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Chapter 8Chapter 8Section 3Section 3

The Fall of the RepublicThe Fall of the Republic

I. Trouble in the Republic I. Trouble in the Republic A. Government officials were dishonest, stole money, A. Government officials were dishonest, stole money, and the gap between patricians and plebeians grewand the gap between patricians and plebeians grew

B. Thousands of farmers faced ruin because the B. Thousands of farmers faced ruin because the wealthy bought land to create wealthy bought land to create latufundialatufundia (la*tuh*fuhn*dee*uh), or large farming estates(la*tuh*fuhn*dee*uh), or large farming estates

C. Displaced farmers headed to C. Displaced farmers headed to the cities which became the cities which became overcrowded and dangerousovercrowded and dangerous

D. Roman politicians worried about riots.D. Roman politicians worried about riots.

E. To win the votes of the poor, politicians created E. To win the votes of the poor, politicians created cheap food and entertainment called “cheap food and entertainment called “bread andbread and circusescircuses.”.”

II. Why Did Reform Fail?II. Why Did Reform Fail?A. Tiberius and Gaius GracchusA. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two wealthy were two wealthy brothers who tried to reform government.brothers who tried to reform government.

B. They asked the Senate to take back public land B. They asked the Senate to take back public land from the rich and divide it among landless Romans.from the rich and divide it among landless Romans.

C. Both brothers were killed by the Roman senators.C. Both brothers were killed by the Roman senators.

III. The Army Enters PoliticsIII. The Army Enters PoliticsA. A military leader named A. A military leader named MariusMarius became consul in became consul in 107 B.C. and began recruiting soldiers from the poor, 107 B.C. and began recruiting soldiers from the poor, landless farmerslandless farmers

B. Marius changed the Roman army from citizen B. Marius changed the Roman army from citizen volunteers to paid professional soldiers.volunteers to paid professional soldiers.

C. Soldiers became motivated by C. Soldiers became motivated by material rewards rather than a material rewards rather than a sense of duty.sense of duty.

D. Marius’s new military system led to new power D. Marius’s new military system led to new power struggles.struggles.

E. In 82 B.C., another general named E. In 82 B.C., another general named SullaSulla drove drove Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and spent three years reforming government before spent three years reforming government before resigning office.resigning office.

IV. Julius CaesarIV. Julius CaesarA. After Sulla left office, many leaders battled for A. After Sulla left office, many leaders battled for power.power.

B. By 60 B.C., three men were considered the most B. By 60 B.C., three men were considered the most powerfulpowerful 1) 1) CrassusCrassus 2) 2) PompeyPompey 3) 3) Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

C. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed the C. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed the First First TriumvirateTriumvirate (try*uhm*vuh*ruht) to rule Rome. (try*uhm*vuh*ruht) to rule Rome.

D. A D. A triumviratetriumvirate is a political alliance of three people. is a political alliance of three people.

*Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.*Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.

*Senate was fearful of Caesar’s popularity w/poor*Senate was fearful of Caesar’s popularity w/poor

E. The Senate wanted Caesar to give up his army and E. The Senate wanted Caesar to give up his army and for Pompey to rule Rome alone.for Pompey to rule Rome alone.

F. Caesar decided to fight and marched into Rome, F. Caesar decided to fight and marched into Rome, destroying Pompey’s army in 48 B.C.destroying Pompey’s army in 48 B.C.

BB

Questions in notesQuestions in notes Who changed the Roman soldiers from Who changed the Roman soldiers from

volunteers to paid soldiers? volunteers to paid soldiers? These brothers tried to reform the These brothers tried to reform the

government and give land to the poor.government and give land to the poor. What did the government do to keep the What did the government do to keep the

poor happy and receive their votes?poor happy and receive their votes? This is a political alliance of three people. This is a political alliance of three people. These are large farming estates owned by These are large farming estates owned by

the rich. the rich.

Caesar’s Rise to PowerCaesar’s Rise to Power

G. In 44 B.C., Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for life G. In 44 B.C., Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for life and filled the Senate w/those loyal to himand filled the Senate w/those loyal to him

H. Caesar became popular with Rome’s poor because:H. Caesar became popular with Rome’s poor because:

a)a) Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories outside of Italyoutside of Italy

b)b) Started new colonies to provide land for the landlessStarted new colonies to provide land for the landlessc)c) Created work for the joblessCreated work for the joblessd)d) Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free

workersworkers

I. Caesar created the I. Caesar created the Julian calendarJulian calendar with 12 months, 365 days, with 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year.and a leap year.

J. The Julian calendar was modified in A.D. 1582 to become the J. The Julian calendar was modified in A.D. 1582 to become the Gregorian calendar.Gregorian calendar.

K. The K. The Gregorian calendarGregorian calendar, based on the birth of Christ, has , based on the birth of Christ, has been used in the United States since its beginning and it used been used in the United States since its beginning and it used by most countries in the world today.by most countries in the world today.

L. Caesar had many enemies who feared he wanted to L. Caesar had many enemies who feared he wanted to become king.become king.

M. Caesar ignored a famous warning to “M. Caesar ignored a famous warning to “beware the beware the Ides of MarchIdes of March” (March 15).” (March 15).

N. Caesar’s enemies, led by senators N. Caesar’s enemies, led by senators CassiusCassius and and BrutusBrutus, killed Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C., killed Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C.

III. Rome Becomes an Empire (pgs. 282-283)III. Rome Becomes an Empire (pgs. 282-283) O. Caesar’s death caused a civil war between the people that O. Caesar’s death caused a civil war between the people that

killed him and his supporters.killed him and his supporters.

P. OctavianP. Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew and inherited was Caesar’s grandnephew and inherited Caesar’s wealth.Caesar’s wealth.

Q. AntonyQ. Antony and and LepidusLepidus were two of Caesar’s top generals. were two of Caesar’s top generals.

Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the SecondSecond TriumvirateTriumvirate..

The members of the Second Triumvirate began to The members of the Second Triumvirate began to quarrel immediately.quarrel immediately.

Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics

Octavian took control of western Rome and Antony Octavian took control of western Rome and Antony took control of eastern Rome.took control of eastern Rome.

R. Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen R. Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen CleopatraCleopatra VIII and formed an alliance with her. VIII and formed an alliance with her.

S. Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him S. Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from taking over the republic.from taking over the republic.

T. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces T. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at the at the Battle of ActiumBattle of Actium (ak*shee*uhm) in 31 B.C. (ak*shee*uhm) in 31 B.C.

U. The couple fled to Egypt and killed themselves a U. The couple fled to Egypt and killed themselves a year later as Octavian closed in on them.year later as Octavian closed in on them.

Who Was Augustus?Who Was Augustus? V. Now in charge, Octavian knew many people V. Now in charge, Octavian knew many people

favored a republican form of government, which he favored a republican form of government, which he restored in 27 B.C.restored in 27 B.C.

Although he gave some power to the Senate, he Although he gave some power to the Senate, he really put himself in charge with his title really put himself in charge with his title imperatorimperator which translates to “commander in chief.”which translates to “commander in chief.”

W. Octavian also took the title W. Octavian also took the title AugustusAugustus, meaning , meaning ““revered or majestic onerevered or majestic one.”.”

This began the Roman Empire.This began the Roman Empire.

Questions in notesQuestions in notes This calendar is the basis for the calendar we This calendar is the basis for the calendar we

use today. use today. Who inherited Caesar’s wealth and was also Who inherited Caesar’s wealth and was also

related to him?related to him? What did Octavian change his name to? What did Octavian change his name to? Who did Anthony run away and fall in love Who did Anthony run away and fall in love

with while heading to Egypt? with while heading to Egypt? What moment started the beginning of the What moment started the beginning of the

Roman Empire? Roman Empire?

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Tell me 3 new things you learnedTell me 3 new things you learnedTell me 2 connections you madeTell me 2 connections you madeTell me one question you still haveTell me one question you still have