Bell Ringer

• What is globalization?

• What do you think the biggest unifying factor of the world is today?

• What do you think the first unifying factor of the world was?

Bell Ringer

• What things can tell the age of a map?

• What superhero do you think will be most common on superhero day?

Bell Ringer

• What disease messed up Europe during the 1300s?

• What is a Nation State?

• Why did European countries want to avoid the Middle East?

Bell Ringer

• What is a nation state?

• What were the main nation states of the Exploration period?

• What is the Somerset Mission?

Bell Ringer

• Who is Vasco De Gama?

• What is the Northwest Passage?

• Who is Henry Hudson?

Bell Ringer

• Who was the first captain to circumnavigate the globe?

• What is a conquistador?

• What is the Columbian Exchange?

Bell Ringer

• What is the Triangle Trade?

• What is the Columbian Exchange?

• What do you think will be the hardest topic for the midterm exam?

Somerset MissionSomerset Academy, Inc. promotes a culture that maximizes scholar

achievement and fosters the development of responsible, self-

directed, life-long learners in a safe& enriching environment.

CH 13: Toward a Global Economy

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1489

1550

Early 1770

Changes in Europe• In the 1300s the Black

Death had hit Europe hard killing a large portion of society.

• By 1400s Europe started to recover, and would lead to the first global age in history

• These changes would be in economics and politics

Economic Changes• Strong trading centers from

Northern & Southern Europe developed firm relationships

• Southern Europe became rich by trading luxury goods they received from Asia– Venice & Genoa

• Northern Europe became rich by trading bulk goods: grain, wheat, furs, beeswax, honey– Hanseatic League

• In the 1300s these regions would only trade at large fairs that they both happened to be at

• However, these occasional meetings didn’t prove enough, and developed into regular trade between the North & South

Political Change• Throughout the 14-1500s

Nation-State would appear• These new states would be

sovereign, self governing and independent

• The new kings would often take power away from local nobles and the Church– France, Spain, Portugal, England,

& Netherlands

• These 5 States were all located on the Atlantic– Good because they all could make long distant

voyages – Bad because it meant the 5 needed to compete

with one another. Competition led to• each country coming up with new ideas to

beat their competitors. (Improved BOATS)• working with banks and businesses to finance

over seas adventures. These business relations could be guaranteed a new market if they succeeded• Increase warfare between the nations

(Hundred Years War) which led to military innovation as well

Exploration• The first state to embrace

exploration was Portugal• The Portuguese hoped to find

gold in Western Africa, and did.• Idealists saw an opportunity to

bypass the Muslim and Italian traders if they could find their own way to Asia.– How was this possible?

Prince Henry the Navigator• Henry was the third son of the

King of Portugal• Henry would be responsible for

one of the first sailing schools, and compilation of sailing knowledge

• He would also personally sponsor numerous sailing expeditions.

• His explorers were responsible for finding the sea route to India– 1498, Vasco de Gama reaches India

• The discovery of these routes would lead to increased knowledge and exploration– 1500, Pedro Cabral finds Brazil (To a degree by

accident as he was blown very very very off course)

Reasons for Exploration1. Try to avoid the Muslims2. New ships, caravels, made it

possible to sail farther3. Affinity for Asia items4. Religion– Europeans wanted to bring Christianity to non-

Christians– They believed they were saving people’s souls– They also believed that if Christianity did not

spread Muslims would hold all the good trading routes, and that couldn’t happen

1492• Before Da Gama reached India an

Italian Sailor working for Spain had a crazy idea.

• He claimed that one could reach Asia faster by sailing west than going east.

• This Sailor was Christopher Columbus.

• When he reached the Bahamas he called the native inhabitants Indians as he thought he has reached India

Treaty of Tordesillas• Spain claimed the land, and the unfound land,

as their property• This greatly alarmed the Portugese• These two nations would divide the lands up

in the Treaty of Tordesillas

America• An Italian trader would make two

voyages to the new world, once for Spain & once for Portugal (1499/1501)

• He would write extensively about what he saw

• In 1507 a mapmaker would divide the new world into two large land masses, and called them North & South “America” after the sailor: Amerigo Vespucci

Conquistadors • Spain continued to send people to North America, and eventually sent small armies to fight the natives (Conquistadors)

• Hernan Cortez would kill more than 100,000 in his conquest of the Aztec Empire

• Francisco Pizarro would conquer the Inca empire

• Both men took over these empires for their large gold and silver supplies

The Rest of Europe

• The Spanish were the first to North America, but eventually the other European Powers started to catch up.

• English– John Cabot would attempt to

find an all water route to Asia (North West Passage). He found large amounts of fish, but no passage

– The search for the “North West Passage” became the focus of many explorers.

• French– Jacques Cartier would sail the

Saint Lawrence River in an attempt to get around the Americas. Based on his exploration France would claim Canada

• Netherlands– Henry Hudson would sail into

Canada thinking he had found the Northwest passage, but he really only found Hudson Bay.

– It took him 1 year to determine he had found a bay, and not an all water passage to Asia.

Northwest Passage

• Spain– Ferdinand Magellan decided that “Northwest” wasn’t the

way to go.– Instead he decides to go South, and makes it around South

America and all the way across the Pacific.– He then dies in an attack in the Philippines, but his crew

makes it back to Europe– They become the first people to circumnavigate the globe.

Magellan (& Del Cano) Voyage

American Colonies• The Spanish had successfully

claimed the islands of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America

• The Americas were initially colonized by the Spanish.

• King Phillip IV of Spain’s main goal was to use the area for it’s large supply of gold and silver.

Reasons for going to the Americas

• King Phillip IV of Spain’s main goal:– Use the area for its large

supply of gold and silver.– Use the area for its large

supply of sugar cane– Use the area to export exotic

woods• Brazilwood is a type of

wood that grows in Brazil, but is also used to produce red dye

Increasing Conflicts• Despites the Popes best laid

plans things started to fail.• By the late 1500s the English,

French, & Dutch started to colonize North America as well!!!– French- Canada– English-Virginia & New England– Dutch- New Amsterdam (New

York)• The English and Dutch would

then do the only logical thing… rob Spanish ships full of gold and silver.

Impact on the Locals• There was all ready a native

population on the American Continents when the Spanish “discovered” the land

• The increased number of Europeans meant an increased number of diseases, and the native peoples had NO natural immunity to it

• The time period when the American Indians were exposed to smallpox, measles, etc and suffered large scale death is known as the Great Dying.

Trans-Atlantic Slave System• As a result of the Great Dying, a new

labor force was required in North America.

• For a while indentured servants (from Europe) were used.

• Indentured servants would work for a contracted period of time in exchange for food, clothing, shelter, and passage to the New World

• While this system temporarily worked, many indentured servants faired no better than the American Indians.

African Slaves• The Portuguese noticed that

Africans seemed better suited to the hot weather and dangerous work unlike Europeans.

• Since the Portuguese controlled this trading passage they started to sell slaves.

• From 1600-1650 250,000 slaves would be sold to the Spanish colonies, and another 150,000 to Brazil

• Eventually the English, French, and Dutch would establish their own slave trade

Triangle Trade• This cycle of trade where slaves

were moved from Africa to the Americas, raw products were moved from the Americas to Europe, and finished products were moved from Europe to Africa became known as Triangle Trade.

• This system of trade helped to make the slave trade extremely profitable, therefore the more slaves sold the better.

Columbian Exchange• All of this increase trade between the old

world (Europe) and the new world (Americas)• The exchange of plants, animals, disease, and

resources between these two countries became known as the Columbian Exchange

European in the Indies

• The Portuguese, with the first all water route to China, would establish trading posts along the way.

• The furthest post established was Macau

• The other powers would start to compete, and eventually England would become a major player in China as well (Hong Kong)

New Economics

• Mercantilism: an economic theory that favors self-sufficiency and the stock piling of important resources

• Capitalism: an economic system where all resources are privately owned and based on supply and demand

• Entrepreneurism: a person willing to risk their own wealth when starting a business

• All of the changes and development brought on by increase exploration, trade, Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment will help to spur Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution.