Bell work

• What things come to mind when you hear the word “GUN”?

Chapter 29 The Vietnam War Era

“How did the United States confront communism in East Asia

after the Korean War?”

Origins of the Vietnam War Section 1

• “Why did the U.S. become involved in Vietnam?”

• Vocabulary: -Ho Chi Minh SEATO -domino theory Vietcong -Dien Bien Phu -Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

Vietnam

History of Vietnam • Ruled by China from 111

BC until the early 10th century

• Independent from 938 AD until the mid 1800’s when it was colonized by France along with the rest of Indochina (Laos, Cambodia)

• French rule was very harsh

French Rule

• The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.

• A Western-style system of modern education was developed, and Roman Catholicism was propagated widely in Vietnamese society.

• Most of the French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in the southern third of Vietnam based around the city of Saigon.

Vietnamese Nationalism • Developing a plantation economy to promote the

export of tobacco, indigo, tea and coffee, the French largely ignored increasing calls for Vietnamese self-government and civil rights.

• A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders such as Ho Chi Minh fighting or calling for independence.

Japanese Occupation

• The French maintained control of their colonies until World War II, when the war in the Pacific led to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in 1941.

• With the defeat of France in Europe in 1940, the French were forced to surrender control of French Indochina to Japan.

• The natural resources of Vietnam were exploited for the purposes of the Japanese Empire's military campaigns.

Bell Work

• Discuss with your groups: Why do you think Eisenhower and Truman supported French efforts against Ho Chi Minh?

The Viet Minh • In 1941, the Viet Minh – a communist and

nationalist liberation movement – emerged under the Ho Chi Minh, who sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation.

• Following the military defeat of Japan in August 1945, the Viet Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.[

The French Return

• In the same year (1945), France sent troops to pacify the Vietnamese liberation movement and to restore French colonial rule.

• On 23 November 1946, French vessels bombarded the port city of Haiphong, and the Viet Minh's guerrilla campaign against French forces began soon after.

• The resulting First Indochina War lasted until 20 July 1954.

American Involvement • 1954, Vietnam divided into

North and South • Ho Chi Minh, a communist,

controlled the North • Ngo Dinh Diem controlled the

South • Domino theory • Kennedy increased U.S.

advisors • Diem assassinated in Nov. 2,

1963. • Kennedy assassinated in Nov.

22,1963

Buddhist Priest Protests Diem

Leaders of the North and South

Ho Chi Minh

Ngo Dinh Diem

Lyndon Johnson Leads Nation into War

• Robert McNamara – Secretary of Defense • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – August, 1964 gave

Johnson control over U.S. actions in Vietnam • Johnson escalated American troops to over ½

million by 1968 • Tet Offensive, Jan. 30, 1968. Viet Cong

defeated, but turning point in American support for war

Classwork

• What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

• Do you agree with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? Why or why not?

U.S. Involvement Grows Section 2

• “What were the causes and effects of America’s growing involvement in the Vietnam War?”

• Vocabulary: -William Westmoreland hawk -napalm dove

The Brutality of the War

Leaders and Weapons

• Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara • General William Westmoreland • Both wanted to increase American troops • 6 million tons of bombs • Napalm – jellied gasoline • Agent Orange • Helicopter war • Enemy used guerrilla tactics – Ho Chi

Minh Trail to move supplies

Battlefield Conditions

• South Vietnamese were indifferent • Jungle fighting in elephant grass and rice

paddies • Leeches, fever, jungle rot, malaria, liver fluke • Viet Cong used tunnels, punji stakes, snares • Many civilian deaths from both sides • Agent orange, saturation bombing, napalm

Bell Work

• Describe the conditions in Vietnam.

Doubt Grows on the Home Front

• War weakens the economy -Great Society program was expensive • Rising prices and inflation • Antiwar movement emerged • Hawks supported Johnson’s war policy • Doves opposed his policy • Senator J. William Fulbright believed that

it was a civil war, not a Cold War conflict

The War Divides America Section 3

• “How did the American war effort in Vietnam lead to rising protests and social divisions back home?”

• Vocabulary: -draftee Tet Offensive -”Credibility gap” Eugene McCarthy -Robert Kennedy -Students for a Democratic Society

The War Divides America

Antiwar Protests Increase Main Idea: The use of the draft increased the opposition to the war, first on college campuses, but soon in other areas of the country as well. Tet Offensive Is the Turning Point Main Idea: The communist forces’ surprise attack called the Tet Offensive lessened the confidence of American leaders, despite the fact that the U.S troops had prevented the communist forces from achieving their goals. Violence Rocks 1968 Presidential Race Main Idea: 1968 was marked by the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and presidential candidate Robert Kennedy, violent protests at the Democratic Convention in Chicago, and Richard Nixon’s election as President.

Antiwar Protests Increase • Draft becomes unpopular – deferments were

given to college students and men in certain occupations

• Activism spreads on college campuses -Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Students clash with

authorities • “Credibility gap”

Americans began to distrust the Johnson administration

Student Protest

Tet Offensive

• Attack by North Vietnamese Army on positions all over South Vietnam

• American and South Vietnamese forces repelled the offensive, but it showed that the war would not be easily won

• Many Americans turned against the war • Johnson decided to not seek reelection in

1968

Bell work

• “How did the American war effort in Vietnam lead to rising protests and social divisions back home?”

Election of 1968

• Democratic candidate - Hubert Humphrey; Robert Kennedy was running, but was assassinated in a hotel on June 5, 1968

• Republican candidate – Richard Nixon • Protesters disrupt the Chicago Democratic

Convention; Chicago used police to beat activists

• Nixon wins the election, promising “peace with honor” in Vietnam

Can the United States Win the War in Vietnam? COMPARING VIEWPOINTS

Rising U.S. Involvement in Vietnam TRANSPARENCY

The War’s End and Impact Section 4

• How did the Vietnam War end and what were its lasting effects?

• Vocabulary: -Vietnamization Pentagon Papers -Kent State University My Lai -Paris Peace Accords War Powers Act

Nixon Starts the Pullout

• Peace talks stall • Vietnamization – U.S. forces withdraw as

ARVN troops assumed more combat duties

• Bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia

• Americans attacked Cambodia • Stirred antiwar activitists

U.S. Military Personnel in Vietnam CHART

Protesting the Vietnam War TRANSPARENCY

Kent State Protest over Cambodian

incursion • National Guard fired on

crowd, killing four students

• Demonstrations on other campuses

• Thousands demonstrated in support of Nixon

My Lai Massacre

• Lt. William Calley, Jr. • Villagers slain by Americans • Hugh Thompson, helicopter pilot stopped

killing

Pentagon Papers

• 1971 publication of Pentagon Papers, which were classified government history of American involvement in Vietnam

• Revealed that the government did not fully inform the American people and occasionally lied to Congress

American Troops Leave Vietnam

• October 1972, U.S. and North Vietnam came to terms.

• South Vietnam refused to sign • Americans bombed North Vietnam and in

January, 1973 Paris Peace Accords were signed

• 550 POWs returned, including John McCain

• 1975, Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese

The End of the War

French Indochina MAP

The Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial TRANSPARENCY

Reading Skill: Recognize Effects NOTE TAKING

PM TRANSPARENCY

Progress Monitoring Transparency

Nixon and the Cold War Section 5

• “How did Richard Nixon change Cold War diplomacy during his presidency?”

• Vocabulary: -Henry Kissinger realpolitik -Zhou Enlai détente -Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Nixon and the Cold War

Nixon Redefines American Foreign Policy Main Idea: While in office, Richard Nixon changed the way the United States looked at the world and developed new, less abstract, ideological approaches to the Cold War. Playing the China Card Main Idea: Nixon reached out to communist China and successfully developed diplomatic relations with the country that had previously been unrecognized by the United States. Détente With the Soviet Union Main Idea: Nixon visited the Soviet Union, where the two countries made steps toward agreements that would help reduce tensions between them.

Nixon Redefines American Foreign Policy

• Henry Kissinger was Nixon’s advisor • Realpolitik – “real politics” means political

goals should be defined by national interests not ideologies

• Nixon recognized Communist China and traveled to China to met Premier Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong

• Increased trade

Détente with the Soviet Union

• Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev invited Nixon to Moscow

• Signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, SALT I; it froze the deployment of ICBMs and placed limits on antiballistic missiles

• Nixon’s strategy was to be more flexible toward communism and be more pragmatic toward foreign policy

Reading Skill: Categorize NOTE TAKING

PM TRANSPARENCY

Progress Monitoring Transparency