Bell WorkBell Work1.1. What does it mean to be suspended in something?What does it mean to be suspended in something?

2.2. What is a mixture?What is a mixture?

3.3. What is the formula for molarity? If you are not What is the formula for molarity? If you are not sure, look it up in the Stoichiometry notes.sure, look it up in the Stoichiometry notes.

4.4. What is a solvent? How about a solute?What is a solvent? How about a solute?

5.5. What do you think a part per million is? What do you think a part per million is? 6.6. What does the word saturated mean?What does the word saturated mean?7.7. What does it mean to be soluble?What does it mean to be soluble?8.8. What do the prefixes un- and super- mean?What do the prefixes un- and super- mean?9.9. What can we do to make things dissolve faster?What can we do to make things dissolve faster?10.10. What do you think happens to the solubility of What do you think happens to the solubility of

gases when you increase temperature? What gases when you increase temperature? What about an increase of pressure?about an increase of pressure?

Reality CheckReality Check

½ piece of paper½ piece of paper

Don’t forget the back side!!!Don’t forget the back side!!!

Also, don’t forget to turn in Bell Work!!!Also, don’t forget to turn in Bell Work!!!

SolutionsSolutions

Key TermsKey Terms

A mixture that is the same throughout A mixture that is the same throughout

A mixture that is not the same throughoutA mixture that is not the same throughout

Another name for a homogenous mixtureAnother name for a homogenous mixture

A mixture in which the particles A mixture in which the particles spontaneously separate over timespontaneously separate over time

Homogeneous Mixture

Suspension

Solution

Heterogeneous Mixture

More Key TermsMore Key TermsIn a solution, the substance that dissolves In a solution, the substance that dissolves the other substancethe other substance

In a solution, the substance that is In a solution, the substance that is dissolveddissolved

Most common solventMost common solvent

Solutions in which water is the solventSolutions in which water is the solvent

Solvent

Solute

Water

Aqueous

A few more Key TermsA few more Key Terms

A stable heterogeneous mixture. It is A stable heterogeneous mixture. It is made up of tiny particles, that are too big made up of tiny particles, that are too big to make it a solution, but too small to to make it a solution, but too small to separate.separate.

Most have a _________ that keeps them Most have a _________ that keeps them from making bigger particles that would from making bigger particles that would settle out.settle out.

Example:Example:

ColloidCharge

Milk

Comparing the Mixture TypesComparing the Mixture TypesParticle Particle Size?Size?

See See Through?Through?

Settle Settle Out?Out?

Tyndall Tyndall Effect?Effect?

SolutionsSolutions

SuspensionsSuspensions

ColloidsColloids

Small

Large

Medium

Yes

No

No

Yes Yes

YesNo

No No

Tyndall EffectTyndall Effect – the phenomenon in which light is – the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path.scattered by very small particles in its path.

Dissolving ProcessDissolving Process

PolarityPolarity– The polarity of the solute and solvent has a The polarity of the solute and solvent has a

greatgreat impact on whether they will impact on whether they will dissolvedissolve – LikeLike dissolves dissolves likelike (polar dissolves polar) (polar dissolves polar)– MiscibleMiscible – two or more liquids that are able to – two or more liquids that are able to

dissolve into each other in various dissolve into each other in various proportions.proportions.

– ImmiscibleImmiscible – two or more liquids that do not – two or more liquids that do not mix with each other.mix with each other.

How to dissolve immiscible liquidsHow to dissolve immiscible liquids

A compound that concentrates at the A compound that concentrates at the boundary surface between two immiscible boundary surface between two immiscible phases. It has a polar end and a nonpolar phases. It has a polar end and a nonpolar end.end.

Example is a Example is a

Any mixture of two or more immiscible Any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispensed in liquids in which one liquid is dispensed in the other.the other.

Surfactant

detergent

Emulsion

Dissolving ProcessDissolving ProcessSurface areaSurface area– LargerLarger the surface area, the faster the solute will the surface area, the faster the solute will

dissolve (dissolve (lots of small pieces will dissolve faster lots of small pieces will dissolve faster than 1 big piecethan 1 big piece))

AgitationAgitation (stirring) (stirring) increasesincreases the rate of the rate of dissolvingdissolvingTemperatureTemperature– TemperatureTemperature affects solubility affects solubility– For solids and liquids, For solids and liquids, increaseincrease temperature = temperature =

increaseincrease in solubility in solubility– When gases are involved, an When gases are involved, an increaseincrease in in

temperature = temperature = decreasedecrease in solubility. in solubility.

Solubility can be determined by Solubility can be determined by a a SolubilitySolubility Graph Graph

SaturationSaturationA solution that cannot dissolve any more A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the current conditions.solute under the current conditions.

A solution that contains less solute than a A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution and is able to dissolve saturated solution and is able to dissolve additional solute.additional solute.

A solution that contains more solute than A solution that contains more solute than what is required to reach equilibrium at a what is required to reach equilibrium at a given temperaturegiven temperature

Saturated solution

Unsaturated solution

Supersaturated solution

Henry’s LawHenry’s LawThe law that states that at constant The law that states that at constant temperaturetemperature, the , the solubilitysolubility of a gas in a of a gas in a liquid is liquid is directlydirectly proportional to the partial proportional to the partial pressurepressure of the gas on the surface of the of the gas on the surface of the liquid.liquid.

In other words, the In other words, the higherhigher the pressure of the pressure of the gas, the the gas, the higherhigher its solubility. its solubility.

Brownian MotionBrownian MotionThe The randomrandom movement of microscopic movement of microscopic particles particles suspendedsuspended in a fluid. in a fluid.

Concentration EquationsConcentration Equations

MolarityMolarity– MolesMoles solute per solute per literliter solution, so M=mol/L solution, so M=mol/L– Special Molarity formula for Special Molarity formula for dilutiondilution problems: problems:

MM11VV11=M=M22VV22

MolalityMolality– MolesMoles solute per solute per kgkg solvent, so solvent, so mm=mol/kg=mol/kg

Parts per millionParts per million– gg solute per solute per 1,000,000 g1,000,000 g solution, so solution, so ppm = ppm =

mass (grams)/mass (grams) x 1000000mass (grams)/mass (grams) x 1000000

ExamplesExamples

5.85 grams of NaCl are added to enough 5.85 grams of NaCl are added to enough water to make 500 mL of solution. What is water to make 500 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?the molarity of the solution?

You need to make 500 mL of 3.0 M HCl. You need to make 500 mL of 3.0 M HCl. How much 12.0 M HCl would you need?How much 12.0 M HCl would you need?

ExamplesExamples

30.0 grams of zinc is dissolved into 440 30.0 grams of zinc is dissolved into 440 grams of gold. What is its molality? grams of gold. What is its molality?

Helium gas, 3.0 x 10Helium gas, 3.0 x 10-4-4 g, is dissolved in g, is dissolved in 200.0 g of water. Express this 200.0 g of water. Express this concentration in parts per million.concentration in parts per million.

HomeworkHomework

WorksheetWorksheet

Today’s LabToday’s Lab

You will have to boil a large amount of You will have to boil a large amount of water for this crystal formation lab. So, fill water for this crystal formation lab. So, fill up the beaker with tap water and start up the beaker with tap water and start heating it.heating it.

While you wait, use 1 or 2 pipe cleaners to While you wait, use 1 or 2 pipe cleaners to make a small shape that can be make a small shape that can be suspended in a cup with room on the top suspended in a cup with room on the top and bottom.and bottom.