Bell Ringer What is Chemistry? How does affect your life?
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Transcript of Bell Ringer What is Chemistry? How does affect your life?
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Bell Ringer
What is Chemistry?
How does affect
your life?
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Matter
Matter is anything that:Has mass &Takes up space
What is Matter?
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Different materials different properties
different materials have different compositions (i.e. different stuff)
Clothing labels no cleaning process works for
all materials.
Matter
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Matter is divided into 2 categories:
Matter
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Matter that always has exactly the same composition.
Every sample has the same properties
Examples: Table salt and table sugar
Pure Substances
Two categories of pure substances:
• Elements
• Compounds.
Matter
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Matter
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Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Fixed compositionContains only one type of atom.
The atoms of each element are unique.
Elements (First Category of Pure Substances)
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Examples of Elements you may have heard of:
Aluminum - Most soft drink cans made from it.
Carbon - main element in pencil marks.
Oxygen and Nitrogen - main gases in the air.
Bromine and Mercury - two elements that are liquids at room temperature
(Most elements are solids at room temperature.)
Elements
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Symbols for Elements
Chemical symbols have one or two lettersFirst letter is always CAPITALIZED
If there is a second letter, it is lower case
•C represents carbon.
•Al represents aluminum.
•Au represents gold.
(The Latin name for gold is aurum)
Elements
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Symbols for Elements are universal
Even when the names are different in different languages
N is the symbol for the element we (American English speakers) call nitrogen:
French word is azote
German word is stickstoff
Spanish word is nitrógeno in Mexico.
Elements
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Pictures of pure elements you might encounter
(most elements are not found in pure form)
Elements
Aluminum Carbon Gold Iodine
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A compound contains two or more elements joined in a fixed proportion.
Compounds (Second Category of Pure Substances)
Compound is:•Made from two or more simpler substances•Can be chemically broken down into those simpler substances.
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Properties of a compound are different from those of the substances from which it is made.
Example: Water – composed of H and O.
• Oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room temperature
•Water is a liquid at room temp.
• Hydrogen can fuel a fire
• Oxygen can keep a fire burning
•Water does not burn
Compounds
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Another Example:
Sodium Chloride, composed of Na and
Cl. (common table salt)
•Sodium and Chlorine are highly reactive, toxic (poisonous) materials.
•Sodium Chloride is necessary for life
Compounds
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Matter
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If you make salsa, a recipe can guide you. You can use exactly the amounts in the recipe, or you can adjust the ingredients to your own taste. Salsa is a mixture. Each batch may be slightly different.
Mixtures
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Composition of a mixture is not fixed.The properties of a mixture are less constant than the properties of a substance.
The properties of a mixture can vary
May vary in different parts of the mixture.
May vary when made at different times.
Some properties of the individual substances may be retained.
Mixtures
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Heterogeneous
Mixture substances are noticeably different from one another.
Homogeneous
Substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance from another.
Two Types of Mixtures
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Two Types of Mixtures
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The sand is a heterogeneous mixture of different kinds of grains. The spoon is stainless steel, a homogeneous mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel.
Mixtures - Heterogeneous Example
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Mixtures are classified based on size of largest particles
a solution (homogeneous)
a suspension (heterogeneous)
a colloid (it depends!)
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
• The size of the particles in a mixture has an effect on the properties of the mixture.
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Mixtures
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SolutionDissolves
(tiniest particles are thoroughly mixed together)
Homogeneous mixtureSolute – the substance that is dissolved.
Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving.
Example: Lemonade
The sugar and lemon juice are solutes
The water is the solvent
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
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Solubility = substances’ ability to dissolve.
Soluble means it will dissolve.
Example, Salt is soluble in water.
Insoluble means it will NOT dissolve.
Example, Oil is insoluble in water.
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
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Suspension
Heterogeneous mixture
Separates into layers over time.
Example: muddy river water
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
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Colloids Particles’ size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension.
Particles are mixed together, but not dissolved.
Won’t separate into layers (same as a solution)
Cannot separate parts with filterOften appears Cloudy.
Examples: Fog, Smoke,
Foam, Latex paint
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
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Alloys
Metal Solutions
Solids that are dissolved in solids.
Examples:Gold Jewelry: solid solution of gold & copper
Brass: copper and zinc solid solution
Sterling Silver – contains small amounts of copper in solution with silver
Stainless Steel: alloy of chromium and iron
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These liquids represent three categories of mixtures:
• Windshield wiper fluid is a solution.
• Muddy water collected from a swamp is a suspension.
• Milk is a colloid.
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
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Mixtures