Bell Ringer:

1. Look at the map on page 72. Describe the area included in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the

Viceroyalty of Peru?

2. How do you suppose dividing Spain’s vast empire into two units may have made it easier to govern?

The Spanish and Native Americans

Chapter 2, Section 3

As we have learned, the Spanish empire grew rapidlyThey controlled much of the Americas by 1700

Spain divided its American empire into two provincesViceroyalty (key term!), ruled by a viceroy

New SpainPeru

How did roads help the Spanish?Transported people and goods across the empireHelped Spanish control the colonies

Soldiers could move quickly from place to placeImproved the economy

Materials, like gold and silver, could be transported efficiently to the coast, and then on to Spain

Spanish Colonies in the Americas

Spain wanted the colonies to be productiveEncomienda

Grant of Native American laborCortés received a grant of more than 100,000

Native Americans to work his estate

HaciendasLarge farms, grew cash crops

Life in Spanish America

1. Spanish-born colonistsTop layer of society, had the most powerExample – Hernando Cortés

2. CreolesPeople of Spanish descent who were born in the

colonies (in New Spain or Peru)

3. MestizosPeople of mixed Spanish and Native American

ancestry

4. Native Americans and enslaved AfricansHad the least power and fewest rights

Colonial Society

Look at the map on page 72 in your textbook.

Which viceroyalty included the West Indies?New Spain

Which viceroyalty covered more territory?Peru

Observe the large distance between the cities of Mexico City and Lima. What kinds of problems might the distance

cause for administrators in each city?They could not keep in touch with distant areas or

send supplies/troops quickly

Spain’s American Empire, 1700

An important part of Spanish societyMissions

Settlements that included a church, a town, and farmlands

Goal was to convert Native Americans to Christianity

Also increased Spanish control over the land

The Role of the Church

Helped the Native Americans to create a better supply of food

Offered Native Americans protection against enemies

Many Native Americans learned to read and write

Others developed skills such as carpentry and metalworking

Benefits of the Missionaries to Native Americans

Native Americans were often treated as slaves – made to do work

They tried to replace Native American religions and traditions

Native Americans ran away, rebelledPopé – led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion

against the Spanish at Santa Fe

Downsides of Missionaries

Nombre de DiosBuilt in 1565 in St. Augustine, FL

San Antonio de ValeroIn San Antonio, TexasBetter known by what name?

CaliforniaFrom 1769-1845, there were 21 missions

establishedStretched from San Diego to San Francisco

(Sonoma Mission)

Spanish Missions in the US

PlantationsLarge farms that raised

cash crops, like sugarCrops then sent (exported)

to Europe

Columbus brought sugar cane to HispaniolaIdeal growing environmentRequired many workers

Taino people were forced to workThe plantations did well, but the Taino did not

Sugar Plantations Develop

Look at the painting on page 73 in your textbook.

How does the picture help explain why the Europeans used slaves to make sugar? It shows many people doing hard

work to make sugar.

More about Sugar - Today, sugar remains an important product in many former

Spanish colonies in the Americas. The economies of some countries in those regions, such as Cuba, are heavily dependent on the success of each year’s sugar cane crop. Do you know - what local company was very invested in the sugar

industry in Cuba?

History through Art

Native Americans treated poorly

Bartolomé de Las CasasCatholic priestArrived in Hispaniola in 1502Participated in the conquest of Cuba in 1512

For his effort, he was given an encomiendaMoral dilemma – why?

How can a person serve God and enslaveNative Americans at the same time?

The Abuse of Native Americans

Fought for better treatment of Native AmericansFreed his Native Americans in 1514“Protector of the Indians”

Efforts of Las Casas contributed to the New LawsSpanish king issued the New Laws in 1542Ordered the gradual freeing of all enslaved

Native AmericansWho protested?

Spanish colonistsWhat happened?

King eventually reversed many of them

Las Casas and the New Laws

Movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

The Columbian Exchange

Negative Effects?Transfer of germs from Europe to the Americas

Smallpox, measles, and influenzaNative Americans had no immunity

Population of Native Americans in Central America decreased by 90-95% in span of 100 years (1519-1619)

What might have happened if Native Americans had been immune to European diseases?

Positive Effects?Brought the world closer; people moved and spread

culturesEuropean livestock and crops to the AmericasAmerican crops aided the European diet

Potatoes and cornWhat positive effect did these two crops have on the

Europeans?

The Columbian Exchange

Viceroyalty – a province ruled by a viceroy, who ruled in the king’s name

Encomienda – a grant of Native American laborHacienda – a large farm or estateMission – a settlement created by the Church in order

to convert Native Americans to ChristianityPopé – led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion against the

Spanish in present-day New MexicoPlantation – a large farm that raises cash cropsBartolomé de Las Casas – fought for better treatment

of Native AmericansColumbian Exchange – the transfer of plants,

animals, and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres

Key Terms