade barriers
• Developed the European Union
Established• European
Citizenship (free movement)
• ECB European Central Bank- Common Currency (Euro)
• Three pillars of authority (policy powers)
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Three pillars
The European Union
The Treaties
European Community
domain (most of common policies)
Common foreign and
security policy
Police and judicial
cooperation in criminal
matters
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The EU – a major trading power
Share of world trade in goods (2006)
Share of world trade in services (2005)
Others50.5%
EU17.1%
United States16%
Japan6.6%
China9.6%
Others44.9%
EU26%
United States18.4%
Japan6.9%
China3.8%
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EU Policy Areas• Trade (sets uniform standards for products and export decisions)• Monetary System (Euro currency/ central bank)• Justice (Cooperation among nations in fighting crime)• Labor (Sharing of workers freely between countries)• Agriculture (subsidies and agricultural planning, most of the
budget)• Human Rights (requires elimination of death penalty and sets other
standards of human rights)• Foreign and military policy (currently by far the weakest areas of
EU)
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EU & UK- Read article• The United Kingdom is a member BUT …• UK has opted out of the monetary system (Euro
Currency) keeping the pound as its currency & maintaining control over its economy, including the setting of interest rates.
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Should a country use the shared currency?
For EURO• European solidarity• Economic advantages:
transition costs, competing with the EU,
• Larger market for goods
• Easier access to markets
Against EURO• Psychological
attachment to currency
• Nationalism• Sovereignty issues• Loss of control over
interest rates• UK economy was
stronger than the whole.
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Supranational Influences• Cautious attitude because of insularity• Sovereignty of the UK is threatened by the EU
treaties and Courts• Economically
– United Kingdom has not adopted the Euro– 80% of the rules governing economic life in
Britain are determined by the EU• An increasing amount of ministers & senior
civil servants are absorbed by EU agenda and directives
• Foreign and Security policy
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Impact of the EU
• Has become increasingly powerful & increasingly likely to impact member countries’ sovereignty. – Court of Justice has the ability to declare member states
laws unconstitutional.• Democratic deficit: the lack of citizen’s
understanding of the EU. – Most policy elites support further integration, while citizens
largely mistrust the organization. – Many decisions are increasingly being made by
bureaucrats and not elected officials. • Court of Justice: ability to declare member states
laws unconstitutional
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Check for understanding
What are arguments for joining the European Union?
Arguments against joining the European Union?
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Current discussions Enlarge the EU?
• Larger EU more influence in trade negotiations with the rest of the world.
• Cheaper labor in the new EU states will attract businesses from developed west.
• New and diverse markets• Help promote political
stability in new member states
Challenges• Trade disputes with
nonmember countries• Discrepancies in economic
power between member states
• Pressure from nonmember states to join the EU
• Challenges to EU’s authority by nationalist sentiment w/in member states
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CLOSURE
Describe three challenges to Parliamentary sovereignty in the UK.
HOMEWORK: Study for Test Complete Annotated Outline Revise Source List, if necessary (last chance!)